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Grade 12 Physics
Chapter 11

U Zaw Zaw Win

(A.G.T.I (MP),BSc(Phys)
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Chapter (11)
Electromagnetic induction, Generation And Distribution of Electricity

Direct current
The direct current is a steady unidirectional current. In a direct current the electrons flow
steadily in the same direction all the time.

Alternating current
An alternating current is a current that reverses its direction at regular time intervals. In a
alternating current the direction of flow of electrons changes periodically.

The waveform of the emf is called a sine wave.

E = Em sin ωt
Where E= the induced emf at a particular instant,
Em= the maximum value of emf
ω= angular velocity of rotating coil

The angular velocity, ω= 2лf

Where, f = the frequency of the emf

The magnitude of an alternating current at any instant varies precisely the same way,
I = Im sin ωt
Where, I = the current in AC
Im= the peak value (maximum value) of current

Magnetic flux density

The magnetic flux density or magnetic induction B is the number of magnetic lines of force
passing perpendicularly through a unit area of material.

B=µH
Where, B = magnetic flux density
H = magnetic field intensity
µ= the permeability of medium in which the magnetic field exist

Magnetic flux ΦB
Magnetic flux ΦB is a measurement of the total magnetic lines of force which pass through a
surface area.
Quantity SI unit
Magnetic flux density B tesla(T)
Magnetic field strength H ampere per metre (Am-1)
Magnetic flux ΦB weber(Wb)
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Faraday’s law
The magnetic of induced emf in a wire loop is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux through that loop.

For on turn of a wire loop, induced emf is

d ΦB
E= dt
For a wire loop with N identical turns,
d ΦB
E=− dt
In the above equation, the minus sign gives the direction of the induced emf.

Lenz’s law
An induced emf is always in a direction that oppose the change in the original magnetic flux
that causes it.

AC generator
A generator is an electromagnetic device which converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy.

When the loop is rotating with a constant angular velocity ω, θ= ωt and ΦB = BA cos ωt

d ΦB d
The induced emf is E=− = - BA dt (cos ωt) = BA ω sin ωt
dt

Transformer

(i) Power input = Power output

VpIp = VsIs
Es Ns
(ii) = Np
Ep
Es Vs Ns Ip
(iii) = = =
Ep Vp Np Is

Circuit breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatic switch which trips (turns OFF) when the current rises above
the specific value.

Electromagnetic induction
A current flows through loop of wire whenever there is a change in the magnetic lines of force
through the loop. This phenomenon is called electromagnetic induction.

Live wire
The voltage of live wire goes alternately negative and positive, making the current flow
backwards and forwards through the circuit.
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Neutral wire
Neutral wire completes the circuit. It is kept at zero voltage by the electricity supply company.

Eddy current
In a transformer, the changing magnetic field not only induces current in the secondary coil,
but also currents in the iron core itself. These current flow in little circles in the iron core, and
are called eddy currents.

Notes-

1. A changing magnetic field could produce a current.

2. The discovery was made in 1831 by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry independently
at the same time.
3. The effect is called electromagnetic induction.

11.1 ALTERNATING CURRENT

4. Electric current can be classified as two types: direct current (DC) and alternating
current (AC).
5. In a direct current the electrons flow steadily in the same direction all the time.
6. The current that flows in a flashlight, cell phones, laptops, and any appliance running
on the batteries is direct current.
7. An alternating current is a current that reverses its direction at regular time intervals.
8. In the alternating current the direction of flow of electrons changes periodically.
9. Current flowing in power lines and normal household electricity from a wall outlet
(plug) is alternating current.
10. In Japan and in the most of America, the voltage is between 100 V and 120 V, whereas
Europe and most other countries in the world (including Myanmar) use a voltage
between 220 V and 240 V.
11. The frequency of AC current is 50 Hz/60 Hz in Japan, 60 Hz in US and 50 Hz in Europe
and most other parts of the world.
12. AC generator is a device for generating alternating current.
13. The alternating current is universally used for household lighting, heating, cooking and
other domestic functions.
14. The advantage of alternating current is that it is relatively easy to change the voltage of
the current.

11.2 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

15. In 1893, Joseph Henry and Michael Faraday independently discovered the methods of
producing electric current from magnetic field.
16. The first wire loop is connected to a battery through a switch and the second wire loop
is connected to a galvanometer.
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17. As soon as the switch is closed, a current flow through the first loop and the
galvanometer shows no deflection (there is no induced current in the second loop).
18. However, when the switch is opened again, the galvanometer shows the brief deflection
in the other direction which indicated that the induced current flows in the opposite
direction.
19. Again, a momentary current flows through the second loop (Q) when the first loop(P)
carrying a current is moved abruptly towards or away from the second loop.
20. Moreover, the same thing happens when a magnet, instead of the current-carrying first
loop, is moved abruptly towards or away from the second loop.
21. Magnetic field strength and magnetic flux are vector quantities whereas magnetic flux
is a scalar quantity.

11.3 FARADAY’S LAW AND LENZ’S LAW

22. Lenz’s law is a good example of the principle of conservation of energy.

23. When a magnet is moved towards the coil, the magnetic flux through the coil increases.
24. The induced current in the coil must produce a magnetic field which opposes an
increase in the original magnetic flux.
25. Therefore, the current in the coil must be flowing in a counter clockwise direction if
viewed from the magnet according to right-hand rule.
26. If the magnet is moved away from the coil the induced current will flow in the opposite
direction.

11.4 APPLICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

1. Induction coil

27. One of the useful applications of electromagnetic induction is an induction coil.

28. It consists of a core of soft iron wires around which is wrapped a coil of a few turns of
thick insulated wire.
29. Around the primary is wound the secondary coil, which has many turns of thin insulated
wire.

2. AC Generator

30. A generator is an electromagnetic device which converts mechanical energy into

electrical energy.
31. AC generators work on the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
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32. It consists of a rectangular coil mounted on an axle which is fixed between the poles of
a permanent magnet.
33. When the coil is rotated, the magnetic field through is changes. This induces in the coil.
34. If the speed of the coil is doubled, both of frequency of the alternating current and the
rate of cutting of the magnetic lines of force will be doubled.
35. This means that the maximum output voltage is also doubled.
36. When the number of turns in the coil is doubled, the frequency of the output voltage is
the same although its magnitude is doubled.
37. The induced electromotive force of a generator can be increased by (i) increasing the
speed of rotating the coil (ii) increasing the area, (iii) the number of turns in the coil,
and (iv) using stronger magnet.
38. There is no structural difference between a generator and an electric motor. The
difference lies in the way energy is converted,
39. In an electric motor, electrical energy is used to rotate the coil to provide mechanical
energy.
40. In the case of generators, mechanical energy is used to rotate the coil to produce
electrical energy.

3. Transformer

41. Difference electrical appliances need difference working voltages.

42. The doorbell may work on a 6 V supply whereas a picture tube in old television sets
may need several thousand volts.
43. Transformer is used to change the voltage of an alternating current.
44. The core of a transformer is built up of thin iron sheets of high resistance, called
lamination.
45. These iron sheets are made to by electrically insulated from one another.
46. Two coils, each consisting of many turns of wire, are wound on the core.
47. One of these coils connected to an alternating voltage source is called the primary coil
and is denoted by P.
48. The other coil S, called the secondary coil, is connected to an electrical device to which
electrical power to be supplied.
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49. Transformers work on AC, but not on DC. Unless there is a changing current in the
input coil, no voltage is induced in the output coil.
50. Note that, a transformer connected to a DC supply can be damaged as the high current
flowed through the input coil can make it overheat.

11.5 POWER TRANSMISSION

51. Power loss is one of the main problems in the long distance transmission electricity.
52. One way to reduce power loss is to use very thick cables of low resistance.
53. A more practical way would be to reduce the magnitude of the transmission current by
stepping up the voltage.
54. When increased the voltage 10 kV to 20 kV at the power station, the power loss will be
reduced to 4 times.
55. An advantage of the grid system is power stations in areas where the demand is low can
be used to supply areas where the demand is high.
56. The voltage is then stepped up (e.g. 230 kV) for transmission and finally stepped down
in the substations in stages ( e.g. 66 kV, 22 kV, 11 kV, 6.6 kV, 440 V, 230 V) before it
is used in factories and homes.
57. This process can be carried out with the help of transformers.

11.6 PRINCIPLES OF HOUSE WIRING

58. Electricity supplies to the house is a single-phase form of alternating current (AC).
59. The live (L) is a dangerous wire as it carries a high voltage while the neutral wire (N)
is usually at zero volt.
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60. The electricity is fed into the house through the main fuse, meter, main switch and then
to the distribution box.
61. From the distribution box there are normally three circuit: namely the lighting circuit,
the power circuit (ring main circuit) and heating circuit.
62. Three cables (or conductors) are also used in a wiring system. They are colour coded
with brown for live (L) (also called live wire), blue for neutral (N), striped green-yellow
for earth (E).
63. The old colour code: red for live, black for neutral and green for earth, is also still in
use.

1.Lighting Circuit

64. In the lighting circuit, the light bulbs are arranged in parallel across the main line.
65. Each bulb has a potential difference of 240 V when connected to the main line of 240
V.
66. Since the bulbs are connected are parallel, the other bulbs are not affected when one
bulb is switched ON or OFF. This mean that the lighted bulbs continue to be ON no
matter what is done the other bulbs.
67. If the bulbs are connected in series switching OFF one bulb would switch OFF all the
others.
68. The lighting circuit differs from the other two in that there are only two wire, live and
neutral.
69. A lighting circuit must be connected sequentially as live wire, fuse, switch, load and
then to neutral wire.
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2.Power Circuit (Rain Main Circuit)

70. Power circuit is for the use of radios, computers, televisions, table lamps and other
appliances that consume less power than heating appliances.
71. This circuit supplies electricity to all the wall sockets in the house.
72. Each main ring circuit also use a 30 A fuse.
73. Three-pin sockets and three-pin plugs are used in the ring main circuit.

3. Heating Circuit

74. Heating circuit is for the utilization of appliances such as electric cookers, ovens, hot
plates, washing machines and dryers.
75. Appliances connected in heating circuits use relatively large amount of power so that
they have their own circuit.
76. Each fuse used in such a circuit is rated at 30 A.
77. Whatever the type of circuit uses, care must be taken not to be overloaded.
78. And the fuse of each circuit must be connected in the live (L) and must never be in the
neutral (N) lead.
79. A fuse connected in the neutral lead is pointless; it will in no way protect the appliances
used in the circuit.
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4. Circuit Breaker

80. Each circuit passes through a fuse or a circuit breaker.

81. A circuit breaker is an automatic switch which trips (turns OFF) when the current rises
above the specified value.
82. It can be reset by turning the switch ON (or) pressing a button.

5. Earthing
83. Earthing of an electrical appliance is the most important safety precaution.
84. An earthing system (or) grounding system connects specific part of an electric power
system with the ground, typically the earth’s conductive for safety and functional
purposes.
85. In any electrical appliance the earth wire is always connected to the metal case.
86. If the metal case were not earthed and a parson touches the appliance by accident, a
dangerously high current would pass through the person and then into the earth.

11.7 DANGEROUS OF ELECTRICITY

87. Electrical faults in appliances or circuits can cause fires, electric shocks, as well as
electrocution to users.
88. Either high current or high voltage can be dangerous to human.
89. The dangers of electricity can be traced to three possible causes: damaged insulation,
overheating of cables and damp conditions.
90. All electrical appliances require two wire, the live and neutral wires to form a complete
circuit.
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1.Damaged Insulation

91. The live wire is the dangerous wire because it carries a high voltage while the neutral
wire is close to zero voltage.
92. Insulating materials deteriorate with time and use.
93. If the vulcanized rubber covering the live wire is also damaged, the exposed live wire
can cause a severe electric shock to the user if the user touches it accidentally.
94. This can lead to series injury and even death.

2. Overheating of Cables

95. The overheating of cables is due to the extremely large flowing in the conducting wires
under certain conditions such as a short circuit or overloading.
96. A short circuit can result when live wire makes electrical contact with the neutral wire
due to damaged insulation between them.
97. This will produce a large current and the large amount of heating generated can melt
the insulation and start a fire.
98. Overuse of extension cords and multiple plug adapters on the same circuit are typical
causes of electrical overload by placing too much current on the circuit.
99. Overload also occurs when an equipment draws an excess current from the supply
which leads to overheating of the cables.

3. Damp Conditions
100. Many electrical accidents occur in damp conditions in a wet bathroom.
101. If water from the wet floor touches the live wire, it provides a conducting path
for a large amount of current to flow it and through the body of the person in the bath
tub.
102. The human body can only withstand up to about 50 mA but the current in this
case is very much higher due to the sharp decrease in the resistance of the wet body.
103. Other possible hazards include using hair dryers, electric irons or changing a
light bulb with wet hands.
104. Since water can conduct electric current, one should never operate an electrical
appliance with wet hands.
105. Switches, plugs, socket, connecting wires, etc. should always be in a dry
condition.
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Chapter 11
Fill in the blanks.
1. Electric current can be classified ……types.
2. In ……current, the electrons flow steadily in the same direction all the time.
3. Current flow in power line is a(an)……current.
4. ……current is a device for generating alternating current.
5. ……law is a good example of principle of conservation of energy.
6. AC generator converts mechanical energy into ……energy.
7. AC generator work on the principle of law of electromagnetic induction.
8. In an ………., electrical energy is used to provide mechanical energy.
9. ……is used to change the voltage of an alternating current.
10. Transformer work on ……. current.
11. Transformer connected to DC supply can be …………
12. One way to reduce power loss is to use very thick cable of low …….
13. The frequency of AC current in US is ……Hz.
14. The SI unit of magnetic flux is ……
15. The SI unit of magnetic flux density is ……….
16. The advantage of ……current is easy to change the voltage of the current.
17. A changing in magnetic field could produce ……
18. Electricity in a house is a ……phase form of an alternating current.
19. The live (L) is a dangerous wire as it carries a ……voltage.
20. In the lighting circuit, the light bulbs are arranged in ……. across the main line.
21. ……circuit is for the use of table lamp and other appliances that consume less
power.
22. ……circuit supplies electricity to all the wall socket in the house.
23. ……circuit is for the utilization of appliances such as electric cooker.
24. Appliances connected in a ……circuit use relatively large amount of power.
25. A …….is automotive switch which trip when the current raises.
26. …………is electrical appliance that is the most important safety precaution.
27. An earthing system is also called ……. system.
28. In any electrical appliance the ……wire is always connected to the metal case.
29. Electric …….in circuits can cause fire and electric shock.
30. The danger of electricity can be traced to ……. possible cases.
31. A short circuit can produce a large ……….and a large amount of heating.
32. The current that the human body only can withstand about ……mA.

Write True or False.

1. The direct current is a steady unidirectional current.
2. The current in cell phone is direct current.
3. The frequency of AC current in Japan is only 60 Hz.
4. The SI unit of magnetic flux density is tesla(T).
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5. Magnetic field strength and magnetic flux density are scalar quantity.
6. The SI unit of magnetic flux is weber (Wb).
7. The magnetic flux is a vector quantity.
8. A generator is an electromagnetic device convert heat energy to electrical
energy.
9. There is no structural difference between a generator and an electric motor.
10. A transformer is used to change the voltage of alternating current.
11. In transformer, the primary coil and secondary coil have the same frequency.
12. In a step-up transformer the number of primary coils is greater than the secondary
coil.
13. Transformer works on DC.
14. A transformer connected to AC supply can be damaged.
15. Power loss is the one of the main problems in the long distance transmission of
electricity.
16. The live wire (L) is a dangerous wire.
17. The natural wire is not usually at zero volt.
18. Two cables are also used in a wiring system.
19. A fuse must be connected in the neutral wire.
20. The danger of electricity can be traced to three possible causes.
21. The current flow in little circle in the iron core are eddy current.
22. The human body can only withstand up to about 30 mA.
23. Water can not conduct electric current.
24. Earthing of an electrical appliance is the most important precaution.
25. A lighting circuit must be connected to earth wire.

Select the correct answer.

1. Who discovered the law of electromagnetic induction.
(A). Faraday (B) Coulomb (C) Newton
2. In the lighting circuit, the light bulbs are arranged in ……
(A). series (B) parallel (C) both A and B
3. The lighting circuits are only ……wires.
(A). two (B) three (C) four
4. Power circuit is used for …….
(A). electric iron (B) electric cooker (C) radio
5. The fuse must be connected to ……wire.
(A). live (B) neutral (C) earth
6. ……can conduct electric current.
(A). wood (B) water (C) mica
7. ……wire is a safety wire.
(A). Live (B) Neutral (C) Earth
8. The voltage of ……wire goes alternately negative and positive.
(A). live (B) neutral (C) earth
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9. The wire which completes the circuit and it is kept zero voltage is …….
(A). live (B) neutral (C) earth
10. The advantage of ……current is that it is relatively easy to change the voltage of
current.
(A). direct (B) alternating (C) only A
11. In alternating current, the high voltage causes ……current.
(A). high (B) low (C) only A
12. The change in magnetic lines of force through the loop is called electromagnetic
……
(A). radiation (B). induction (C). waves
13. There is no ideal transformer with ……efficiency.
(A). 99% (B). 99.5% (C). 100%
14. The SI unit of magnetic field strength is …….
(A). Wm-1 (B). Am-1 (C). Vm-1
15. The unit tesla (T) is equivalent to …….
(A). Wb m-2 (B). Wb m-1 (C). Wb m-3

Formula
1. The waveform of the emf 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡

2. The magnitude of the alternating current 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡

3. Angular frequency 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓

4. Magnetic flux density 𝐵 = 𝜇𝐻

5. Magnetic flux 𝜙𝐵 = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃

𝑑𝜙𝐵
6. Faraday’s law 𝐸 = −𝑁 𝑑𝑡

7. The induce emf of AC generator 𝐸 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 𝐸𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡

𝐸𝑚 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝜔

𝐸𝑠 𝑁 𝑉 𝐼𝑝
8. Transformer = 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠 =
𝐸𝑝 𝑝 𝑝 𝐼𝑠

𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
9. Efficiency = 𝑥 100%
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

10. Power loss in transmission line 𝑃𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼 2

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no Physical quantity symbol SI unit

1. Capacitance C farad (F)
2. Surface charge density 𝜎 coulomb per meter squared
(𝐶𝑚−2 )
3. Charge Q coulomb (C)
4. Dielectric constant 𝜅 -
5. Permittivity 𝜀 coulomb squared per newton per
meter squared (𝐶 2 𝑁 −1 𝑚−2 )
6. Time constant 𝜏 Second (s)
7. Electromotive force E volt (V)
8. Current I ampere (A)
9. Electric field intensity E newton per coulomb (𝑁𝐶 −1 )
10. Available voltage V volt (V)
11. Electrical energy W kilo watt hour (KW h)
12. Electrical power P watt (W)
13. Magnetic flux 𝜙 weber (Wb)
14. Magnetic flux intensity B tesla (T)
15. Magnetic field strength H ampere per meter (𝐴𝑚−1 )
16. Induce emf E volt (V)
17. Induced current I ampere
18. Resistance R ohm (Ω)
19. Resistivity 𝜌 ohm meter (Ω 𝑚)

Examples
11.1 An AC generator has an output given by E = 150 sin 377 t.(i)Find the maximum emf
output, the frequency of the source, and the emf at t = 1/ 120 s. (ii) Find the maximum
current in the circuit when generator is connected to a 50  resistor in the figure.

11.2 The current in an AC circuit at any time t seconds is given by I = 20 sin (100  t) A.
Find (i) the peak value (maximum value) of current, the period and the frequency (ii) the
value of the current when t = 0 (iii) the value of the current when t = 8 ms and (iv) the time
when the current reaches 10 A.

11.3 A square loop of wire 10 cm on a side is in a magnetic field of 1.25 T. What are the
maximum and minimum values of flux that can pass through the loop?

11.4 The generator coil with 200 turns is rotated through one-fourth of a revolution in
15 ms. The turn of circular coil has a 5 cm radius and is in a uniform magnetic field of 1.25
T. Find the induced emf in 15 ms.

11.5 A step-down transformer is used to light a 12 V, 24 W lamp from the 240 V mains.
The current through the primary is 125 rnA. What is the efficiency of the transformer?

11.6 A 2 kW transformer is used to step down an AC supply of 240 V to 60 V.(i) What

is the turns ratio of this transformer? (ii) What will the output current be if there is a 10 %
power loss in the transformer? (iii) How large is the output current if there is no power loss
(i.e. 100 % efficiency)?
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11.7 If an electrician accidentally touches a live wire of 220 V, what possible effect would
he experience if his skin (i) were dry and had a resistance of 100 k? (ii) were wet and had
a resistance of 1000 ?

EXERCISES
1. What is a transformer? How does a step-up transformer differ from a step-down
transformer?

2. (i) What is electromagnetic induction? (ii) State the method s by which an induced emf
can be produced in a coil.

3. Suggest any two ways to increase the output voltage of an AC generator.

4. In an AC generator, the speed at which the coil rotates is tripled. How would this affect (i)
the frequency (ii) the maximum output voltage?

5. Explain how magnetic flux passing through a surface can be zero when the magnetic field
is not zero.

6. Discuss the factors determining the induced emf in a closed loop of wire.

7. (i) Does the induced emf in a circuit depend on the resistance of the circuit? (ii) Does the
induced current depend on the resistance of the circuit?

8. Why are ordinary circuit breakers and fuses not effective in preventing shocks?

9. A square loop of wire of side 5.0 cm is in a uniform magnetic field 0.16 T. What is the
magnetic flux in the loop (i) when magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface of the loop
and (ii) when magnetic field is at an angle of 30° to the surface of the loop?

10. A circular coil of radius 8 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter with an
angular speed of 150 rad s-1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of 3 × 10-2 T. Obtain the
maximum emf induced in the coil. If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10 ,
calculate the maximum value of current in the coil.
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11. The armature of a 60 Hz AC generator rotates in a magnetic field of 0.15 T. If the area of
the coil is 2.0 × 10-2 m2, how many loops must the coil contain if the maximum output is
to be 170V?

12. One coil of a transformer has 50 turns and the other coil has 1000 turns. The alternating
voltage of 220 V is applied to the primary. Find the alternating voltage from the secondary
when it is used as (i) a step-up transformer and (ii) a step-down transformer.

13. The primary coil of a step-up transformer having 220 turns is connected to a 110 V
alternating voltage source. The secondary delivers a voltage of 12 000 V and a current of
40 mA. (i) How many turns are there in the secondary? (ii) What is the current in the
primary? (iii) What is the power output?

14. An electric welding machine uses a current of 400 A. The machine has a transformer whose
primary coil has 400 turns and draws 4 A from a 220 V power line. (i) How many turns
does the secondary coil have? (ii) What is the voltage across the secondary coil?

15. A transformer has 2000 turns in primary, 100 turns in secondary and its efficiency 100 %.
It is used for 10 V, 40 W bulb. Calculate (i) the supply voltage and (ii) the current through
the input coil.

16.120 kW of electric power is sent to a small town from a power plant 10 km away. The
transmission lines have a resistance of 0.40  per km. Calculate the power loss if the power is
transmitted at (i) 240 V and (ii) 24 000 V.

Reviewed Exercise
1. What is the major difference between AC and DC current?

2. Why AC current is better than DC in long distance distribution of electrical power?

3. Is the current from the outlet of telephone charger, AC or DC?

4. Differentiate between the magnetic flux and magnetic flux density.

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5. Why is Faraday's law important?

(Hint: how changing magnetic fields can cause the flow of current in wires.)

6. What does negative sign indicate in Faraday 's law of electromagnetic induction
formula?

7. What devices must be used to deliver (i) thousands of voltages at the terminals of a
sparking plug of motorcar engine using a 12 V battery (ii) 12 V AC from 220 V AC
mains?

8. Explain each of the following:(i) A transformer will not work on DC. (ii) The core of a
transformer needs to be laminated. (iii) If a transformer increases voltage, it reduces
current.

9. (i) Which type of transformer must be used to change a high current and a low
alternating voltage into a lower current and a higher alternating voltage? (ii) Which type
of transformer must be used to change a low current and a high alternating voltage into
a higher current and a lower alternating voltage? (iii) Which type of transformer is used
in a welding machine? Why?

10. Why are the lamps connected in parallel in the lighting circuit?

11. Why are the fuses and switches placed on the live wire of the circuit?

12. Mention the appropriate wiring circuit for the following electrical appliances (i) bulb
and fluorescent lamp (ii) electric iron (iii) water pump motor (iv) electric stove.

13. Which quantity determines whether you receive an electrical shock?

14. What causes by the overheating of cable?

Teacher’s Guide
1. Where AC and DC are used?
U Zaw Zaw Win (A.G.T.I (MP),BSc(Phys) P a g e | 18

2. Does DC have frequency?

3. Give the current (I)t = 100 sin 377 t, determine the value of I(t) at
(i) t= 1/480 s (ii) t=1/240 s (iii) t= 1/120s (iv) t = 1/80 s.

4. Explain how the electromagnetic induction is generated?

5. Where is the principle of electromagnetic induction used?

6. What happens to emf when magnetic flux increases?

7. What is the relationship between emf and magnetic flux?

8. How can an emf be induced in a coil with the help of a magnet?

9. Which can affect the emf induced in the coil?

10. Where are inductions coils used?

11. What is AC generator principle?

12. Suggest any two ways to increase the voltage output of an AC generator.

13. Does a transformer convert AC to DC?

14. Give an example of where underground transmission cables might be used instead of
overhead ones, despite the extra cost.

15. Explain why AC rather than DC is used for transmitting mains power

16. What should be the suitable fuse for electric kettle (1500W,220V) and television
1150W,220V)? Give your comment.

17. In a bathroom, wet bar feet make an excellent earth contact. Give reasons why
appliances like electric hair dryers or electric heater should not be used in a wet
bathroom.
U Zaw Zaw Win (A.G.T.I (MP),BSc(Phys) P a g e | 19

Vocabulary
1. Unidirectional - ဉီးတည်ဘက်မပ ြောင်ီးပ ြော

2. Flashlight - ဓြောတ်မီး

3. Reverse - ပ ြောင်ီး န်

4. Periodically - ုံမှန်

5. Wall outlet -နရထွက်ပ ေါက်

6. Rotate - လှည် ည်။ လည် ည်။

7. Peculiar -ထီး ြောီးပ ြော -

8. Revolution -လည် တ် င်ီး

9. Sequence - အစဉ်
10. Waveform -လှိုငီး် ုံစ

11. Instant - ျက် င်ီး

12. Angular velocity -ပထြောငပ

် ြောင်ီးအလျှင်

13. Rotating coil -ရစ် တ်ကွှိုွိုင်

14. Precisely -တှိုတှိုကျကျ

15. Domestic function -အှိုမ် ုံီး

16. Inevitable loss - ြစ်ရုံ ီးှို ြစ်စဉ်ဆုံီးရမ

17. Peak value -အ မငဆ

် ုံီးတန်ြှိုုံီး

18. Brief deflection - ရုံတ်တရက်ပ ြောင်ီးလဲ င်ီး

19. Abruptly -ရုံတ်တရက်

20. Magnetic flux - လှိုုံက်ထုံ

21. Permeability - စှိုမ်ဝင်နင

ှိုုံ မ
်

22. Strength - နှိုင

ုံ အ
် ြောီး

23. Induction coil -ညှိုွို ှို့ရကွှိုွိုင်

24. Spark coil - မီး ွြောီးကွှိုွိုင်

25. Wound -ထှို ှိုုံက၊် ဒေါဏ်ရြော

26. Gap - ြောီးနြောီး ျက်။ကွြောဟမ

27. Adjust - ျှိုနည

် ှို ည်

28. Shaft -ဝင်ရုံ ီးှို

29. Structural -ြွဲှို့စည်ီး ုံနင

ှ ဆ
် ုံင
ှို ပ
် ြော

30. Ensure -ပ ျြောစစ် ည်

31. Link -ကွငီး် ဆက်

32. Power station -ဓြောတ်အြောီး ှိုုံလွတ်ရြောပနရြော

U Zaw Zaw Win (A.G.T.I (MP),BSc(Phys) P a g e | 20

33. Substation - ဓြောတ်အြောီး ွဲရုံ

34. Fed - စီးဝင် ည်

35. Socket - လက်ပ ေါက်

36. Utilization -အ ုံီး ျမ

37. Electrical fault - လျှ ်စစ် ျွတ်ယွငီး် မ

38. Trace -ပ ရြော ည်

39. Vulcanize -ပ ေါင်ီးတင်ထြောီးပ ြော

40. Automatic -အလှိုုံအပလျြောက်

41. Reset - န် ျှိုန် ည်၊ န်တင် ည်

42. Precaution -ကကှိုွိုတင်ကြောကွယ် င်ီး

43. Metal case -ကှိုုံယ်ထည်

44. Electrocution -လျှ ်စစ် ြငအ

် ဆုံီးစရင် င်ီး။ ဓြောတ်လှိုုံက်ပ င်ီး။

45. Damp condition -စှိုုံစွတ်ပ ြောအပ အပန

46. Deteriorate - ယှိုုံယွငီး် ည်

47. Extension cord - လက်ပ ေါက်ဆက် ွယ်ကကှိုွိုီး

48. Withstand - နှိုင

ုံ ် ည်

49. Threshold -အတှိုုံငအ

် တြော

50. Exhaustion - ကုံန် န်ီး င်ီး၊ ွိုနီး် တီး င်ီး

51. Eddy current -အက်ဒလျှ ်စစ်

U Zaw Zaw Win (A.G.T.I (MP),BSc(Phys) P a g e | 21

Keys
Fill in blanks

1. two 2. direct 3.alternating 4.Generator

5.Lenz’s 6.electrical 7.Faraday’s 8.electric motor
9.Transformer 10.AC 11.damaged 12.resistance
13.60 14.weber (Wb) 15. tesla (T) 16.alternating
17.current 18.single 19.high 20.parellel
21.Power 22.power 23.Heating 24.heating
25.circuit breaker 26.Earthing 27.grounding 28.earth
29.faults 30.three 31.current 32. 50

True or False
1.T 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T
10.T 11.T 12.F 13.F 14.F 15.T 16.T 17.F 18.F
19.F 20.T 21.T 22.F 23.F 24.T 25.F

Select the correct answer.

1.A 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A
9.B 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.B 14.B 15.A

ဉီးပ ြော်ပ ြော်ဝင်ီး (ရ ပေဒ)

(ပအြောင်ကမဘြော ဘြော ြောရ ် င် ကှိုုံယ် ှိုုံင် င်တန်ီးနှငပ
် ဘြော်ဒေါ)
အမှတ် ၃ ရ ်ကွက်၊ပဒေါနလမ်ီး ၊ ဘြောီးအမမှိုွို ှို့
၀၉၄၂၅၀၄၇၃၅၈,၀၉၇၉၂၇၉၇၉၇၂