Back stitch

Backstitch is a hand sewing stitch commonly used in embroidery and hand-sewn

seams in garment construction. It is a strong and durable stitch that is often used for
outlining shapes, creating text, or securing seams. Here's how to do a basic
backstitch:
1. Start by bringing the needle up through the fabric from the back to the front at
the starting point of your stitching line.
2. Take a small stitch forward (towards the direction you'll be sewing) and then
bring the needle back down through the fabric slightly ahead of the starting point.
3. Bring the needle back up through the fabric a short distance away, in line with
the first stitch.
4. Now, instead of moving forward, bring the needle back down through the fabric
at the end of the first stitch. This will create a small backstitch.
5. Repeat this process, alternating between taking a small forward stitch and then a
longer backward stitch.
The result is a series of stitches that appear to overlap slightly, creating a
continuous line. Backstitching is often used in embroidery to outline shapes or
create precise lines, and in sewing to reinforce seams. It's a versatile stitch that
provides strength and durability to your sewing projects.
 Chain stitch

Chain stitch is a decorative and functional hand embroidery stitch that creates a
series of loops resembling a chain. It's commonly used in embroidery for outlining
shapes, creating borders, and adding texture to designs. Here's a detailed
description of how to do a basic chain stitch:
1. Start by bringing the needle up through the fabric from the back to the front at
the starting point of your stitching line. Hold the working thread (the thread
attached to the needle) underneath the fabric with your non-dominant hand to
secure it.
2. Insert the needle back into the fabric at the same point where it emerged, but do
not pull the thread all the way through. Leave a small loop of thread on the surface
of the fabric.
3. Bring the needle back up through the fabric a short distance away, forming
another small stitch. As you pull the needle through, guide the working thread
under the needle tip to form a loop.
4. Insert the needle back into the fabric at the end of the previous stitch, again
leaving a small loop of thread on the surface.
5. Repeat this process, creating a series of connected loops along your stitching
line. Each loop should pass through the loop formed by the previous stitch, hence
creating the chain-like appearance.6. Continue stitching until you reach the end of
your desired line or shape. To finish the chain stitch, make a small securing stitch at
the end and pull the thread through to the back of the fabric.
 Half back stitch

The half backstitch is a variation of the traditional backstitch that creates a slightly
different look while still providing strength and durability. It's often used in
embroidery and sewing for decorative purposes or to create a more delicate line.
Here's a detailed description of how to do the half backstitch:
1. Start by bringing the needle up through the fabric from the back to the front at
the starting point of your stitching line.
2. Take a small stitch forward (towards the direction you'll be sewing), just like you
would with a regular backstitch.
3. Instead of bringing the needle back down through the fabric at the end of the first
stitch, bring it back down through the fabric at a point halfway between the starting
point and the end of the stitch. This creates a smaller "half" stitch.
4. Bring the needle back up through the fabric a short distance away from the end
of the first stitch, in line with the previous stitch.
5. Now, repeat the process by bringing the needle back down through the fabric at a
point halfway between the end of the previous stitch and the end of the next stitch.
6. Continue this pattern, alternating between taking a small forward stitch and then
bringing the needle back down halfway between the end of the previous stitch and
the end of the next stitch.
The result is a series of stitches that appear slightly shorter and more delicate than
traditional backstitches. The half backstitch can be used for fine detail work in
embroidery or to create a more delicate seam in sewing projects. It still provides
strength and durability but with a different aesthetic effect.
 Catch stitch

The catch stitch, also known as the cross-stitch or herringbone stitch, is a hand-
sewing stitch commonly used in hemming and attaching fabric layers together with
an invisible finish. It's particularly useful for finishing raw edges on garments or for
securing facings in place. Here's a detailed description of how to do a catch stitch:
1.Preparation: Start by folding the raw edge of the fabric over to create the hem or
bringing the layers of fabric together. Pin or press the fold in place to keep it secure.
2.Thread Your Needle: Thread a hand-sewing needle with a thread that matches the
fabric or a colour that complements it. Knot the end of the thread to secure it.
3. Starting Point: Begin by bringing the needle up through the folded edge of the
fabric, about 1/4 inch from the edge. This will hide the knot inside the fold.
4. First Stitch: Take a small horizontal stitch (about 1/4 inch) along the folded edge
of the fabric.
5. Diagonal Stitch: Instead of taking the next stitch directly parallel to the first one,
move the needle diagonally across the folded edge (towards the direction you're
sewing), forming a slanted stitch.
6.Second Stitch: After moving diagonally, take another small horizontal stitch
along the folded edge, about 1/4 inch from the previous stitch.
7.Repeat: Continue this process of taking a small horizontal stitch followed by a
diagonal stitch, forming a series of slanted stitches along the folded edge.
The catch stitch creates a series of slanted stitches that form a secure and flexible
finish. It allows the fabric to retain some stretch, making it ideal for hems on
garments made from stretchy fabrics like knits. Additionally, it creates a decorative
finish on the inside of the garment.

Prick stitch
The prick stitch is a hand-sewing stitch commonly used in tailoring and couture
sewing to create secure and nearly invisible seams. It's often used for attaching
layers of fabric together, especially when one layer needs to be secured without
showing any stitches on the right side of the fabric.
1. Thread Your Needle: Begin by threading a hand-sewing needle with a thread that
matches the fabric or a colour that complements it. Knot the end of the thread to
secure it.
2. Starting Point: Bring the needle up through the fabric layers at the starting point
of your seam. This is typically done at the edge of the fabric or slightly inside the
seam allowance.
3. Small Stitch: Take a very small stitch on the top layer of fabric, barely
penetrating the surface of the fabric. The needle should only prick the fabric
without going through to the other side.
4. Backwards Stitch: After taking the small stitch on the top layer, bring the needle
down through the layers of fabric, picking up a small amount of fabric on the
underside. This creates a tiny backward stitch on the wrong side of the fabric.
5. Repeat: Continue this process of taking a small stitch on the top layer and then a
backward stitch through the layers of fabric, maintaining a consistent distance
between the stitches.
6. Finishing: When you reach the end of the seam, secure the end of the stitch by
taking a couple of extra small stitches and then knotting the thread.
The prick stitch provides a secure and inconspicuous finish, making it ideal for fine
sewing projects where a neat and professional appearance is desired. It's often used
in tailored garments, bridal wear, and couture sewing.
 Blanket/Buttonhole stitch

The blanket stitch, sometimes also referred to as the buttonhole stitch, is a versatile
hand-sewing stitch that is commonly used for finishing raw edges, creating
decorative borders, or securing appliqués. While they are similar, the blanket stitch
and the buttonhole stitch may have slight variations depending on the purpose and
context. Here's a description of the blanket stitch:
1. Preparation: Thread a hand-sewing needle with a thread that matches the fabric
or a contrasting colour for decorative effect. Knot end of the thread to secure it.
2. Starting Point: Begin by bringing the needle up through the fabric from the
backside, near the edge where you want to start your stitching.
3. First Stitch: Insert the needle back down into the fabric, a short distance (about
1/4 inch) from where it came up, forming a small loop with the thread on the
surface of the fabric.
4. Loop Formation: Before pulling the needle completely through, bring the needle
back up through the loop formed by the thread. This creates a knot or "blanket"
over the edge of the fabric.
5. Tightening the Stitch: Pull the needle and thread gently to tighten the loop and
secure it in place.
6. Next Stitch: Repeat the process, bringing the needle up from the backside of the
fabric slightly ahead of the first stitch, then inserting it back down about 1/4 inch
away and looping it through the thread to create another knot.
The blanket stitch creates a neat and decorative edge that also helps to prevent
fraying. It's commonly used in hand embroidery, appliqué work, and finishing the
edges of blankets or other fabric items
 Slip stitch

A slip stitch, also known as a ladder stitch or blind stitch, is a hand sewing
technique used to create nearly invisible seams or to close openings in fabric
without leaving visible stitches on the outside. It's commonly used in sewing
projects where a seamless finish is desired, such as closing the opening of a
pillowcase, turning a hem, or attaching appliqués.
1. Begin by threading a needle with thread that matches the fabric you're working
with. Knot the end of the thread.
2. Fold the edges of the fabric you want to join together. If you're closing an
opening, fold the raw edges inward so they meet neatly.
3. Hold the folded edges together, aligning them perfectly.
4. Starting at one end of the seam or opening, insert the needle into the fold of one
piece of fabric. Bring the needle out through the fold, but be careful not to go all the
way through to the front side of the fabric.
5. Next, insert the needle into the fold of the opposite piece of fabric directly across
from where you came out. Again, be careful not to go all the way through to the
front side of the fabric.
6. Continue alternating between the two folds, taking small stitches and keeping
them as invisible as possible. The needle should glide through the folds, creating a
nearly invisible seam.
7. When you reach the end of the seam or opening, make a small knot on the inside
of the fabric to secure the thread, and trim any excess thread.
The result is a seam that is barely visible from the outside, providing a clean and
professional-looking finish to your sewing projects. Slip stitching requires patience
and attention to detail, but it's a valuable skill to have for achieving a polished and
seamless look in your handmade garments and accessories.
 Overcast stitch

The overcast stitch, also known as the whip stitch, is a hand sewing technique used
to encase raw fabric edges to prevent fraying. It's commonly used in sewing to
finish seams on unlined garments, mend rips, or secure raw edges on fabric. Here's
how to do an overcast stitch:
1. Begin by threading a needle with thread that matches the fabric you're working
with. Knot the end of the thread.
2. Hold the fabric edges together with the wrong sides facing out. Position the
needle at the edge of the fabric, slightly beyond where the raw edge begins.
3. Bring the needle up through the fabric, catching a few threads from the edge. Pull
the thread through until the knot catches on the fabric.
4. Move the needle diagonally across the edge of the fabric and insert it back down
into the fabric, a short distance away from the starting point.
5. Pull the thread snugly to create a small stitch that connects the two fabric edges.
6. Continue working in this manner, making diagonal stitches along the raw edge,
each stitch overlapping slightly with the previous one.
7. As you progress, try to keep the stitches evenly spaced and consistent in size.
8. When you reach the end of the seam or the area you need to cover, secure the
thread by taking a small backstitch or knotting it off.
The result is a series of diagonal stitches that neatly encase the raw edge,
preventing it from fraying. The overcast stitch provides a clean finish to seams and
edges, making it a useful technique in both garment construction and mending.
 Slant Hemming stitch

The slant hemming stitch, also known as the slanted blanket stitch or diagonal
hemming stitch, is a decorative hand sewing stitch used for hemming edges of
fabric or for creating decorative borders on projects such as blankets, pillowcases,
or garments. It's similar to the blanket stitch but has a slanted appearance.
Here's how to do a slant hemming stitch:
1. Start by bringing the needle up through the fabric from the back to the front at
the edge you want to hem.
2. Insert the needle back into the fabric a short distance from the starting point,
creating a diagonal slant towards the hemmed edge.
3. Bring the needle up again, this time a short distance from the previous stitch, and
repeat the diagonal slant towards the edge.
4. Continue stitching along the edge in this manner, keeping your stitches evenly
spaced and the slant consistent.
5. When you reach the end of your hem or project, secure the thread by creating a
small knot on the backside of the fabric.
The slant hemming stitch creates a neat and decorative edge that can add a finishing
touch to your sewing projects. It's especially useful for projects where you want to
add a decorative element while also hemming the fabric securely.
 Whip stitch

Whip stitch is another hand sewing technique commonly used in various crafts,
including sewing, quilting, and embroidery. It's a simple stitch that is often used to
join two pieces of fabric together with a visible seam. Here's how to do a basic
whip stitch:
1. Align the edges of the two pieces of fabric you want to join together.
2. Thread a needle with a length of thread and knot the end.
3. Starting from one end of the seam, insert the needle through both layers of fabric,
bringing it up from the back to the front.
4. With the needle now on the front side of the fabric, take a small stitch diagonally
across the seam, picking up a small amount of fabric from each side.
5. Pull the thread snugly to bring the two pieces of fabric together.
6. Repeat this process, taking small diagonal stitches along the seam line, making
sure to pick up a bit of fabric from each side with each stitch.
7. Continue stitching until you reach the end of the seam, then tie off the thread
securely.
The result is a series of diagonal stitches that run along the seam line, securely
joining the two pieces of fabric together. Whip stitch is often used for joining fabric
edges in appliqué work, finishing the edges of fabric, or seaming together pieces in
sewing and quilting projects. It's a versatile and easy-to-master stitch that can be
used in various crafting applications.
 Hook loop

The hook loop stitch, also known as the bullion knot or caterpillar stitch, is a
decorative hand embroidery stitch that creates a raised, textured line resembling a
chain of loops or coils. It's often used for adding intricate detail and texture to
embroidery designs. Here's how to do the hook loop stitch:
1. Bring the needle up through the fabric at the starting point of your stitch.
2. Hold the working thread (the thread connected to the needle) above the fabric
with your non-dominant hand.
3. With your dominant hand, wrap the working thread around the needle several
times, creating multiple loops. The number of loops will determine the thickness of
the stitch.
4. While holding the loops in place with your non-dominant hand, carefully pull the
needle through the loops.
5. Gently tug on the working thread to tighten the loops around the needle.
6. Once the loops are secured around the needle, insert the needle back into the
fabric slightly next to the starting point.
7. Pull the needle through to the back of the fabric, while still holding the loops in
place.
8. Secure the stitch by making a small anchor stitch or knot on the back of the
fabric.
The hook loop stitch requires some practice to master, especially in controlling the
tension of the loops and achieving uniformity in size. Experimenting with different
numbers of loops and thread thicknesses can also create variations in the
appearance of the stitch.
 Buttonholes

The buttonhole stitch is a hand-sewing stitch used to create secure and neat edges,
particularly for buttonholes or other small openings in fabric. It's a versatile stitch
that can also be used for decorative purposes in embroidery. Here's how to do a
basic buttonhole stitch:
1. Start by bringing the needle up through the fabric at the edge of the buttonhole or
the starting point of your stitching line.
2. Insert the needle back into the fabric just next to where it came out, creating a
small loop of thread on the surface of the fabric.
3. Before pulling the thread tight, bring the needle through the loop of thread,
creating a knot or bar at the edge of the fabric.
4. Repeat this process, creating evenly spaced knots or bars along the edge of the
buttonhole.
The result is a series of knots or bars that secure the edge of the fabric and create a
neat and durable finish. When done correctly, the buttonhole stitch creates a raised
edge along the fabric's edge, which helps prevent fraying and adds a decorative
touch. Adjusting the spacing and tension of the stitches allows for customization
based on the desired look and functionality of the buttonhole or edge.
 Feather stitch

Feather stitch is a decorative hand embroidery stitch that creates a series of delicate,
open loops resembling the barbs of a feather. It's commonly used in surface
embroidery to create vines, stems, borders, or other decorative elements. Here's
how to do a basic feather stitch:
1. Start by bringing the needle up through the fabric at the beginning of your
stitching line. This will be your starting point.
2. Take a small stitch forward along the line you want to stitch. This stitch will
serve as the foundation for your first "feather."
3. Bring the needle back up through the fabric a short distance away, slightly to the
side of the initial stitch. This will be the top point of your first loop.
4. Without pulling the thread tight, bring the needle back down through the fabric
along the line, creating a loop of thread above the fabric.
5. Now, bring the needle back up through the fabric on the opposite side of the
initial stitch, slightly further along the line from where the thread emerged in step 3.
This will be the top point of your second loop.
6. Again, without pulling the thread tight, bring the needle back down through the
fabric along the line, creating another loop of thread.
7. Repeat this process along the stitching line, alternating sides and spacing the
stitches evenly to create a series of loops resembling the barbs of a feather.
8. Continue stitching until you reach the end of your desired line.
The result is a row of delicate, open loops that give the appearance of feathery
texture. Feather stitch is versatile and can be varied in length, angle, and spacing to
create different effects. It's a beautiful stitch for adding texture and dimension to
your embroidery projects.
 Diagonal stitch

Diagonal stitch, also known as the diagonal satin stitch or long and short stitch, is a
technique commonly used in embroidery to create smooth, flowing fills, shading, or
blending of colours. It's a versatile stitch that allows for subtle gradations of colour
and texture. Here's a basic description of how to do the diagonal stitch:
1. Start with a Straight Stitch: Begin by bringing your needle up through the fabric
at one corner of the area you want to fill. Take a straight stitch diagonally across the
area to the opposite corner. This stitch serves as the foundation for the diagonal
stitching.
2. Return Stitch: Bring the needle back up through the fabric near the starting point,
a short distance away from the end of the first stitch. This stitch should be shorter
than the previous one.
3. Diagonal Stitch: Now, instead of stitching straight across, angle your needle
diagonally across the area to create a slanted stitch. This stitch should be longer
than the previous one and should overlap slightly with the end of the first stitch.
4. Repeat**: Continue alternating between the shorter return stitch and longer
diagonal stitches, gradually filling in the area. Adjust the length and angle of your
stitches to create a smooth transition between colours or shades if necessary.
5. Consistent Tension: Maintain consistent tension on your thread to ensure that the
stitches lie flat and smooth against the fabric.
By varying the length and angle of your stitches, you can achieve different effects,
such as shading, blending, or creating texture. Diagonal stitch is often used in
techniques like needle painting or thread painting to create realistic and detailed
embroidery designs. With practice, you can master this stitch and use it to add
depth and dimension to your embroidery projects.
 Cross stitch

Cross stitch is a form of embroidery that involves creating X-shaped stitches on a

fabric grid to form a design. Here's a medium-level description of how cross stitch
works:
1. Prepare Your Materials: Gather your materials, including an embroidery hoop,
fabric (such as Aida cloth), embroidery floss (thread), embroidery needles, and a
cross stitch pattern.
2. Secure Fabric in Hoop: Place your fabric in the embroidery hoop, tightening the
hoop to hold the fabric taut. This helps to keep your stitches even and prevents
puckering.
3. Thread the Needle: Separate a strand of embroidery floss (usually 2-3 strands
depending on the thickness you desire) and thread it through the eye of the
embroidery needle. Tie a knot at the end of the thread.
4. Start Stitching: Refer to your cross-stitch pattern to determine where to begin.
Typically, you'll start in the centre of the design or at the top left corner. Find the
corresponding symbol on your pattern and locate it on your fabric.
5. Make Cross Stitches: Work each cross stitch by bringing the needle up from the
back of the fabric at one corner of the square and down diagonally at the opposite
corner to form an X. Repeat this process for each stitch, following the pattern's
instructions for colour and placement.
6. Continue Stitching: Work row by row, filling in each cross stitch according to the
pattern. Pay attention to any fractional stitches or backstitches that may be required
for finer details.
Cross stitch is a relaxing and rewarding craft that allows you to create intricate and
colourful designs on fabric. With practice and patience, you can create beautiful
pieces to display or give as gifts.
 Types Of Machines
There are different types of Sewing Machines available in the market for
domestic and industrial use.

Domestic model machines can be divided into four main uses:

1. straight stitch machines
2. zigzag machine
3. semi-automatic machine (electric)
4. automatic and super automatic machine
5. electric and electronic machine

Industrial model machines are designed for specific stitching purpose

some of the specially designed machines are:
1. button sewing machine
2. buttonhole machine
3. overlock machine
4. bar-tack machine
5. single needle lock stitch machine

Computerized machines are designed for specific embroidery

purpose.
 Types of Domestic
Machines

1. Straight stitch machines

2. Zigzag machine
3. Semi-automatic machine
4. Automatic machine
5. Electric and electronic machine
 Straight stitch Machine

A straight stitch machine is a fundamental sewing tool designed for simplicity and
efficiency, ideal for beginners and professionals alike. It operates using a single,
straight stitch, making it perfect for basic sewing tasks, garment construction, and
quilting. These machines are known for their durability and precision, offering
consistent stitch quality. They typically feature adjustable stitch length and tension
controls, allowing for customization based on fabric type and project needs.
Straight stitch machines are appreciated for their reliability and ease of use,
providing a strong foundation for various sewing projects without the complexity of
additional stitch options.

Zig- Zag machine

A zig-zag machine is a type of sewing machine that can create zig-zag stitches, not
just straight ones. It has a special needle that moves side to side, forming a zig-zag
pattern on the fabric. This machine is useful for stitching stretchy fabrics because
the zig-zag stitch can stretch with the fabric, preventing it from breaking. It's also
great for decorative stitching, making clothes look nicer. People use zig-zag
machines for making and repairing clothes, as well as for crafts and home projects.
These machines are easy to use and very versatile for many sewing tasks.

Semi-automatic machine
(electric)
A semi-automatic electric machine is a device that helps people do tasks with some
manual effort and some automated parts. It uses electricity to run and can make
work easier and faster. For example, a semi-automatic washing machine lets you
load clothes and water, and then it washes the clothes for you, but you might need
to move them to a dryer yourself. These machines are useful in many areas like
factories, homes, and offices. They save time and reduce the hard work needed to
do repetitive or difficult tasks.

Automatic and
Super automatic machine
Automatic and super automatic stitching machines are advanced sewing devices
used for creating seams in fabrics. An automatic stitching machine handles basic
stitching tasks, often requiring some manual setup. It can perform a variety of
stitches, including straight and zigzag. Super automatic stitching machines, on the
other hand, offer more features and greater convenience. They can thread needles,
cut threads, and adjust tension automatically, making them ideal for more complex
and precise sewing projects. Both types of machines increase efficiency and
accuracy in sewing, reducing the time and effort needed to complete garments or
other textile products.

Electric and Electronic

machine
An electric and electronic stitching machine is a sewing machine that uses
electricity to operate. It makes sewing faster and easier. Instead of using a hand or
foot pedal, you plug it into an outlet and press a button or pedal to sew. Electronic
models have advanced features like automatic threading, different stitching
patterns, and speed control. These machines are great for both beginners and
experienced sewers. They help create neat and precise stitches, making it easy to
sew clothes, quilts, and other fabric items. Overall, they save time and effort

compared to manual sewing machines.

Types of
Industrial Machines
1. Button sewing machine
2. Buttonhole machine
3. Overlock machine
4. Bar-tack machine
5. Single needle lock stitch machine
6.
 Button sewing machine

A button sewing machine is a handy tool that helps sew buttons onto fabric quickly
and neatly. It works by placing the button in a designated spot, then stitching it
securely with thread. This machine can be used for various fabrics like cotton,
wool, or even denim. It's easy to operate, making it a great choice for both
beginners and experienced sewers. Simply place the button where you want it, press
a button or lever, and the machine does the rest. This tool saves time and ensures
that buttons are attached firmly, making sewing projects more efficient and
professional-looking.

Buttonhole machine
A buttonhole sewing machine is a special type of sewing machine used to create
buttonholes in fabric. It automates the process, making it faster and more precise.
The machine cuts the fabric and stitches around the hole to keep it from fraying.
There are different settings to adjust the size and style of the buttonhole. Using a
buttonhole sewing machine saves time and ensures that each buttonhole is the same
size and shape. This is very useful for making clothes, as it gives a neat and
professional finish to garments. It's easy to use, even for beginners.
 Overlock machine

An overlock sewing machine is designed to finish fabric edges neatly and

professionally. It trims the fabric edge and simultaneously stitches over it with
multiple threads, creating a strong and durable seam that prevents fraying. The
machine can also be used to sew seams, trim excess fabric, and finish raw edges all
in one step. It's commonly used in garment making for creating seams that can
stretch without breaking, making it ideal for knit fabrics. Overlock machines come
with various settings for adjusting the stitch width, length, and tension, allowing

users to achieve different effects and finishes easily.

 Bar-tack machine

A bar tack machine is a sewing machine designed for reinforcing stitches,

especially in areas that undergo a lot of stress like pockets, belt loops, and seams. It
creates short, strong stitches called bar tacks that help prevent fabric from tearing or
seams from unravelling. The machine can be adjusted to vary the length and width
of the bar tack stitches according to the specific requirements of the project. Bar
tack machines are commonly used in garment manufacturing, upholstery, and other
industries where durable stitching is crucial. They are straightforward to operate
and can greatly enhance the strength and longevity of sewn items.
 Single needle
lock stitch machine

A single needle lockstitch machine is a basic sewing machine that creates a strong
and neat stitch commonly used in garment construction. It has one needle that goes
up and down, interlocking with a bobbin thread to create a secure stitch. This type
of machine is versatile, working well with various fabrics like cotton, denim, and
silk. It's great for sewing straight seams, hems, and topstitching. Adjusting stitch
length and tension settings allows for customization based on fabric thickness and
desired stitch appearance. Single needle lockstitch machines are essential tools for
sewing projects, from simple repairs to complex creations.