UNGA

NPT: 191 states, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
The Treaty is regarded as the cornerstone of the global nuclear non-proliferation regime and an
essential foundation for the pursuit of nuclear disarmament. It was designed to prevent the spread of
nuclear weapons, to further the goals of nuclear disarmament and general and complete disarmament,
and to promote cooperation in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy More countries have ratified the NPT
than any other arms limitation and disarmament agreement, a testament to the Treaty’s significance.
Four states—India, Israel, Pakistan, and South Sudan—have never signed the treaty.
Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT) is a multilateral treaty to ban nuclear weapons
test explosions and any other nuclear explosions, for both civilian and military purposes, in all
environments. It was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on 10 September 1996, but has
not entered into force, as eight specific nations have not ratified the treaty. To date, 187 states have
signed and 174 have ratified the treaty. Of the 44 specified countries, India, Pakistan, and North Korea
still have not signed, and six others (China, Egypt, Iran, Israel, the United States) have not yet ratified the
pact.
Afghanistan has not yet signed or ratified the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW).
Afghanistan has promoted universal adherence to the TPNW, including by consistently voting in favour
of an annual UN General Assembly resolution since 2018 that calls upon all states to sign, ratify, or
accede to the treaty “at the earliest possible date”. Afghanistan participated in the negotiation of the
TPNW at the United Nations in New York in 2017 and was among 122 states that voted in favour of its
adoption, demonstrating the government’s “commitment to strengthening nuclear disarmament”.
The ‘Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan’ does not have nuclear weapons, nor any civilian nuclear facilities.
But, its neighbour Pakistan, which is also its supporter, friend, philosopher and guide has it all – a
nuclear weapons arsenal, a fissile material stockpile, nuclear power plants, nuclear facilities for
enrichment and reprocessing, as well as radiological material for civilian and scientific applications. –
says the report published by asia pacific leadership network in September 2021
Countries, particularly nuclear-armed ones, have affected non-nuclear-weapon states (NNWS) through
the use or threat of nuclear weapons in several ways:
 Heightened Insecurity: The very existence of nuclear weapons creates a constant sense of
threat for NNWS. Even without direct use, the possibility of nuclear war hangs over international
relations, impacting regional stability and fostering mistrust.
 Proliferation Risks: The presence of nuclear arsenals can incentivize some NNWS to pursue their
own nuclear programs as a perceived deterrent. This creates a dangerous cycle of proliferation
and increases the risk of nuclear accidents or miscalculations.
 Limited Sovereignty: NNWS, especially those strategically located between nuclear powers, can
feel pressured to align with one side or another during international conflicts. This can limit their
ability to pursue an independent foreign policy.
 Environmental and Humanitarian Concerns: Even a limited nuclear exchange can have
devastating global consequences. NNWS, even far from the blast zone, could face radioactive
fallout, disrupting ecosystems and causing widespread health problems.
Here are some specific examples:
 Cold War Tensions: The threat of nuclear war between the US and USSR during the Cold War
cast a long shadow over the entire world, including NNWS, forcing them to live under the
constant threat of annihilation.
 North Korea's Nuclear Program: North Korea's development of nuclear weapons has
heightened tensions in East Asia, particularly for South Korea and Japan, both NNWS.
 The Use of Atomic Bombs in World War II: The devastating bombings of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki serve as a stark reminder of the horrific consequences of nuclear weapons for both
targeted populations and the wider world.
It's important to remember that the effects are not just physical. The psychological impact of living
under the shadow of nuclear weapons can be profound, leading to anxiety, fear, and a sense of
powerlessness.
Between 1940 and 1996, the U.S. federal government spent at least US$11.3 trillion in present-day
terms[5] on nuclear weapons, including platforms development (aircraft, rockets and facilities), command
and control, maintenance, waste management and administrative costs.[6] It is estimated that the United
States produced more than 70,000 nuclear warheads since 1945, more than all other nuclear weapon
states combined.
A single nuclear weapon can destroy a city and kill most of its people. The bombings of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki are prime examples of the fatality caused by an atomic bomb.
Russia, which inherited the Soviet Union's nuclear weapons, has the world's biggest store of nuclear
warheads. Putin controls about 5,580 nuclear warheads, according to the Federation of American
Scientists (FAS). Of those about 1,200 are retired but largely intact and around 4,380 are stockpiled for
use by long-range strategic launchers and shorter-range tactical nuclear forces, according to the FAS.
India possesses nuclear weapons and previously developed chemical weapons. Although India has not
released any official statements about the size of its nuclear arsenal, recent estimates suggest that India
has 164 nuclear weapons[1] and has produced enough weapons-grade plutonium for up to 200 nuclear
weapons.
France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear
Weapons, but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or biological weapons.[4][5] France is the
only member of the European Union to possess independent (non-NATO) nuclear weapons. France was
the fourth country to test an independently developed nuclear weapon, doing so in 1960 under the
government of Charles de Gaulle. The French military is currently thought to retain a
weapons stockpile of around 300
The US has lost at least three nuclear bombs that have never been located – they're still out there to this
day. According to article by BBC news on August 4 2022
“Broken Arrow” is the name given to nuclear weapon accidents, whether the accident is due to
accidental launching, firing, detonating, theft, or loss of the weapon. The U.S. admits to having 32
broken arrows worldwide, with six nuclear weapons having been lost and never recovered. It was
published in the same report that Russia also had a few nuclear accidents. Apr 06, 2019 mentioned in
report with the title broken arrows.
Hibatullah Akhundzada current Supreme Leader of Afghanistan
Other agendas to raise
The Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)
The Impact of Climate Change on Global Security

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NPT: 191 states, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty

Here are some specific examples:

Hibatullah Akhundzada current Supreme Leader of Afghanistan

Other agendas to raise

The Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons (SALW)

The Impact of Climate Change on Global Security

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