# scope and importance of landscape gardening.

Importance of Landscaping : 1. The prime importance of landscape gardening lies in aesthetic

developments and modernization of cities, town, countryside, roadways, airports, railway
stations, railway lines, bus terminus, city, parks, and educational institutions against industrial
fast growing pollution. In recent years, bioaesthetic planning has wider scope in landscape and
gardening. 2. Landscape gardening increases the awareness towards nature developed
eco-friendly concept and provide feeling of responsibility towards plants, birds and animals. 3.It
also serves as a source of live medicines and herbal taste in prepared food and tea. 4.It also
helps in soil-moisture retention; prevent erosion, modifying air temperature, creating micro
climate and removal of noise and dust pollution.It also provide habitat for birds and animals.
5. One fully developed large tree in a landscape can change the microclimate and brings down
the temperature by 2 to 50 C. 6.The average temperature of concrete urban area devoid of
vegetation/green belt is higher compile to a thickly vegetated area. 7. Well planned landscape
around building or residence adjoins aesthetic value to it as well as affix real estate value of
about 30%. 8. The landscaping profession conveys and directs to make human life more
elegant, more satisfying, more eco-friendly and more productive. 9. There is unbound scope in
the field of landscape gardening with the increase in demand for attractive parks, landscaped
ground of schools and institution, pleasant residential backyards, ecofriendly housing society
and towns. 10. Landscape flora industry employs thousands of people through various activities
like nursery and rental plant services, besides landscape designing. 11. Landscape gardening
also plays a vital role in giving emphasis to the tourist business by improving aesthetic and
functional uses of historical places, sea beaches, rivers and dams, hill stations and other tourist
places.
# principal of landscaping.
1) Axis: - This is an imaginary line in any garden round which the garden created striking
balance. 2) Unity:- Unity in a garden is very important and will improve the artistic look of
thegarden. Unity has to be achieved from various angles It can be achieved by using mass
planting and repetition. 3) Mass effect:-The use of single plant species in large numbers in one
place is done to have mass effect. One should see that such mass arrangements do not
become monotonous; the sizes of masses should be varied 4) Repetition:-It refers to repeated
use of features like plants with identical shape, in form, texture and colour. Eg Hedge, Avenue
planting 5) Focal point:-A focal point in every garden is a centre of attraction which is generally
an architectural feature focused as a point of interest such as statue, fountain, rockery etc. It
involves the leading visual observation towards a feature by placement of the feature e.g. center
of the garden, corner of the garden6) Space:-The aim of garden design should be such that the
garden should appear larger than it actua size. 7) Balance:- It refers to equilibrium or quality of
usual attraction, Correct positioning of plants and features create well balanced design It is used
to maintain optimum symmetry in garden. 8) Rhythm:- Repetition of the same object at equal
distance is called rhythm. 9) Divisional Lines:- a landscape design there should not be such
hard and fast divisional lines, the necessity of dividing or rather screening a compost pit or
mail's quarter or a vegetable garden from the rest of the garden 10) Proportion and Scale:-
Proportion refers to the size of parts of the design in relation to each other and the design as a
whole. Scale refers to the size of an object or objects in relation to the surroundings. 11)Texture
:- Texture describes the surface quality of an object than can be seen or left, surface in the
landscape includes buildings, walks, ground covers and plants 12) Time and Light:- A good
planner must roughly take in to account the seasonal movement of the sun shade and light area
likely to fall during different parts of the season 13) Colour:- Colour can be used to direct
attraction in the land scape. Three basic colour schemes are. i) Monochromatic ii) Analogous iii)
Complementary 14) Mobility:- Mobility means gradual changes or sudden change. Garden
should be mobile. 15.Garden style:- Garden styles have been changed from time to time with
the new ideas and Styles of garden are - Formal, Informal, and Free style or Wild style.
# LAWN MAKING :
LAWN : The green carpet of landscape.
*Lawns can be planted by following methods as below :
1) Seed sowing method - The quality seed is essential. Doob grass seed is very light. hence
proper care is needed. Soil surface is scratched to depth 2.5cm. Total area of garden is divided
in to equal parts of 200 to300 sq.mt. Seed rate is 500gm/200sq.mt. Seed is mixed with double
quantity of fine soil and broadcasted. Seed is l mixed in the soil with raking of opposite direction.
Watering is done at regular intervals. After germination, when grass becomes 5cm tall, it is
clipped with garden shears. 2) Dibbling method - Well matured uprooted grass cuttings are
prepared from lawn or nursery or by lawns scraping. Grass growing in shed having internodes
for apart is not suitable. In case of non availability of short node grass, underground stems are
used. Dibbling of such grass done in soil when it is slightly moist at a distance 7 to 10cm.
Watering is done at regular intervals. The lawn will be ready within four months by this method.
3) Turfing method- Quickest method of lawn development. Cost is high. Turf is a piece of earth
of about 5cm thickness with grass thickly grown over it. The pieces are made of small squares
or in rolls. The turf must be free of weeds. Turf is laid closely to each other. Sandy soil is used
as packing. Bone meal is spread few days prior to turfing. Turf are made firm with the use of
wooden beater. The grass is watered copiously. 4) Turf plastering - A paste is prepared mixing
the garden soil, fresh cow dung and water. Bits ofchopped-up fresh roots and stem or rhizomes
of doob grass are mixed with this paste and paste spread evenly on the surface of the prepared
land after moistening the soil. The pest is then covered by spreading 2cm dry soil. Watering is
given at regular intervals. Method is not suitable for dry and variable climate area

#Give the different steps of lawn development. Describe the planting of lawn This work
can be suitably done by following the steps given as under.
a) Planning b) Preparation e) Planting d) Maintenance Planting of lawn
The most commonly used grass for preparing lawn is doob grass (Cynadondactylon). It is also
called hariali. This thrives under hot sunny site. The grass is suitable for large areas and play
ground. Other grasses are China grass, Korean grass, Maxican grass, Selection -2. Diamond
grass, etc. GrownFull shade: Ryegrass, Grown in some shade: Zoysiagrass and St.
Augustinegrass . The total ground of a lawn should be divided into suitable section. Each
section should be lightly irrigated and marked at specific distances and sa-mall openings should
be done where the grasses are to be planted. The selected lawn grass be planted either by
seeds or by root suckers. The planting material should be well trimmed off to extra long leaves
and roots and treated with suitable fungicide before planting. The light irrigation or watering with
sprinkler should be given after complete planting of a piece.

Defination
Landscape: It may be defined as a vacant area, either big or small, on which it is possible to
mould a view
or design with the help of plant material, changing landforms, water, stones, etc.
Landscape Gardening: It is the application of garden forms, different styles, methods and
materials with
a view to improving the landscape.
Landscape Architecture: It is an art of designing a garden layout on paper.
# TERRACE & VERTICAL GARDENING
TERRACE : A terrace is a raised space of ground constructed around a dwelling house or at
the corner of a garden or on the sides of hills. When terrace is used for gardening purpose it is
known as terrace gardening. It is constructed just in front of the house from where a view from
the whole garden can be attained. This is very often referred to as the outdoor living or drawing
room. A low brick or stone retaining wall may be built while on the top of it about 90-120 cm tall
wall of lace patterned concrete blocks may be built as it provide privacy and not stop breeze or
obstruct light. Since the terrace is used for outdoor living room for relaxing, the floor area should
always be nearly dry. For this reason, most people used prefer a paved terrace.
*Main Features :1. Potted plants in tubs and bowls can also arranged artistically especially in
completely paved terraces.2.Hanging baskets and plant stands can also be displayed in the
terrace. 3.A lily pool, sundial or birdbath or a stone sculpture may also be constructed in suitable
garden. 4.Chairs and tables can be fixed in places for resting and comfort.
VERTICAL : Vertical gardening involves gardening with upright structures so as to utilize the
vertical space. It is ideal for gardening in the urban city areas and apartments with balconies.
Many structures including fences, arbours, trellises and walls can be used to create vertical
gardens. Hanging plants and pulley systems can be used to make vertical gardening attractive.
*Main Features :
1.New concept of garden developed in Switzerland.
2.Consists of wooden frame of thickness varying 15 cm to 30cm.
3.Sun loving : Alyssum, pansy, nasturtium
4.Shade loving : Begonia, African violets, zebrine.

#style OF GARDENS
1) Formal Gardening: Laid out in a symmetrical or a geometrical pattern. i.e. square,
rectangular, circular bed and border. Everything is done in a straight and narrow way and
planted in straight way. Land is leveled. First plan is made on paper and then land is selected
accordingly. Road and paths cut at right angle. Balance is symmetrical as same feature
replicated on both side of central axis. Hedges, edges and topiary are trimmed Trees can be
selected as individual feature. Example: Mughal, Persian, Italian, Fresh, Chinese and American
gardens.2) Informal Garden: The whole design looks informal as the plants are arranged in a
natural way without following any rule. Plan is forced to fit the land. Main aim is capture natural
scenery. Land is not leveled. Asymmetrical design. Non geometrical beds and borders.
Untrimmed hedge, edges and topiary. Individual plants are not selected as feature.
Example: Japanese, Chinese, English garden.3) Free style Garden: Recent style of
gardening. It breaks the rules of land scape. Main idea was to naturalize plants in shrubberies;
grass should remain unmoved as in nature. Few bulbous plants should be grown scattered in
the grass to imitate wild scenery. Passage should be opened in the wood land, and trees,
shrub and bulbous plants should be planted among the forest flora. The croppers to grow over
the trees naturally. This concept explained by WilliamRobinson in the last decade of the
nineteenth century.

#Types of gardening (1) Mughal Garden:- The garden laid out during the rule of Mughal
Emperors in India. Baber was the first Mughal ruler to introduce this style of garden in India.
The main features of Mughal gardens: 1) Site and Designs: - A site on a hill slope with
perennial rive letor along the bank of river. Generally design is rectangular or square with
symmetrical at both sides and straight paths.2) Walls and Gates: -Gates are prepared from
wood and iron thorns with an imposing wooden gate at the entrance which was studded with
bold iron nails and pointed iron spikes. The purpose of high wall was security from enemies and
shelter against hot wind.
3) Terrace:- Location of garden near the hill slopes Terrace are both side equal.
4) Running Water: - Constructing canal and tanks was borrowed from Persian. It is a central
feature. The water canal used to have fountain to throw up the water high in the air. In evening
small lamp used to create beautiful relaxation.5) Baradari: - It is arbor like structure. It is in the
middle of the garden. It is mostly used by king for enjoying the song with dancing girl. It has
twelve doors. 6) Tomb and Mosque: - It was common practice to have the garden built around
a tomb. It is often said that Mughal garden were at their best when built around a mosque.
Trees and Flowers: - The trees were selected with careful planning and thought. Each tree
symbolized something like life, youth, death etc. Fruit trees considered as life and youth while
cypress represent death and eternity. Favourate flower were rose, jasmine, carnation, hollyhock,
delphinium etc. Trees in mughal garden were Arjun, ber, champa, cypress, datepalm, fig, palas,
guava, jamun,

(2) Japanese garden

Japanese garden design was based on their respective ideas of heaven. A most important
teaching of Japanese garden is possibly that “Unless a garden has an air of peace it‟s not worth
a place visiting.” Types of Japanese garden: 1) Hill garden: - Laid out in mountain and large
area, shrubberies whether it stones are used for preparing water fall. The other feature is
stream; trees, stones and pine tree are used. 2) Flamed garden: - This garden is without hill
and ponds and mountain vellies not in flamed garden. Only low growing trees, flat rocks and
very small hills are constructed in this garden.3) Tea garden: - Tea garden is constructed for
particular ceremony. Two parts of tea garden i) out door and ii) indoor garden. In outdoor
garden waiting place, water basin, stone lanterns, residues trees and stone paths are
constructed, planting of deciduous tress. In indoor garden tea house, well water
basin,evergreen trees casting more shadows are used. Tea garden needs considerable space
of atleast about 200 sq. m for its designing. 4) Passage garden: - Laid in narrow passage, laid
out should be simple and no man made features. Few rocks, slabs of stones and only couple of
types of plants, plants of open form and slender shape are used and ground covers are also
used.5) Sand Garden:- Sand, gravels and stones are used. Planting material are not used.
Sand around rocks and ripple are created rock can live. The main features of Japanees
gardens:1) Pond:- Ponds are irregular in shape. The bank is generally bordered with stone.
Pilling work in a regular or irregular fashion. The ponds are generally fed by a stream or a water
fall. 2) Streams:- Small streams are arranged most naturally with natural stone are arranged in
mild stream to break the flow of water. The path of stream to break the flow of water. The path of
stream is not straightit is zigzag way. 3) Water Fall:- A water fall may be made more attractive
by manipulating it to drop in two or three levels. To make the water fall dignified and natural,
large sized stones are arranged. 4) Fountain:- Natural fountain are provided near the foot of the
hill on the hill side or in the forest. Mostly constructed from bamboo. 5) Well:-It is used only for
ornamental . It is not a real well. It is jus used for mouth wash. It gives the natural look. 6)
Island:- a) Sea island: Shape is tortoise also called Flysian island. Bank of island stones are
arranged, low growing trees and shrubs are display. b) Wind slept island: Most of the feature are
tree are trained in one way. c) Master‟s island:- It is connected with breeze and summer huts is
created. d) Guest island: Breeze is connected from back side. 7) Water basin:-It is very
ornamental in front of hurts, house. Ornamental shapes are there.
8) Stone lanterns: - Stone usually used is granite but sand stone and white marble are also
used. One „snow scene‟ style lantern is used. It is place near the base of hill, on an island, on
bank of lake. Light is fix near the rocks. 9) Stone:- Stone are selected according to size, shape
and colour and it is very from purpose to place. 10) Pagodas:-It is a temple of Japanese. It is
also called as stone tower. A structure of constructing two, three, five or more separate roof
stages. 11) Fence and gate:- Fence are two types one is partition and other for the purpose .