A 988 - 98 Qtk4oc05oa

NOTICE:¬This¬standard¬has¬either¬been¬superseded¬and¬replaced¬by¬a¬new¬version¬or
discontinued.¬Contact¬ASTM¬International¬(www.astm.org)¬for¬the¬latest¬information.¬
Designation: A 988 – 98
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Specification for

Hot Isostatically-Pressed Stainless Steel Flanges, Fittings,
Valves, and Parts for High Temperature Service1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 988; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing

1.1 This specification covers hot isostatically-pressed, pow- of Steel Products4
der metal, stainless steel piping components for use in pressure A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
systems. Included are flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts Chemical Analysis of Steel Products4
made to specified dimensions or to dimensional standards, such A 923 Test Methods for Detecting Detrimental Intermetallic
as in ASME specification B16.5. Phase in Wrought Duplex Austenitic/Ferritic Stainless
1.2 Several grades of martensitic, austenitic, and austenitic- Steels2
ferritic stainless steels are included in this specification. E 112 Test Methods for Determining the Average Grain
1.3 Supplementary requirements are provided for use when Size5
additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply E 165 Practice for Liquid Penetrant Inspection Examina-
only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order. tion6
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units E 340 Test Method for Macroetching Metals and Alloys5
and in SI units. Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” E 606 Practice for Strain-Controlled Fatigue Testing5
specification designation (SI units), however, the material shall G 48 Test Method for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resis-
be furnished to inch-pound units. tance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units Ferric Chloride Solution7
are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, 2.2 MSS Standard:
the SI units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each SP 25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings,
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must Flanges, and Unions8
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the 2.3 ASME Specifications and Boiler and Pressure Vessel
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi- Codes:
cation. B16.5 Dimensional Standards for Steel Pipe Flanges and
1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to test Flanged Fittings 9
methods portions 8.1, 8.2, 9.5-9.7, and Section 10 of this 2.4 ASME Specification IX Welding Qualifications:
specification: This standard does not purport to address all of SFA-5.4 Specification for Corrosion-Resisting Chromium
the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the and Chromium-Nickel Steel Covered Welding Electrodes9
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- SFA-5.9 Specification for Corrosion-Resisting Chromium
priate safety and health practices and to determine the and Chromium-Nickel Steel Welding Rods and Bare
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Electrodes9
SFA-5.11 Specification for Nickel and Nickel-Alloy Cov-
2. Referenced Documents ered Welding Electrodes9
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3. Terminology
A 262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranu-
lar Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels2 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
A 275/A 275M Test Method for Magnetic Particle Exami- 3.1.1 can, n—the container used to encapsulate the powder
nation of Steel Forgings3 during the pressure consolidation process; it is partially or fully
removed from the final part.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01.
1 5
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
6
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.
7
A01.22 on Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.02.
8
Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications. Available from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings
Current edition approved Mar. 10, 1998. Published September 1998. Industry, 1815 N. Fort Myer Drive, Arlington, VA 22209.
2 9
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.03. Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 E. 47th Street,
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05. New York, NY, 10017.
1
A 988
3.1.2 compact, n—the consolidated powder from one can. It 4. Ordering Information
may be used to make one or more parts. 4.1 It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify in the
3.1.3 consolidation, n—the bonding of adjacent powder purchase order all requirements that are necessary for material
particles in a compact under pressure by heating to a tempera- ordered under this specification. Such requirements may in-
ture below the melting point of the powder. clude, but are not limited to, the following:
3.1.4 fill stem, n—the part of the compact used to fill the 4.1.1 Quantity (weight or number of parts),
can. It is not integral usually to the part produced.
4.1.2 Name of material or UNS number,
3.1.5 hot isostatic-pressing, n—a process for simulta-
4.1.3 ASTM designation and year of issue,
neously heating and forming a compact in which the powder is
4.1.4 Dimensions (tolerances and surface finishes should be
contained in a sealed formable enclosure usually made from
included),
metal and the so-contained powder is subjected to equal
pressure from all directions at a temperature high enough to 4.1.5 Microstructure examination if required (5.1.4),
permit plastic deformation and consolidation of the powder 4.1.6 Inspection (15.1),
particles to take place. 4.1.7 Whether rough part or finished machined (8.2.2),
3.1.6 lot, n—a number of parts made from a single powder 4.1.8 Supplementary requirements, if any,
blend following the same manufacturing practice. 4.1.9 Additional requirements (see 7.2 and 17.1), and
3.1.7 part, n—a single item coming from a compact, either 4.1.10 Requirement, if any, that the manufacturer shall
prior to or after machining. submit drawings for approval showing the shape of the rough
3.1.8 powder blend, n—a homogeneous mixture of powder part before machining and the exact location of test specimen
from one or more heats of the same grade. material (see 9.3).
3.1.9 rough part, n—the part prior to final machining.
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
Composition, %
UNS Phosphorus, Sulfur, Columbium Tantalum,
Grade Carbon Manganese Silicon Nickel Chromium Molybdenum Titanium
Designation max max plus Tantalum max
Martensitic Stainless Steels
S41000 13 chromium 0.15 max 1.00 max 0.040 0.030 1.00 max 11.5–13.5 ... ... ... ...
S41026 13 chromium 0.15 max 1.00 max 0.02 0.02 1.0 max 1.00–2.00 11.5–13.5 0.40–0.60 Other Elements
0.5 molybdenum Cu 0.50 max
S41500 13 chromium, 4 0.05 max 0.50–1.00 0.030 0.030 0.60 max 3.5–5.5 11.5–14.0 0.50–1.00 . . . ... ...
nickel
S42390 12 chromium, 1.0 0.18–0.25 1.00 max 0.030 0.030 1.00 max 0.30–0.80 11.5–12.5 0.80–1.20 Other Elements
molybdenum, N 0.03–0.08
modified V 0.25–0.35
with vanadium Cb 0.08–0.15
Austenitic Stainless Steels
A
S30400 18 chromium, 8 0.08 max 2.00 max 0.045 0.030 1.00 max 8.0–11.0 18.0–20.0 ... ... ... ...
nickel
A
nickel,
low carbon
S30451B 18 chromium, 8 0.08 max 2.00 max 0.045 0.030 1.00 max 18.0–11.0 18.0–20.0 ... ... ... ...
nickel,
modified with
nitrogen
nickel,
modified with
nitrogen
S31600A 18 chromium, 8 0.08 max 2.00 max 0.045 0.030 1.00 max 10.0–14.0 16.0–18.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... ...
nickel,
modified with
molybdenum
S31603A 18 chromium, 8 0.030 max 2.00 max 0.045 0.030 1.00 max 10.0–14.0 16.0–18.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... ...
nickel,
modified with
molybdenum, low
carbon
S31651B 18 chromium, 8 0.08 max 2.00 max 0.045 0.030 1.00 max 10.0–13.0 16.0–18.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... ...
nickel,
modified with
molybdenum and
nitrogen
2
A 988
TABLE 1 Continued
Composition, %
B
S31653 18 chromium, 8 0.030 max 2.00 max 0.045 0.030 1.00 max 10.0–13.0 16.0–18.0 2.00–3.00 . . . ... ...
nickel,
modified with
molybdenum and
nitrogen
S31700 19 chromium, 13 0.08 max 2.00 max 0.045 0.030 1.00 max 11.0–15.0 18.0-20.0 3.0–4.0 ... ... ...
nickel
3.5 molybdenum
S31703 19 chromium, 13 0.030 max 2.00 max 0.045 0.030 1.00 max 11.0–15.0 18.0–20.0 3.0–4.0 ... ... ...
nickel,
3.5 molybdenum
S21904 20 chromium, 6 0.04 max 8.0–10.0 0.045 0.030 1.00 max 5.5–7.5 19.0–21.5 ... ... Other Elements
nickel, 9 N 0.15–0.40
manganese
S31254 20 chromium, 18 0.020 max 1.00 max 0.030 0.010 0.80 max 17.5–18.5 19.5–20.5 6.0–6.5 ... Other Elements
nickel, 6 Cu 0.50-1.00
molybdenum, low N 0.18-0.22
carbon
3
A 988
TABLE 1 Continued
Composition, %
S31725 19 chromium, 15 0.030 max 2.00 max 0.045 0.030 1.00 max 13.5–17.5 18.0–20.0 4.0–5.0 ... Other elements
nickel, 4 N 0.20 max
molybdenum
nickel, 4 N 0.10–0.20
molybdenum
N08367 22 chromium, 25 0.030 max 2.00 max 0.040 0.030 1.00 max 23.50– 20.0–22.0 6.0–7.0 Other Elements
nickel, 25.50 N 0.18–0.25
6.5 molybdenum, Cu 0.75 max
low
carbon
S32654 25 chromium, 22 0.020 max 2.0–4.0 0.030 0.005 0.50 max 21.0–23.0 24.0–25.0 7.0–8.0 Other Elements
nickel, N 0.45–0.55
7 molybdenum, Cu 0.30–0.60
low carbon
Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels
S31803 22 chromium, 5.5 0.030 max 2.00 max 0.030 0.020 1.00 max 4.5–6.5 21.0–23.0 2.5–3.5 ... Other Elements
nickel, N 0.08–0.20
modified with
nitrogen
S32205 22 chromium, 5.5 0.030 max 2.00 max 0.030 0.020 1.00 max 4.5–6.5 22.0–23.0 3.0–3.5 Other Elements
nickel, modified Cu 0.75 max
with high nitrogen N 0.14-0.20
S32950 26 chromium, 3.5 0.030 max 2.00 max 0.035 0.010 0.60 max 3.5–5.2 26.0–29.0 1.00–2.50 . . . Other Elements
nickel, N 0.15-0.35
1.0 molybdenum
S32750 25 chromium, 7 0.030 max 1.20 max 0.035 0.020 0.80 max 6.0-8.0 24.0–26.0 3.0-5.0 ... Other Elements
nickel, 4 max N 0.24–0.32
molybdenum, Cu 0.50 max
modified with
nitrogen
S39274 25 chromium, 7 0.030 max 1.0 max 0.030 0.020 0.80 max 6.0–8.0 24.0–26.0 2.50–3.50 . . . Other Elements
nickel, max max N 0.24–0.32
modified with Cu 0.20–0.80
nitrogen W 1.50–2.50
and tungsten
S32760C 25 chromium, 7 0.030 max 1.00 max 0.030 0.010 1.00 max 6.0–8.0 24.0–26.0 3.0–4.0 ... Other Elements
nickel, 3.5 N 0.20–0.30
molybdenum, Cu 0.50–1.00
modified with W 0.50–1.00
nitrogen and
tungsten
nickel, Cu 1.20–2.00
3.7 molybdenum W 0.80–1.20
N 0.23–0.33
A
S30400, S30403, S31600, and S31603 shall have a maximum nitrogen content of 0.10 %.
B
S30451, S31651, S30453, S31653 shall have a nitrogen content of 0.10 to 0.16 %.
C
% Cr + 3.3 3 % Mo + 16 3 % N > 40 min.
5. Materials and Manufacture melting, followed by gas atomization.

5.1 Manufacturing Practice: 5.1.3 When powder from more than one heat of the same
5.1.1 Compacts shall be manufactured by placing a single grade is used to make a blend, the heats shall be mixed
powder blend into a can, evacuating the can, and sealing it. The thoroughly to ensure homogeneity.
can material shall be selected to ensure that it has no deleteri- 5.1.4 The compact shall be sectioned and the microstructure
ous effect on the final product. The entire assembly shall be examined to check for porosity and other internal imperfec-
heated at a temperature and placed under sufficient pressure for tions. It shall meet the requirements of 8.1.2. The sample shall
a sufficient period of time to ensure that the final consolidated be taken from the fill stem or from a location in a part as agreed
part meets the density requirements of 8.1.1.1. One or more upon by the manufacturer and purchaser.
parts shall be machined from a single compact. 5.1.5 Unless otherwise specified in the purchase order, the
5.1.2 The powder shall be prealloyed and made by a melting manufacturer shall remove the can material from the surfaces
method capable of producing the specified chemical composi- of the consolidated compacts by chemical or mechanical
tion, such as but not limited to, air or vacuum induction methods such as by pickling or machining. This may be done
4
A 988
before or after heat treatment at the option of the manufacturer sample shall conform to the chemical requirements prescribed
(see Note 1). in Table 1.
6.2 Addition of lead, selenium, or other elements for the
NOTE 1—Often, it is advantageous to leave the can material in place
until after heat treatment or further thermal processing of the consolidated purpose of rendering the material free-machining shall not be
compact. permitted.
6.3 The steel shall not contain an unspecified element other
6. Chemical Composition than nitrogen, for the ordered grade, to the extent that the steel
6.1 The steel, both as a blend and as a part, shall conform to conforms to the requirements of another grade for which that
the requirements for chemical composition prescribed in Table element is a specified element having a required minimum
1. Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology of A 751 shall content.
apply.
6.1.1 Each blend of powder shall be analyzed by the 7. Heat Treatment
manufacturer to determine the percentage of elements pre- 7.1 Except as provided in 7.2, the final heat treatment of all
scribed in Table 1. This analysis shall be made using a parts shall be in compliance with the requirements of Table 2.
representative sample of the powder. The blend shall conform After hot isostatic-pressing and prior to final heat treatment, the
to the chemical composition requirements prescribed in Table compacts may be annealed, at the option of the producer, either
1. as a part of the consolidation process or as a separate operation.
6.1.2 When required by the purchaser, the chemical com- 7.2 When agreed upon by the purchaser, liquid quenching
position of a sample from one part from each lot of parts shall may be applied to the martensitic stainless steels in place of the
be determined by the manufacturer. The composition of the furnace cool or air cool specified in Table 2, provided that such
TABLE 2 Heat Treating Requirements

Austenitizing/Solutioning Cooling Quenching, Cool Tempering Temperature,
UNS No. Heat Treat Type
Temperature °F (°C)A Media to Below °F (°C) min° F (°C)
B B
S41000 Class 1 anneal not specified furnace cool
normalize and temper not specified air cool 400 [205] 1325 [725]
B B
temper not required 1325 [725]
B B
B B
temper not required 1250 [675]
B B
B B
normalize and temper not specified air cool 400 [205] 1000[540]
B B
S41026 anneal 1750 [955] furnace cool
normalize and temper 1750 [955] air cool 400 [205] 1150 [620]
S41500 normalize and temper 1850 [1010] air cool 200 [95] 1040-1120 [560-600]
S42390 normalize and temper 1860–1960 [1015–1070] air cool 200 [95] 1350–1440 [730–780]
B
S30400 solution treat and quench 1900 [1040] liquid 500 [260]
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
B
N08367 solution treat and quench 2025 [1105] liquid 500 [260]
B
S32654 solution treat and quench 2050–2160 [1120–1180] liquid 500 [260]
B
B
S32950 solution treat and quench 1825-1875 [995-1025]C liquid 500 [260] B
B
B
B
B
A
Minimum unless temperature range is listed.
B
Not applicable.
C
30 min/in. of thickness.
5
A 988
quenching is followed by tempering in the temperature ranges between the manufacturer and purchaser.
as required in Table 2. Martensitic parts that are liquid 8.2.1 No hydrostatic test is required for welding neck or
quenched and tempered shall be marked “QT.” other flanges.
7.3 The final heat treatment shall be performed before or 8.2.2 The compact manufacturer is not required to perform
after machining at the option of the producer. pressure tests on rough parts that are to be finish machined by
7.4 See Section S15 if a particular heat treatment method is others. The fabricator of the finished part is not required to
specified by the purchaser in the order. pressure test parts that are designed to be pressure containing
only after assembly by welding into a larger structure. The
8. Structural Integrity Requirements manufacturer of the compacts, however, shall be responsible,
8.1 Microporosity—The parts shall be free of microporosity as required in 16.1 for the satisfactory performance of the parts
as demonstrated by measurement of density as provided in under the final test required in 8.2
8.1.1 or by microstructural examination as provided in 8.1.2.
8.1.1 Density Measurement: 9. Mechanical Properties
8.1.1.1 The density measurement shall be used for accep- 9.1 The material shall conform to the requirements for
tance of material but not for rejection of material. The mechanical properties prescribed in Table 3 at room tempera-
measured density for each material shall exceed 99 % of the ture.
density typical of that grade when wrought and in the same 9.2 Mechanical test specimens shall be obtained from pro-
heat treated condition as the sample. Material that fails to meet duction parts or from the fill stems. Mechanical test specimens
this acceptance criterion may be tested at the option of the shall be taken from material that has received the same heat
producer, for microporosity in accordance with the microstruc- treatment as the parts that they represent. If repair welding is
tural examination as provided in 8.1.2. required (see Section 15), the test specimens prior to testing
8.1.1.2 Density shall be determined for one sample from shall accompany the repaired parts if a post weld treatment is
each production lot by measuring the difference in weight of done.
the sample when weighed in air and when weighed in water 9.3 For normalized and tempered, or quenched and tem-
and multiplying this difference by the density of water pered parts, the central axis of the test specimen shall corre-
(Archimede’s principle). The equipment used shall be capable spond to the 1⁄4 T plane or deeper position, where T is the
of determining density within 60.004 lb/in.3(0.10 g/cm3). maximum heat treated thickness of the represented part. In
8.1.1.3 At the option of the producer, the density shall be addition, for quenched and tempered parts, the midlength of the
compared to the room temperature density typical of wrought test specimen shall be at least T from any second heat treated
steels of the same class of grades, 0.28 lb/in.3(7.8 g/cm3) for surface. When the section thickness does not permit this
martensitic and austenitic-ferritic grades, and 0.29 lb/in.3(8.0 positioning, the test specimen shall be positioned as near as
g/cm3) for austenitic grades, or to the density of a wrought possible to the prescribed location, as agreed to by the
reference sample of the same grade heat treated in accordance purchaser and the supplier.
with the requirements of Table 2 (see Note 2). 9.4 For all annealed stainless steels, the test specimen may
NOTE 2—The actual density of stainless steel varies slightly with be taken from any convenient location.
composition and heat treatment. For this reason, small differences in the 9.5 Tension Tests:
measured density from the typical density for a class of grades may be the 9.5.1 Martensitic Stainless Steels—One tension test shall be
result of differences in alloy content, heat treatment, or microporosity. made for each production lot in each heat treatment charge.
When density values are measured that are less than the density typical of
When the heat treating cycles are the same and the furnaces
a class of grades, it is appropriate to examine the sample for microporosity
by the more specific metallographic examination procedures. (either batch or continuous type) are controlled within 625°F
(614°C) and equipped with recording pyrometers so that
8.1.2 Microstructural Examination: complete records of heat treatment are available, then only one
8.1.2.1 The microstructure when examined at 20-503, 100- tension test from each production lot of each type of part (see
2003, and 1000-20003 shall be reasonably uniform and shall Note 3) and section size is required instead of one test from
be free of voids, laps, cracks, and porosity. each production lot in each heat-treatment charge.
8.1.2.2 One sample from each production lot shall be
examined. The sample shall be taken after hot-isostatic press- NOTE 3—“Type” in this case is used to describe the shape of the part
ing or after final heat treatment. The microstructure shall meet such as a flange, elbow, tee, and so forth.
the requirements of 8.1.2.1. 9.5.2 Austenitic and Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels
8.1.2.3 If the sample fails to meet the requirements for —One tension test shall be made for each production lot. The
acceptance, each part in the lot may be retested, and those that tension test specimen shall be made from material accompa-
pass may be accepted. nying the parts in final heat treatment.
8.2 Hydrostatic Tests—After they have been machined, 9.5.3 Testing shall be performed in accordance with Test
pressure-containing parts shall be tested to the hydrostatic shell Methods and Definitions A 370 using the largest feasible of the
test pressures prescribed in ASME B16.5 for the applicable round specimens. The gage length for measuring elongation
steel rating for which the part is designed and shall show no shall be four times the diameter of the test section.
leaks. Parts ordered under these specifications for working 9.6 Hardness Tests:
pressures other than those listed in the ASME B16.5 ratings 9.6.1 Except when only one part is produced, a minimum of
shall be tested to such pressures as may be agreed upon two pieces/batch or continuous run as defined in 9.6.2 shall be
6
A 988
TABLE 3 Tensile and Hardness Requirements
Elongation in 2 in. Reduction of Brinell
UNS Tensile Strength, min, ksi Yield Strength, min, ksi
(50 mm) or 4D, Area, Hardness
Designation (MPa) (MPa)A
min, % min, % Number
S41000 Class 1 70 (485) 40 (275) 18 35.0 143–187
S41000 Class 2 85 (585) 55 (380) 18 35.0 167–229
S41000 Class 3 110 (760) 85 (585) 15 35.0 235–302
S41000 Class 4 130 (895) 110 (760) 12 35.0 263–321
S41026 110-135 (760–930) 90 (620) 16 45.0 235–285
S41500 115 (790) 90 (620) 15 45.0 295 max
S42390 100–125 (690–862) 75 (517) 14.0 ... ...
S30400 75 (515)B 30 (205) 30 50 . . .
S30403 70 (485)C 25 (170) 30 50 . . .
S30451 80 (550) 35 (240) 30 50 . . .
S30453 75 (515)B 30 (205) 30 50 . . .
S31600 75 (515)B 30 (205) 30 50 . . .
S31603 70 (485)C 25 (170) 30 50 . . .
S31651 80 (550) 35 (240) 30 50 . . .
S31653 75 (515)B 30 (205) 30 50 . . .
S31700 75 (515)B 30 (205) 30 50 . . .
S31703 70 (485)C 25 (170) 30 50 . . .
S21904 90 (620) 50 (345) 45 60 . . .
S31254 94 (650) 44 (300) 35 50 . . .
S30600 78 (540) 35 (240) 40.0 50.0 ...

S31725 75 (525) 30 (205) 40.0 50.0 ...
S31726 80 (550) 35 (240) 40.0 50.0 ...
N08367 95 (655) 45 (310) 30.0 50.0
S32654 109 (750) 62 (430) 40.0 ... 250 max

S31803 90 (620) 65 (450) 25 45 ...
S32205 90 (620) 65 (450) 25.0 ... 293 max
S32950 100 (690) 70 (485) 15 ... ...
S32750 116 (800) 80 (550) 15 ... 310 max
S39274 116 (800) 80 (550) 15 30 310 max
S32760 109–130 (750–895) 80 (550) 25.0 45 ...
S39277 118 (820) 85 (585) 25.0 50 ...
A
Determined by the 0.2 % offset method.
B
For sections over 5 in. (130 mm) in thickness, the minimum tensile strength shall be 70 ksi (485 MPa).
C
For sections over 5 in. (130 mm) in thickness, the minimum tensile strength shall be 65 ksi (450 MPa).
hardness tested in accordance with Test Methods and Defini- 10.2 Austenitic stainless steels shall be capable of meeting
tions A 370 to ensure that the parts are within the hardness the intergranular corrosion test requirements described in
limits given for each grade in Table 3. The purchaser may Section S10.
verify that the requirement has been met by testing at any 10.3 When required by the purchaser, the stainless steels
location on the part provided such testing does not render the shall be tested in the final heat treated condition for pitting or
part useless. crevice corrosion resistance according to the procedures de-
9.6.2 When the reduced number of tension tests permitted scribed in Section S11.
by 9.5.1 is applied, additional hardness tests shall be made on 10.4 Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels shall be capable of
parts or samples as defined in 9.2 scattered throughout the load. meeting the test requirements described in Section S12.
At least eight samples shall be checked from each batch load
and a least one check/h shall be made from a continuous run. 11. Product Analysis
When the furnace batch is less than eight parts, each part shall 11.1 The purchaser may make a product analysis on parts
be checked. If any check falls outside the prescribed limits, the supplied to this specification. Samples for analysis shall be
entire lot of parts shall be reheat treated and the requirements taken from midway between the center and surface of solid
of 9.5.1 shall apply. parts, midway between the inner and outer surfaces of hollow
9.7 Fatigue Tests—When specified in the order, the fatigue parts, midway between the center and surface of full-size
strength of austenitic stainless steel components intended for prolongations, or from broken mechanical test specimens. The
service above 1000°F (540°C) shall be determined in accor- chemical composition thus determined shall conform to Table
dance with Section S17. 1 with the tolerances as stated in Table 4.
10. Corrosion Testing 12. Reheat Treatment
10.1 Corrosion testing is not required by this specification. 12.1 If the results of the mechanical tests do not conform to
7
A 988
TABLE 4 Product Analysis Tolerances for Stainless SteelsA 13.3 Depth of Injurious Imperfections—Linear imperfec-
Tolerance Over tions shall be explored for depth. When the depth encroaches
the Maximum on the minimum wall thickness of the finished parts, such
Limit or Maximum of
Elements Limit or Under
Specified Range, %
the Minimum imperfections shall be considered injurious.
Limit 13.4 Machining or Grinding Imperfections Not Classified as
Carbon 0.030, incl 0.005 Injurious—Surface imperfections not classified as injurious
over 0.030 to 0.20 incl 0.01 shall be treated as follows:
Manganese to 1.00, incl 0.03 13.4.1 Seams, laps, tears, or slivers not deeper than 5 % of
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.04 the nominal wall thickness or 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm), whichever is
over 3.00 to 6.00 0.05 less, need not be removed. If these imperfections are removed,
over 6.00 to 10.00 0.06
they shall be removed by machining or grinding.
Phosphorus to 0.040, incl 0.005 13.4.2 Mechanical marks or abrasions and pits shall be
Sulfur to 0.030, incl 0.005
acceptable without grinding or machining provided the depth
does not exceed the limitations set forth in 13.4.1. Imperfec-
Silicon to 1.00, incl 0.05 tions that are deeper than 1⁄16 in. (1.6 mm), but which do not
over 1.00 to 5.00, incl 0.10
encroach on the minimum wall thickness of the part, shall be
Chromium over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15 removed by grinding to sound metal.
over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.20 13.4.3 When imperfections have been removed by grinding
over 20.00 to 27.50, incl 0.25
or machining, the outside dimension at the point of grinding or
Nickel to 1.00, incl 0.03 machining may be reduced by the amount removed. Should it
over 1.00 to 5.00, incl 0.07 be impracticable to secure a direct measurement, the wall
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10
over 10.00 to 20.00, incl 0.15 thickness at the point of grinding or at an imperfection not
over 20.00 to 22.00, incl 0.20 required to be removed, shall be determined by deducting the
amount removed by grinding from the nominal finished wall
Molybdenum to 0.20 incl 0.01
over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.03 thickness of the part, and the remainder shall not be less than
over 0.60 to 2.00, incl 0.05 the minimum specified or required wall thickness.
over 2.00 to 7.00, incl 0.10
Titanium all ranges 0.05
Columbium+tantalum all ranges 0.05
14. Repair by Welding
Tantalum to 0.10, incl 0.02 14.1 Weld repairs shall be permitted (see Section S7) only
Cobalt 0.05 to 0.20, incl 0.01B
Nitrogen to 0.19 incl 0.01 with prior approval of the purchaser and with the following
over 0.19 to 0.25 0.02 limitations and requirements:
over 0.25 to 0.35 0.03
over 0.35 to 0.45 0.04
14.1.1 The welding procedure and welders shall be qualified
over 0.45 to 0.60 0.05 in accordance with Section IX of the ASME Boiler and
Columbium 0.05 to 0.20, incl 0.01 Pressure Vessel Code.
Aluminum to 0.05 incl 0.01
Vanadium to 0.10 incl 0.01
14.1.2 The weld metal shall be deposited using the elec-
over 0.10 to 0.25 incl 0.02 trodes specified in Table 5 except as otherwise provided in
Cerium 0.03 to 0.08 -0.005 Section S13. The electrodes shall be purchased in accordance
+0.01
Tungsten to 1.00, incl 0.04
with ASME Specifications SFA-5.4, SFA-5.9, or SFA-5.11.
Copper to 1.00, incl 0.03 The submerged arc process with neutral flux, the gas metal-arc
A
This table does not apply to heat analysis. welding and gas tungsten-arc welding processes, excluding
B
Product analysis limits for cobalt under 0.05 % have not been established and flux-cored consumables, also may be used.
the producer should be consulted for those limits.
14.1.3 Defects shall be removed completely prior to weld-
ing by chipping or grinding to sound metal as verified by
the requirements specified, the manufacturer may reheat treat magnetic particle inspection in accordance with Test Method
the parts and repeat the tests specified in Section 9, but not A 275/A 275M for the martensitic, or austenitic-ferritic stain-
more than twice. less steels, or by liquid penetrant inspection in accordance with
Practice E 165 for all grades.
13. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance 14.1.4 After repair welding, the welded area shall be ground
13.1 The parts shall be free of scale, machining burrs, and smooth to the original contour and shall be completely free of
other injurious imperfections as defined herein. The parts shall defects as verified by magnetic-particle or liquid-penetrant
have a workmanlike finish and machined surfaces (other than inspection, as applicable.
surfaces having special requirements) shall have a surface 14.1.5 The preheat, interpass temperature, and post-weld
finish not to exceed 250 AA (arithmetic average) roughness heat treatment requirements given in Table 5 shall be met.
height. 14.1.6 Repair by welding shall not exceed 10 % of the
13.2 At the discretion of the purchaser, finished parts shall surface area of the part nor 331⁄3 % of the wall thickness of the
be subject to rejection if surface imperfections acceptable finished part or 3⁄8 in. (9.5 mm), whichever is less.
under 13.4 are not scattered but appear over a large area in 14.1.7 No weld repairs are permitted for S41000 Classes 3
excess of what is considered to be a workmanlike finish. and 4.
8
A 988
TABLE 5 Repair Welding Requirements 15. Inspection
Recommended Preheat Minimum Post- 15.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector
and Interpass Weld Heat
UNS Designation ElectrodesA Temperature Range, °F Treatment all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy him that the
(°C) Temperature °F material is being furnished in accordance with the purchase
(°C) order. Inspection by the purchaser shall not interfere unneces-
Martensitic Stainless Steels sarily with the manufacturer’s operations. All tests and inspec-
S41000 Class 1 E 410-15 or 16 400-700 (205-370) 1250 (675) tions shall be made at the place of manufacture unless
S41000 Class 2 E 410-15 or 16 400-700 (205-370) 1250 (675) otherwise agreed upon.
S41026 13 % Cr, 11⁄2 % 400-700 (205-370) 1150 (620)
Ni, 1⁄2 % Mo
S41500 13 % Cr, 4 % Ni 300-700 (150-370) 1050 (565) 16. Rejection
S42390 400-750 (205-400) 1350-1440 (730-
780)
16.1 Each part that develops injurious defects during shop
working operations or in service shall be rejected and the
manufacturer notified.
S30400 E 308-15 or 16 NRB 1900 (1040) +
WQC
16.2 Samples representing material rejected by the pur-
S30403 E 308L-15 or 16 NR 1900 (1040) + chaser shall be preserved until disposition of the claim has been
WQ agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
S30451 E 308-15 or 16 NR 1900 (1040) +
WQ
S30453 E 308L-15 or 16 NR 1900 (1040) + 17. Certification
WQ
S31600 E 316-15 or 16 NR 1900 (1040) +
17.1 When specified in the purchase order or contract, the
WQ purchaser shall be furnished certification that samples repre-
S31603 E 316L-15 or 16 NR 1900 (1040) + senting each lot have been either tested or inspected as directed
WQ
S31651 E 316-15 or 16 NR 1900 (1040) +
in this specification and the requirements have been met. When
WQ specified in the purchase order or contract, a report of the test
S31653 E 316L-15 or 16 NR 1900 (1040) + results shall be furnished.
WQ
S31700 E 317-15 or 16 NR 1900 (1040) +
WQ 18. Product Marking
S31703 E 317L-15 or 16 NR 1900 (1040) + 18.1 Identification marks consisting of the manufacturer’s
WQ
S21904 XM-10W NR NR symbol or name (see Note 4), the heat or blend number,
S31254 E NiCrMo-3 NR 2100 (1150) + designation of service rating, the specification number, the
WQ
designation showing the grade of material, and the size shall be
S31725 D
... 2100 (1150) + stamped legibly on each part or the parts may be marked in
D
WQ accordance with Standard SP 25 and in such position so as not
S31726 ... 2100 (1150) +
WQ
to injure the usefulness of the part. The specification number
marked on the part need not include specification year of issue
N08367 E NiCrMo-3 NR 2025 (1105) + and revision letter.
WQ
NOTE 4—For purposes of identification marking, the manufacturer is
S32654 25 % Cr, 61 % NR 2100 (1150 ) + considered the organization that certifies the piping component was
Ni, 14 % Mo WQ
manufactured, sampled, and tested in accordance with this specification
Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels and the results have been determined to meet the requirements of this
S31803 22 % Cr, 5.5 % NR NR specification.
Ni, 3 % Mo
S322205 22 % Cr, 5.5 % NR NR
18.1.1 Quenched and tempered martensitic stainless steel
Ni, 3 % Mo parts shall be stamped with the letters QT following the
S32950 26 % Cr, 8 % NR NR specification designation.
Ni, 2 % Mo
S32750 25 % Cr, 7 %, NR NR
18.1.2 Hot isostatically-pressed parts repaired by welding
Ni, 4 % Mo shall be marked with the letter “W” following the specification
S39274 25 % Cr, 7 % NR NR designation.
Ni, 3 % Mo, W
S32760 25 % Cr, 7 % NR NR
18.1.3 When test reports are required, the markings shall
Ni, 3.5 Mo consist of the manufacturer’s symbol or name, the grade
S39277 25 % Cr, 7 % NR NR symbol, and such other markings as necessary to identify the
Ni, 3 % Mo,
1.5 % Cu, 1 %
part with the test report (18.1.1 and 18.1.2 shall apply).
W 18.1.4 Hot isostatically-pressed parts meeting all require-
A
Electrodes shall comply with ASME SFA-5.4, and corresponding ER grades of ments for more than one class or grade may be marked with
SFA-5.9 or SFA-5.1. more than one class or grade designation, such as S30400/
B
NR 5 not required.
C
WQ 5 water quench.
S30409, S30400/S30403, etc.
D
Match filler metal is available. Fabricators also have used AWS A5.14, Class 18.2 Bar Coding—In addition to the requirements in 18.1,
ER, NiCrMo-3 and AWS A5.11, Class E, NiCrMo-3 filter metals. bar coding is acceptable as a supplemental identification
method. The purchaser may specify in the order that a specific
bar coding system be used. The bar coding system, if applied
9
A 988
at the discretion of the supplier, should be consistent with one steel parts; martensitic stainless steel; pipe fittings, steel; piping
of the published industry standards for bar coding. If used on applications; pressure containing parts; stainless steel fittings;
small parts, the bar code may be applied to the box or a stainless steel flanges; steel valves; temperature service appli-
substantially applied tag. cations, elevated; temperature service applications, high
19. Keywords
19.1 austenitic stainless steels; austenitic-ferritic stainless
steel; gas-atomized powder; hot isostatically-pressed stainless
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
The following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the purchaser in the
inquiry, contract, and order.
S1. Macroetch Test containing the information required in 17.1 and shall include
S1.1 A sample part shall be sectioned and etched to show all pertinent details of the heat treating cycle given the parts.
internal imperfections. The test shall be conducted according to S9. Material for Optimum Resistance to Stress-Corrosion
Test Method E 340. Details of the test shall be agreed upon Cracking
between the manufacturer and the purchaser.
S9.1 Austenitic stainless steel parts shall be furnished in the
S2. Product Analysis solution-annealed condition as a final operation with no sub-
S2.1 A product analysis in accordance with Section 11 shall sequent cold working permitted unless specifically permitted
be made from one randomly selected part representing each by the purchaser.
size and type (see Note 3) of part on the order. If the analysis
S10. Intergranular Corrosion Tests
fails to comply, each part shall be checked or the lot rejected.
All results shall be reported to the purchaser. S10.1 Intergranular corrosion tests shall be performed on
specimens of austenitic stainless steel in accordance with
S3. Tension Tests Practices A 262.
S3.1 In addition to the requirements of Section 9, one S10.2 For the austenitic stainless steels, details concerning
tension specimen shall be obtained from a representative part the number of specimens and their source and location are to be
from each production lot at a location agreed upon between the a matter of agreement between the manufacturer and the
manufacturer and the purchaser. The results of the test shall purchaser.
comply with Table 3 and shall be reported to the purchaser.
S11. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Test
S4. Magnetic Particle Examination
S11.1 The stainless steels in the final heat treated condition
S4.1 All accessible surfaces of a finished martensitic, or shall be tested in accordance with Test Method G 48. Accep-
austenitic-ferritic stainless steel part, shall be examined by a tance criteria shall be a matter of agreement between the
magnetic-particle method. The method shall be in accordance manufacturer and purchaser.
with Test Method A 275/A 275M. Acceptance limits shall be
agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser. S12. Detrimental Intermetallic Phase Test
S5. Liquid Penetrant Examination S12.1 The austenitic-ferritic stainless steels shall be tested
in accordance with the test methods given in Test Methods
S5.1 All accessible surfaces shall be examined by a liquid
A 923. Acceptance criteria, if not specified in Test Methods
penetrant method in accordance with Practice E 165. Accep-
A 923, shall be a matter of agreement between the manufac-
tance limits shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and
turer and the purchaser.
the purchaser.
S6. Hydrostatic Testing S13. Special Filler Metal
S6.1 A hydrostatic test at a pressure agreed upon between S13.1 In repair welded S31600, S31603, S31609, and
the manufacturer and the purchaser shall be applied by the S31651 parts, the deposited weld metal shall conform to E 308
manufacturer. composition wire. Parts repair welded with E 308 weld metal
shall be marked S___W308.
S7. Repair Welding
S14. Hardness Test
S7.1 No repair welding shall be permitted without prior
approval of the purchaser. If permitted, the restrictions of S14.1 Each part shall be hardness tested and shall meet the
Section 14 shall apply. requirements of Table 3.
S8. Heat Treatment Details S15. Heat Treatment of Austenitic Stainless Parts
S8.1 The manufacturer shall furnish a detailed test report S15.1 The purchaser shall specify the heat treatment method
10
A 988
in 7.1 that shall be employed. S17.2 The fatigue test shall be performed in air at 1100°F
S15.2 The manufacturer shall provide a test report contain- (595°C) at an axial strain range of 1.0 % with a one hour hold
ing the information required in 17.1 and shall include a period at the maximum positive strain point in each cycle. Test
statement of the heat treatment method employed. specimen location and orientation shall be in accordance with
the general guidance of Test Methods A 370 and the applicable
S16. Grain Size for Austenitic Stainless Steels
product specifications. Testing shall be conducted in accord
S16.1 Hot isostatically-pressed parts made from austenitic with Practice E 606. The test shall exceed 200 cycles without
stainless steel grades other than H grades shall be tested for fracture or a 20 % drop in the load range.
average grain size by Test Methods E 112. Details of the test
S17.3 Failure to meet this requirement shall be cause for
shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the
purchaser. rejection of all parts from that blend.
S17.4 Test frequency shall be the same as for tension tests
S17. Fatigue Acceptance Test (see 9.5). Retesting is permitted. Two additional specimens
S17.1 For austenitic stainless steel components intended for produced from the same blend shall be tested and both
service above 1000°F (540°C), a uniaxial fatigue test shall be specimens must pass the cyclic life requirement. Further retests
performed. are not permitted.
The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection
with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such
patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years and
if not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standards
and should be addressed to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you should make your
views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428.
11

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NOTICE:¬This¬standard¬has¬either¬been¬superseded¬and¬replaced¬by¬a¬new¬version¬or

Standard Specification for

1. Scope A 370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing

TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements

5. Materials and Manufacture melting, followed by gas atomization.

TABLE 2 Heat Treating Requirements

S30600 78 (540) 35 (240) 40.0 50.0 ...

N08367 95 (655) 45 (310) 30.0 50.0

S32654 109 (750) 62 (430) 40.0 ... 250 max

Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steels

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