Parabola 20231207 130850 0000

OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
PHYSICS
OPTICAL
INSTRUMENTS
~ Yash Lund
2023 - 2024
Power of
Accomodation
of the eye
The human eye is just an optical instrument which helps us to

sense the light around us and make this world a beautiful place.
In this Physics article, we are going to discuss one very important
mechanism of the eye which is called the power of
accommodation of the eye.
When the eye is focused on a closer or distant object, the ciliary

muscles are strained or relaxed respectively in order to adjust the
focal length of the eye lens. The mechanism takes place through
the action of ciliary muscles by decreasing or increasing its length
in such a way that the image is finally formed on the retina and
thus we see the object clearly. This mechanism of adjusting focal
length is referred to as the accommodation, as the name itself
suggests the adjustment
What is Power of Accommodation of
the Eye?
A normal eye can see distant objects as well as nearby objects

clearly due to its power of accommodation. It is the ability of the
lens of the eye to change its focal length and produces focused
images of both distant and near objects on the retina.
The eye lens varies its focusing distance by varying its shape. The
variation in the shape of the lens inside the eye only slightly adjusts
the focal length of the whole eye. As the biggest variation in the
refractive index occurs between the air and the cornea, it is the front
section of the eye which causes the majority of the bending of the
light rays as they enter through it.
The focal length of the eye lens is varied by the action of ciliary
muscles. The ciliary muscles can change the thickness of the soft
and flexible eye lens and hence its focal length which, in turn,
changes the converging power of the eye lens.
maximum power of accommodation of a normal eye is
reached when an object is at a distance of about 25 cm
away from the eye. After this, the ciliary muscles cannot
make the eye lens thicker (or we can say more convex). So
an object placed at a distance of less than 25 cm cannot
be seen clearly by a normal eye because all the power of
Accommodation of the eye has already been exhausted.
Thus, a normal eye has a power of accommodation which
enables objects even situated at infinity and as close as 25
cm to be focused on the retina (screen of the eye). The
power of accommodation of the eye for a person having
normal vision (normal eye-sight) is about 4 dioptres.
Visual angle: magnifying power of optical
instruments
Mqgnifying glass was one of the first-ever instruments

which were used to magnify an object. Magnification
relates to the scaling up of images to see the fine
details by increasing the image resolution. There are
mainly two types of magnification -
1) Linear or transverse magnification – This happens for

real images, like those projected on screens.
2) Angular magnification – This sort of magnification

occurs in optical instruments that contain an eyepiece.
The size of the image is determined by the angle

subtended by the object at the focal point.
The magnifying power of an instrument is the ratio
between the angular size of the image, as seen through
the instrument, and the angular size of the object as
seen by the naked eye.
Magnifying power (m)

a microscope is defined as the ratio of the visual angle
subtended by the image at the eye (β)
to the visual angle subtended by the object at the eye when
placed a minimum of the distance of distinct vision(α).
In Δ
AOB, tanβ=AB/OB
And tanα=A''B'/OB'=AB/OB'
distinct vision.
⇒ m= tanα/tanβ
In ΔAOB, tanβ=AB/OB
And, tanα= A′′B′/OB′ =AB/OB′
⇒ =AB/OB*AB/OB′
⇒m=ABOB×OB′AB=OB′AB=Du
Now by using lens formula,
1v−1u=1f
⇒ 1( - D)−1( - u)=1f
⇒ 1u=D + fDf
⇒ m = D×(D + fDf)=(1+Df)
Simple microscope
A simple microscope is a magnifying glass that has a

double convex lens with a short focal length.
Examples of this kind of instrument include the hand
lens and reading lens. When an object is kept near
the lens, then its principal focus with an image is
produced, which is erect and bigger than the original
object. The image formed is virtual and cannot be
projected on a screen like a real image.
Parts of simple microscope
Eyepiece: It is the lens that is used to study the samples

and is placed at the top. It has a magnification of 10X to
15X.
Base: This provides support to the microscope.
Tube: This is used to connect the eyepiece to the
objective lenses.
Objective lenses: These are found with the magnification
of 10X, 40X and 100X and are colour coded. The lower
power lenses are the shortest lens and the highest power
lenses are the longest lens.
Revolving nose-piece: This is also known as the turret. It is
used for holding other objective lenses and can be
rotated while viewing the samples.
Diaphragm: It is used to control the amount of light that
passes through the stage.
Stage: It is the platform used for placing the slides with
samples.
Stage clip: These are used to hold the slides in the proper
place.
Coarse adjustment knob: It is used to focus on scanning.
Fine adjustment knob: It is used to focus on oil.
Arm: It is used to support the tube and connects to the
base of the microscope.
Power switch: The main power switch is used to turn on or
off the microscope.
Condenser: It is used to focus the light on the sample and
400X power lenses are used.
Working
As we know that simple microscope is used to get a magnified

view of the samples, it is widely used in microbiology. Light from
the light source is made to pass through a thin object which is
transparent. To get an enlarged virtual image, a biconvex lens is
used. For higher magnification and resolution, the lens must be
close to the sample. By viewing the details of the sample contrast
can be obtained. This is done by staining the sample. To obtain
contrast in the image, the size and intensity of the light beam can
be modified with the help of a condenser or the diaphragm
Uses
It is used in pedology (a study of soil particles)

It is used by a dermatologist to find out various skin
diseases.
It is used in microbiology to study samples of algae, fungi
etc
It is used by the jewellers to get a magnified view of the
fine parts of the jewellery.
Compound
microscope
microscope with a high resolution and uses two sets of lenses

providing a 2-dimensional image of the sample.
The term compound refers to the usage of more than one

lens in the microscope. Also, the compound microscope is
one of the types of optical microscopes. The other type of
optical microscope is a simple microscope. The difference
between simple and compound microscope is that a simple
microscope uses only one lens while the compound
microscope uses more than one lens
Working
compound microscope is considered to be one of the
standard microscopes that can be used for general
purposes. The arrangement of the lens is such that it
magnifies the objects from the complex system.
There are two types of lenses that are used in the

compound microscope:
The objective lens is placed close to the object that needs

to be examined.
The eyepiece allows the image to be viewed. The eyepiece is
also known as the ocular lens.
The light is made to pass through the thin transparent
object. A magnified image of the object is obtained by the
objective lens. This image is known as the real image. The
eyepiece or the ocular lens then magnifies the real image
more and is viewed as the virtual image. The compound
microscope is also known as the bright-field microscope
because the light passes directly through the light source to
the eye through the two lenses. This mechanism makes the
field of vision brightly illuminated.
Parts
Base
The base is also known as the foot which is either U or horseshoe-
shaped. It is a metallic structure that supports the entire microscope.
Pillar
The connection between the base and the arm are possible through the
pillar.
Arm
The arm is also known as the limb which is a metallic handle forming the
connection between the arm to the inclined joint. The stage and the
body tube is supported by the arm.
Inclination Joint
If the observation has to be done in a sitting position, then the
microscope can be tilted using the inclination joint.
Stage
It is the metallic platform that is fitted to the lower part of the arm with
a hole in the center. The microscopic slides are placed on the stage
either by using side clips or by mechanical stage clips.
Body Tube
The main purpose of the body tube is to hold the objective and ocular
lenses at the two ends. The end where the ocular lens is present is
known as the head while the end where the objective lens is placed is
known as the nose piece. For the passage of light rays through the body
tube, there is a pathway.
Draw Tube
The upper end of the body tube has a small fixed tube which is known
as the drawtube. The main function of the drawtube is to hold the
ocular lens.
Adjustment Screws
These are two pairs of adjusting screws that are used either for a
coarse adjustment or for fine adjustment. When a fine adjustment
is made, the body tube or the stage moves extremely short
distances while in coarse adjustment, the body tube and stage
move up. Through fine adjustment, a sharp image can be
obtained.
Automatic Stop
The rack and pinion have a small screw that is used for stopping
the downward sliding of the body tube. This prevents damage to
the objective lens.
Optical Parts
Diaphragm
The amount of light falling on the object can be controlled
through the diaphragm. It is present below the stage. The disc and
iris are the two types of diaphragm.
Condenser
It is present below the diaphragm. The focusing of light can be
done by adjusting the condenser by moving it either up or down.
Reflector
A reflector is a mirror that is attached above the base. One side of
the mirror has a plane mirror while the other side has a concave
mirror. When the light is strong, the plane mirror side is used and
when the light is weak, the concave mirror side is used. The light
on the object is directed with the help of the reflector through
the diaphragm and condenser.
Objective Lenses
These lenses are present over the nose piece. There are two to
three types of objective lenses:
Advantages and disadvantages
of microscope
1) Advantages of Compound Microscope
Due to the usage of multiple lenses, one can obtain detailed

information about the sample.
These microscopes have their own sources of light.
This microscope is user-friendly and easy to handle.
2) Disadvantages of Compound Microscope
The magnification of the sample is possible only to a certain

extent, once this limit is reached the sample cannot be viewed.
Uses:
The identification of diseases becomes easy in pathology labs

with the help of a compound microscope.
Forensic laboratories use compound microscopes for the
detection of human fingerprints.
The presence of metals can be detected with the help of a
compound microscope.
The study of bacteria and viruses becomes easy with the help of
a compound microscope.
Schools use compound microscopes for academic purposes.

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OPTICAL

The human eye is just an optical instrument which helps us to

When the eye is focused on a closer or distant object, the ciliary

A normal eye can see distant objects as well as nearby objects

Mqgnifying glass was one of the first-ever instruments

1) Linear or transverse magnification – This happens for

2) Angular magnification – This sort of magnification

The size of the image is determined by the angle

Magnifying power (m)

A simple microscope is a magnifying glass that has a

Eyepiece: It is the lens that is used to study the samples

As we know that simple microscope is used to get a magnified

It is used in pedology (a study of soil particles)

microscope with a high resolution and uses two sets of lenses

The term compound refers to the usage of more than one

There are two types of lenses that are used in the

The objective lens is placed close to the object that needs

1) Advantages of Compound Microscope

Due to the usage of multiple lenses, one can obtain detailed

2) Disadvantages of Compound Microscope

The magnification of the sample is possible only to a certain

The identification of diseases becomes easy in pathology labs

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