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MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. Which of the following is the study of how a society uses scarce resources to produce and distribute
goods and services?
a. finance
b. acculturation
c. economics
d. marketing
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-16 OBJ: 2
BLM: U
3. Which of the following is the study of the economy as a whole, looking at aggregate data for large
groups of people, companies, or products?
a. economics aggregation
b. national economics
c. microeconomics
d. macroeconomics
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-16 OBJ: 2
BLM: U
4. A manager in the life insurance industry examining the national level of personal income, the
unemployment rate, interest rates, inflation, and death statistics would be looking at which of her
company’s environments?
a. fiscal economic
b. macroeconomic
c. national economic
d. competitive
7. The GMC manager who evaluates truck models made by his competition, consumer demand for
different sizes of trucks, labour and material costs to build trucks, and current prices of all trucks
would be taking which of the following perspectives?
a. microeconomics
b. individual economics
c. aggregated economics
d. macroeconomics
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-16 OBJ: 2
BLM: A
8. The agricultural sector in Guatemala accounts for about one-quarter of the nation’s GDP, two-thirds of
its exports, and half of its labour force. This type of information would be revealed through which
perspective?
a. regional monetary policy
b. aggregated economic
c. area economics
d. microeconomics
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-16 OBJ: 2
BLM: A
9. An individual who is thinking of buying a Wendy’s franchise in London, Ontario, and is examining
the employment statistics, area income levels, and local competition would be interested in which of
the following fields?
a. regional monetary policy
b. aggregated economic
c. area economics
d. microeconomics
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-16 OBJ: 2
BLM: A
12. Which of the following is the most basic measure of economic growth?
a. consumer price index
b. producer price index
c. gross domestic product
d. total of all goods and services produced
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-18 OBJ: 3
BLM: U
13. If you were told the output of goods and services produced in Luxembourg had increased by 6 percent
in 2010, you would correctly refer to this increase as which type of growth?
a. an example of recessionary growth
b. growth standardization
c. economic growth
d. nationalized growth
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-18 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
14. If the GDP of a country in 2010 was $48 billion, what does this $48 billion represent?
a. the total value of all final goods and services produced during 2010
b. the actual growth of discretionary profit in 2010
c. the estimated growth of discretionary profit in the country for 2010
d. how much money the households in the country spent in 2010
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-18 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
15. Imagine that you were reading an international marketing text in which you learned that the GDP for
one of the former members of the Soviet Union was $1.56 billion. A few pages later in the same text,
the book states that that nation’s real GDP was $800,000. From reading this information, what could
you conclude?
a. The second GDP measurement reflected only the value of the products produced in the
nation and did not include the value of services.
b. The various methods used to calculate GDP do not produce the same results.
c. GDP is an approximation of the actual total value.
d. This former member of the Soviet Union had a high rate of inflation.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-18 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
17. Which type of GDP takes inflation into account and uses adjusted market prices?
a. real
b. frictional
c. adjusted
d. cyclical
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-18 OBJ: 3
BLM: U
18. What are patterns of expansion and contraction in aggregate economic activity, as measured by GDP?
a. business standards
b. cyclical adjustments
c. economic yields
d. business cycles
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-18 OBJ: 3
BLM: U
19. What does a decline in real GDP that lasts for two consecutive quarters represent?
a. economic downsizing
b. recession
c. depression
d. resource divestment
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-18 OBJ: 3
BLM: U
20. As soon as Kazakhstan, a former member of the Soviet Union, had experienced two consecutive
quarterly declines in its gross national product, Kazakhstan was in which economic situation?
a. regression
b. recession
c. adjustment period
d. depression
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-18 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
21. What is the name of the business cycle that follows a recession?
a. upsizing
b. prosperity
c. inflation
d. recovery
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-18 OBJ: 3
BLM: U
23. If, in 2010, 7.5 percent of a country’s total work force was not working, but was actively seeking
employment, this 7.5 percent represents which national figure?
a. recessionary unemployment
b. unemployment rate
c. inflationary unemployment
d. position on the international unemployment scale
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
24. The unemployment rate is the percentage of the total work force that is not working but is engaged in
which of the following activities?
a. drawing unemployment cheques
b. preparing physically and mentally to begin work
c. actively looking for work
d. laid off, terminated, or downsized due to some economic activity outside of their control
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
26. Josh Loachim quit his job in advertising in Toronto and has moved to Calgary, where he is actively
seeking employment. This is an example of which type of unemployment?
a. frictional
b. fiscal
c. structural
d. cyclical
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
28. For the past 10 years, Kris Boja has been a welder for a local manufacturer. This morning her boss
informed her that a robot would replace her. Boja’s unemployment is an example of which type of
unemployment?
a. cyclical
b. mechanical
c. structural
d. frictional
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
29. Suppose that 50 percent of the labour force in a country is involved in the agricultural sector, but the
economic growth in the nation comes from industry and tourism. What type of unemployment would
such a mismatch of ability and job requirements cause?
a. mechanical
b. frictional
c. structural
d. cyclical
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
30. Structural unemployment is unemployment that results from which of the following circumstances?
a. the restructuring of an organization
b. the change in business cycles
c. a mismatch between the available jobs and the skills of available workers
d. people moving to new geographical areas
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
31. The labourers displaced due to assembly-line automation may not have the skills needed to operate the
computerized machines that replaced them. This is an example of which type of unemployment?
a. cyclical
b. operational
c. frictional
d. structural
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
33. When the economy is in a recession, many companies must lay off workers, causing which type of
unemployment?
a. cultural
b. cyclical
c. frictional
d. structural
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
34. Each January, Lopez is laid off as soon as Christmas is over. She will be hired back sometime during
the summer. In terms of unemployment, Lopez is a good example of which type of unemployment?
a. frictional
b. structural
c. seasonal
d. fiscal
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
35. On PEI, jobs are plentiful during the summer months, but difficult to find in September once the
tourists leave and many restaurants and inns close. People who work in the island’s restaurants
annually become unemployed in which way?
a. structurally
b. geographically
c. frictionally
d. seasonally
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
36. Gracie Burlesford works for a peach grower in Southern Ontario. In July, Burlesford was laid off
because of a drought. What type of unemployment is this?
a. frictional
b. structural
c. geographical
d. seasonal
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-20 OBJ: 3
BLM: A
39. Which type of inflation is occurring when the demand for goods and services is greater than the
supply?
a. demand-push
b. cost-push
c. demand-pull
d. supply-side
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-21 OBJ: 4
BLM: A
40. Which type of inflation is triggered by increases in production that which push up the costs of final
goods and services?
a. supply-side
b. demand-push
c. cost-push
d. demand-side
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-21 OBJ: 4
BLM: A
41. What does it mean if the annual inflation rate in a country was 8.1 percent?
a. The people experienced demand-push inflation.
b. The people saw a decline in gross domestic profit (GDP).
c. The people saw their purchasing power increase from what it was in the previous year.
d. The people saw their purchasing power decrease from what it was in the previous year.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-21 OBJ: 4
BLM: A
42. If one of the reasons for the growing inflation rate is due to increases in production costs of goods and
services that occurred as a result of a decline in a suitable labour force, this would be an example of
which type of inflation?
a. cost-push
b. supply-side
c. cost-pull
d. demand-push
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-21 OBJ: 4
43. If a nation experienced an inflation rate of about 12 percent and then, five years later, had an inflation
rate of about 5 percent, which of the following statements best describes what was happening to
purchasing power during the period?
a. The purchasing power of businesses did not see a change throughout the period, but
consumers did.
b. The average consumer’s purchasing power was lower at the beginning of period than at
the end.
c. The country was experiencing a recession, prices were universally high throughout the
period, and purchasing power declined for everyone.
d. The average consumer’s purchasing power was higher at the beginning of the period than
at the end.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-21 OBJ: 4
BLM: A
44. The price of a decorated three-tiered wedding cake from a local supermarket deli recently increased
from $105 to $119. The supermarket manager said it was due entirely to increases in sugar and labour
costs. The $14 increase is an example of which of the following?
a. deflation
b. poor resource utility
c. price gouging
d. inflation
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-21 OBJ: 4
BLM: A
45. Last year, a mother in a small African nation could buy a pound of flour for the Canadian equivalent of
$1.30. Six months ago, an identical pound of flour costs $3.40. Today she would need $5.60 to buy
that pound of flour. This example of the general upward movement of prices is called which of the
following?
a. discretionary pricing
b. supply-side pricing
c. deflation
d. inflation
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-21 OBJ: 4
BLM: A
46. The price of a basket of groceries rises from $30 to $40 but your salary remains the same. This is an
example of a decline in which of the following for you, personally?
a. standard of living
b. purchasing power
c. cost of living index
d. GDP index
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-21 OBJ: 4
BLM: A
48. The consumer price index (CPI) is partially composed of which of the following?
a. cars bought by a delivery company
b. food bought by a restaurant in order to prepare menu items
c. iron ore used by the steel industry
d. trips to amusement parks
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-21 OBJ: 4
BLM: U
49. Which of the following measures prices paid by producers and wholesalers for commodities, including
raw materials and finished products?
a. wholesale cost index
b. producer price index
c. GDP index
d. raw material price index
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-21 OBJ: 4
BLM: U
50. To bring inflation under control, which combination of unemployment and growth may be necessary?
a. high unemployment, high growth
b. high unemployment, low growth
c. low growth, high unemployment
d. low unemployment, moderate growth
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-22 OBJ: 5
BLM: A
51. Which of the following refers to the Bank of Canada’s programs for controlling the amount of money
in circulation?
a. microeconomics
b. macroeconomics
c. monetary policy
d. fiscal policy
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-22 OBJ: 5
BLM: U
53. The implementation of a contractionary policy by the Bank of Canada would result in which of the
following?
a. lower unemployment
b. increased economic growth
c. lower interest rates
d. lower inflation
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-23 OBJ: 5
BLM: A
54. Which of the following is the Bank of Canada implementing when it tightens the money supply by
selling government securities or raising interest rates?
a. fiscal reduction strategy
b. contractionary policy
c. retrenchment strategy
d. shrinkage policy
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-23 OBJ: 5
BLM: U
55. The Bank of Canada increases the growth of the money supply when it implements which of the
following?
a. fiscal reengineering
b. retrenchment strategy
c. expansionary policy
d. policy of fiscal augmentation
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-23 OBJ: 5
BLM: U
56. The implementation of an expansionary policy by the Bank of Canada would result in which of the
following?
a. higher unemployment
b. lower inflation
c. lower interest rates
d. decreased economic growth
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-23 OBJ: 5
BLM: A
59. When the government decides to cut military spending, which type of policy is it implementing?
a. monetary
b. microeconomic
c. fiscal
d. operational
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-23 OBJ: 5
BLM: A
60. Which of the following occurs if a country’s total expenditures are higher than the revenues received
from the taxes it gathers?
a. federal budget deficit
b. national surplus
c. annual expenditure surplus
d. national priority deficit
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-23 OBJ: 5
BLM: A
61. If a government spends $2.7 billion on government programs, and receives revenues of $2.3 billion,
what does the country have?
a. a low GDP
b. a budget deficit
c. a high CPI
d. an expansionary policy
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-23 OBJ: 5
BLM: A
63. When Parks Canada spends money on promoting the use of national parks as perfect sites for a
summer vacation, then motels, campgrounds, and other tourist attractions in the private sector may
become less attractive to consumers. If, as a result of the promotion, consumers spent more money on
trips to the national parks and less money in the private sector for their vacations, what would have
occurred?
a. deficit spending
b. demarketing
c. crowding out
d. public-sector inflation
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-23 OBJ: 5
BLM: A
65. The purchase of savings bonds by individuals allows the government to do what?
a. eliminate crowding out
b. balance supply and demand
c. access funds that might otherwise have gone to the private sector
d. concentrate on microeconomics strategy
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-24 OBJ: 5
BLM: U
66. Which concept represents the quantity of a good or service that people are willing to buy at various
prices?
a. demand
b. market potential
c. supply
d. market share
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-25 OBJ: 6
BLM: U
69. Which of the following directions describe the slope of the supply curve?
a. downward and to the left
b. upward and to the right
c. horizontal
d. downward and to the right
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-25 | 1-26 OBJ: 6
BLM: U
70. Which of the following statements about demand and supply curves is most accurate?
a. The supply curve will shift to the left if taxes are decreased.
b. The demand curve will shift to the left if buyers’ incomes increase.
c. The demand curve will shift to the right if the number of buyers decreases.
d. The supply curve will shift to the left if the number of suppliers increases.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-25 | 1-26 OBJ: 6
BLM: A
71. Which of the following statements about the interaction of demand and supply is most accurate?
a. At prices below equilibrium, demand exceeds supply.
b. Government intervention is usually needed to achieve market equilibrium.
c. At prices above equilibrium, suppliers produce less than consumers are willing to buy.
d. A surplus of product pushes prices upward.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-27 OBJ: 6
BLM: A
76. For most agricultural products, farmers produce homogeneous products, sell them to a common
market, and generally cannot affect prices greatly. This is an example of which kind of market
structure?
a. a pure monopoly
b. imperfect competition
c. perfect competition
d. monopolistic competition
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-29 OBJ: 7
BLM: A
78. In a large metropolitan market, it is relatively easy to set up a law office. The ease of entry explains
why you will find hundreds of lawyers listed in the Toronto phone book. Each lawyer is a close
substitute for another but with slight differences. Which of the following market structures best
describes the one in which lawyers operate?
a. monopolistic competition
b. pure competition
c. oligopoly
d. perfect monopoly
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-29 | 1-30 OBJ: 7
BLM: A
79. Think about all the restaurants that are located near your campus. You have probably noted some new
ones appearing, and others closing because of lack of business. What type of competition exists in the
restaurant business?
a. monopolistic competition
b. oligopolistic competition
c. an oligopoly
d. perfect competition
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-29 | 1-30 OBJ: 7
BLM: A
80. An industry in which a few firms produce most or all of the output of a product and in which large
amounts of capital are needed known as which of the following?
a. perfect competition
b. an oligopoly
c. monopolistic competition
d. imperfect competition
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-30 OBJ: 7
BLM: A
81. In the middle of the mountains in ,northern BC, there are five service stations competing for all the
business that exists in this isolated location. When one service station lowers its price on gas, all must
follow suit. These service stations are operating in which type of market structure?
a. oligopoly
b. monopoly
c. perfect competition
d. imperfect competition
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-30 | 1-31 OBJ: 7
BLM: A
84. In which type of market structure can few sellers exert substantial control over prices?
a. monopolistic competition
b. oligopoly
c. perfect monopoly
d. pure monopoly
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-30 | 1-31 OBJ: 7
BLM: U
85. When a single firm accounts for 100 percent of industry sales, it is an example of which type of market
structure?
a. a pure monopoly
b. an oligopoly
c. monopolistic competition
d. imperfect competition
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 1-32 OBJ: 7
BLM: A
86. Southern Ontario farmers have found it difficult to go into olive farming because olives imported from
Europe are priced so much cheaper. Canadian farmers have to meet various climate challenges to grow
olives and thus have higher expenses. Consumers prefer to buy the lower-priced imported olives rather
than locally grown olives. The problems that make it unprofitable for an Ontario farmer to profitably
become an olive farmer would be considered which of the following?
a. a purchasing power equalizer
b. a market contractionary tool
c. an oligopolistic tool
d. a barrier to entry
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-32 OBJ: 7
BLM: A
88. For a time, only Xerox could produce dry-paper copiers because Xerox held all the patents on the
process. Until the patent expires, Xerox could be said to operate in which type of market structure?
a. imperfect competitive
b. purely competitive
c. monopolistic
d. noncompetitive oligopoly
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 1-32 OBJ: 7
BLM: A
89. A retailer of computer games can focus on relationship management by engaging in which of the
following practices?
a. selling products that are cheaper but not always reliable
b. pricing to take advantage of customers’ passions
c. using advertising that helps customers make impulse buying decisions
d. giving customers more than they expected such as a reward once they have purchased 10
games
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-32 OBJ: 8
BLM: A
90. When Mary Robb purchased a dozen cupcakes for her son’s birthday party, she was pleasant surprised
to find the box contained 13 cupcakes instead of the 12 she had paid for. The bakery used this
technique to accomplish which of the following?
a. to make sure the customer would not be concerned about product quality
b. to respond to competitive industries in the global marketplace
c. to cement its customer-supplier relationship with Robin Hood flour
d. to build, maintain, and enhance relationships with its customers
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-32 OBJ: 8
BLM: A
91. Which of the following strategies involves building, maintaining, and enhancing interactions with
customers and other parties so as to develop long-term satisfaction through mutually beneficial
partnerships?
a. customer maximization
b. relationship management
c. a developing strategic alliance
d. profit maximization
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 1-32 OBJ: 8
BLM: U
93. Which of the following statements about strategic alliances is most accurate?
a. Strategic alliances are not associated with any form of relationship management.
b. Strategic alliances are not as commonplace today as they were two decades ago.
c. A company that is interested in maintaining, but not improving, its product and service
quality is most likely to enter a strategic alliance.
d. A strategic alliance is sometimes called a strategic partnership.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-33 OBJ: 8
BLM: A
94. Mexico requires all foreign firms operating there to have a local business partner. This is an example
of which of the following?
a. economic partnership
b. economic merger
c. transactional partnership
d. strategic alliance
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 1-33 OBJ: 8
BLM: A
TRUE/FALSE
4. An analyst at Merrill Lynch who is evaluating Home Depot as an investment for her clients is taking a
microeconomics approach.
6. It takes four consecutive quarters of decline in the GDP for economists to consider the economy to be
in a recession.
7. Full employment means all those who want to work are employed.
8. Because Jonathon Li has recently quit his job at GMC and is currently seeking work in the computer
business, he would be described as structurally unemployed.
9. Leo Yoder lost his job as a result of a recession and would be described as experiencing cyclical
unemployment.
10. Because Allyson Levi works in a vegetable processing plant and is out of work about six months a
year due to the periodic harvest times, she can be described as seasonally unemployed.
11. An increase in the price of crude oil could trigger cost-push inflation.
13. The Bank of Canada can print money and raise taxes.
14. When Parliament passes a law to raise individual tax rates, it is creating fiscal policy.
15. The national debt is the accumulation of deficits that have occurred in the past as a result of
expenditures exceeding tax revenues.
16. The higher the price of a good or service, the greater the quantity demanded.
17. The higher the price of a good or service, the greater the amount a producer is willing to supply.
19. A farmer’s market where 60 farmers come weekly to sell the produce they grow in their gardens is an
example of monopolistic competition.
23. Relationship management would benefit a company that provides janitorial cleaning services for
businesses.
24. A strategic alliance is a cooperative agreement between a firm and its banker.
COMPLETION
2. ____________________ is the study of the economy as a whole, looking at data for large groups of
persons, companies, or products.
ANS: Macroeconomics
ANS: recession
4. The ____________________ is the total monetary value of all goods and services produced within a
nation annually.
ANS:
gross domestic product
GDP
ANS: frictional
6. Logan Martin works at a bookstore. Each year the prices of necessities such as groceries and
transportation continue to rise, but Martin’s salary stays the same. Martin’s ____________________ is
being eroded by her stagnant salary and increasing prices.
ANS: Inflation
8. ____________________ policy refers to a government’s program for controlling the amount of money
in circulation.
ANS: Monetary
9. The ____________________ is the central banking system in Canada that controls our monetary
policy.
ANS: Fiscal
ANS: demand
12. The point at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied is called the point of
____________________.
ANS: equilibrium
14. In a ____________________ market structure, many firms are in the market, the firms in the market
sell similar but not identical products, and the market is relatively easy to enter.
ANS:
strategic alliance
strategic partnership
SHORT ANSWER
1. What are the factors of production and why are they important?
ANS:
Factors of production include labour, capital, entrepreneurship, knowledge and natural resources. They
are important because they are the basic building blocks of business.
2. What is the difference between a market economy and a command economy with respect to business
ownership?
ANS:
In a market economy, businesses are privately owned and in a command economy the government
owns all or most enterprises.
3. What is the name of the business cycle that follows a recessionary one?
ANS:
recovery