Year 8 Second Term E-Note

SECOND TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES
SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
CLASS: JSS 2 (YEAR 8)
WEEKS TOPICS
1.
(ALGEBRAIC FRACTION WITH BINOMIAL DENOMINATORS/ FACTORIZATION)
i. Addition and subtraction fraction with same and different denominators
ii. solve equations containing equivalent fractions and brackets
iii. Solve equations involving binomial denominators
iv. Expansion of the form a(b+c) = ab + ac.
v. Expansion of the form (a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd
vi. Algebraic fractions with monomial denominators (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division)
vii. Factorisation of the form abc+abd = ab(c+d).
2.
(ANGLES IN A POLYGON)
i. Identification and naming of polygons (up to 10 sides)
ii. sum of angles in a quadrilateral
iii. The sum of interior angles in a polygon using (n-20 180 o or (2n-4)90o.
Copyright: Starville School, MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT 2023

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3.
(SCALE DRAWING)
i. Drawing plane objects to scale

ii. Converting actual lengths to scale.
iii. Calculation from scale drawing
iv. Combination of plane shapes to produce design.
v. Mathematical set.
4.
(GRAPHS)
i. plotting of points on the Cartesian plane.
ii. solutions of linear equations in two variables using graphs
iii. Linear graphs from real life situations.
5-6
(THE PYTHAGORAS RULE/ TRIGONOMETRY)
i. The right-angled triangle
ii. Using Pythagoras rule to solve right-angled triangles.
iii. Pythagoras triples.
iv. The sine, cosine and tangent of an acute angle
iv. Application of trigonometric ratios
7.
(BEARING)
i. Identifying the cardinal points.

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ii. Compass/acute and 3-digit bearing
iii. Locating the position of objects
iv. Finding the distance between objects using scale drawing.
8.
REVISION
&
Everyday Arithmetic(Transaction in homes and offices)
i. Profit and loss

ii. Simple interest
iii. Discount
iv. Commission

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WEEK 1
(ALGEBRAIC FRACTION WITH BINOMIAL DENOMINATORS/ FACTORIZATION)
CONTENTS
 Expansion of the form (a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd

 Factorisation of the form abc+abd = ab(c+d).
 Addition and subtraction fraction with same and different denominators
 solve equations containing equivalent fractions and brackets
 Solve equations involving binomial denominators
 Expansion of the form a(b+c) = ab + ac.
 Algebraic fractions with monomial denominators (addition, subtraction, multiplication
and division)
 Factorisation of the form abc+abd = ab(c+d).
DAY 1
ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS (EXPANSION AND FACTORIZATION)

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INTRODUCTION: Algebraic fractions are fractions where both the numerator and the
denominator or either the numerator or the denominator are algebraic terms or algebraic
expressions.
Example:
3b,a7,a+ba,ba−b,a−bc+d
EXPANSION
1. The product of an algebraic term and an algebraic expression:
 a(b + c) = ab + ac
 a(b – c) = ab – ac
2. The product of an algebraic expression and another algebraic expression:
 (a + b) (c + d) = ac + ad + bc + bd
 (a + b) = a + 2ab + b
2 2 2
 (a – b) = a – 2ab + b
2 2 2
 (a + b) (a – b) = a – b
2 2
EXAMPLES
Simplify each of the following

a. 4(3y +2z)
Solution
12y+8z

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b. 8p(3q-2p)
Solution
8p(3q-2p)
24pq-16p2
Example 2
Remove brackets and simplify these expressions/equation

a. 2(3x-y)-3(2x-3y)
Solution
a. 2(3x-y)-3(2x-3y)
6x-2y-6x+9y
Collect the like terms
6x-6x-2y+9y
=7y
b. 2(5n - 4)= 12
Solution
10n-8=12
CLT
10n=12+8
10n=20
DBS by 10

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n= 2
Example 3
Simplify (2a-3b)(a+4b)
Solution
(2a-3b)(a+4b)
2a2+8ab-3ab-12b2
2a2 +5ab-12ab2
Evaluation/ Independent task
Simplify the following
1. (-3y) x (-7y)
2. 63a2b÷9ab2
1
3. of (-42a)
3
Expand∧remove the brackets
4. 16a-7(2a-3b)
5. x(2x-3)-4(2x-3)
6. 4(x+2)= 2(3x-1)
Extension
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New General Mathematics
Pg 52 Revision test number 8
Homework
Expand and simplify

1. (a+4b)(a-2b)
2. (6x-7y)(3x+y)
Use a=2, b=-8, x=3, y=-5 to find the value of the expressions in QUESTIONS 3-5
3. ax2-b
4. ax+by
a−2 b
5. 3(x + y)
FACTORISATION
Factorize algebraic expressions:
 ab + ac = a(b + c)
 a – b = (a + b) (a – b)
2 2
 a + 2ab + b = (a + b)
2 2 2
 ac + ad + bc + bd = (a + b) (c + d)

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Example 1
Factorise these expressions
i. 3d2e + 5d2
ii. -18fg-12g
Solution
3d2e + 5d2
Common factor is d
d2(3e+5)
Solution
-18fg-12g
Common factor is -6g
-6g(3f+2)
Example 2
a2 – b 2
=
(a+b)( a-b)
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Solution
4x2 – 9
(2x+3)(2x-3)

Factorize the following
1. 2abx + 7acx
2. -15x2-210
3. 2pq-6q2
Task 2
Cambridge learners workbook pg 27 number 11

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Extension
Pg 87 Exercise 11d a-d
Homework
` New General Mathematics
Pg 87 Exercise 11 number 2 j-n

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DAY 2
ALGEBRAIC FRACTION WITH BINOMIAL DENOMINATORS (ADDITION AND

SUBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC FRACTION)
What are algebraic fractions?

Algebraic fractions are fractions that contain at least one variable(monomials).
The following algebraic expressions are examples of algebraic fractions:
A monomial has a single term, a binomial has two terms, a trinomial has three terms and a
polynomial has one or more than one term.

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The examples of monomials are:

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 12x
 12
 -25x
 24y
What is a Binomial?
A binomial is an algebraic expression that has two unlike terms.
Facts:
 Like terms have the same algebraic factors but unlike

terms have different algebraic factors.
 3x and 4x are like terms whereas 3x and 4y are unlike
terms
The examples of binomials are:
 x+y
 m–5
 mn + 4m
 a2 – b2

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 xy + 5
What is a Trinomial?
A trinomial is an algebraic expression that has three terms in it.

The examples of trinomials are:
 x+y+7
 ab + a +b
 3x 2 – 5x + 2
 m + n + 10
What is a Polynomial?
The term poly means many. An expression that has more than one term is called polynomial, non-
negative integral exponents of a variable.
Examples of polynomial expression include:
 ax + by + ca
 x3 + 2x + 3

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Algebraic Fractions
Algebraic Fractions
Algebraic fractions are simply fractions with algebraic expressions on the top and/or bottom.
When adding or subtracting algebraic fractions, the first thing to do is to put them onto a common
denominator (by cross multiplying).
When adding or subtracting algebraic fractions, the first thing to do is to put them onto a common
denominator (by cross multiplying).
e.g. 1 + 4
(x + 1) (x + 6)
= 1(x + 6) + 4(x + 1)
(x + 1)(x + 6)
= x + 6 + 4x + 4
(x + 1)(x + 6)
= 5x + 10
(x + 1)(x + 6)
2.1.3 Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions

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Examples
4x 8x
1. 3 + 3
ANS= 4X
6x 3x
2. 4 - 4
3X
ANS= 4
x+3 4 x−2
3. 5 + 5
5 X +1
ANS= 5
4 x +1 x−5
4. 3 - 12

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15 X +9
ANS: 12
5 X +3
By factorizing 4
4 7
5. m+1 = 3 m−2
ANS: m=5
MORE EXAMPLES

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Task 1
Solve the following equations

x−2
1. 3 = 5

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5 7
2. 2 x + 2 x
2 a−1 a+5 1
3. 3 - 4 = 2
5 6
4. a + 3 a = 7
x−11 x−2
5. 2 - 12 = 2
Extension
Pg 90 Ex 11g number 2 b and c
Homework
JSS 2
Pg 90 Ex 11g number 1 a
and f

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&
Pg 103 Ex 13d numbers 10, 26,29 and 30
DAY 3
ALGEBRAIC FRACTION WITH BINOMIAL DENOMINATORS (MULTIPLICATION AND

DIVISION OF ALGEBRAIC FRACTION)

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WEEK 2
ANGLES IN A POLYGON
i. Identify, name and calculate angles meeting at a point and angles where a transversal line crosses parallel
lines.
ii. Calculate angles in triangles and quadrilaterals.
iii. Calculate angles in triangles and quadrilaterals.
iv. Identify and name regular and non-regular polygons (up to 10 sides)
v. Derive and use the formular for the sum of the angles of an n-sided polygon
{(2n-4) right angles or (n-2) x 1800} to calculate the interior angles of various polygons.
DAY 1
ANGLES IN A POLYGON (LINES AND ANGLES AND POLYGON)

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ANGLES IN A POLYGON
TOPIC: Angles in a polygons
(a) Types of polygons: convex, concave, regular, irregular
(b) Sum of interior angles in polygon (number of triangles in a polygon)
(c) Sum of exterior angles of a polygon
POLYGONS AND ITS TYPES
A closed plane figure bounded by straight lines (edges) is called a polygon. The number of sides of
a polygon determines its names. The table below describes the names of polygons according to the
number of their sides:

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No. Of sides and angles Polygon
3 Triangle
4 Quadrilateral
5 Pentagon
6 Hexagon
7 Heptagon
8 Octagon
9 Nonagon
10 Decagon
11 Undecagon / Hendecagon
12 Dodecagon
15 Pentadecagon
20 Icosagon
Types Of Polygons
1. Convex Polygon: a convex polygon has all its interior angles pointing outwards. No angle is
pointing inwards. Each internal angle of a convex polygon is always less than 180 0.A polygon is

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convex if any line segment joining any two points on it stays inside the polygon itself.
Examples of convex polygons are shown below:
Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon
2. Concave (Re-entrant)Polygon: If there is any internal angle greater than 180°, the angle
points inwards and the polygon becomes concave.
3. Regular Polygon: this is a polygon with all its angles the same size and all its sides the same
length.
4. Irregular Polygon: this is a polygon with at least two of its sides of different length and at
least two of its angles unequal.

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CLASS ACTIVITY 1
For each of the polygons drawn below, state whether it is (i) concave or convex (ii) regular or
irregular (iii) its name according to the number of sides.
CLASS ACTIVITY 2
1. Pg 39 Ex. 6a numbers 2, 3 and 6
2. Pg 40 Ex. 6b numbers 2 and 3
3. Pg 41 Ex. 6c numbers 2a and 4a
HOMEWORK
1. Pg 39 Ex. 6a numbers 4 and 5

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2. Pg 40 Ex. 6b numbers 4 and 6
3. Pg 41 Ex. 6c numbers 2h and 4b
To be done on Maths Homework
DAY 2
ANGLES IN A POLYGON (INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR ANGLES)
Keywords
 Polygon:
A polygon is a two dimensional shape with at least three sides, where the sides are all straight lines.
 Regular & irregular polygons:
A regular polygon is where all angles are equal size and all sides are equal length
E.g. a square
An irregular polygon is where all angles are not equal size and/or all sides are not equal length
E.g. a trapezium.
FORMULAR CORNER
.
1. SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES Page =(n-2)180
48
or (2n-4)90
2. EACH INTERIOR ANGLE= (n-2 x100)/n
3. SUM OF EXTERIOR ANGLE= 3600
4. EACH EXTERIOR ANGLE= 360/n
POLYGONS NOS OF SIDES NOS OF TRIANGLES SUM OF ANGLES
Triangle 3 1 180
Quadrilateral 4 2 2 × 180 = 360
Pentagon 5 3 3 × 180 = 540
Hexagon 6 4 4 × 180 = 720
Heptagon 7 5 5 × 180 = 900
Octagon 8 6 6 × 180 =1080
Nonagon 9 7 7 × 180 = 1260
Decagon 10 8 8 × 180 = 1440

n – gon . N – sides N–2 ( nPage
– 2 ) 49
180
SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES
The sum of interior angles in a polygon is derived from the number of triangle that can be drawn
from the polygon. Consider the diagrams below:
From the above diagrams;

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4 sided Quadrilateral has 2 triangles, 5 sided Pentagon has 3 triangles and 6 sided hexagon has 4
triangles. We can therefore say that a n-sided polygon has n – 2 triangles.
Since sum of angles in a triangle is 180o;
A polygon with 4 sides having 2 triangles will have 2 × 180 o = 360o
5 sided polygon having 3 triangles will have 3 × 180o = 540o
6 sided polygon having 4 triangles will have 4 × 180o = 720o
In general, the sum of the interior angles of any convex n-gon (polygon with n sides) is given by:
Sum of interior angles = (n-2) x 1800 = (n -2) × 2 × 90
Or Sum of interior angles = (2n - 4) x 900
Or Sum of interior angles = (2n – 4) Right angles
For a regular polygon that has all its sides and angles equal, the size of each interior angle will be
the average of the sum of all interior angles
Therefore each interior angle for a regular convex polygon

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Each interior angle =
∑ of interior angles ¿
( n−2 ) ×180 °
Number of sides n
EXAMPLE – 1: What is the sum of the interior angles of a pentagon?
Solution
A pentagon has five sides, that is, n = 5.
Therefore, sum of interior angles = (n - 2) x 1800
= (5 - 2) x 180 0
= 3 x 1800 = 5400
EXAMPLE – 2: Calculate the size of each interior angle of a regular heptagon.
Solution
A regular heptagon has 7 equal sides, that is, n = 7.
Each interior angle =

∑ of interior angles = ( n−2 ) ×180 °
Number of sides n

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( 7−2 ) ×180 ° 5× 180 °
= 7
= 7
900 ° 5°
= 7 = 128 7
Class Activity
(1) What is the sum of interior angles of a: (a) hexagon (b) nonagon
(2) The sum of six of the interior angles of a nonagon is 920 0. The other three angles are
all equal. Find the size of each of the other three angles.
(3) If the angles of a quadrilateral are x, 2x and 3x, what is the value of x? Calculate the
size of the largest angle.
Sum of Exterior Angles
Sum of exterior angles in any Polygon = 3600
EXAMPLE – 1: The sum of the interior angles of a regular polygon is 10 right angles.
(i) How many sides has the polygon?
(ii) What is the sum of the exterior angles of the polygon?

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(iii) Calculate the size of each exterior angle of the polygon.
Solution:
(i) Sum of interior angles = (n - 2) ×180 ° = ( n−2 ) × 2× 90 °
Sum of interior angles= (2 n−4 ¿ × 90°
Sum of interior angles = (2n - 4) right angles
2n – 4 = 10
2n = 10 + 4
2n = 14
Therefore, n = 7 sides
(ii) Sum of exterior angles = 360°
(iii) Each exterior angle =

∑ of exterior angles
Number of sides
360°
= 7
3°
= 51 7
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FORMULAR CORNER
5. SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES =(n-2)180 or (2n-4)90

6. EACH INTERIOR ANGLE= (n-2 x100)/n
Class
7. Activity
SUM OF EXTERIOR ANGLE= 3600
8. EACH EXTERIOR ANGLE= 360/n
INDEPENDENT ACTIVITY
1) Calculate the size of each exterior angle in a regular: (a) octagon (b) decagon
2) If the sum of exterior angles of a triangle equal to the sum of exterior angles of an
Icosagon?
HOMEWORK
Pg 44 Figure 6.23 numbers 7, 9 and 10
DAY 3
ANGLES IN A POLYGON
A regular polygon whose sum of its interior angles is 1440

0
is called –
A. Octagon
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B. Hexagon
C. Decagon
D. Heptagon
FORMULAR CORNER
9. SUM OF INTERIOR ANGLES =(n-2)180 or (2n-4)90

10.EACH INTERIOR ANGLE= (n-2 x100)/n
11.SUM OF EXTERIOR ANGLE= 3600
12.EACH EXTERIOR ANGLE= 360/n
CLASSWORK/ HOMEWORK

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Revision test 6 numbers 1 to 10
TASK 2
1 The interior angles of a polygon are (y+13), (y+19), (y+29) and (y+40)
a. find the value of y

b. find the value of each interior angle.
2. Find the value of x in a pentagon whose sides are (4x-8), (3x-5), 91, 125 and 92(in degrees)
3. Each interior angles of a regular polygon of n sides is 150 0. Find the value of n
ANS= N=12sides
Sol
Each interior angle = (n-2) x180/n
150=(n-2) x180/n

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WEEK 3
TOPIC: SCALE DRAWING

Content:
• Scale drawing of plane shapes.
• Application of scale drawing to solve problems
• Maps and drawing.
SCALE DRAWING OF PLANE SHAPES

A scale simply means the dimension or proportion of objects in comparison to its original or
actual size after the drawing. It is widely use in sciences especially in Geography, Biology,
Mathematics, Physics, etc.
The scale of a drawing is determined by comparing the length of the drawing with the actual
length of the object.
Scale
A is original
B is drawing

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Diameter of A = 25cm Diameter of B = 10cm
Scale = the scale is 2 to 5, i.e 2 : 5 meaning 2cm represents 5cm
CLASS ACTIVITY
Use measurement to find the scale of the following shapes/figures:
Original
Drawing

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Original
Drawing
APPLICATION OF SCALE DRAWING IN SOLVING PROBLEMS

In scale drawing the materials needed are pencil, ruler and set square. The drawings should
be on plane sheets or white papers. The dimensions of the actual object should be written on
the drawing and a title has to accompany it. However, a rough sketch must be drawn first.
Example:
1. A measurement of 8000m is drawn to a scale where 1cm represents 500m. Find its length
on the drawing.

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Solution:
500m is represented by 1cm.
1m is represented by 1\500cm
8000m is represented by
Length on drawing = 16cm.
2. The length of a chalkboard drawn to scale is 2cm. If the scale used is 1cm to 3cm, what is
the actual length of the chalkboard?
Solution:
Scale =
Length of image = 2cm; scale = 1/3 ; let the actual length be x
So,
Cross multiplying, we have
X = 2cm x 3 = 6cm.
Therefore, actual length of the chalkboard is 6cm.
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. The scale of a drawing is 1cm to 12cm. Find the actual length if the length drawn to scale is
10cm.
2. The dinning room of a building measures 36m by 24m by 6m. If a scale of 1cm: 6m is used
on the building plan, what is the dimension of the dinning room on the scale drawing?

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MAP READING AND SCALE DRAWING
Reading scale drawing is common to map reading and interpretation. For instance, scales on
maps are often given in the ratio form as 1 : .50000
A map of scale 1 : 50 000 means 1cm represents 50 000cm.
This means 1cm on map represents 50 000cm on land.
Map scale
Rearranging the above formula we have:

Actual distance = map scale x distance on map
OR Distance on map
Example:
Change the scale 1 : 800 000 to the form 1cm represents ….km.
Solution:
1:800 000 means 1cm represents 800 000cm.
But 1km = 100 000cm
1cm represents 800 000 100 000 = 8km
The scale is 1cm represents 8km.
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CLASS ACTIVITY
• Two cities are 70km apart. The distance between them is 20cm on the map. What is the scale
of the map?
• Rewrite the following scales in the form 1:n
• 1cm represent 20 000cm
• 1cm represents 500 000cm
ASSIGNMENT
1. A story building 50m high is modeled as being 5cm in height. Find the scale used.
2. A rectangular plot of land measures 120m by 80m.
a) Using a scale of 1cm to 20m make a scale drawing of the plot of land.
b) Measure the diagonal of the shape you get by your drawing
c) What is the actual length of the diagonal?
3. The distance between a boy and a tree on the map is 10cm. If the scale of the map is 1cm :
2000km, find the actual distance between the boy and the tree.
4. Copy and complete the following table:
SCALE DISTANCE ON MAP ACTUAL DISTANCE
i. 1 cm to 5 km 5 cm ----------
ii. 1 : 10 000 --------- 360 km

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WEEK 5-6 TRIGONOMERTY
TOPIC: ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

Contents:

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(a) Horizontal and vertical plane.
(b) Angles of elevation and depression.
(c) Relationship between angle of elevation and depression.
(d) Measuring angles of elevation and depression.
(d) Scale drawing.
Horizontal and Vertical Plane

A horizontal plane lies (flat) in the same position as the ground while a vertical plane stand
like a straight wall.
Angles of Elevation and Depression

Angle of Elevation: the angle that an observer would raise his or her line of sight above a
horizontal line in order to see an object. The angle of elevation is the angle between the
horizontal and the observer's line of sight.
In the diagram above, the angle of elevation of the object from the observer is α 0.

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Angle of Depression: If the object is below the level of the observer, then the angle
between the horizontal and the observer's line of sight is called the angle of depression. If
an observer were up above and needed to look down, the angle of depression would be the
angle that the person would need to lower his or her line of sight.
In the diagram above, the angle of depression of the object from the observer is β 0.
MEASURING ANGLES OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION
Angles of elevation and depression can be measured with a simple instrument called
Clinometers. Simple Clinometers is made from a chalk-board protractor in which a plumb-line
hangs from the center of the protractor. The angle that the plumb-line makes with the 90 0
vertical axes when the Clinometers is placed in the observer’s direction is the angle of
elevation or depression.

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In the figure above, a plumb-line hangs from the center of the protractor at A. The observer
sights an object along the line BAC. The angle of elevation e0 is the angle between AO and the
plumb-line. The size of e0 can be read from the scale. Notice that e0 increases from 00 at O to
900 at B.
NOTE: The teacher should make simple clinometers using a chalk-board protractor and
plumb-line.
Class Activity:
Carry out the following activities using a tape and clinometers:
1) Stand at a point Y on level ground, where the top of the wall in your class has an angle of
elevation of 450
2) Find the distance from Y to the base of the wall in your class. Record the height of the wall.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANGLE OF ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION

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In other words, as shown in the diagrams below, the angle formed with the horizontal when
an observer looks up is called angle of elevation whereas, the angle formed with the
horizontal when an observer looks down is called angle of depression.
There is a connection between angle of elevation and angle of depression. For example, the
angle of elevation of Y from X is the same as the angle of depression of X from Y. Therefore
angles of elevation and depression are alternate angles and are therefore equal in a given
situation.
TOPIC: PYTHAGORAS RULE

Pythagoras Theorem

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Pythagoras Theorem is an important topic in Maths, which explains the relation between the
sides of a right-angled triangle. It is also sometimes called the Pythagorean Theorem. The
formula and proof of this theorem are explained here with examples.
Pythagoras theorem is basically used to find the length of an unknown side and angle of a
triangle. By this theorem, we can derive base, perpendicular and hypotenuse formula
Pythagoras Theorem Statement
Pythagoras theorem states that “In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse
side is equal to the sum of squares of the other two sides“. The sides of this triangle
have been named as Perpendicular, Base and Hypotenuse. Here, the hypotenuse is the longest
side, as it is opposite to the angle 90°. The sides of a right triangle (say a, b and c) which
have positive integer values, when squared, are put into an equation, also called a Pythagorean
triple.

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The theorem is named after a greek Mathematician called Pythagoras.
Pythagoras Theorem Formula
Consider the triangle given above:
Where “a” is the perpendicular side,
“b” is the base,
“c” is the hypotenuse side.

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According to the definition, the Pythagoras Theorem formula is given as:
Hypotenuse2 = Perpendicular2 + Base2

c2 = a2 + b2
The side opposite to the right angle (90°) is the longest side (known as Hypotenuse) because
the side opposite to the greatest angle is the longest.
Consider three squares of sides a, b, c mounted on the three sides of a triangle having the
same sides as shown.
By Pythagoras Theorem –
Area of square A + Area of square B = Area of square C
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Example
The examples of theorem based on the statement given for right triangles is given below:
Consider a right triangle, given below:
Find the value of x.

X is the side opposite to right angle, hence it is a hypotenuse.
Now, by the theorem we know;
Hypotenuse2 = Base2 + Perpendicular2
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x2 = 82 + 62
x2 = 64+36 = 100
x = √100 = 10
Applications of Pythagoras Theorem
 To know if the triangle is a right-angled triangle or not.
 In a right-angled triangle, we can calculate the length of any side if the other two sides are
given.
 To find the diagonal of a square.
Useful For
Pythagoras theorem is useful to find the sides of a right-angled triangle. If we know the two
sides of a right triangle, then we can find the third side.
How to use?
To use this theorem, remember the formula given below:
c 2 = a 2 + b2
Where a, b and c are the sides of the right triangle.
For example, if the value of a = 3 cm, b = 4 cm, then find the value of c.
We know,
c 2 = a 2 + b2
c2 = 32+42
c2 = 9+16
c2 = 25

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c = √25
c=5
Hence, the third side is 5 cm.
As we can see, a + b > c
3+4>5
7>5
Hence, c = 5 cm is the hypotenuse of the given triangle.
How to find whether a triangle is a right-angled triangle?
If we are provided with the length of three sides of a triangle, then to find whether the
triangle is a right-angled triangle or not, we need to use the Pythagorean theorem.
Let us understand this statement with the help of an example.
Suppose a triangle with sides 10, 24, and 26 are given.
Clearly, 26 is the longest side.
It also satisfies the condition, 10 + 24 > 26
We know,
c 2 = a 2 + b2 ………(1)
So, let a = 10,b = 24 and c = 26
First we will solve R.H.S. of equation 1.
a2 + b2 = 102 + 242 = 100 + 576 = 676
Now, taking L.H.S, we get;
c2 = 262 = 676

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We can see,
LHS = RHS
Therefore, the given triangle is a right triangle, as it satisfies the theorem.
Pythagorean Theorem Problems
Problem 1: The sides of a triangle are 5,12 & 13 units. Check if it has a right angle or not.
Solution: From Pythagoras Theorem, we have;
Perpendicular2 + Base2 = Hypotenuse2
Let,
Perpendicular = 12 units
Base = 5 units
Hypotenuse = 13 units
122 + 52 = 132
⇒ 144 + 25 = 169
⇒ 169 = 169
L.H.S. = R.H.S.
Therefore, the angle opposite to the 13 unit side will be at a right angle.

. Page 75
Problem 2: The two sides of a right-angled triangle are given as shown in the figure. Find
the third side.

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Solution: Given;
Perpendicular = 15 cm
Base = b cm
Hypotenuse = 17 cm
As per the Pythagorean Theorem, we have;
Perpendicular2 + Base2 = Hypotenuse2

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⇒152 + b2 = 172
⇒225 + b2 = 289
⇒b2 = 289 – 225
⇒b2 = 64
⇒b = √64
Therefore, b = 8 cm
Problem 3: Given the side of a square to be 4 cm. Find the length of the diagonal.
Solution- Given;
Sides of a square = 4 cm

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To Find- The length of diagonal ac.
Consider triangle abc (or can also be acd)
(ab)2 +(bc)2 = (ac)2
(4)2 +(4)2= (ac)2
16 + 16 = (ac)2
32 = (ac)2
(ac)2 = 32

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ac = 4√2.
Thus, the length of the diagonal is 4√2 cm.
The formula for Pythagoras, for a right-angled triangle, is given by; c 2=a2+b2
What is the formula for hypotenuse?
The hypotenuse is the longest side of the right-angled triangle, opposite to right angle, which
is adjacent to base and perpendicular. Let base, perpendicular and hypotenuse be a, b and c
respectively. Then the hypotenuse formula, from the Pythagoras statement will be;
c = √(a2 + b2)
Can we apply the Pythagoras Theorem for any triangle?
No, this theorem is applicable only for the right-angled triangle.
What is an example of Pythagoras theorem?
An example of using this theorem is to find the length of the hypotenuse given the length of
the base and perpendicular of a right triangle.
What is the use of Pythagoras theorem?
The theorem can be used to find the steepness of the hills or mountains. To find the
distance between the observer and a point on the ground from the tower or a building above
which the observer is viewing the point. It is mostly used in the field of construction.

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. Page 81
TRANSACTIONS IN THE HOMES AND OFFICES
CONTENT
 Commercial Arithmetic (simple interest, profit and loss, discount, commission, VAT,
hire purchase)
 Exchange rate
COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC TOPIC: BEARING AND DISTANCES.

(a) The compass directions (major and minor)
(b) Types of bearing (Compass, acute-angle, three figure)
(c ) Converting acute-angle bearing to three figure bearing and vice versa
(d) Reciprocal/ Back bearing
(e) Scale drawing to find bearing and distances
THE COMPASS DIRECTIONS

Major Compass/Cardinal Directions
There are four major directions used to describe locations. These cardinal directions are:
North (N) South(S), East (E) West (W).

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The four main directions, North, South, East and West, divide the angle at a point (360 ° ¿,
into four equal parts and each is 90° or a right angle.
Minor Cardinal Directions

Other minor cardinal directions are those that lie in the midpoints as follows:
North and East called North-East (NE) South and West called South-West (SW)
South and East called South-East (SE) North and West called North-West (NW).
These minor cardinal directions subdivide each right angle into two equal parts such that the
angle between each major cardinal and minor direction is 45 ° . The eight cardinal points are
illustrated below:
N
NW NE
W E
SW SE
S

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BEARINGS AND ITS TYPES
In simple terms, bearing is the direction of one point with respect to a given point.
If a line which points due North of a compass is fixed, the direction of any other line on the
surface of the earth is given as the angle which it makes with the North-pointing line, this
angle is called bearing. In particular, we must note that the bearing is measured from the
line due North in a clockwise direction. Since bearings involve mainly finding directions, we
use a compass to find them.
The Compass and Compass/ Directional Bearing
The Compass is an instrument used in finding directions. It is also used in erecting a wind-
vane in the correct position. A wind vane is an instrument used in detecting the direction of
the wind. It can, therefore be used in place of a compass to determine cardinal directions.

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Compass bearing is the direction of one point with respect to a given point given in terms of
the major or minor cardinal direction of the relative point.
Consider the points X and Y in the diagram below:

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W X E
S Y
The Acute Angle or Simple Bearing

This method involves using the acute angle which the line XY makes with the North or South
(in the diagram above, the South Pole is appropriate) direction at X, Eastwards or
Westwards. For example, in the diagram below, the bearing of Y from X is written as S 30 °
E or (or South 30° Eastwards) and is called the acute-angle bearing of Y from X.
In general, acute angle bearings are measured in relation to the North or South Pole and
must therefore be greater than 0o but less than 90o as its name implies. If an angle related
to the East or West pole is given, its complementary angle is used to give the acute-angle
bearing.
The Three-figure or Surveyor’s Bearing
This method involves reading on the compass, the angle which the line XY makes with the
North direction. This angle is the bearing of the object Y from the reference point X, and it
is called the surveyor’s bearing of Y from X. The surveyor’s bearing is written with three

. Page 86
digits known as three-figure bearings. When the angle is between 0 ° and 90° inclusive, say 7°
, the bearing is written as 007° , that is, two zeros are added before the angle. Suppose the
angle is 55° , we write it as 055° .
Directional versus Three-figure versus Acute Angle Bearing

Examples:
1.
Directional Three-figure Bearing Acute-Angle Bearing
North 000o/ 360o -
North East 045o N45oE
East 090o -
South East 135o S45oE
South 180o -
2. South West 225o S45oW Directional/ Compass =
NE
West 270o -
The three-figure bearing =
037° North West 315 o
N45 W
o
Acute Angle bearing = N37° E

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N
37o
W E
S
3. The three-figure bearing = 117°
The Acute-angle bearing = S63° E
The compass/directional bearing = SE
N
W E
27o
S
The Acute-angle bearing = S66° W

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The compass/directional bearing = SW
W E
66o
S
The Acute-angle bearing = N16° W
The compass/directional bearing = NW
74o
W E

. Page 89
S
6. The table below shows the angles when the turning is clockwise from the South direction
to the other cardinal directions
Direction N E W NE N SE S
W W
Clockwise Turning from South 18 27 90 22 13 31 45°

0° 0° ° 5° 5° 5°
CLASS ACTIVITY
1. Complete a table showing the angles when the turning is clockwise from the North-East
direction to the other cardinal directions.
Direction N S E W N SE SW
W
Clockwise Turning from 315° 225°

South
2. The three-figure bearing =

The Acute-angle bearing =

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The compass/directional bearing =
17o
W E
S
3. Directional/ Compass =
The three-figure bearing =
Acute Angle bearing =
N
23o
W E

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N
W E
54o

N

. Page 92
W E
43o
S
The Acute-angle bearing = N16° W
The compass/directional bearing = NW
74o
W E
RECIPROCAL/ BACK BEARING

. Page 93
B 255o
75o
A
The bearing of B from A is 075o, while the bearing of A from B is 255o. 255o is called the
back/ reciprocal bearing of 075o .
In general, if the bearing is less than 180 o we add 180o to get the back bearing and if the
bearing is greater than 180o we subtract 180o.
Example
Find the bearing whose reciprocal/ back bearing is?
(1) 033o
33o is less than 180o
So we add 180o to 33o
180o + 33o = 218o
So the back bearing of 033o is 218o
(2) 220o

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220o is greater than 180o
So we subtract 180o from 220o
220o – 180o = 40o
So the back bearing of 220o is 40o
Class Activity
Find the bearing whose reciprocal/ back bearing is?

. Page 95
1) 24o
2) 135o
3) 260o
4) 195o
Simple Interest
If you save your money with a bank, you will be paid some extra
money called interest. On the other hand, if you borrow money from a
bank you pay interest to the bank. The original money invested or
borrowed is known as the principal or capital. The interest rate is often
given in percentage and quoted as a rate per annum. For example, 5%
rate means that the interest paid or received every year is 5% of the
principal.
Example 1:
If you save N20000, then at the end of the year you will have
your original money (principal) plus the interest
N20 000 + 5% of N20 000 = N20 000 + N1000

= N21 000
The interest is N1000 and the amount you now have in your saving
account is N21 000
Note that (Amount = principal + interest).
Example 2:
Mr. Ogbeha saves N50 000 with a bank for 1 year with interest
at 5 ½ % per annum.
a. Calculate the interest he will receive at the end of the year.

. Page 96
b. Calculate the simple interest for 4 ½ years.
c. What is the total amount he will save at the end of 4 ½
years
Solution:
a. Interest = 5 ½% of N50 000

1
5
= 2 × N 50 000= 5.5 × N 50 000
100 100
= 0.055 X 50 000 = N 2750
b. Interest for 1 year = N 2750
Interest for 4 ½ years = N 2750 X 4 ½
= N 2750 X 4.5
Simple interest = N 12 375
Amount saved = principal + interest = N 50 000+ N 12

375 = N 62 375
Class Activity
Find the simple interest of the following:

1. 10000 for 1 year at 4% per annum
2. 15000 for 2years at 6% per annum
3. 20000 for 1year at 4 1 ½ per annum
Profit and loss

The cost at which a trader obtains his goods is called Cost Price
(C.P). the price at which the trader sells the goods is called the
selling price (S.P).
When the selling price is greater than the cost price, a profit is
said to be made and
Profit = selling price – cost price

. Page 97
If the selling price is less than the cost price, a loss is said to be
made and
Loss = cost price – selling price
Sometimes, the word gain is used in place of profit.
Example
1) A trader buys a kettle for and sells it at a profit of 15%. Find his
actual profit and the selling price.
Solution:
15
Profit ¿ 15 % of N 800= 100 × N 800=N 120
Selling price = N 800 + N 120
= N 920
2) A hat is bought for N 250 and sold for N 220. What is the loss per
cent?
Solution
Actual loss = N 250 - N 220 = N 30
The ratio, loss: cost = N 30: N 250 = 30: 250

30
¿
250
30
thus theloss is of the cost price
250
30
Percentage loss = 250 ×100=12 %
Class Activity
1. A farmer buys a cow for N40000 and sells it for N33 000. What
is the percentage loss?
. Page 98
2. A trader bought some compact disc for N350 each. She sold
them at a 12% profit. What was the selling price?
Discount
A discount is a reduction in price. Discounts are often given for
paying in cash.
Example
1) A trader sells packets of tissues at N140 each or four for N440.

How much is saved by buying four packets at once instead of
separately?
Solution
I packet of tissues = N140
4 packets = 4 X N140 = N560
Discount price of 4 packets = N440
Savings = N560 - N440
= N120
2) A radio costs N5400. A 12 ½ % discount is given for cash. What is

the cash price?
Solution
Method 1:
Discount = 12 ½ % of N5 400
= 12 ½ /100 of N5 400
25 1
¿ × of N 5 400
2 100

. Page 99
1
¿ × N 5 400=N 675
8
cas h price=N 5 400−N 675
= N4725
Method 2:
( 1
)
cash price= 100 %−12 % of N 5 400
2
1
=87 2 % of N 5 400
1
87
= 2 × N 5400= 7 × N 5 400=N 4 725
100 8
Class Activity
1. The selling price of a chair is N14000. The trader gives a 25%

discount for cash. What is the cash price?
2. Find the discount price if a discount price of:
a. 10% is given on a cost price of N430
b. 12 ½ % is given on a cost price of N280
Commission
Commission is payment for selling an item. For example insurance
agents get commission for selling insurance. The more insurance
they sell, the more commission they get. Likewise the sales
representatives often receive a proportion of the value of the goods
they sell. This proportion is their commission.
Example

. Page 100
1) A sales representative works for an electric fan company. He
gets a commission of 14k in the naira. In one week he sells four
table fans at N10 500 each and nine small fans at N5400 each.
Calculate his commission.
Total sales = 4 x N10 500 + 9 x N5400
= N42 000 + N48 600
= N90 600
He gets 14k for every naira.
Commission = 90600 x 14k
= 1 268 400k
= N12 684
2) A bank charges 2 ½ % commissions for issuing a Bank Draft to its

customers. If a customer obtained a Bank draft for 84000 from
the bank, calculate the total cost of the Bank Draft.
Solution
Commission paid to the bank
= 2 ½% of N84 000
1
= 2 ½ x 100 × N 84 000
5
= 200 × N 84 000
= N 2100
Total cost of Bank Draft = value of Bank Draft + commission
= N84000 + N 2100

. Page 101
= N 86 100
Class Activity
1. A rent collector’s commission is 4 ½ of his takings. In one month

he collects N 842 800 in rent. How much money does he get?
2. A car salesman gets 1k in the naira commission. Calculate his
commission if he sells N 5 238 000 worth of cars in a month.
Value Added Tax (VAT)
A proportion of the money paid for certain goods and services is

given to the Government. The part which is given to the Government is
called Value Added Tax (VAT), the goods and services are called
VATable items.
Example:
1) An advertisement for a table says that its price is N15 300 plus
5% VAT. how much does the customer pay?
Solution
Amount paid by customer = 105% of N15 300

105
= N15 300 X 100
= N16 065
Note: The difference between N16 065 and N15 300 is N765. The
Government receives N765 as Vat
2) One year a company paid a N94500 telephone bill to NITEL. The

bill included VAT at 5%. Calculate how much money the
Government receives as VAT on the bill.
Solution
. Page 102
Since N94500 includes 5% VAT, then N94500 is 105% of the actual
telephone bill. The VAT is 5% of the actual telephone bill.
1% of actual bill = N94 500

/105
= N900
5% of actual bill = N900 X 5
= N 4 500
The government receives N 4500 as VAT
Class Activity
Find the amount of money that the Government receives as VAT on

each item in the following advertisement:
COMFORT FURNISHING
a. Small tables N5670
b. Mattresses N9240
c. Beds N21630
d. 3-piece suites N31290
e. Kitchen tables N6930
All prices include 5% VAT
Hire purchase
An instalment is a part payment. Many people find it easier to buy

expensive items by paying instalments.

. Page 103
Buying by instalment is called hire purchase. The buyer hires the
use of an item before paying for it completely. This is why hire
purchase is more costly than paying in cash.
Example
The cost of a DVD player is either #34 000 in cash or deposit of #4

000 and 12 monthly payments of N2750. Find the difference between
the instalment price and the cash price.
Solution
Instalment price = deposit + instalment
= N4000 + 12 x N2750
= N4 000 + N33 000
= N37 000
Price difference = #37 000 - N34 000
= N3 000
Class Activity
The hire purchase price of a computer is N84000. 25% is paid as a

deposit. The rest is spread over 12 equal monthly instalments.
a. Calculate the amount of the deposit.

b. Calculate the remainder to be paid.
c. Find the amount of each monthly instalments
PRACTICE QUESTIONS
1) What is the simple interest on #12, 000 at the rate of 3% per

annum for 6 years?

. Page 104
2) The price of a car is #2 500 000. If 5% VAT is payable on the
purchase. How much does a prospective buyer pay?
3) An estate agent got 12% as commission on rental of #450 000.
How much did he get?
4) A customer deposits a cheque for #50 000. Her bank charges 2%
commission for clearing the cheque. Calculate how much money is
credited to her account.
5) By selling goods for #5 350 a trader makes a profit of 7%. She
reduces her prices to #5 150. What is her percentage profit
now?
6) A television set costs either #49 400 cash or weekly payments of
#1 145. How much more does the television set cost when paid
for weekly?
ASSIGNMENT
1) A market trader asks #2500 for some cloth. A woman offers #1

200. After bargaining, they agree a price half-way between the
two starting prices.
a) How much does the woman pay?
b) What discount did she get by bargaining?
2) The cash price of a used car is #897 060. To pay by hire
purchase requires a 10% deposit and 36 monthly payments of #24
420
3) A bicycle can be bought either in cash for #24 700 or by paying
52 weekly payments of #540.
4) A history book costs #850. The writers of the book get 10% of
the price of each books sold. How much will they get if it sells 15
628 copies in one year?

. Page 105
5) A villager bought 11 goats for #76 000. A year later he sold them
at a profit of 32%. What was the average selling price per goat?

. Page 106

Year 8 Second Term E-Note

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Year 8 Second Term E-Note

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SECOND TERM: E-LEARNING NOTES

Copyright: Starville School, MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT 2023

i. Drawing plane objects to scale

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i. Profit and loss

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(ALGEBRAIC FRACTION WITH BINOMIAL DENOMINATORS/ FACTORIZATION)

 Expansion of the form (a+b)(c+d)=ac+ad+bc+bd

ALGEBRAIC FRACTIONS (EXPANSION AND FACTORIZATION)

Copyright: Starville School, MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENT 2023

Simplify each of the following

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Remove brackets and simplify these expressions/equation

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Evaluation/ Independent task

Simplify the following

Pg 52 Revision test number 8

Expand and simplify

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Evaluation/ Independent task

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New General Mathematics

Pg 87 Exercise 11d a-d

` New General Mathematics

Pg 87 Exercise 11 number 2 j-n

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ALGEBRAIC FRACTION WITH BINOMIAL DENOMINATORS (ADDITION AND

What are algebraic fractions?

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A binomial is an algebraic expression that has two unlike terms.

 Like terms have the same algebraic factors but unlike

The examples of binomials are:

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A trinomial is an algebraic expression that has three terms in it.

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2.1.3 Addition and Subtraction of Algebraic Fractions

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Solve the following equations

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New General Mathematics

Pg 90 Ex 11g number 2 b and c

New General Mathematics

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Pg 103 Ex 13d numbers 10, 26,29 and 30

ALGEBRAIC FRACTION WITH BINOMIAL DENOMINATORS (MULTIPLICATION AND

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ANGLES IN A POLYGON (LINES AND ANGLES AND POLYGON)

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POLYGONS AND ITS TYPES

number of their sides:

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Examples of convex polygons are shown below:

Triangle Quadrilateral Pentagon Hexagon

points inwards and the polygon becomes concave.

least two of its angles unequal.

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