Running Heading: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 1

TITLE PAGE

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

FINAL EXAMINATION

NAME

ID

THE NAME OF THE FACULTY

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 2

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE.............................................................................................................................1

TABLE OF CONTENT.............................................................................................................2

QUESTION ONE A...................................................................................................................3

QUESTION ONE B...................................................................................................................3

QUESTION TWO......................................................................................................................5

QUESTION THREE..................................................................................................................6

QUESTION FOUR....................................................................................................................8

Question FIVE...........................................................................................................................9

REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................12
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 3

QUESTION ONE A

X (number of laptops sold 12 13 14 15

P( X=x) 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

a) The mean of the number of laptops sold

The expectation of X is the mean of X

E ( X )=μ=∑ X P ( x )=12 ×0. 4 +13 ×13 ×0.3+ 14 ×0.2+15 × 0.1

E ( X )=μ=∑ X P ( x )=4.8+3.9+2.8+1.5

E ( X )=μ=∑ XP ( x )=13

b) Variance of the number of laptops sold on a given day ¿ σ

σ 2=∑ (Px )× ( X−µ )2=0.255624 as shown in last column of the table below.

X P(x) X(P(x)) X-µ (X-µ)2 P(x)×(X-µ)2

12 0.4 4.8 -1 1 0.4
13 0.3 3.9 0 0 0
14 0.2 2.8 1 1 0.2
15 0.1 1.5 2 4 0.4
Total 1 13 ∑ (Px)× ( X −µ )2=1
Source: (created for this study)

σ 2=∑ (Px )× ( X−µ )2=1 as shown in last column of the table below.

2
σ =1

QUESTION ONE B

a) Probability that exactly four of the customers had their problems solved

This follows a binomial distribution.

The probability for a client call concerning Internet service disruption is fixed within one

hour is 70%.
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 4

Therefore, π=70 %=0.7

Otherwise, ( 1−π ) =1−0.7=0.3

For binomial distribution the probability of a certain event is given by the following formula

(Elart Von Collani and Klaus Dräger, 2001).

x n− x
P x =( n ∁x ) π (1−π )

Therefore, Probability that exactly 4 of the customers had their problems resolved would be

given by
x n− x
P x =( n ∁x ) π (1−π )

Where;

n = 10

π = 0.7

1- π = 0.3

X=4

n-x = 10 – 4 = 6
4 10−4
¿ ( 10 ∁4 ) 0.7 (1−0.7)

4 6
¿ ( 10 ∁4 ) 0.7 (0.3)

¿ 210 ×0.2401 × 0.000729=0.03675

¿ 0.037

b) Mean of the number of calls who had their problems solved

This is given by the formula

Mean=n π

Mean=10 ×0.7=7

Mean=7

c) The variance of the number of calls who had their problems solved

This is given by the formula

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 5

Variance=n π (1−π )

Variance=10× 0.7 × 0.3

Variance=2.1

QUESTION TWO

(a) The probability that 3 of the faculty have blood type O-negative.

Total number of faculty = 200

Faculty with Blood type O-negative = 12

Sample size used n = 20 faculty

Probability of a faculty with Blood type O-negative would be given by

Faculty with Blood type Onegativ e 12

=
Total number of faculty 200

The probability that 3 of the faculty have blood type O-negative would be given by
x n− x
P x =( n ∁x ) π (1−π )

Where;

n = 20

π = 12/200

12
1−π =1−
200

X=3

n-x = 20 – 3 =17
3 2 0−3
¿ ( 2 0 ∁3 ) 0.06 (1−0. 06)

3 17
¿ ( 2 0 ∁3 ) 0.06 (0 . 94)

¿ 1140× 0.000216 ×0.3492798=0.086006666

¿ 0.0 86

(b) Probability that a none (x = 0) of the faculty has blood type O-negative.
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 6

x n− x
P x =( n ∁x ) π (1−π )

Where;

n = 20

π = 12/200

12
1−π =1−
200

X=0

n-x = 20 – 0 = 20
0 20−0
¿ ( 20 ∁0 ) 0.06 (1−0.06)

0 20
¿ ( 20 ∁0 ) 0.06 (0 . 94)

¿ 1 ×1 ×0. 29010=0.29010

0.290

QUESTION THREE

a) Standard normal value is given as

X −μ
Z<
σ

Where;

μ is the mean = 7.1 years

σ is the standard deviation = 1.4

Z is the standard normal value

X = 5 year

X−μ 5−7.1 −2.1

Z= = = =−1.4
σ 1.5 1.5

Z=−1.4

Z←1.4

Using normal distribution table, this falls on the on the left of the normal distribution table.
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 7

The z value from the table that corresponds with -1.4 would be 0.4192

The area under left hand side is equal to 0.5 and z is less than -1.4, the probability that a

randomly selected DVD player will be replaced in less than 5 years would be

0.5−0.419 2=0.0808

0.0808

b) The probability of having a maximum temperature between 20° and 28°

μ−X X−μ
≤Z≤
σ σ

μ is the mean = 23º

σ is the standard deviation = 5°

Z is the standard normal value

The maximum temperature between should range between 20° and 28°

The formula when substituted would be

μ−X X−μ 23−20 28−23

≤Z≤ = ≤Z ≤
σ σ 5 5

3 5
≤ Z ≤ =0.6 ≤ Z ≤ 1
5 5

The Z value lies between 0.6 and 1, the Z value is greater than 0.6 but less than 1

For normal distribution table value that corresponds with Z = 0.6 is 0.2257

And the value that corresponds with Z = 1 is 0.3413

The area under the normal distribution curve that is greater than 0.2257 but less than 0.3413

is given by

0.3413−0.2257=0.1156

QUESTION FOUR

a) When both μ and σ are well known, Z value is given by

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 8

x−μ
Z=
σ /√n

μ is the mean

σ is the standard deviation

Z is the standard normal value

n is the sample size.

For this case,

μ =175

σ =20

Z is the standard normal value

n = 10

x−μ 185−175
Z> =
σ / √ n 20/ √10

10 10
¿ Z> =
20 / √10 6.324555

¿ Z>1.58114 ≈ 1.58

The area under the normal distribution curve that corresponds with Z = 1.58 is 0.4429 and

therefore, the area under the normal distribution curve that is more than 0.4429 would be

given by

0.5−0.4429=0.057 1

b) The values of both μ and σ are known and therefore Z value is given by

x−μ
Z=
σ /√n

μ is the mean, σ is the standard deviation, Z is the standard normal value, and n is the sample

size.

For this case,

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 9

μ =24.8

σ = 0.20

Z is the standard normal value

n=9

X−μ X−μ 2 4.9−24.8 2 5−2 4.8

≤Z≤ = ≤ Z≤
σ /√ n σ / √n 0.2/ √ 9 0.2/ √ 9

X−μ X−μ 0.1 0.2

≤Z≤ = ≤Z≤
σ /√ n σ / √n 0.2/ √ 9 0.2/ √ 9

X−μ X−μ
≤Z≤ =1.5 ≤ Z ≤ 3
σ /√ n σ
√n
The Z value is the area under the curve between Z = 1.5 and Z = 3

The normal distribution table value that corresponds with Z = 1.5 is 0.4332

And the value that corresponds with Z = 3 is 0.4987

The area between would be given finding the difference between the two

¿ 0.4987−0.4332=0.0655

The probability that the sample mean is between 24.9 and 25 ounces is 0.0655

Question FIVE

a) The 99% confidence interval for the population mean blood hemoglobin.

When the mean and standard deviation are known, we can use the following formula to

estimate the confidence interval (Vandome, 2009).

μ
μ±Zα
2 √n
Where;

Mean = μ = 15g/dl

standard deviation = µ = 3 g/dl

n is the sample of men = 12

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 10

For confidence level of 99%, α =1−0.9 9=0. 0 1 , therefore Z α =Z 0.0 0 5

2

From the Z distribution table,

Z 0.0 0 5=the Z value that corresponds¿ 1−0. 0 05=0.9 9 5

Z 0.0 05=2.575

μ 3
Therefore, μ ± Z α =15 ±2.575 =¿
2 √n √ 12
3
¿ 15 ± 2.575 =15± 2.230015415
√ 12
¿ 15 ± 2.230015415≈ 15 ± 2 .23

¿ [ 15−2.23 , 15+2.23 ]

¿ [ 12.77 , 17.23 ]

¿ [ 12.77 g /dl ,17.23 g /dl ]

b) The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all accounts receivable that are

overdue.

The confidence interval for proportion is constructed using the formula

¿ P±Z
√ P(1−P)
n

Where; P is the probability of a given event, n is the sample size, and Z is the standard

normal value.

P = 350

n = 500

Z would be calculated as

For confidence level of 95%, α =1−0.95=0.0 5 , therefore Z α =Z 0.0 2 5

2

From the Z distribution table,

Z 0.0 25 =the Z value that corresponds¿ 1−0.02 5=0.97 5

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 11

Z 0.0 25 =1.96

¿ P±Z
√ P(1−P)
n
=350 ±1.96
√
350(500−350)
500

¿ 350 ± 1.96
√ 350(1 50)
500 √
=350± 1.96
52500
500

350 ± 1.96 √105

350 ± 20.0840235 ≈350 ± 20.08

¿ [ 350−20.8 ,350+20.08 ]

¿ [ 329.92 ,370.08 ]

The 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all accounts receivable that are overdue

would be

¿ [ 329.92 ,370.08 ]

c) Interpretation of Confidence Interval

In the Question A, we are 99 percent confident that the mean blood hemoglobin is between

12.77g/dl and17.23g/dl

In Question B, we are 95 percent confident that the proportion of all accounts receivable that

are overdue is between 329.92 and 370.08 that is, between 330 and 370 accounts.

REFERENCES

Elart Von Collani and Klaus Dräger (2001). Binomial distribution handbook for scientists
and engineers. Boston: Birkhäuser.

Vandome, A.F. (2009). Confidence interval. Vdm Pub. House.