Hindawi

International Journal of Chemical Engineering

Volume 2022, Article ID 8485038, 7 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8485038

Research Article
Study on Mechanical Properties of Banana Fiber-Reinforced
Materials Poly (Lactic Acid) Composites

Tuan Anh Nguyen and Thi Huong Nguyen

Faculty of Chemical Technology, Hanoi University of Industry (HaUI), No. 298 Cau Dien, North District Tu Liem,
Hanoi, Vietnam

Correspondence should be addressed to Tuan Anh Nguyen; anhnt@haui.edu.vn

Received 8 April 2022; Revised 25 May 2022; Accepted 10 June 2022; Published 29 June 2022

Academic Editor: Selvaraju Narayanasamy

Copyright © 2022 Tuan Anh Nguyen and Thi Huong Nguyen. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative
Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original work is properly cited.

Synthetic materials reinforced with natural fibers are attracting great attention of scientists and researchers. Sustainability and eco-
friendly nature along with easy availability and low cost are the key reasons. In this work, a natural fiber such as a banana fiber was
investigated to create bioavailable materials while enhancing mechanical properties. The banana fiber was extracted from banana
sheath by the mechanical method combined with chemical treatment with NaOH 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%. Treatment of the banana fiber
with NaOH effectively removes other impurities from the fiber surface and the fiber surface becomes rough, increasing the
compatibility and bonding between banana fiber and PLA. The reported optimum NaOH concentration was 5% banana fiber used
for the material polylactic acid (PLA) composite/banana fiber. The composites (BF) were prepared by the hot melt mixing method.
The results showed that 20% by weight of banana fiber gave good results and the mechanical strength values kept at the specified
level (tensile strength: 52.57 MPa, flexural strength: 70.35 MPa, impact strength: 155.45 J/m and hardness: 23.8 Hv). SEM ob-
servations showed visual evidence that surface impurities were removed from the fiber by NaOH treatment.

1. Introduction activities show that biological compounds such as used

coffee grounds [6], sisal fibers [7], lemon and lime peels [8],
Natural fibers today play an important role as reinforcement cellulose, and silk [9], various fillers obtained from the
in biocomposites due to their properties such as biode- outermost skins of onions, potatoes, and carrots [10] are an
gradability, nontoxicity, recyclability, and light weight [1]. approach that produce biomaterials with desired specific
The most important components of natural fibers are properties. A number of works have also studied and made
hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, pectin, and waxes [2]. environmentally friendly composite materials using green
Natural fibers are, in general, available in leaves, fruits, seeds, additives such as fly ash [11, 12], nanoclay [13] carbon
grasses, silks, woods, lobes, and stems of plants [3]. Many nanotubes, and at the same time, by hybridizing them [14].
research works are being done with natural fibers such as Banana fibers have been studied and used as reinforcement
coir, bamboo, banana, flax, jute, hemp, kenaf, hemp, bagasse, for petroleum-based plastic composites such as epoxy [15]
straw, turpentine, rice husk, grass, rapeseed, pandan fiber, and especially bioplastics such as PLA [16–18]. Banana fiber
etc. M. Ramesh et al. studied to fabricate banana-hemp-glass is used as a reinforcing material for epoxy-based composites;
hybrid composites to evaluate mechanical properties such as at the ratio of 50% banana fiber and 50% epoxy resin, the
tensile strength, flexural strength, and impact strength [4]. material can withstand higher loads than other ratios [19].
Rahul K. et al. also studied the treatment and character- On the other hand, in order to improve the properties as well
ization of banana fibers reinforced with epoxy composites as expand the application of banana fibers, Manickam
with a nano silica filler [5]. In addition, recent research Ramesh and his colleagues continue to research and
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2 International Journal of Chemical Engineering

fabricate hybrid materials between the banana fiber and Table 1: Physical properties of the banana fiber [19].
carbon fiber. Hybrid composites containing 20% carbon S. No Property Range
fiber and 80% banana fiber give high mechanical strength
1 Cellulose (%) 62.5–66.98
[20]. (e banana fiber has also been studied in combination 2 Hemicellulose (%) 18–19
with a glass fiber and hemp fiber reinforcement for epoxy- 3 Lignin (%) 4.5–5.0
based composites [21]. In addition, the study of the si- 4 Moisture (%) 10–11
multaneous combination of banana fibers and solid grass 5 Density (g/cm3) 1–1.5
fibers for polyester-based composites can be applied in 6 Elongation at break (%) 4.7–6.6
lightweight details and components such as car dashboards, 7 Young’s modulus (GPa) 18.5–20.1
soundproof panels, etc. [22]. (e results show that the re- 8 Microfibrillar angle (deg.) 11
inforcement with the natural-origin banana fiber has opened 9 Lumen size (mm) 5
the future for a green, highly degradable material that
promises many industrial applications. (e objective of this
study was to extract banana fibers from banana sheath by 2.2.2. Characterization. Tensile strength was determined
mechanical means combined with the use of the basic according to an ISO 527-1993 standard on INSTRON 5582-
chemical NaOH. Initial assessment mechanical properties of 100 kN machine (USA) with tensile speed 5 mm/min,
PLA/banana fiber biomaterials at different banana fiber mass temperature 250°C, and humidity 75%. Bending strength
contents: 10 wt.%, 20 wt.%, and 30 wt.% banana fiber. was determined according to ISO 178-1993 standard on an
INSTRON 5582-100 kN machine (USA) with bending speed
5 mm/min, temperature 250°C, and humidity 75%. Izod
2. Experimental Procedure impact strength was determined according to the ASTM
D265 standard on the Tinius Olsen machine (USA). (e
2.1. Materials. Polylactic acid (PLA 4042 D, Mw: 1,65,000 g/
hardness test is performed in the hardness tester according
mol), the MFI for PLA is 1 to 2 g/10·min (190°C, 2.19 kg)
to the recommended standard by ASTM D2583 at Research
(Sigma-Aldrich Vietnam). (e banana fiber is made from
Center for Polymer Materials, Hanoi University of Science
the bark of a banana tree (Vietnam), density (kg/cm3): 1.39,
and Technology. SEM of banana fiber-reinforced PLA resin
cellulose: (wt%) 62.5–66.98, lignin (wt%): 4.5–5.0, hemi-
composites treated with NaOH was analyzed by a scanning
cellulose (wt%): 10–18. NaOH (Sigma-Aldrich Vietnam).
electron microscope JSM 6490 (JEOL-Japan) at the Material
Physical properties of the banana fiber (see Table 1).
Damage Assessment Department, Institute of Materials
Science – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology with
an acceleration voltage of 10 kV.
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Sample Preparation and Characterization. Banana 3. Results and Discussion
stems were collected from Tay Tuu Ward, Bac Tu Liem
District, Hanoi City, Vietnam, and the banana stems were 3.1. Research on Making Banana Fibers from Banana Tree
washed. We use a knife to separate each banana stem and Sheath. (e fabricated banana fiber image is presented in
wash it with clean water. (en, we separate the inner and Figure 2. Natural fiber composite materials have lower
outer sheaths. Dried banana stems were soaked in NaOH physical and mechanical properties than glass fiber and
solution (at concentrations of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5% by weight) carbon fiber composites, namely, tensile strength, flexural
for 24 h at room temperature. (en, the fibers were cleaned strength, impact strength, and stiffness. (e main reason is
with distilled water to remove NaOH particles on the fiber that natural fibers have many other impurities and especially
surface. After being dried under sunlight for two days, the hygroscopic properties. (erefore, it affects the adhesion
fibers were left in an oven at 900C–100 C for 24 hours to between the fiber and the plastic. (e quality of the fiber-
make sure that the water is completely removed from the resin interaction surface plays an important role in the use of
fibers (see Figure 1). natural fibers as reinforcing fibers for composites. (erefore,
(e PLA/banana fiber biocomposite film (0 wt.%, 10 physical and chemical methods have been used to solve this
wt.%, 20 wt.%, 30 wt.% banana fiber) was fabricated using a problem, thereby improving the properties of the composite
film extrusion process. Initially, PLA pellets and banana or overcoming the phenomenon of substandard reduction in
fibers were dried at 80°C for 12 h in a hot air oven. (en, both strength.
PLA and banana fibers were manually mixed and the PLA/ (e stress transfer at the interface between the two
banana fiber mixture was then fed into an extruder to melt fiber–resin phases is determined by the degree of adhesion,
the mixture at a screw speed of 60 rpm, 10 min. (e melting which is essential for effective stress transfer and load dis-
point is kept at 180°C. PLA-10: Base resin/banana fiber tribution on the system across the interface phase split.
(PLA/banana fiber � 90/10), with the rate of 10% reinforced (erefore, in order to have good mechanical properties of
fiber and 90% plastic base. PLA-20: Base resin/banana fiber this composite material, the improvement of the interaction
(PLA/banana fiber � 80/20), with the ratio of 20% fiber and on the phase division surface becomes the main concern of
80% base resin. PLA-30: Base resin/banana fiber (PLA/ba- cellulose fiber application studies. One of the simple, ef-
nana fiber � 70/30), with the ratio of 30% reinforced fiber fective and, economical methods is to use common chem-
and 70% plastic base. icals such as NaOH to extract and at the same time pretreat
 8293, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/8485038, Wiley Online Library on [10/07/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
International Journal of Chemical Engineering 3

NaOH,
1-5 wt.%

Banana stem 24 hour,

room temperature

Figure 1: Retreatment process of Banana fiber (BF).

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 2: Image of a banana fiber extracted from the banana stem, treated with NaoH solution at different concentrations: (a) -NaoH 1%, (b)
-NaoH 2%, (c) -NaoH 4%, and (d) -NaoH 5%.

the fiber surface. NaOH treatment of fibers effectively fiber-matrix interface because a well-formed interface
removes noncellulose fibers and other impurities from the allows for a better stress transfer from the matrix to the
fiber surface and makes the fiber surface smooth. This leads fiber.
to a better alignment on the interface with the base material, Therefore, good interface adhesion between matrix and
the degree of fiber-resin compatibility, and enhanced wet- fiber is essential to improve the mechanical strength in
ting characteristics. composites. It is clear that surface treatments enhance the
strength impact of biological materials significantly. When
treating banana fibers with NaOH solution at different
3.2. Mechanical Properties of Treated and Untreated BF. concentrations (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 wt.%), components such as
In this work, different concentrations of NaOH were used hemicellulose, lignin, etc. are removed. Research results
(1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% mass). The results show that the show that treating banana fibers with 5% NaOH solution
fabricated fibers have the characteristics of a uniform gives the best roughness.
structure, toughness, and relatively uniform size (Figure 3). The compatibility between natural fibers and fibers is one
Study on the influence of NaOH content on the prop- of the major determinants of the mechanical and thermal
erties of banana fibers when using reinforcement for properties of synthetic materials. The adhesion of fiber and
composites based on the PLA resin. The results are presented plastic is clearly shown in Figure 4; under the effect of force,
as shown in Figure 3. When banana fibers are treated with it is difficult for banana fiber to be released from the plastic
NaOH, chemicals such as lignin, cellulose, hemicelluloses, substrate. Visually, it can be seen that the bond between the
and wax are removed using fibers after being treated with fiber and the resin is high. Adhesion or wetting ability on the
reinforced NaOH for PLA plastic composites. The test re- banana fiber-PLA interface surface achieves high
sults are shown in Figure 3 and show that with 5% NaOH, compatibility.
the mechanical properties are higher than the remaining Figures 4(b) and 4(c): the banana fiber clearly bonded
contents. Figure 3 shows that the mechanical properties such very well to the PLA resin. After the surface is broken, there
as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and is still a part of the banana fiber protruding on the plastic
hardness have decreased but not much. surface. It proves that the banana fiber adheres well and is
Among them, the material in which the banana fiber is very compatible with PLA plastic. The SEM image further
treated at 4% by mass of NaOH has higher and reduced revealed that the surface was even and smooth and there
mechanical properties compared to the base resin but were no significant defects on the cracked surface. Thus, the
remains at the specified level (tensile strength: 52.57 MPa, proposed SEM microimage shows that chemical treatment
strength bending: 70.35 MPa, impact strength: 155.45 J/m tends to remove impurities from the surface of the banana
and hardness: 23.8 Hv). Usually, the quality of a fiber- fiber and thus can generate more functional groups to bind
reinforced composite is significantly dependent on the and improve wetting properties.
 8293, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/8485038, Wiley Online Library on [10/07/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
4 International Journal of Chemical Engineering

Tenslile strength Flexural strength

60 78
76
50

Flexural strength (MPa)

Tenslile strength (MPa)
74
40 72
30 70
68
20
66
10 64

0 62
0 1 2 3 4 5
0 1 2 3 4 5 NaOH (%)
NaOH (%)
Hardness Impact strength
25 250
24
200

Impact strenght (J/m)

23
Hardness (Hv)

22 150

21 100
20
50
19
18 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 0 1 2 3 4 5
NaOH (%) NaOH (%)
Figure 3: Effect of treated NaOH content on mechanical properties of BF.

IMS-NKL 5.0kV 5.5mm × 100 SE (M) 500um IMS-NKL 5.0kV 5.5mm × 300 SE (M) 100um

(a) (b)
Figure 4: Continued.
 8293, 2022, 1, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2022/8485038, Wiley Online Library on [10/07/2024]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
International Journal of Chemical Engineering 5

Banana fiber

IMS-NKL 5.0kV 5.5mm × 1.00k SE (M) 50.0um IMS-NKL 5.0kV 5.5mm × 200 SE (M) 200 um

(c) (d)

Figure 4: SEM of PLA/banana fiber composites: (a) – 10 wt.%, (b, c) – 20 wt.%, (d) -30 wt.% banana fiber.

56 76
Flexural strength (MPa)
Tenslile strength (MPa)

54
74
52
50 72
48
46 70
44 68
42
40 66
PLA PLA-10 PLA-20 PLA-30 PLA PLA-10 PLA-20 PLA-30
PLA/Banana composite PLA/Banana composite

250
23.5
Impact strength (J/m)

23
200
22.5
Hardness (Hv)

22 150
21.5
21 100
20.5
50
20
19.5 PLA PLA-10 PLA-20 PLA-30 0
PLA PLA-10 PLA-20 PLA-30
PLA/Banana composite PLA/Banana composite
Figure 5: Mechanical properties of PLA/Banana fiber composites, with different contents: 10 wt.%, 20 wt.% and 30 wt.% Banana fiber.

3.3. Mechanical Properties of Composites. Effects of the ba- of banana fibers, the flexural strength decreased, but not
nana fiber content on the mechanical properties of PLA/ much, still kept at the specified level. At 10% mass of banana
banana fiber composites are presented in Figure 5. We found fibers, the impact strength decreased, but not much, still kept
that when adding 10%, 20%, and 30% banana fiber to PLA, at the specified level.
respectively, the tensile strength tends to decrease. At 30% of The above results show that the chemical change has
banana fibers, the quality decreased the most; it can be changed the surface topology of banana fibers and played an
explained that at this rate the combination or in other words, important role in the mechanical properties of biosynthetic
the degree of compatibility is not good leading to a decrease materials. The results of the mechanical properties in Fig-
in compatibility. At 20% weight of the banana fiber, the ure 5 are consistent with the structural morphological
tensile strength decreased, but not much, still kept at the characteristics in Figure 4. During hydration, NaOH
specified level. removes some amount of lignin, pectin, and wax from the
When 10%, 20%, and 30% banana fiber were added to surface of fibrous cell walls, thereby increasing surface
PLA, respectively, the flexural strength tended to decrease. roughness. This resulted in improved adhesion between the
At 30% of banana fibers, the decrease in properties was the banana fiber surfaces to the biocomposite of PLA. Therefore,
greatest; it can be explained that at this ratio, the combi- the mechanical properties of the natural fiber reinforced
nation or in other words, the degree of compatibility is not materials are not reduced much, still meeting the require-
good, leading to a decrease in compatibility. At 20% weight ments within the technical limits.
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6 International Journal of Chemical Engineering

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2079189, 6 pages, 2020.
(e authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
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