Number 1

<The Basics Of Fractions>

Finding Common Factors

Factors are the numbers that you get a whole number if you divide it by a specific number.

For example, factors of 12 are…

12 ÷1 = 12
12 ÷ 2 = 6
12 ÷ 3 = 4
12 ÷ 4 = 3
12 ÷ 5 = 2.4
12 ÷ 6 = 2
12 ÷ 7 = 1.714285…..
12 ÷ 8 = 1.5
12 ÷ 9 = 1.333333….
12 ÷ 10 = 1.2
12 ÷ 11 = 1.090909091
12 ÷ 12 = 1

You can get whole numbers when you divide 12 by <1,2,3,4,6,12> which are called factors.

Common factors are the factors that two or more numbers have in common.

For example, to common factors of 12 and 20, you should write the common factors of each
number,

12 - 1,2,3,4,6,12
20 - 1,2,4,5,10,20

Then, you pick numbers that are common to both.

12 - 1,2,3,4,6,12
20 - 1,2,4,5,10,20

The numbers of 1, 2, and 4 are common to both 12 and 20.

So, common factors are 1,2, and 4.

Simplifying Fraction

A simplified fraction means that the numerator (number above the line in the fraction) and
denominator (number above the line in the fraction) have no common factors.
 16
For example, if you want to simplify the fraction , you can divide both sides by the same
28
factors.

The first common factor can be 2. If you divide both sides by 2 we get 8 for 16 and 14 for 28.
That means, 2×8 is equal to 16 and 2×14 is equal to 28. So you can write it in this form.

16 2×8
=
28 2×14

2 is then cancelled because 2 is common to numerator and denominator.

Now, you again find a common factor between 8 and 14, which is 2

16 2×8 2×4
= =
28 2 × 14 2 × 7
4
After you cancel 2 by both, you get which has no common numbers.
7
16 4
So, the simplified fraction of
28
is
7
.

0.8
Next example is . if you get decimals in fraction you should multiply both sides by 10 until
2.4
you get both numerator and denominator as a whole number.

0.8 0.8×10 8
= =
2.4 2.4×10 24

Then, simplify it by a whole number.

0.8 0.8×10 8 8×1 1 1

= = = = , so the answer is .
2.4 2.4×10 24 8×3 3 3

Conversion Of Fraction Into Decimals

This is pretty easy because you just divide the numerator by the denominator.

12
= 12 ÷ 4 = 3
4

Conversion Of Decimals Into Fractions

If you want to convert 0.023 into a fraction, you first make it as a whole number. That means
you need to multiply it by 1000 so that you get 23,oppositely, if you divide 23 by 1000 you
get 0.023, which can be shown like this.

0.023×1000=23
23
0.023 = 23÷1000 = which is the form of fraction.
1000
Exercise 1 - page 4 - book ①

Multiplying Fraction

Example question: There is a cake on the table. The half of one-third of the cake is
chocolate. What is the proportion of chocolate cake?

In the question, you have to identify whether it is multiplication or division, which can be
identified by the word “of”.

The word “of” means “multiplied by”. So,

The half of one third of the cake means

1 1
× × 1, where “1” indicates the whole cake (we can ignore 1)
2 3

To get the product of fractions, you should multiply numerators and denominators
separately.

1 1 1×1 1
× = =
2 3 2×3 6

1
Since is the simplest form of fraction, it is the answer.
6

3 4
Note that 2 × 3 has two ways to solve it.

First one is like this.

4 3 12 2×6 6 6×1 1
× = = = = =
9 8 72 2 × 36 36 6 × 6 6

Second one is like this.

Conversion of Mix Number into Improper Number

2
A proper fraction is the fraction whose numerator is less than the denominator. E.g:-
5

5
An improper fraction is the fraction whose denominator is less than numerator. E.g:-
2

3
A mix number is the number consisting of a proper fraction and an integer. E.g:- 2
5
If there is a mix number in the multiplication of a fraction, you have to convert it into an
improper number before calculating.

For example,

𝑦
𝑥 can be converted doing the following calculation :
𝑧

integer(x) × denominator(z) + numerator(y) / denominator(z)

3 2×4+3 11
Apply for 2 : =
4 4 4

If there is a whole number in the multiplication of a fraction, you must convert it into an
improper number before calculating.

5
5=5÷1=
1
2
Example question: 2 × 4
3

2 2 × 3 + 2 4 8 4 32
2 ×4= × = × =
3 3 1 3 1 3

Exercise 2 - page 7 - book ①

Dividing Fraction

This is similar to multiplication of the fraction.

Before calculating, you should convert mix numbers and whole numbers into improper
numbers. And also, you have to turn the second fraction upside down and multiply.

2 8 3 8 1 8
2 ÷3= ÷ = × =
3 3 1 3 3 9

Exercise 3 - page 9 - book ①

Adding And Subtracting Fraction

● To add or subtract fractions, put them over a common denominator.

3 2
For example… +
4 5

Make the denominator the same. You can put 20 by multiplying 4 by 5 and 5 by 4

3 2 3×5 2×4
+ = +
4 5 4×5 5×4
You can’t just multiply only denominators but also numerators by the same number.

3 2 3 × 5 2 × 4 15 8 23
+ = + = + =
4 5 4 × 5 5 × 4 20 20 20

After you make the denominator the same and multiply the numerator by the same number,
you then add only numerator, so that you can get the answer.

Exercise 4 - page 10 - book ①- 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,14

<Order Of Operation>

If you see the expression like 7 − 3 ÷ (5 − 2) × 22 + 5, you should follow the following points
in order.

1. Brackets
2. Indices
3. Division and multiplication from left to right
4. Addition and subtraction from left to right

7⧿3÷(5⧿2)×2²+5
=7⧿3÷3×2²+5
=7⧿3÷3×4+5
=7⧿1×4+5
=7⧿4+5
=3+5
=8

Exercise 5 - page 12 - book ① - 1 to 8

<Significant figures and decimal places>

Significant figure is counted from the left of the first non-zero digit

For example, when rounding to 2s.f., look at the third s.f.

(a) 4509
(b) 2356
(c) 4189
(d) 0.0236 counting from non zero digit which is 2

If it is greater than or equal to five then round the second figure up by adding 1.
If it is not greater than or equal to five, you just cut off after the second figure.

(a) 4509 0<5 cut off after 5

(b) 2356 5=5 add 1 to 2 s.f. of 3
(c) 1492 9>5 add 1 to 2 s.f. of 4
(d) 0.0236 6>5 add 1 to 2 s.f. of 3
Therefore, (a) 4500 (b) 2400 (c) 1500 (d) 0.024
Decimal figure is counted after the decimal point and to the left.

For example, when rounding to 1 d.p., look ar 2 d.p. (counting just after the decimal place)

(a) 12.436
(b) 0.0059
(c) 0.9999

If it is greater than or equal to five then round the second figure up by adding 1.
If it is not greater than or equal to five, you just cut off after the second figure.

(a) 12.436 3<5 cut off after first decimal place

(b) 0.0059 0<5 cut off after first decimal place
(c) 0.9999 9>5 add one to first decimal place of 9

Therefore, (a) 12.4 (b) 0.0 (c) 1.0

Exercise 6 - page 14 - book ①

Exam practice - page 17 - book ①