1 fz;b ,uhr;rpak;

,t; mj;jpahaj;jpd; %yk; gpd;tUk; Kf;fpa tplaq;fis mwpe;J

nfhs;syhk;.

v fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; G+Nfhs mikg;G

v fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; mjid Ml;rp nra;j kd;du;fSk;

v mk;kd;du;fsJ murpay;> nghUshjhu> r%fg; gz;ghl;Lg; gzpfs;

v fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fk; Nkiyj; Njrj;jpw;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;Gk;

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murpay; nghUshjhu epiyikAk;

1 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 G+Nfhs mikg;G
fz;b ,uhr;rpak; mikag;ngw;w kj;jpa kiyehlhdJ kiyfshYk;>
MWfshYk;> fhLfshYk;> ePu;epiyfshYk; #og;gl;l ,aw;ifahd
ghJfhg;G muz;fs; epiwe;j gpuNjrkhFk;. kj;jpa kiyfisr; #oTs;s
gue;j rkntspfspy; ntg;gk; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;l NghjpYk; kj;jpa
kiyehL rpwg;ghd fhyepiyiaf; nfhz;ljhf tpsq;fpaJ. kj;jpa
kiy ehl;bd; G+Nfhs mikg;ghdJ %d;W E}w;whz;Lfshf Nky;
ehl;ltuJ Mf;fpukpg;gpypUe;J fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; ghJfhf;f cjtpaJ

,yq;ifapd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhj;j ,Wjp murhd ,J> mEuhjGu

,uhrjhdpfF; mLj;jjhf ePzl; fhyk; epiyj;jpUe;j ,uhrjhdpahf ,Ue;j
ngUikiag; ngWfpwJ. fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Muk;g fhyj;jpy; Ie;J
gpuNjrq;fis cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jJ.

1. rpJUthd - cLEtu> cl gyhj;j

2. gytpl; l - `up]; g j; J t
3. khj; j is - khj; j is
4. Jk; g iw - Jk; g iw
5. rfkJd; u l; l - tyg; g d> N`thn`l; l

fz;b ,uhr;rpak; gy ngau;fspy; miof;fg;gl;lJ mitahtd :

1. gQ; r kiyehL
2. nrq; f lfy ,uhr; r pak; (nrq; f lfyGua)
3. kiyehL
4. fz; b (k`Etu)
5. =tu; j ; j dGu

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 2
 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; 1658 - 1815
aho; g ; g hzk;

fz;b ,uhr;rpa vy;iy - 1658

fz;b ,uhr;rpa vy;iy - 1670

gpd; vy;iy - 1776

Etufyhtpa

jk
d;f
Lt

jk; G s; s

VO Nfhwis

FUehfy;
khj;jis
Jk;giw
epy; y k; N g
abEtu `q; F uhd; n fj; j
cLEtu N`thn`l; l
tyg; g id nty; y r
clgyhj
mf; f iug; g w; W
gJis
nfhOk; G Cth

rg; g pufKt

iky;
khj; j iw
fhyp

3 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 fz; b ,uhr; r p a j; j p d ; Njhw; w k;

fz;b ,uhr;rpak; gjpide;jhk; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug; gFjpapy;

Muk;gkhdJ. Mwhk; guhf;fpukghF kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; Nfhl;il
,uhr;rpaj;jpd; fPo; ,Ue;j fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijj; jdp murhf;Fk; nghUl;L
,sturd; N[hjpa fpsu;r;rp nra;jhd;. me;jf; fpsu;r;rp Njhy;tpaile;j
NghjpYk; fp.gp 1469 ,y; Nrdh
N[hjpa ,sturd; rk; k j tpf; f pukghF vd; g td;
Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpa kd;dd; 6Mk; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpwF ; vjpuhff;
guhf; f pukghFtpdhy; fz; b apd; fpsu;rr; p nra;J fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijj;
gpuNjr Ml;rpahsdhf epakpf;fg; Njhw;Wtpgg ; jpy; ntw;wp fz;lhd;.
gl; l td; . ,tdhy; murDf; F me;j ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; jiyefuhf
vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l tpsq;fpaJ nrq;flfy efuhFk;.
fyfj;ij mk;GYfy ,sturd;
mlf;fpdhd;.

Nrdhrk;kj tpf;ukghF fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij mikf;Fk; NghJ

fk;gis> rpJWthd> njEtu> gytpl> khj;jis> gd;rpa gj;Jt>
Cth Mfpa gpuNjrq;fs; ,e;j ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F cl;gl;bUe;jJ.

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Njhw;wk; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fg; ngUk;

rthyhf mike;jJ. fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L
tu Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Fwpf;NfhshapUe;jJ.
,jdhy; fp.gp 1470 njhlf;fk; 125 Mz;Lfs; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; nghUl;Lf; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Nghuhl Ntz;ba epiy Vw;gl;lJ.

fp.gp 1540Mk; Mz;L Nfhl;il> rPjhthf;if Mfpa ,uhr;rpaq;fs;

,uz;Lk; xd;wpize;J fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F mr;RWj;jyhf tpsq;fpd.
,t;Ntisfspy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; cjtpia ehLjy; my;yJ Nfhl;il
Ml;rpahsu;fSld; ey;Ywit Vw;gLj;Jjy; vd;gijf; fz;b muru;fs;
jk; FwpfN; fhshff; nfhz;ldu;. ,jd;nghUl;L mbf;fb tpthfj; njhlu;Gfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;ld. vdpDk; Nfhl;il> rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaq;fs; jk;
muRfis tpupTg;gLj;jpaikAk; gyg;gLj;jpaikAk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpwF ; r;
rthyhf mike;jd.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 4
 fp.gp 1574 ,y; rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpqf; dpd; gilfs; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij
Mf;fpukpjJ ; gydf; fzthiaf; ifg;gw;wpaJ. fz;b murdpd; cjtpfF ; g;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfag;gil te;jNghJ> fz;bg;gilahy; rPjhthf;if gilapdu;
tpul;babf;fg;gl;bUe;jdu;. fp.gp 1582 ,y; kPz;Lk; rPjhthf;ifg; gil
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kPJ jhf;Fjiy Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ fuypaj;j
gz;lhud; (fp.gp 1552 - 1582) jd; FLk;gj;Jld; kd;dhUf;Fj; jg;gpNahb>
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; jQ;rkile;jhd;. rPjhthf;if kd;dd; ,uh[rpq;fd;
fz;biaj; jd; fl;Lg;ghl;bd; fPo; nfhz;L te;J> mjd; gpujpepjpahf
(rhkd;j) tPuRe;ju gz;lhuit
epakpj; j hd; . rpy ehl; f spy; rhkd;j :
,td;kPJ re;Njfg;gl;l kd;dd; Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpypUe;J
je; j pukhf mtidf; nfhiy KOikahd Rahl;rp ngWtjw;F Kd;
nra;jhd;. gpdd ; u; rPjhthf;if mur mjd; Ml;rpahsd;; rhkd;j vdg;gl;lhd;
kuigr; Nru; e ; j gpujpepjpahf mjhtJ rhkd;j vd;gJ gpuNjr
epakpj;
epf;fg;gjpl;hd;
ba. gz;lhuitg; Ml;rpahsd; vd;gJ nghUshFk;.
gpujpepjpahf epakpj;jhd;.

FRkhrdNjtp nlhdh fjuPdh

vDk; ngaupYk;> akrpqf; gz;lhu rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;fd;
njhd;gpypg; vDk; ngaupYk;> jdJ.,Wjpff ; hyj;jpy; irtrkaj;ijj;
Nfhzg;G gz;lhu x]; j pupa jOtpf; nfhz; l hd; . mjd; g pd; d u;
njhd; [_thd; vDk; ngaupYk; mtd; ngsj; j tpfhiufisAk; >
jpUKOf;Fg; ngw;wdu;. ngsj; j E}y; f isAk; mopj; j hd; .
,jdhy; fz;b ,uhr;rpa kf;fspdJ
ntWg;Gf;F Mshdhd;. ,uh[rpq;fdpd; mr;RWj;jYf;Fg; gae;J
Nghu;jJ
; f;Nfauplk; jQ;rk;GFe;j fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpwF; cupikAilatSk;>
fuypaj;j gz;lhudpd; kfSkhd FRkhrd Njtp fj;Njhypf;f rkaj;ijj;
jOtpdhs;. mt;thNw akrpq;f gz;lhud;> tPuRe;ju gz;lhudpd; kfd;
Nfhzg; G gz; l hud; MfpNahu; fj; N jhypf; f rkaj; i jj; jOtpg;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; jatpy; tho;e;jdu;. ,t;Ntisapy; njhd; [_thd;
jiyikapy; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fg; gilnahd;W mDg;gg;gl;lJ. kpf
vspjhff; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpa Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; njhd; gpypg;ig
murdhf;fpdu;. fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; jiyaPl;bd;
milahskhf ,J mike;jJ.

5 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 kd;dd; 1 Mk; tpkyju;k#upa (fp.gp 1592 - 1604)
jkJ Rje; j puj; i j cau; t hff; fUjpa fz; b r; rpq; f stu; >
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; mjpfhuj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s tpUk;gtpy;iy. fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Nfw;gl;l ,e;epiyikapypUe;J mjid kPl;gjw;F Nfhzg;G
gz;lhu jiyik jhq;fpdhd;. akrpq;f gz;lhu mur fl;bNywp rpy
khjq;fspy; kuzkile;jhd;. njhd; [_thd; (Nfhzg;G gz;lhu)
Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rpnra;J fp.gp. 1592y; Kjyhk;
tpkyju;k#upad; (fp.gp. 1592 - 1604) vd;w ngaupy; murdhdhd;. fp.gp.
1592 ,y; rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpq;fd; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij
Mf;fpukpjj
; NghjpYk; rpwe;j tPudhd tpkyju;k#upad; mjid Kwpabj;jhd;.
,uh[rpq;fd; jpUk;gp tUifapy; ngj;jq;nfhilapy; %q;fpy; rpuha;
Fj;jpajhy; fp.gp. 1593 ,y; ,we;jhd;.

rPjhthf;if ,uh[rpqf ; dpd; kuzj;jpd; gpdd ; u; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpwF ; g;

Nghu; j ; J f; N fauhy; mr; R Wj; j y; Vw; g l; l J. fp.gp. 1592 ,y; fz; b
,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wk; nghUl;L Nghu;jJ ; f;Nfauhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Kaw;rp Kw;wpYk; Njhy;tpAw;wjhy; NfhgKw;w Nghu;jJ ; f;Nfau; fp.gp 1594 ,y;
NgNuh NyhNg]; b#rhtpd b#rhtpd; fP o ; ngUk; gilnahd; i wf; fz; b
,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wk; nghUl;L mDg;gpdu;. jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;j
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Ml;rpf;F cupj;jhspahd FRkhrd Njtpia
rpk;khrdNkw;wp tpkyju;k #upa kd;ddpd; Ml;rpiaf; ftpo;g;gNj
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jikahy; ,g;gilAld; FRkhrd
NjtpAk; mDg;gg;gl;lhu;.

me;jg; gil nrq;flfiyia mz;kpj;jJk;> kd;dd; tpkyju;k#upad;

fLfz; z hitf; F mUfpYs; s je; J Nu vDk; ,lj; j py; mjid
Kwpabj;jhd;. ,J je;JNu Nghu; vdg;gl;lJ. gilj;jsgjp #rhTk;
kuzkhdhd;. FRkhrdNjtpia Nghu;j;Jf;NfauplkpUe;J tpLtpj;j
tpkyju;k#upad;> mtisj; jd; kidtpahf;fpdhd;. tpkyju;k#upad;
mur kugpypUe;J> tuhtpl;lhYk; rpk;khrd cupikAila FRkhrd
Njtpiaj; jd; kidtpahf;fpf; nfhz;ljhy; jd; Ml;rpAupikia NkYk;
cWjp nra;J nfhz;lhd;. fz;b ,uhrjhdpapy; Gjpa mur guk;giu
cUthdJ.
y];fupd; gilapdu; vd;gJ
Nghu; j ; J f; N faupd; fP o ; je;JNug; Nghupy; Njhy;tpAw;w gpd;
gzpahw;wpa cs;ehl;Lg; jk; i k ed; F gyg; g Lj; j pf; nfhz; l
giltPuu;fs;. Nghu;jJ
; f;Nfau; 1602 ,y; njhd; n[udpNkh
b mrNtJtpd; fPo; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij
Mf;fpukpj;jdu;. me;j Mf;fpukpg;gpd; NghJ gyd tiuapYk; mtu;fs;
Kd;Ndwpr; nrd;wdu;. vdpDk; mtu;fNshL ,Ue;j y];fupd; gilapdu;

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 6
kd;dd; tpkyju;k#upadpd; gilAld; Nru;e;jdu;. ,jdhy; Mf;fpukpg;Gr;
nra;j Nghu;j;Jf;Nfag;giliaj; Njhw;fbj;j tpkyju;k#upad; fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;ijf; fhg;ghw;wpf; nfhz;lhd;. ,J gyd Nghu
Nghu; vdg;gl;lJ.
Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upad; murdhFk; NghJ Ie;J gpuptpwF ; khj;jpuk;
cl;gl;bUe;j fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; VO Nfhwis> ehd;F Nfhwis> %d;W
Nfhwis> rg;ufKth Nghd; w rP j hthf; i f ,uhrjhdpfSf; F upa
gpuNjrq;fisAk; ,izj;J ,uhr;rpaj;ijg; gutyhf;fpdhd;.

Kjyhk; tpkyju; k #upa kd; d dpd; rkag; gzpfs;

­ Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upad; murdhdJk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; rpq;fs

nkhopAk;> ngsj;j kjKk; vOr;rp ngw;wJ. fPo;ehl;Lr; rpq;fs>
ngsj;ju;fspd; MjuT fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Ff; fpilj;jikahy;>
me;j ,uhr;rpak; ngsj;j kf;fspd; kj;jpa epiyakhff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
­ ,uj;jpdGupf;F mUfpYs;s njy;fKt tpfhiuapy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j
je;jjhJ (gw;rpd;dk;) nrq;flfiyf;F nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. mq;F
mikf;fg;gl;bUe;j jyjh khspifapy; mJ itf;fg;gl;lJld; Mz;L
NjhWk; jyjh Cu;tyk; (ngu`u) nry;tJk; Muk;gkhdJ.
­ gu;khtpypUe;J (kpad;khu;) Gj;j gpf;Ffis tutioj;J jpUk;gTk;
cgrk;gjh rlq;if nra;tpj;jhd;.
­ yq;fhjpyf> njfy;njhUt> upjptpfhiu> flyhnjdpa tpfhiu Nghd;w
gytpfhiufis Gdu;epu;khzk; nra;jhd;.
Kjyhk; tpkyju;k #upa kd;ddpd; nghUshjhug; gzpfs;
Kjyhk; tpkyju; k #upadpd; fhyj; j py; fz; b ,uhr; r paj; j pd;
nghUshjhu mgptpUj; j papd; gy nraw; w pl; l q; f s; Kd; n dLj; J r;
nry;yg;gl;ld. Cthg; gpuNjrj;jpy; ,Uk;Gj; njhopYk;> nfhj;kiy> tyg;gd>
`up];gj;J> N`thn`l;l> cLEtu> al;bEtu> clJk;gu vDk;
gpuNjrq;fspy; tptrhaj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; nghUl;L eltbf;iffSk;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
nraw; g hL
1 Mk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;dd; nra;j Nritfs; Ie;ijj; jUf.

kd;dd; nrduj; (fp.gp 1604 - 1635)

Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upadpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; mtdJ rNfhjudhd
nrduj; murdhdhd;. mtd; typik tha;e;jtdhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
Nghu; j ; J f; N faUld; rkhjhdkhf ,Uf; F k; nghUl; L fp.gp 1617y;
mtu;fNshL cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhs;tjw;F eltbf;if vLj;jhd;.
,e;j cld;gbf;ifapy; kd;dd; nrduj;jpd; Nehf;fk; epiwNtwtpy;iy.

7 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfa fg;gpj;jhd; n[duyhd nfhd;];jhe;ijd; B rh
fp.gp 1630,y; ngUk; gilAld; Cthg; gpuNjrj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jhd;.
Nghu; tPudhd nrduj; kd;ddpd; kfd; ,uh[rpq;fdhy; topelj;jpr;
nry;yg;gl;l Nghu;g; gil gJisf;F te;jJ. Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUld; te;j
rpqf; sg; giltPuu; murNdhL ,ize;jjhy; Nghu;jJ ; f;Nfag;gil tpiutpy;
gpd; t hq; f paJ. ue; n jdpntiyapy; Nghu; j ; J f; N fag; g iltP u u; f s;
nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. fg;gpj;jhd; n[duy; nfhd;];jhe;ijd; B rhTk;
nfhy;yg;gl;lhd;. ,J ue;njdpnty Nghu; vdg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Gfo; Xq;fpaJ.

kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1635 - 1687)

nrduj; jk; %d;W gps;isfSf;Fk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Ml;rpiag;
gfpu;e;jspj;jhd;.

¯ fz;b - ,sturd; kfh m];jhd (,uh[rpq;fd;)

¯ khj;jis - ,sturd; tp[aghy
¯ Cth - ,sturd; Fkhurpq;fd;
je;ijapd; kuzj;jpd; gpdd
; u; ,sturd; ,uh[rpqf
; d; 2k; ,uh[rpqf
; d;
vd;w ngaUld; murdhdhd;. (fp.gp 1635 - 1687) Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu
,yq;ifapypUe;J mfw;WtNj mtdJ xNu Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ.
fp.gp1630,y; mtd; xy;yhe;jUld; njhlu;G nfhz;lJk; ,e;Nehf;fj;ij
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhfNtahFk;.
xy;yhe;jUldhd ,uh[rpqf ; dpd; njhlu;ig mwpej
; fg;gpjhd; n[duy;
jpNahF j nkNyh> f];Nuhtpd; jiyikapy; fp.gp 1638 ,y; fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpf;fg; ngUk; gilia mDg;gpdhd;. Nghu;jJ ; f;Nfau;
rpq;fsg; giliaf; fz;bf;F mUfpYs;s fd;ndhWt vd;w ,lj;jpy;
re;jpj;jdu;. ,J fd;ndhWt Nghu; vdg;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghupy; Nghu;jJ; f;Nfag;
gil fz;b ,uhr;rpag; gilahy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lJld; Nghu;jJ ; f;Nfauhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l mr;RWj;jYk; KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ.
Nghu;jJ
; f;Nfaiu ,yq;ifapypUe;J mfw;Wtjw;F 2 Mk; ,uh[rpqf
; d;
gy eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;lhd;. kl;lf;fsg;G> jpUNfhzkiy Nghd;w
JiwKfq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaik mitfspy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
1. fp.gp 1630 Mk; Mz;L je;ijf;F gjpyhf elj;jprn
; rd;W uj;njdpntyg;
Nghupy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfag; gilia Kwpabj;jy;.
2. fp.gp 1638 Mk; Mz;L Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUf;F vjpuhf cjtp ngWk;
nghUl;L xy;yhe;jUld; cld;gbf;if nra;J nfhs;sy;.
3. fp.gp 1638 Mk; Mz;L fz;ndhWthg; Nghupy; Nghu;jJ; f;Nfa gilia
Kwpabj;jy;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 8
 4. fp.gp 1658 ,y; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu Kw;whf mfw;Wk; tiuapy;
xy;yhe;jUld; ,ize;J fiuNahug;gFjpfspy; Nghu; nra;jy;.
5. mg; Nghu;fspy; Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaupd; fPopUe;j ngUk; gFjpiaf; fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;Jld; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sy;.
6. fp.gp 1658 ,d; gp;d;du; xy;yhe;jUld; gifikNahL nraw;gl;lhd;.

Nghu;j;Jf;Nfaiu ,yq;ifapypUe;J tpul;Lk;

Nehf; F ld; xy; y he; j Uld; njhlu; G nfhz; l
,uz; l hk; ,uh[rpq; f dhy; Nghu; j ; J f; N faupd;
fP o pUe; j gpuNjrq; f spy; ngUk; gFjpiag;
gbg; g bahff; ifg; g w; w pf; nfhs; s f; $ bajhf
,Ue; j J. fp.gp 1658Mk; Mz; l stpy; fz; b
,uhr;rpak; Kd; vg;NghJk; ,y;yhjthW ngUk;
gFjpia cs;slf;fpajhf ,Ue;jNjhL>
Nghu; j ; J f; N faiu ,e; e hl; b ypUe; J mfw; w
Ntz;LnkDk; murdpd; Nehf;fKk;
epiwNtwpapUe;jJ.
nraw; g hL 2Mk; ,uh[rpq;fd;
,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; ,we;j NghJ fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F cupj;jhf ,Ue;j gpuNjrq;fis
cs;slf;fpa ,yq;ifapdG ; GwcUtg;glk; xd;iwj;
jahupf;Ff.
,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; mjpfhuk; gutyile;j tpjj;ij
rpwg;gpj;Jf; $Wk; fPo;tUk; rpq;fs ehl;lhu; ghliy mwpe;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.
G+ G+thk; nrt;tps ePu; njd;dk; G+tha;
miy miyahk; flypy; vOk; ePuiyahk;
gyk; gykhk; ,uhrpqf ; nja;tj;jpd; mjpgykhk;
fy; Nky; Nfhl;il fl;bdhdhk; jpUNfhzkiyapy;.
kd;dd ,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upad; (fp.gp 1687 - 1707)
,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpq;fdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;du; mtdJ kfd; ,uz;lhk;
tpkyju;k#upad; murdhdhd;. ,td; ngsj;j gpfF ; thf ePzl
; fhykpUe;J
gpd; JwT tho;f;ifapy; ,Ue;J tpLgl;L Ml;rpf;F te;jikahy; ,td;
,aw;ifahfNt rkhjhdg; gpupadhf ,Ue;jhd;.
,td; gu;khtpypUe;J (kpad;khu;) Kg;gj;jp %d;W ngsj;j gpf;Ffis
tutioj;J ,q;F cgrk;gjh rlq;if elj;jp Gj;j rhrdk; epiyngw
toptFj;jhd;.
kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; tpkyju;k#upadpd; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; xy;yhe;ju;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wg; gyKiw Kad;Wk; mJ if$ltpy;iy.
9 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
vdpDk; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jld; tu;j;jfj; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s
xy;yhe;juhy; Kbe;jJ. fp.gp 1707 [_d; khjk; 4e; jpfjp ,uz;lhk;
tpkyju;k#upad; ,we;jhd;. mjd; gpd;du; mtdJ kfdhd = tPu
guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;fd; murdhdhd;.
kd;dd; tPu guhf;fpuk eNue;jpurpq;fd; (fp.gp 1707 - 1739)
eNue;jpu rpq;f kd;dd; njd;dpe;jpa ehaf;fu; tk;r ,sturpia
kze;J mtisg; gl;lj;J ,uhzpahf;fpdhd;. mjd; gpd;du; murpapd;
cwtpdu;fshd ehaf;f ,dj;jtu;fs; ,q;F te;J FbNawpdu;. ,jdhy;
,tDld; rpq;fs mur guk;giu KbTw;wJ. ehaf;fu; tk;rj;jpdu; fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Ml;rpiag; ngwf;$bajhf ,Ue;jJ.
fp.gp 1739Mk; Mz;L eNue;jpurpq;f kd;ddpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;
Ml;rpiag; nghWg;Ngw;f kd;dDf;F thupR ,Uf;ftpyi
; y. ehaf;f kuGg;gb
kd;dDf;F thupR ,y;yhtpbd; kidtpapd; rNfhjuDf;F mur cupik
toq;FtJ tof;fkhFk;. ,jd;gb = tp[a ,uh[rpq;f fp.gp 1739,y;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murdhdhd;.
ehaf;fu; tk;r Ml;rp
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; rpq;fs mur guk;giuapd; Ml;rp tPuguhf;fpuk
eNue;jpu rpq;fDld; KbTw;wJ. ehaf;fu; guk;giuapdupd; Ml;rp =
tp[a uh[rpq;fDld; Muk;gkhdJ.
ehaf; f u; tk; r k;
¯ = tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd; fp.gp 1739 - 1747
¯ fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; fp.gp 1747 - 1782
¯ ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; fp.gp 1782 - 1798
¯ = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; fp.gp 1798 - 1815

ehaf;f kd;du;fs; irtrkaj;ijr; Nru;e;jtu;fs;. ,tu;fs; ngsj;j>

rpq;fs kf;fspd; ed;kjpg;igg; ngWk; nghUl;L> rpq;fs nkhopiaf;
fw;wNjhL> ngsj;j rkaj;ijAk; jOtpdu;. tpfhiufs; mikj;jNjhL>
Gj;jkjj;jpd; tsu;r;rpapd; nghUl;L gy;NtW gzpfisAk; Mw;wpdu;.

kd;dd; = tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1739 - 1747)

,td; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; murdhdJk;> mur rigapd; nfhs;ifapy;
rpy khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jpdhd;. jdJ Ml;rpia cWjp nra;J nfhs;s
Ntz;Lkhapd; gpf;FfspdJk;> gpujhdpfspdJk; ey;nyz;zj;ijg; ngw

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 10
Ntz; L k; vd; g ij mtd; czu; e ; J nfhz; l hd; . murDf; F
rhu;ghdtu;fSf;F Kf;fpa gjtpfs; toq;fpdhd;. gpypkj;jyhit murDf;F
rhu;ghf ,Uf;ftpyi
; y. vdNt mtdJ kfh mjpfhuk; gjtpia murDf;F
rhu;ghf ,Ue;j rkuf;nfhb vd;gtDf;F toq;fpdhd;. nyt;N ; f jprhitf;F
ehd;F Nfhwis jprhit gjtpAk;> ntyptpl;l rhkNduTf;F> uh[FU
gjtpiaAk; toq;fpdhd;. fp.gp 1740y; ntyptpl;l gpf;Ftpd; Ntz;LNfhspd;
gb cgrk;gjh rlq;if elhj;Jk; nghUl;Lg; ngsj;j gpf;Ffis mioj;J
tu rPak; (jha;yhe;J) ehl;bw;Fj; J}Jf;FOit mDg;gpdhd;.
= tp[a uh[rpq;fd; ehaf;f tk;r ,sturpia kze;J> mtisj;
jd; gl;lj;J ,uhzpahf;fpdhd;. fp.gp 1747y; = tp[a ,uh[rpq;fd;
kuzpf;Fk; NghJ mtDf;F gps;isfs; ,Uf;ftpy;iy.

kd;dd; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1747 - 1782)

= tp[a ,uh[rpq;fdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd;> ehaf;fu; kuGg;gb mtdJ
kidtpapd; rNfhjud; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd; murdhdhd;. mg;NghJ
mtDf;Fg; gjpdhW taJ. vdNt mtd; Kb#b Ml;rpiag; nghWg;Ngw;wJ
1750Mk; Mz;byhFk;. mJtiuapYk; mtdJ jfg;gdhd eudg;gh
ehaf;fu; vd;gtNd murpay; tplaq;fisf; ftdpj;jhd;. ehaf;fu;fsJ
nray;fis tpUk;ghj fz;br; rpq;fsg; gpujhdpfs; murDf;F vjpuhfr;
#o;r;rp nra;jdu;. kd;dd; fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fdpd; fhyk; kd;dDf;Fk;>
gpujhdpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; Fog;gk; epiwe;j fhyg;gFjpahfNt ,Ue;jJ.
,f; f hyj; j py; gpujhdpfspd; jiytuhf
,Ue; j tu; vfyg; n ghy mjpfhukhFk; .
rkuf; n fhb mjpfhuNk mtdJ Kf; f pa
vjpupahthd;. nghJthff; $wpd; mur rigapy;
,Ue;j rpq;fsg; gpujhdpfspy; gyu;
ehaf; f u; f spd; gyj; j tpNuhjpfshfNt
,Ue;jdu;. mtu;fspilNa epytpa gifik
murdpd; Mjpf;fj;ij cWjp nra;a
cjtpahf ,Ue; j J. vdNt kf; f spd;
ed;kjpg;Gf;Fg; ghj;jpukhd ngsj;j
gpfF
; fSf;F epyGyd;fis toq;fp mtu;fspd;
Mjuitg; ngw;Wj; jd; epiyia
cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s mtd; vz;zpdhd;.
ngsj;j gpf;FfspdJk;> kf;fspdJk;
JizAld; gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuj; i jj;
jfu;j;J tpl murd; Kad;w NghjpYk; mJ
Kw;wpYk; rhj;jpag;gltpy;iy. fPuj
; j
; p = ,uh[rpqf
; d;

11 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 fPuj
; j
; p = ,uh[rpq;f kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; epfo;ej ; Kf;fpa rk;gtkhf
cgrk;gjh rlq;F kPsTk; elj;jg;gl;ljhFk;. tPor ; r
; p fz;bUe;j cgrk;gjh
rkar; rlq;if kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf fz;b kd;du;fs; rpyuhy;
Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghjpYk; mit ntw;wpaspff ; tpyi
; y. vdNt
fPuj
; j
; p = ,uh[rpqf ; kd;ddhy; xy;yhe;jupd; cjtpAld; rPak; (jha;yhe;J)
ehl;bypUe;J cghyp kfh Njuupd; jiyikapy; Itu; tUtpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
1753 Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; Ie;J ,sk; gpf;Ffs; cgrk;gjhitg;
ngw;wdu;. ,jd; gpd;du; rPag; gpf;Ffs; gyKiw ,q;F te;jjhf
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. fPo; epiy mile;jpUe;j gpf;Ffspd; rq;fk; kPsTk;
cau; epiy milag; ngw;wJ rPaj; njhlu;Gfspd; gpd;dNuahFk;.rPak;
kjg;gpupT rPa ehl;L kd;ddJk;> fPuj; j
; p = ,uh[rpqf ; kd;ddJk; xd;Wgl;l
nraw;ghl;lhNyNa Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
fPu;j;jp = uh[rpq;fd; ,e;J kjj;jtdhapDk; ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F
mUk;gzpahw;wpdhd;. (cg rk;gjh rlq;if elhj;jpaNjhL)
¯ jyjh ngu`uhTld; Njthya ngu`uhitAk; ,izj;J vry
ngu`uit Kd;Ndw;wpdhd;.
¯ gioa ,uhrjhdpfspy; rpijTw;wpUe;j tpfhiufis jpUj;jp
mikj;jhd;
¯ ntyptpw;w ruzq;fu Njuu; vd;w ngsj;j gpf;Ftpd; rka> fy;tpg;
gzpfSf;F MjuT toq;fpdhd;.
¯ tpfhiufisf; nfhz;L elhj;Jtjw;F epy Gyd;fis mspjj ; hd;.
fp.gp 1759 Mk; Mz;lstpy; xy;yhe;jupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpy;
tho;e;j rpq;fstu; gy Jd;gq;fis mDgtpj;jdu;.,e;j re;ju;g;gj;ij
gad;gLj;jpa fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;
xy; y he; j Uf; F vjpuhff; fyfk;
nra;AkhW rpqf ; stiuj; J}z;bdhd;.
fp.gp 1760Mk; Mz;L xy;yhe;jupd;
Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;l mNef gpuNjrq;fspy;
fyfk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,e;jf; fyfq;fspd;
tpisthf nghUshjhu uP j papy;
ngUk; mopT Vw;gl;lJ. xy;yhe;jiu
,yq;ifapypUe;J mfw;w fPu;j;jp =
,uh[rpq;fd; gpupj;jhdpaupd;
cjtpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s
Kad;whd;. N[hd; igg]; vDk;
Mq;fpNyaj; J}Jtd; te;J Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfs; elhj;jpa NghjpYk; mJ
ntw;wp ngwtpy;iy.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 12
 fp.gp 1765 [dtupapy; xy;yhe;ju; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Mf;fpukpj;jdu;.
xy; y he; j u; fz; b ia mz; k pj; j NghJ murDk; > FLk; g j; j pdUk;
fz;bapypUe;J jg;gpr; nrd;wdu;. xy;yhe;ju; fz;bia #iwahba NghjpYk;
fLk;kio> njhw;WNeha;> czTj; jl;Lg;ghL> gpd;du; fz;bg;gilapdu;
xope;jpUe;J jhf;fpaik Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; xy;yhe;jg; gil ngUk;
f\;lj;Jf;Fs;shdJ. ,e;j Mf;fpukpg;Gf; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fk;>
xy; y he; j Uf; F k; ngUk; ,og; i g Vw; g Lj; j pajhy; ,U gpuptpdUk;
rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;gpdu;. mjd;gb fp.gp 1766 ,y; ,U gpuptpdUk;
cld;gbf;iff;F cld;gl;ldu;. (,J njhlu;ghf Nkyjpf jfty;fis
myF 4 ,y; fw;Nghk;;)

kd;dd; ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1782 - 1798)

fPu;j;jp =,uh[rpq;fdpd; kuzj;jpd; gpd; mtdJ rNfhjudhd
,uh[hjp,uh[rpq;fd; murdhdhd;. Mq;fpNyau; ,yq;ifapy; fiuNahug;
gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;wpaJ ,k;kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpNyahFk;. 1798k; Mz;L
,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; kuzkhdhd;.

kd;dd; = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; (fp.gp 1798 - 1815)

,uh[hjp ,uh[rpqf
; d; ,wf;Fk;NghJ gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuk; murdpd;
mjpfhuj;ij tpl NkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jJ. Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;l ehaf;f
rk;gpujhaj;jpd; gb Ml;rpAupikAila Kj;Jrhkpiag; Gwf;fzpj;J>
ehaf;fu; tk;rj;ij Nru;e;j fz;Zrhkpia> mjpfhuk; gpypkj;jyhit
murdhf;fpa rk;gtj;jpypUe;J gpujhdpfspd; ifNkNyhq;fp ,Ue;jik
njspthfpwJ.
jd; vz;zg;gb Ml;rp nra;Ak; murdhf mtid itj;jpUg;gNj
gpypkj;jyhitapd; Nehf;fkhFk;. vdpDk; ePz;l ehl;fs; nry;YKd;
mtu;fs; ,UtupilNaAk; fUj;J NtWghL Vw;gl;lJ. fp.gp 1803,y;
Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk;> fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa eilngw;w Nghupy;>
jkf;F rhu;ghfg; gpypkj;jyhit nraw;gltpy;iy vd re;Njfpj;J
gpypkj;jyhit cl;gl gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuj;ij murd; Fiwf;f
Kad;whd;.
= tpf; f puk ,uh[rpq; f kd; d d; > gpujhdpfspd; mjpfhuj; i jf;
Fiwg; g jw; F Nkw; n fhz; l eltbf; i ffs;
1. jd;id Ml;rpapy; mku;jj; patiuf; $lg; Gwf;fzpjJ
; > ehaf;f tk;rj;jpdupd;
mwpTiuapdg ; b Ml;rp elj;jpdhd;.
2. rpqf
; s gpujhdpfs; tfpjj; gjtpfisj; jd; ,dj;jtUf;F toq;fpdhd;.

13 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 3. kfh mjpfhug; gjtpfis toq;fp rpqf
; s gpujhdpfspilNa gpsTfis
Vw;gLj;j eltbf;if vLj;jhd;. gpypkj;jyhitapd; giftdhd
nkhy;ypnfhilia ,uz;lhk; mjpfhukhf epakpj;jik ,jw;F
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
4. ,Jtiu ,Ue;j ,U mjpfhupfSf;Fg; gjpyhf %d;W mjpfhupfis
epakpjj
; hd;
5. xU gpujhdpf;Fupa epu;thfg; gpuNjrj;ij ,uz;lhfg; gpupj;J
vjpupfshd ,U mjpfhupfis epakpj;jhd;.
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; gpujhd r%f gpuptpduhd ngsj;j gpf;FfSk;>
gpujhdpfSk;> kf;fSk; murdpd; nra;ifapdhy; mtdpy; ntWg;Gf; nfhz;L
giftuhfpdhu;. mjw;F murdpd; gpd;tUk; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkha;
mike;jd.

1. = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; jd;idf; nfhiy nra;tjw;Fr; #o;r;rp

nra;jjhff; Fw;wQ;rhl;b kfh mjpfhuk; gpypkj;jyhitiar;
rpur;Nrjk; nra;jhd;.
2. vfynghy kfh mjpfhuk; murDf;F vjpuhff; fpsu;r;rp nra;J
Mq;fpNyauplk; nrd;wJk;> mtdJ kidtpiaAk;> gps;isfisAk;
nfh^ukhff; nfhd;whd;.
3. ,itfs; ngsj;ju;fspd; Gdpj G+kpapy; eilngw;wjhy;> kf;fspd;
fLikahd ntWg;ig kd;dd; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhd;.
4. murDf;F vjpuhfr; nra;ag;gl;l gpujhdpfspd; gpupTfspy; tho;e;j
kf;fisf; nfhLikg; gLj;jpdhd;.
5. nkhunjhl;l ,sk; gpf;F my;yJ guzhjy mEehaf;f NjuUf;F
mur JNuhf Fw;wr;rhl;bd; ngaupy; kuz jz;lid toq;fpdhd;.

Mq;fpNyau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wy;

fiuNahug;gFjpapy; jkJ Ml;rpia epWtpa
Mq;fpNyaUf;F fz;b ,uhr;rpak; RahjPdkhf
,aq;FtJ ngUk; rpf;fyhfNt ,Ue;jJ. kfh
mjpfhukhd gpypkj;jyhitapd; cjtpAld; fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wk; nghUl;L MSeu; gpul;upf;
Nehu; j ; fz; b kP J gilnaLj; j hd; . etP d
fUtpfSlDk;>epGzj;Jtj;JlDk;> Mq;fpNyau;
,Ue;j NghjpYk;> fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy;
Nghu; j ; J f; N fau; vjpu; N ehf; f pa Njhy; t piaNa
,tu;fSk; vjpu;Nehf;fpdu;.
MSdu; gpul;upf; Nehu;j;

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 14
 fp.gp 1812,y; epakdk; ngw;w nuhgl; gpnusd;wpf; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf;
ifg; g w; w pl NtW topiaf; ifahz; l hu; . fz; b ,uhr; r paj; j pd;
gpujhdpfSf;Fk;> murDf;Fk; ,ilapy; epytpa fUj;J NtWghLfisg;
gad;gLj;jpf; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wk; nghWg;G N[hd; nlhapyp
vDk; mjpfhupaplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. mtd; rpq;fsk;> ghsp> Gj;jrkak;
vd;gtw;iwf; fw;W>ngsj;j gpf;Ffs; MfpNahUld; neUq;fpg; gofp fz;b
,uhr;rpa midj;J kf;fSk; murdpy; fhl;Lk; ntWg;ig jkf;F rhjfkhfg;
gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s eltbf;if vLj;jhd;. fp.gp 1812,y; Mq;fpNyauplk;
jg;gpr; nrd;w kfh mjpfhuk; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fg; gy cjtpfis nra;jhd;.
mjd;gb 1815,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijj; jkf;Ff;fo P ; nfhz;L tUtjpy;
MSeu; ntw;wp fz;lhu;.
kf;fspd; vjpu;;g;gpd;wp Mq;fpNyau; fz;bia Nehf;fpr; nrd;wdu;.
murd; jk; ,uhzpfSld; fz;bapd; cl;gFjpfF ; j; jg;gpr; nrd;W ~~nkjk`
Etu|| vDkplj;jpy; xspe;jpUe;jhd;. vdpDk; gpujhdpfspd; cjtpahy;
mtu;fs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;L nfhOk;Gf;Ff; nfhz;L tug;gl;ldu;. gpd;du;
,e;jpahtpy; NtY}u; Nfhl;ilapy; rpiw itf;fg;gl;ldu;.
Mq; f pNyaUf; F k; fz; b g; g pujhdpfSf; F k; ,ilapy; nra; J
nfhs;sg;gl;l xg;ge;jj;jpd; gb fp.gp 1815 ,y; fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Mq;fpNyau;
trkhapw;W.
gapw; r p
1. Nghu; j ; J f; N fau; fz; b ,uhr; r paj; i jf; ifg; g w; w pf; n fhs; s
Kbahw;Nghdikf;fhd fhuzpfs; 3 If; $Wf.
2. Mq;fpNyau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpf; nfhs;s cjtpa
fhuzpfs; %d;iwf; vOJf.
nraw; g hL
1 'Mq;fpNyau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;Fg; gpujhdpfspd;
nraw;ghLfNs fhuzkhapd"
2 Mq;fpNyau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;F kd;dd; =
tpff
; puk uh[rpqf
; dpd; nraw;ghLfNs fhuzkhapd. ,j;jiyg;Gfspy;
tpthjk; xd;W elj;Jf.

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thf Kiw

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; eput
; hf mikg;igf; fPot
; Uk; ml;ltizapypUe;J
vk;khy; tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf; $bajhapUf;Fk;.

15 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 kd;dd;

mur rig
murkhspif
mur khspif kfh mjpfhuk; ,Utu;
nraw;ghLfSf;Fg;
(gpujk gpujhdpfs; ,Utu; )
nghWg;ghd
nrayhsu;fs;
¯ mur
gz;lfrhiy gpuNjr epu; t hfp tup t#y;
¯ murpdJk;> tpfhiu
khspifapdJk; nrhj; J f; f s;
jp]hitfs; - 12 ¯tupj;Jiw
jdpg;gl;l
ul;ilfs; - 09 nrayhsu;fs;
nrayhsu;fs; ¯ jpatlNd
¯ahid tup
¯ ghJfhg; G epyNk
¯tidjy; tup
Nfhwis ¯ g];ehaf;f
¯tz;btup
epyNk
(kbNf)
gw; W

fpuhkk;

kd;du;
¯ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Ml;rp Kiwf;F mika ehl;bd; midj;Jj;
JiwfspdJk; mjpgjp kd;ddhthd;. mtd; ',yq;Nf];tu"> 'jpuP
rpq;fshjP];tu" Nghd;w ngau;fshYk; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhd;.

¯ ehl;bd; midj;J epyq;fSk; kd;dDf;Fupajhff; fUjg;gl;lgbahy;

G+gjp vdTk; miof;fg;gl;lhd;.

¯ kd;dd; midj;J mjpfhuq;fisAk; cilNahdhapDk; mtd;

gpf;FfspdJk;> gpujhd mjpfhupfspdJk; MNyhridf;F Vw;g
nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.

¯ mf;fhy kf;fspilNa gpurpj;jp ngw;wpUe;j gof;ftof;fq;fs;>

rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw kd;dd; gpd;gw;wpahf Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
mt;thwpd;Nwy; kf;fs; mtDf;F tpNuhjkhf nraw;gLtu;. mJ
mtdJ gyj;jpwF ; k;> ghJfhg;gpwF
; k; jPqf
; hdjhf mikAk;. =tpff
; puk
,uh[rpq;f kd;dd; Mq;fpNyaupd; iffspy; rpf;fpaJ> mtd;
gpfF
; fspdJk;> caujpfhupfspdJk; MNyhridfisg; Gwf;fzpjJ ; >
kuGfisg; NgzhJ ele;jikahyhFk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 16
mur rig
fz;b ,uhr;rpa epu;thf Kiwapd; Kf;fpa myfhf mike;j mur
rigapy; fPo;tUk; epu;thfpfs; mq;fk; ngw;wpUe;jdu;.

¯ k`h mjpfhuq;fs; (gpujk gpujhdpfs;)

¯ jp]hitkhu;
¯ ul;Nlk`hj;kahkhu;
¯ tupj;Jiw nrayhsu;fs;
¯ mur khspif nrayhsu;fs;
¯ jpatlNd epyNk
¯ g];ehaf;f epyNk

rl;lk; ,aw;Wjy;> mtw;iw mKy; nra;jy;> ePjp toq;Fjy;> ntspehl;L

tptfhuq;fs; vd;gdtw;wpd; NghJ murDf;F mur rig MNyhridfis
toq;Fjy; vd;gd mur rigapd;gzpfshFk;.
k`h mjpfhuq; f s; (gpujk gpujhdpfs; )

fz;b ,uhr;rpa epu;thf tplaq;fspy; kd;dDf;F cjtp Guptjw;fhf

gpujk gpujhdpfs; ,Utu; ,Ue;jdu;. clfk;g`h (cau; gpuNjrk;)>
gs;Ns fk;g`h (jho; gpuNjrk;) mjpfhuq;fs; vd miof;fg;gl;l mtu;fs;>
murdpd; gpujhd MNyhrfu;fSkhthu;fs;.
,t;tpUtUk; jkJ epu;thf tplaq;fspy; $ba mjpfhuq;fisg;
ngw;wpUe;jdu;. mitahtd:
¯ rkhjhdj;ij epytr; nra;jy;
¯ murDf;Fj; Njitahd gilfis gupghypj;jYk;> elhj;jpr;
nry;yYk;
¯ tup t#ypj;jy;
¯ fPo;epiy cj;jpNahfj;ju;fis epakpj;jy;
¯ tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
gpujhdpfshy; jPug
; g
; jw;F mjpfhuk; mw;w Kf;fpakhd tof;Ffs; murdpd;
ngUtof;F|| kd;wj;jpy; rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
'ngUtof;
gpuNjr epu;thfk; (ul;l t]k)
gpuhe;jpa epu;thf trjpf;fhf fz;b ,uhr;rpak; 21 gpupTfshfg;
gpupf; f g; g l; b Ue; j J. mtw; W s; 12 jp]hitfSk; > 9 ul; i lfSk;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld. ,g;gpupTfSk; mjd; epu;thfpfSk; nghJthf gpuNjr
epu;thfpfs; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ldu;. ,tw;Ws; jp]hitfspd; epu;thfpfshf
17 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
jp]hitkhUk; ul;ilapd; epu;thfpfshf ul;Nl k`hj;khahkhUk;
flikahw;wpdu;. mtw;Wf;Ff; fPo;g;gl;l Nfhwisfis NfhwiskhUk;
gw;Wfis mj;JNfhwiskhUk;> fpuhk kf;fis fpuhkj; jiytu;fSk;
gupghypj;jdu;.
gpuNjr epu;thfk;

jp]hitfs; - 12 ul;ilfs; - 09
jp]hitkhu; ul;Nl k`j;kahkhu;

Nfhwis - Nfhwiskhu; Nfhwis - Nfhwiskhu;

gw;W - mj;JNfhwiskhu; gw;W - mj;JNfhwiskhu;
fpuhkk; - fpuhkj; jiytu;fs; fpuhkk; - fpuhkj; jiytu;fs;

nraw; g hL
jp]hitfs; gd;dpnuz;bdJk; ul;ilfs; xd;gjpdJk; ngau;fis
Njbawpe;J gl;baw; gLj;Jf.

,t;tjpfhupfs; jkJ epu;thf gpuNjrq;fspy;

¯ rpwe;j epu;thfj;ij elj;jpr; nry;yy;
¯ tof;FfisAk;> gpur;rpidfisAk; jPu;j;jy;
¯ tup t#ypj;jy;
Mfpa epu;thff; flikfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jdu;. jkf;F
ePjpj; jPu;g;Gf;fis toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,y;yhj tof;Ffis tprhupj;jy;>
jkJ Nky; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fg; ghug;gLj;Jk; mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ.
xd;Wjpul;lg;gLk; tup mur nghJg; gz;lfrhiyf;F mDg;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

murkhspif nrayhsu;fs;

,tu;fs; Neubahf murUld; rk;ge;jg;gl;L ,aq;fpNahuhthu;.

rk;gpujhaq;fs;> gof;ftoq;fq;fs; vd;gtw;Wf;Nfw;g mur nfsutk; Ngzg;gLk;
tz;zk; nraw;gLk; midj;Jg; nghWg;Gf;fSk; ,r;nrayhsuplNk
xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. mtu;fSs; murdpd; jpiwNrupfF ; g; nghWg;ghd
ngUk; gz;lfrhiy nrayhsu;fs; Kf;fpakhdtuhthu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 18
 ,tu;fspd; rpy nghWg;Gf;fs; tUkhW:
¯ murDf;Nfw;w tpNrl czT tiffisAk;> khspifapypUe;J
czitg; ngw;w gpf;FfSf;Fk; ntspehl;L tpUe;jpdUf;Fk;
khspifapd; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ngUe;njhifapdUf;Fk; czT>
ghdk; vd;gtw;iw toq;Fjy;.
¯ khspiff;F tpsf;Nfw;Wjy;.
¯ murUf;Fk; mtu; FLk;gj;jpdUf;Fk; ePuhLk; Vw;ghLfis nra;jy;.
¯ mtu;fSila Milfis ryit nra;jy;.
¯ nra;jpfisf; nfhz;L nry;yy;.
¯ ahidfisg; gupghypj;jy;.
¯ khspifapd; Nkd;ikiag; NgZk; tz;zk; mjd; myq;fhuq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
,t;thwhd gy nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf ntt;NtW flikg;
nghWg;Gf;fSf;nfd;W jdpj;jdp nrayhsu;fSk; mtu;fspd; fPo; rpW
mjpfhup;fSk; rpw;W}opau;fSk; epakpf;fgl;bUe;jdu;.
murkhspif mjpfhupfSk; mtu; f Sf; F upa nghWg; G fSk; .

¯ k`h nkh`l;lhy - khspifapd; nrayhsu;

¯ f[ehaf;f epyNk - ahidg; gilf;Fg; nghWg;ghd
nrayhsu;.
¯ mjgj;JNt Nyf;fk; - murupd; jdpg;gl;l ghJfhg;Gf;Fg;
nghWg;ghd nrayhsu;.
¯ ntbf;fhu Nyf;fk; - murupd; Jg;ghf;fpg; gilf;Fg;
nghWg;ghd nrayhsu;.
¯ kLNt Nyf;fk; - efu; fhty; gilf;Fg; nghWg;ghd
nrayhsu;
¯ gj; tld Nyf;fk; - mur rikayiwf;Fg; nghWg;ghd
nrayhsu;

tup t#ypf;Fk; gFjp

ehl;by; tup mwtpLk; nghWg;ig tfpf;Fk; mjpfhupfs; ,g;gFjpiar;
Nru;e;Njhuhtu;. murupd; jpiwNrupf;F ehl;bd; vy;yhg; gFjpapypUe;Jk;
fpilf;Fk; tupfis t#ypj;J mtw;iwg; gjpT nra;tJ ,t;tjpfhupfspd;
gzpahFk;. ahid gpbg;Nghuplk; mwtplg;gLtJ ~~ahid tup| tup|| vd;Wk;
rl;b ghid tidNthuplk; mwtplg;gLtJ ~~tidjy; tup|| vd;Wk;>
tz;bfspypUe;J mwtplg;gLtJ ~~tz;btup|| vd;Wk; gy;NtW tifahd
tupfspd; ngauhNyNa mtw;iw mwtpLk; gFjpfSk; ngauplg;gl;bUe;jd.
19 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
tp`hiur; nrhj; J f; f s;
jyhjh khspifia Kf; f pakhff; nfhz; L tpfhiufs; >
Njthyaq;fs;> mtw;wpy; tho;ej ; gpf;Ffs;> tzf;fj;Jf;Fupa nghUl;fs;>
nrhj;Jf;fs; ,g;gpuptpd; nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;jd. mtw;iwg; ghJfhj;jYk;
jpatlNd epyNkapdJk; g];ehaf;f epyNkapdJk; mjpfhupfsplk;
nghWg;gspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. gpf;Fkhu;fisf; ftdpj;Jf; nfhs;sy;> tzf;f
topghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy;> tUlhe;jk; ngu`uhf;fis elhj;jy;>
tp`hiur; nrhj;Jf;fisg; Ngzy; vd;gd ,g;gFjpapdupd; nghWg;ghFk;.

ePjpj;Jiw
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; epu;thf mikg;gpy; cr;r ePjpj;Jiw mjpfhuk;
kd;didNa rhUk;. vy;yh epu;thfg; gFjpapdUf;Fk; mtutu; gpuptpy;
tof;Ffis tprhupjJ ; j; jPug
; G
; toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,Ue;J te;jJ. vd;whYk;
gpfF
; khu;> cau; mjpfhupfs;> ,uhrJNuhfk;> fytuq;fs; Nghd;w tof;Ffis
tprhupf;Fk; mjpfhuk; kd;ddpd; ePjpkd;wj;Jf;Nf ,Ue;jJ. ehl;bd; cr;r
rigahf ~k`h eLt| ngU tof;F kd;wk; tpsq;fpaJ. mjd; ePjpgjpfshf
murd; Kjw;nfhz;L k`h mjpfhuq;fSk; murdhy; epakpf;fg;gLk;
jp]hitfSk; ul;Nl k`hj;kahf;fSk; nraw;gLtu;. kuz jz;lid
toq;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,e;ePjpkd;wj;Jf;F kl;LNk cupajhapUe;jJ.
fz; b ,uhr; r paj; j pd; nghUshjhu eltbf; i ffs;
¯ fz; b ,uhr; r paj; j py; RaNjitg; G+u; j ; j paile; j tptrhag;
nghUshjhuNk epytpaJ.
¯ kio ePiuf; nfhz;Nl tay;fspy; gapu; nra;ag;gl;ld. ,jw;fhf
kiyr;rupTfspy; gbKiwg;gb tay;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
¯ tay;fspy; ney; gapuplg;gl;lJ Nridg;gapu; nra;ifAk; gutyhf
,lk;ngw;W te;jJ. mtw;wpy; fiu ney;> Fuf;fd;> rhik> Nrhsk;
Nghd;w jhdpa tiffSk; fpoq;F> kuf;fwp tiffSk; gapuplg;gl;ld.
¯ tPlL; j; Njhl;lq;fspy; gyh> <ug;gyh> njd;id> ghf;F> kpsF> rhjpff
; ha;>
fuhk;G vd;gd gapuplg;gl;bUe;jd.
¯ ney;Yw;gj;jp Nghjpastpd;ikahy; gyhf;fha;> <ug;gyhf;fha;> fpoq;F
Nghd;w Nkyjpf czTg; nghUl;fSk; Nridfspy;
gapuplg;gl;litfSk; czthff; nfhs;sg;gl;lNjhL> tpahghuj;jpwf ; hf
thridj;jputpaq;fSk; gapu; nra;ag;gl;ld.
¯ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpwF ; r;; nrhe;jkhd rj;Nfhwis (VONfhwis) Nghd;w
gpuNjrq; f spypUe; J ngwg; g l; l fWthit muru; > ntspehl; L
tu;jj; fu;fSf;F tpwW ; ehl;bd; jpiwr;Nrupff; hd gzj;ijj; jpul;bf;
nfhz;lhu;.
,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 20
¯ ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk; murdpd; jdpg;gl;l cupikahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
¯ cs;ehl;L tpahghuk; gpujhdkhfg; gz;lg; gupkhw;wj;jpd; %yNk
,lk; n gw; w J. Gilit>Gifapiy> Rz; z hk; G > cg; G > fUthL
vd;gtw;iw vLj;Jf; nfhz;L te;j K];ypk; tpahghupfs; fpuhkq;fSf;F
te;J> mq;F trpj;Njhuplk; kpsF> rhjpf;fha;> fuhk;G> Vyk; Nghd;w
nghUl;fSf;Fg; gupkhw;wk; nra;J nfhs;tJ ,t;tu;j;jfj;jpd; rpwg;Gg;
gz;ghFk;.
¯ ,Uk;G> kuk;> cNyhfk;> muf;F> fspkz; ifj;njhopy;fs; rpwg;ghf
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJld; ghapioj;jYk; tsu;r;rp fz;bUe;jJ.
¯ kpUf tsu;gG ; k; ,lk;ngw;wJ. coT NtiyfSf;fhf vUik khLfSk;>
tz;b ,Og;gjw;fhf fhis khLfSk;> ghiyg; ngWtjw;fhfg; gR
khLfSk; tsu;f;fg;gl;ld.

epy cupikAk;> gad;ghLk;

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; epyk; midj;Jk; ~~G+gjp|| vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;

murDf;Fr; nrhe;jkhdJ vd kuG uPjpahd ek;gpf;if epytp te;jJ.
mtw;iw murd; jdJ gy;NtWgl;l mjpfhupfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspj;jjd;
%yk; mtw;iw mtu;fs; mDgtpf;f top nra;jhd;. ,t;thwhd epyq;fs;
ntt;NtW ngau;fshy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;ld.

¯ fghlfk; : murkhspifapd; gad;ghl;bw;F xJf;fg;gl;bUe;j epyk;.

,jpy; FbapUe;jtu;fs; mtw;iwg; gapupl;L cupa gq;if
murkhspiff;F mDg;gp itf;f Ntz;Lk;.
¯ epe;jfk; : gpuGf;fshy; Mw;wg;gl;l NritfSf;fhf mtu;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;l epyk;.
¯ tp`hufk;> Njthyfk; : tpfhiufspdJk; Njthyaq;fspdJk;
nryTf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;l epyk;.
¯ khdpa epyq;fs; (guNtdp) : fpuhk kf;fshy; guk;giu
guk;giuahf mDgtpj;J te;j epyk;.

fz;b ,uhr;rpa r%f mikg;G

¯ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; fpuhk r%f mikg;Ng fhzg;gl;lJ.
¯ Fyj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l r%f mikg;nghd;W mq;F
epytpaJ. nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; gy;NtW Fyj;jpdUk;
mtutUf; F upa cw; g j; j p eltbf; i fapy; <LgLk; tz; z k;
mike;jpUe;jJ. jpUkz rk;ge;jq;fs;> me;je;jf; Fyj;jpdUf;fpilNa
,lk;ngw;wd.
21 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
¯ fpuhkpa kf;fspd; midj;Jr; nraw;ghLfSk; ~mj;jk;| KiwapYk;
me;epNahe;epa cwT KiwapYk; ,lk;ngw;W te;jd. fpuhkj;jpYs;s
midtUk; VidNahupd; tplaq;fspy; xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gl;ldu;
vd;gij ,jpypUe;J tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sf;$bajhAs;sJ. ,d;W Nghy
$ypf;F Ntiy ghu;f;Fk; tof;fk; md;W ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
¯ FLk;gNk r%fj;jpd; mbg;gil myfhf mike;jJ. jha;> je;ij>
gps; i sfs; vy; N yhUk; xNu fpuhkj; j py; tho; e ; j ikahy;
mtu;fspilNa neUq;fpa gpizg;Gf; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; gu];guk;
xUtUf;nfhUtu; cjtpfn ; fhs;Sk; tz;zk; mtu;fSila tho;fi ; f
Kiwik mike;jpUe;;jJ.
¯ ,r; r %fj; j py; kf; f s; ew; F zq; f isf; nfhz; b Ue; j ik
ntspg;gilahf mtjhdpf;fj;jf;f mk;rkhFk;. %j;Njhiu fdk;
gz;Zjy;> jha; je;ijaiu gupghypjj ; y;> gpsi ; sfis ey;nyhOf;fk;
cs;Nshuha; tsu;j;jy;> kJ> #J Nghd;w jPa gof;fq;fspypUe;J
tpyfpapUj; j y; Nghd; w gz; G fis kiy ehl; L kf; f s;
nfhz;bUe;jdu;.
¯ Mjpfhye; njhl;Nl fpuhkj;jpw;Fk;> gd;riyf;Fk; ,ilNa kpf
neUq;fpa njhlu;G fhzg;gl;lJ. fpuhkpa kf;fspd; gpwg;G ,wg;G
tptfhuk;> Neha;fs;> FLk;gg;gpur;rpidfs; Nghd;w midj;J
tplaq; f spYk; gpf; F khu; rk; g e; j g; g l; l du; . gd; r iyfisAk; >
FUkhu;fisAk; Ngzpg; ghJfhg;gJ fpuhkpa kf;fspd; jiyaha
gzpahff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
Milazpfs;
xUtUila gjtp> me;j];Jf;F Vw;g Milfs; NtWgl;ld. cau;
gjtp tfpjN ; jhupd; rPUilfs;> njhg;gp> clk;igg; Nghu;jj
; f;$ba mstpyhd
fkpi]> rl;il> Jg;gl;b (,Lg;igr; Rw;wp mzpAk; Glit) vd;gtw;Wld;
$bajhapUj;jJ. rpwpa mjpfhupfs; rl;il mzpatpy;iy. mjpfhupfs;
itgtq;fspd; NghJk; murupd; r%fj;jpw;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJk; cupa
rPUilfSld; fhzg;gl;ldu;. cau; Fyj;jtu;fs; nts;is my;yJ ePy
epw gUj;jpapyhd rl;il mzpe;J ,Lg;gpy; clk;Gld; Nru;e;jpUf;Fk;
tz;zk; nts;isg; GlitAk; mjw;F Nky; epwg; Glit xd;iwAk;
mzpe;J ,Lg;ig Rw;wp gl;b xd;iwAk; fl;bapUe;jdu;. ngz;fs; tPLfspy;
,Uf; F k; NghJ clk; g pd; Nkw; g hfj; i j %br; rl; i l mzpe; J >
Koq;fhYf;Ff; fPo; njhq;FkhW Glitj; Jz;L xd;iw mzptJ
tof;fkhFk;. itgtq;fspd; NghJ cau;Fy kfspu; rl;il> xrup>
new;wpg;gl;lk;> khiy> tisay;> rpyk;G vd;gtw;iw mzpe;jpUg;gu;.
fz; b f; f hyj; J f; F upa tpfhiufspy; cs; s Xtpaq; f spy; mf; f hy
Milazpfisg; ghu;j;Jj; njupe;J nfhs;syhk;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 22
 fiyfSk; Njrpaj; njhopy; f Sk;
fz;b ,uhr;rpa kd;du;fs; fiyfspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf vg;NghJk;
Nghy; mDruizahsu;fshf ele;jikahy; mit ed;F
Kd;Ndw;wkile;jd. Gj;jupd; tho;f;if tuyhW> [hjff; fijfs;
vd;gtw;iw tiutJ ,f;fhyj;jpy; [duQ;rfkile;jpUe;jJ. khwid
nty; Y jy; > Nghjid Gupjy; > nt]; ] e; j h [hjff; fij vd; g d
Xtpau;fisf; ftu;e;j jiyg;Gf;fshf ,Ue;jd.

¯ gFjp gFjpahfg; gpupj;J rpj;jpuk; tiujy;.

¯ jhtuq;fs;> ghiwfs;> epwf;fw;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
gy;NtWgl;l epwq;fisj; jahupj;jy;.
¯ md;dr;Nrhb> md;dhrpg;G+>jhkiug;G+ vd;gtw;iwr; rpj;jpuq;fspy;
$Ljyhfg; gad;gLj;jy;;.
¯ fz;bf;fhy Xtpaq;fspy; ,d;Dk; vQ;rpapUg;gJ rpyNtahFk;.
mtw;Ws; ngUthupahdtw;iw jk;Gs;is upjp> njfy;njhUt>
nkjty Mfpa tp`hiufspy; ghu;itaplyhk;.
fz;bf; fhyj;jpy; tsu;r;rpaile;j fiyj;Jiwfspy; nrJf;fYf;Fk;
Kf;fpakhd ,lnkhd;Wz;L. kuk;> fy;> ahidj;je;jk;> gpj;jis> fspkz;>
vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;l nrJf;fy;fs; ,d;W tiu
ghJfhf;fg;gl;L te;Js;sd. kur;nrJf;fYf;F kpfTk; Gfo;ngw;wpUg;gJ
vk;ngf;f NjthyakhFk;. ,t;thyaj;jpd; kuj;J}z;fspYk;> tisfspYk;
gy;NtW kyu; myq;fhuq;fSk;> kpUf cUtq;fSk;> kdpj cUtq;fSk;
nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ahidj;je;jq;fspy; nrJf;fg;gl;l rpw;gq;fs; gyTk;
cs;sd. rPgG ; > tisay;> Mguzg;ngl;b> fjTfspy; gjpf;fg;gl;Ls;s je;j
Ntiyg;ghLfs;> fjT epiyfs; vd;gd ,tw;Ws; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fitahFk;.
Ez;zpa Ntiyg;ghLfs; mike;j jq;f> nts;sp> gpj;jis> ntz;fy>
nrk;G cNyhfq;fshy; Mf;fg;gl;l tpsf;Ffs;> Nfj;jy;fs;> jhk;ghsk;
Nghd;w cgfuzq;fSk;> Mguzq;fSk; ,f;fhy nrJf;fy; fiy
milag;ngw;wpUe;j cd;dj epiyia vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.
md;whl tho;fi ; ff;Fj; Njitahd midj;Jg; nghUl;fisAk; cw;gj;jp
nra;J nfhs;Sk; mstpw;F ifj;njhopy;fs; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jpUe;jd.
kz;n ; tl;b> fyg;ig> mupths;> Nfhlhup vd;git gl;liwfspy; cw;gj;jp
nra; a g; g l; l d. rl; b > ghidfs; > Mil> mzpfyd; f s; vd; g dTk;
kiyehl;bNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;ld. rpy ifj;njhopYf;Nfw;g gpurpjj ; k;
ngw;w Cu;fs; fhzg;gl;ld. nfhj;kiy ,Uk;Gg; nghUl;fspd; cw;gj;jpfF ; k;>
fpuptTy gpj;jis cw;gj;jpf;Fk;> Jk;giw gha; cw;gj;jpf;Fk; gpurpj;jp;
ngw;wpUe;jd.
23 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 fy;tp> rka Kd;Ndw;wk;

,yq;ifapy; Mjpfhye; njhl;Nl fy;tp> rkag;gzpfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

ngw;wpUe;jjw;F muru;fspd; MjuNt fhuzkhapUe;jJ. fz;b muru;fSk;
fy;tp> rka Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F jkJ Mjuit ey;fpdu;. murpay;
gpur; r pidfspy; ehL rpf; F z; l fhyq; f spy; rkaKk; > fy; t pAk;
];jk;gpjkhapd. fy;tpj; Jiwf;F jiyik tfpjj ; tu;fs; Gj;j FUkhu;fNs
Mthu;. Kjd; Kiwahf fy;tp> rkaj; Jiwfspy; kWkyu;r;rpiaj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; Kjyhk; tpkyju;k#upa kd;duhthu;. fz;b khefupy;
,uz;L khbf; fl;llk; xd;iw epu;khzpj;J mjpy; Gdpj je;jj;ijg;
gpujp\i ; l nra;jhu;. NkYk; kpad;khupypUe;J (gu;kh) gpfF
; fisj; jUtpjJ;
cgrk;gjhit kPsTk; ,e;ehl;by; epfo;jJ ; tjw;Fk; toptFj;jhu;. Kjyhk;
tpkyju; k #upa kd; d dpd; gpd; d u; gjtpf; F te; j kd; d u; f s;
mf;nfhs;ifiaj; njhlu;e;Jk; Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;wdu;.

fP u ; j ; j p = ,uh[rpq; f kd; d dpd; fhyj; j py; rka kWkyu; r ; r p

nraw;ghLfs; ntspg;gilahfj; njupfpd;wd. murdpd; ,g;gzpf;Fg; ngUe;
Jizahf mike;jtu; ntyptpl;l = ruzq;fuNjNuh Mthu;. rq;fuh[h
gjtpf;F cau;j;jg;gl;l md;dhu; ~~gpz;lghjpf mruz ruz ruzq;fu
kh `pkp|| vdg;gpurpj;jkile;jhu;. mtupd; jiyikapy; ,lk;ngw;w
Kf;fpakhd epfo;Tfs; tUkhW :

¯ rPa Njrj;jpypUe;J cgrk;gjhitj; jUtpj;jy;.

¯ kiyehl;bYk;> jho;ehl;bYk; gd;riyfis mikj;J mq;F

gpf;Fkhiuj; jq;fr; nra;jy;.

¯ tp`hiufis myq;fhug;gLj;j rpj;jpuq;fis tiutpj;jy;.

¯ FUkhu;fspd; fy;tpf;fhf Xiyfis vOJtpj;jy;.

¯ tp`hiufspd; nryTf;fhf muruplkpUe;J epyGyd;fisg; ngw;Wf;

nfhLj;jy;.

ruzq;fu Njuu; mtu;fshy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l fy;tp> rka kWkyu;rr

; pahy;
kiyehl;bYk;> fiu ehl;bYk; czu;T G+u;tkhd khztu; guk;giu
xd;W cUthdJ. ,tu;fNs mLj;J tUk; fhyj;jpy; rka> fy;tp
kWkyu;r;rpia Kd;dlj;jpr; nrd;Nwhuhtu;.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 24
gapw;rp
~m| gFjpapYs;stUf;Fg; nghUe;jf;$ba tplaq;fs; ~M|
gFjpapYs;sd. vd;whYk; ,q;F nghUj;jg;ghlw;w Kiwapy;
jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mtw;iwr; rupahfg; nghUj;Jf.
m M
1. ,sturd; bfpup gz;lhu - ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpqf ; vDk; ngaupy;
fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; kd;ddhdhd;.
2. k`h M];jhd Fkhud; - khaJd;idapd; rNfhjud;.
3. iufk; gz;lhu - Vohk; GtNdfghFtpd; Ngug;gps;is
4. ngupa gz;lhu - Kjyhk; uh[rpq` ; vDk; ngaUld;
rPjhthf;iff;F kd;ddhdhd;.
5. N[hjpa ,sturd; - fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;F
rPjhthf;if ,uhr;rpaj;jhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l gilnaLg;ghy;
Nghu;j;Jf;Nfauplk; jQ;rkile;j
kd;dd;.
6. mk;GYfy Fkhud; - fz; b ,uhr; r paj; i j Nfhl; i l
,uhr;rpaj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy
milar; nra;jtd;.
7. fuypaj;j gz;lhu - fz; b ,uhr; r paj; i j Nfhl; i l
,uhr;rpaj;jpypUe;J tpLjiy nra;J
nfhs;s fpsu;r;rp Gupe;jtd;.
8. Nrdh rk;kj tpf;fpukghF - Nfhl;il ,uhr;rpaj;jpw;F vjpuhf
fz; b ,uhr; r paj; j py; Vw; g l; l
fpsu;r;rpia mlf;fpatd;.
9. = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;f - Gj;j rkaj;jpwF; ngUQ;Nrit Gupej ;
ehaf;f kd;dd;
10.= tPu guhf;fpukghF
eNue;jpu rpq;f - KjyhtJ ehaf;f tk;r kd;dd;
11.= tp[a uh[rpq;f - filrpr; rpq;fs kd;dd;
12.fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;f - ,yq;ifapd; filrp kd;dd;

25 ,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf
 rhuhk; r k;

¯ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; G+Nfhs mikg;ghdJ me;j ,uhr;rpaj;jpd;

jdpj;Jtj;ijg; Ngz kpfTk; cjtpahf ,Ue;jJ.

¯ Nfhl;il muR epiyj;jpUe;j fhyj;jpy;> fz;b ,uhr;rpak; jdp

murhf vOr;rp ngw;Wg; gyk; tha;ej
; murhf tpsq;fpaJ. Kjyhk;
tpkyju;k #upa kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpy; rPjhthf;ifiaAk; ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;lik gpugy;akile;jjJ.

¯ kd;dd; ,uz;lhk; ,uh[rpqf

; d; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Rje;jpuj;ijg;
ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L kfj;jhd gzpahw;wpdhd;.

¯ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ij Ml;rp nra;j ehaf;f tk;r muru;fSf;Fk;>

fz;bg; gpujhdpfSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd Kuz;ghLfs; fz;b
,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w Mq;fpNyaUf;F tha;gg
; hf mike;jJ.

¯ fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; jdpj;Jtkhd Ml;rp KiwAk;> nghUshjhu

r%f mikg;Gk; epytpaJ.

,ytr tpepNahfj;jpw;fhf 26