C Programming for Problem solving 18CPS13

MODULE 3
ARRAYS
WHY DO WE NEED ARRAYS?

Say we have a problem in our hand to store marks scored by 50 students in C language
subject. To store 50 marks we have to declare 50 variables of integer data type as shown
below:
int marks_1, marks_2, marks_3, marks_4… ....................marks_50;

Now suppose we have to store values into these variables then 50 scanf statements or
initializing 50 values has to be done as shown:
scanf(“%d”, &marks_1); scanf(“%d”, &marks_2); scanf(“%d”, &marks_3);

………………..scanf(“%d”, &marks_50);
OR

marks_1= 25; marks_2=23; marks_3=20;

………….. so on marks_50=21;
Definition of Arrays
 The array is a fixed-size sequenced collection of elements of same data type.
 The array is a collection of homogeneous elements of same data type.
 Array groups the data items of similar types sharing the common name.
 Arrays are called as subscripted variables because; it is accessed using
subscripts/indexes.
 Ex: 1. List of employees in an organization.
2. List of products and their cost sold by a store.
Test scores of a class of students

 Here marks[0]=10, marks[1]=20, marks[2]=30 and marks[3]=40. This

subscript/index notation is borrowed from Mathematics where we have the
practice of writing: marks4, marks3, marks2 and so on.
 In C the array index starts with 0.

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TYPES OF ARRAYS

I. One dimensional arrays/Single-Subscripted Variable

II. Two dimensional arrays/Double-Subscripted Variable
III. Multidimensional arrays

I. One-Dimensional Arrays: A list of items can be given one variable name using
only one subscript and such a variable is called a single subscripted variable or one
dimensional array.
Ex: int marks[4];

 Here marks is the name of the array which is capable of storing 4 integer values. The
first value will be stored in marks[0], the second value will be stored in marks[1] and so on
and the last value will be in marks[3].

Declaration of One-Dimensional Array: Here is general syntax for array

declaration along with examples.

Initialization of One-Dimensional Array: After array is declared, next is storing

values in to an array is called initialization. There are two types of array initialization:

1. Compile-time initialization
2. Run-time initialization

1. Compile time initialization: If we assign values to the array during declaration it is

called compile time initialization. Following are the different methods of compile time
initialization.

a) Initialization with size

b) Initialization without size
c) Partial initialization
d) Initializing all values zero

a) Initialization with size: we can initialize values to all the elements of the array.
Syntax: data_type array_name[size]={list of values};
Examples: int marks[4]={ 95,35, 67, 87};

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float temperature[5]={29.5, 30.7, 35.6, 45.7, 19.5};

b) Initialization without size: We needn’t have to specify the size of array provided we
are initializing the values in beginning itself.
Syntax: data_type array_name[ ]={list of values};
Examples: int marks[ ]={ 95,35, 67, 87};
float temperature[ ]={29.5, 30.7, 35.6, 45.7, 19.5};
c) Partial initialization: If we not specify the all the elements in the array, the
unspecified elements will be initialized to zero.
Example: int marks[5]={10,12,20};
Here, marks[3] and marks[4] will be initialized to zero.

d) Initializing all the elements zero: If we want to store zero to all

the elements in the array we can do.
Examples: int marks[4]={0};

float temperature[5]={0};

2. Run time initialization: Run time initialization is storing values in an array

when program is running or executing.
Following example illustrates run time storing of values using scanf and for loop:
Example:
printf(“Enter the marks”);

for(i=0; i<4; i++)

{
scanf(“ %d”, &marks[i]);
}
Note: Every iteration of for loop will help us to fill values into marks array (i.e.
marks[0]=95, marks[1]=35, marks[2]=67, marks[3]=87)

Accessing the array elements: Accessing the array element is done using a loop statement
in combination with printf statements or any other processing statements. Example of
accessing the array elements and calculating total marks is given below:

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Example:

void main( )
{
int total=0,
marks[4]={35,44,55,67};
for(i=0; i<4; i++)
total=total+marks[i]; /* calculating
total marks*/ printf(“Total
marks=%d”,total);
}
Output: Total marks=201

USING ARRAYS WITH FUNCTIONS:

In large programs that use functions we can pass Arrays as parameters. Two ways of passing
arrays to functions are:

1. Pass individual elements of array as parameter

2. Pass complete array as parameter
Let us take an example program that uses a function square( ) to calculate square of
numbers stored in an array. In this program each array element is passed one by one.

This diagram clearly illustrates how each individual element of array num[ ] is passed to
function square through parameter no

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3 4 8 9 10
0 1 2 3 4 num[3]=9 no

num[2]=8 no

num[0]=3 copied to no num[1]=4 copied  no

Next program illustrates how to pass an entire array to a function average( ) and calculate
average marks. First sum of all the elements of array marks
(i.e.35+65+75+95+85) is calculated and average is stored in a variable avg. value in avg
variable is returned to main( ) and stored in avg1.

In the above example each value of array marks[ ] is copied to array scores[ ] as
shown.

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marks[0]=35 copied to scores[0]

marks[1]=65 copied to scores[1]

marks[2]=75 copied to scores[2]

marks[3]=95 copied to scores[3]

marks[4]=85 copied to scores[4]

Using these values average is calculated:

(35+65+75+95+85)/5= 71.000000

II. Two-Dimensional Arrays: A list of items can be given one variable name using
two subscripts and such a variable is called a single subscripted variable or one dimensional
array.

 It consists of both rows and columns. Ex: Matrix.

Declaration of Two-Dimensional Array: Here is general syntax for array declaration along
with examples.

Initialization of Two-Dimensional Array: After array is declared, next is storing values

in to an array is called initialization. There are two types of array initialization:

1. Compile-time initialization
2. Run-time initialization

1. Compile time initialization: If we assign values to the array during declaration it is

called compile time initialization. Following are the different methods of compile time
initialization.

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2. Run time initialization: Run time initialization is storing values in an array when
program is running or executing.
Following example illustrates run time storing of values using scanf and for loop:
Example: printf(“Enter the marks”);

for(i=0; i<3; i++) for(j=0;j<4;j++)

{
scanf(“ %d”, &marks[i][j]);
}

More Examples: Other way of initialization:

int a[ ][3]= { 0, 1, 2, 3,4,5,6,7,8};

int b[ ][4] ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12};

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Example for Invalid initialization

int A[3][ ]={1,2,3};
Note: Never have column size undeclared in two dimension array.

I. Multi Dimensional Arrays: Multidimensional arrays can have three, four

or more dimensions.
 A three-dimension array is an array of two dimensional arrays. It
has row, column and depth associated with it.
 Declaring multidimensional arrays
int table[3][5][4];
Here are two examples illustrating three-dimensional array
declaration and initialization.

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STRING CONCEPTS
Definition: String is a variable length data stored in a character array.
Example: “hello”, “India”

I. C- strings
 In C a string is a data structure based on an array of char.
 A string is a sequence of elements of the char data type.
 There is no separate data-type called string in C language.
 As strings are variable-size data we have to represent them using character Arrays.
Example string is:

Strings in C are classified into two types:

1. String literals
2. String variables

String literals are also known as string constants, is a sequence of characters enclosed
by double quotation marks is called string literals. A string literal is a constant its value
cannot be changed. Some examples are:
Examples: “New Delhi”, “I Love India” etc.

String variables are nothing but character array. Following syntax and examples
illustrates declaring string variables.
Example: char array_name[ ]= “raj”
How string is stored?

 A string, even a literal one is very similar to an array of characters.

 The only difference between array of char and string is that, a string must end with
null character (\0).
 If you use a literal string in a program, it is stored in consecutive bytes in memory
and compiler places the null character at the end.
 Below fig shows storage for literal string “ATME”

A T M E \0

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Declaring string variables: A string is declared like an array of characters.

Syntax: char string_name[size];

Ex: char name[21];

Size 21 means it can store up to 20 characters plus the null character. Entire storage location
name is divided in to 21 boxes called bytes, each of which holds one character. Each
character is element of data type char.
Initializing the string in the declaration char
first[10]={‘t’,’a’,’b’,’l’,’e’,’\0’}; char
second[10]=”table”;

Difference between a single character string and a single character array is:
Single character array takes 1 byte whereas single character string occupies two bytes.

Limitations of Strings: One string variable cannot be directly assigned to

another string as in the case of ordinary scalar variables.
Let us say int a=10, b;
b=a; /* is perfectly valid */
But take an example of string initialization:
char name1[ ] = “hello”;
char name2[10 ];
name2=name1; /* This initialization is invalid */

But this initialization can be done using a loop and assigning individual
characters of name1 to name2 as shown below:

void main( )
{
int char name1[ ]= “hello”;
int char name2[5];
for (int i=0; i<4;i++)
{
name2[i] =name1[i];
}
name2[i]= ‘\0’;
}

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Printing and reading a string: Token oriented input/output function

Printing a string using printf: We can use printf function with %s format
specifier to print a string on to the monitor. The %s is used to display an
array of characters that is terminated by null character.
Example:
1. char name[10]=”Atme”;
printf(“the name is %s\n”,name);
O/p: the name is Atme

2. char name[ ]= “ MANGALORE”;

printf(“%s”, name);
printf (“%9.6s”, name);
printf(“%-10.3s”, name);

Reading a string using scanf()

It uses string conversion specifier %s to accept a string data.

Following example illustrates it:

char name[20];
scanf(“%s”, name);
Note: while reading strings we needn’t specify address of operator (&) as the character array
itself is an address (i.e name itself is base address of array in the above example)

Disadvantage of reading strings using scanf( ) function is multiple words strings cannot be
read. For example say we have to read NEW DELHI, following scanf( ) reads only NEW
and stops.

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scanf(“%s”, name); say input is

N E W D E L H I
Only part of a string (NEW) is read and second half (DELHI) is ignored.

N E W

Edit set Conversion code %[ ]: In addition to %s we can also use edit set conversion code
%[ ], which specifies the type of characters that can be accepted by scanf ( ) function.
^ symbol in edit set conversion code. Following example illustrates same:
Example 1:

char name[20];
scanf(“%[^A-Z]”, name)

This function skips all Capital alphabets from a

string. Say string is APPLE, banana, Mango
Accepted words are: banana, ango
Example 2:

Char name[20];
Scanf(“%[^\n]”,name);

This function will read a line of characters including white space.

String manipulation function:

C library supports a large number of string handling functions that can be used to carry
out many of the string manipulations and are stored in header file “string.h”. Following are
the most commonly used string handling functions.

1. strcpy( ) copies one string over another

2. strlen( ) finds the length of astring
3. strcmp( ) compare two strings
4. strcat( ) concatenates two strings
5. strcpy( ) copies left most n characters of source to destination
6. strcmp( ) compares left most of n characters of source to destination.

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1. strcpy( ): It is possible to assign a value to a string variable using strcpy( ). It allows us

to copy a string from one location to another. The string to be copied can be literal or
string variable. The general form of call to strcpy is
strcpy(dest,source);
Strcpy() function has two parameters. The first is the dest, a string variable whose value is
going to be changed. The second is the source the string literal or variable which is going to
be copied to the destination.
Case 1: Ex: char str1[ ] = "america" ;
char str2[]= "india" ;
strcpy ( str1, str2 ) ;
strcpy(america,india);
america = 7character
india = 5 character
so first 5 character of america is replaced .
Output is inidaca
Case 2: Ex: char str1[10]=”india”
char str2[]= "america" ;
strcpy ( str1, str2 ) ;
strcpy(india,america);
india = 5 character
america = 7character
since 7 is greater than 5, all characters of india are replaced by america.
Output is america
2. strcmp(): It is used to compare the contents of the two strings.
Syntax:
int strcmp(string 1, string 2);
Example: char mystr_a[10] = “Hello”;
char mystr_b[10] = “Goodbye”;
– mystr_a == mystr_b; // NOT allowed! The correct way is if (strcmp(mystr_a, mystr_b ))
printf ("Strings are NOT the same.");
else
printf( "Strings are the same."); Here it will check the ASCII value of H and G i.e, 72 and 71
and return the diference 1.

3. strcat(): It is used to concatenate i.e, combine the content of two strings.

Syntax: strcat(string 1, string 2);
Example: char fname[30]={“bob”};
char lname[]={“by”};
printf(“%s”, strcat(fname,lname));
Output: bobby.

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4. strlen(): It is used to return the length of a string.

Syntax: int strlen(string);
Example: char fname[30]={“bob”};
int length=strlen(fname);
It will return 3.
5. strncat(): function is used to concatenate the specified number of characters only.
Syntax: strncat(str1,str2,n);
It concatenates only n character of string2 to string 1.
Example: char str1[20]=”america”
char str2[20]=”india”
strncat(str1,str2,2)
O/P : americain
6. strncmp():function is used to compare two string up to specified number of
characters(n).
strncmp(string1,string2,n);
Example 1: strncmp(“ATME”,”ATM”,2);
Hence it is comparing first 2 character both the character is same and it return 0.
Example 2: strncmp(“ATME”,”ATC”,3);
Even though first 2 character is same 3 character is different soo it returns different
value.
7. strrev(): function is used to reverse a string. The character from left to right in the
original string are placed in reverse in order.
Syntax: strrev(string);
Char str1[10]=”Mysore”
Char str2[10];
Str2[10]=strrev(str1);
O/P : erosyM
Array of strings: Array of string is an array of one dimensional character array, which
consists of strings as its individual elements.
Declaration of array of strings:
Char name[size1][size2];
Ex:

Char
days[7][10]={“Sunday”,”Monday”,”Tuesday”,”Wednesday”,”Thursday”,”Friday”,”Saturday”};

OPERATIONS PERFORMED ON ONE_DIMENSIONAL ARRAY

SORTING: It is the process of arranging elements in the list according to their values in
ascending or descending order. A sorted list is called an ordered list.
Ex: Bubble Sort, Selection Sort, Insertion Sort, Shell Sort, Merge Sort, Quick Sort.

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Bubble sort:
Bubble sort will start by comparing the first element of the array with the second element,
if the first element is greater than the second element, it will swap both the elements, and then
move on to compare the second and the third element, and so on.

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10], n, i, j, temp;
printf("Enter the number of elements\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Enter the array elements\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
for(j=1; j<n;j++)
{
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(a[i]>a[i+1])
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[i+1];
a[i+1]=temp;
}
}
}
printf("The sorted array is\t");
for(i=0; i<n;i++)
printf(“%d\t”,a[i]);
}
Output
Enter the number of elements 7
Enter the array elements 12 23 10 13 15 1 8
The sorted array is 1 8 10 12 13 15 23

Selection Sort
Selection sort will start by comparing the first element with other elements and finds
minimum element and swaps, then it starts comparing by taking second element with other
elements and so on.

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#include<stdio.h>
void main( )
{
int
a[100],i,j,n,temp,p
os; printf("Enter
the value of n\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the numbers in unsorted
order:\n"); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",
&a[i]);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
pos=i;
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
{
if( a[pos]>a[j])
Pos=j;
}
if(pos !=i )
{
temp=a[i];
a[i]=a[pos];
a[pos]=temp;
}
}
printf("The sorted array is\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%d\n",a[i]);
}
SEARCHING: It is the process of finding the location of the specified element in a list.
 The specified element is often called the search key.
 If it is found search is successful, otherwise it is unsuccessful.

Ex: Binary Search, Linear Search, Sequential Search.

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LINEAR SEARCH
Linear search is a very basic and simple search algorithm. In Linear search, we search an
element or value in a given array by traversing the array from the starting, till the desired
element or value is found.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
void main( )
{
int n, a[100], i, key,loc;
loc=-1;
printf("Enter the size of the array\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the elements of array in sorted order\n");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("Enter the key element to be searched\n");
scanf("%d",&key);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
if(key == a[i]
{
loc=i+1;
break;
}
if(loc>=0)
printf("The element %d is found at %d \n",ele,loc);
else
printf("The search is unsuccessful\n");
}
Binary Search
Binary search works only on a sorted set of elements. To use binary
search on a collection, the collection must first be sorted. The array is divided
into two parts, compared with middle element if it is not successful, then it is
compared whether it is lesser or greater than middle element. If it is lesser,
search is done towards left part else right part.

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#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[100], n, i, mid, low, high, found, key;
printf("\nEnter the number of elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the elements in ascending order\n");
for(i=0; i<;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
printf("\nEnter the key element\n");
scanf("%d", &key);
found = 0;
low = 0;
high = n-1;
while(low <= high)
{
mid = (low+high)/2;
if(key == a[mid])
{
found = 1;
break;
}
else if(key < a[mid])
high = mid-1;
else
low = mid+1;
}
if(found==1)
printf("\nKey element %d found at position %d\n", key, mid+1);
else
printf("\nKey element not found\n");
}

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PROGRAMS

1. Program to read and write the elements of one dimensional array

void main( )
{
int a[10],i,n;
printf(“enter the number of elements in an array\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n)
printf(“enter the elements of an array\n”);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i]);
printf(“the elements of an array are\n”); for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf(“%d\n”,a[i]);
}
2. Program to read and write the elements of two dimensional arrays

void main()
{
int a[10][10],i,j,m,n;
printf(“enter the size1 and size2 of 2 dimensional array\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&m,&n)
printf(“enter the elements of an
array\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
printf(“the elements of 2 dimensional
array are\n”); for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf(“%d”,
a[i][j]);
printf(“\n”);
}
}

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3. Program to count number of odd numbers and even numbers in an

array:
void main( )
{
int odd_count=0,
even_count=0, i , num[10];
printf(“Enter the array
elements\n”); for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &num[i]); /* reading array values*/
}
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
rem=num[i]%2;
if(rem==0)
{
even_count++; /* increase even counter by1 */
}
else
{
odd_count++; /* increase odd counter by1 */
}
}
printf(“odd count is = %d\n”, odd_count);
printf(“even count is = %d\n”, even_count);
}
4. Write a C program to concatenate two strings without using build
in function strcat.
void main()
{
char str1[50],str2[25]; int
i=0,j=0;
printf("enter the string1\n");
gets(str1);
printf("enter the string2\n");
gets(str2);

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while(str1[i]!='\0')
i++;
while(str2[j]!='\0')
{
str1[i]=str2[j]; i++;
j++;
}
str1[i]='\0' ;
printf("concatanation of string is %s",str1);
}
5. Implement string copy operation STRCOPY(str1,str2) that copies a
string
str1 to another string str2 without using library function.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
char s1[100],s2[100]; int i;
printf("\nEnter the string1 :");
gets(s1);
i=0;
while(s1[i]!='\0')
{
S2[i]=s1[i]; i++;
}
s2[i]='\0';
printf("\nString2 value is %s ",s2);
}

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