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BEE101 201 Electrical Important Questions Solutions

[Link] (Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University)

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Unit-1 DC Circuits
CO After studying this module student will be able to Apply Kirchhoff’s laws and
Statement network theorems in solving DC circuits.

Q. No. Questions
1. Using mesh analysis method, Determine the voltage V which cause the current 𝐼1 to
be zero in the circuit given below.

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

2. Find the value of current flowing through 4 ohm resister shown in the given figure using
nodal analysis.

3.
Determine the power delivered by the voltage source and the current in the 10 ohm
resistor of the network shown in the given figure by using mesh analysis.

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

4. For the node voltages in the given circuit by using Nodal methods of analysis.

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

5. Explain the following with the help of suitable circuit diagram/graph:

(i) V-I characteristics of Ideal and Practical Voltage Source (ii) Unilateral and
Bilateral Elements (iii) Active and Passive Elements (iv) Kirchhoff’s Law

Answer:
(i) V-I characteristics of Ideal and Practical Voltage Source
If the value of internal resistance will be zero, then the voltage source is called as ideal
voltage source. The V-I characteristics for ideal and practical voltage source is given below:

Fig: Ideal DC Voltage Source Fig: Practical DC Voltage

Source Fig: V-I Characteristic

(ii) Unilateral and Bilateral Elements:

Unilateral Elements: If by reversing the terminal connections of an element in a circuit,
the circuit response gets change. Such elements are called as unilateral elements. Examples
are Voltage Source, Current Source, Diode etc.

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Bilateral Elements: If by reversing the terminal connections of an element in a circuit, the
circuit response remains same. Such elements are known as bilateral elements. Examples
are Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor etc.

(iii) Active and Passive Elements:

Passive Element: The element which receives energy (or absorbs energy) and then either
converts it into heat (R) or stored it in an electric (C) or magnetic (L ) field is called passive
element, and the network containing these elements without energy sources are known as
passive network. Examples are resistor, inductor, capacitor, transformer etc.
Active Element: The elements that supply energy to the circuit is called active element and
the network containing these sources together with other circuit elements are known as
active network. Examples of active elements include voltage and current sources,
generators, and electronic devices that require power supplies. A transistor is an active
circuit element, meaning that it can amplify power of a signal.
(iv) Kirchhoff’s Law:
There are two types of Kirchhoff’s Law.
1. Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
2. Kirchhoff’s Second Law or Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
1. Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): Kirchhoff’s current law states
that, in a given electric circuit, algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a junction is
always zero. In another way we can say that, the total current flowing towards a junction is
equal to the total current flowing away from that junction. This law works on the principle
of conservation of charge.
2. Kirchhoff’s Second Law or Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL): Kirchhoff’s voltage law
states that, “ In any electric circuit, the algebraic sum of the voltage drops across the circuit
elements of any closed path (or loop or mesh) is equal to the algebraic sum of the EMFs in
the path”.
In other words, “ The algebraic sum of all the branch voltages around any closed path or
closed loop is always zero”. This law works on the principle of conservation of energy.
Limitation of this law is that it can only be applied to planner network.

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Unit-2 Steady State Analysis of Single Phase and Three Phase AC Circuits
CO After studying this module student will be able to Understand the steady state
Statement behaviour of single phase and three phase AC circuits.

Q. No. Questions
1. Determine the average value and rms value of the waveform shown below:

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
°
2. Two AC voltages are represented by 𝑣1 (𝑡) = 30 sin(314𝑡 + 45 )𝑉and 𝑣2 (𝑡) =
°
60 sin(314𝑡 + 60 )𝑉. Calculate the resultant voltage 𝑣(𝑡) and express in the form 𝑣(𝑡) =
𝑉𝑚 sin(314𝑡 + Φ). Also draw its phasor diagram.

Solution:

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
3. Derive an expression for resonant frequency of tank circuit.

Answer:

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

4. What are the causes of low power factor? Also explain the different methods for the
improvement of power factor.

Answer:

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

5. Derive the relationship between line voltage, phase voltage, line current and phase current
for 3- phase star connected and delta connected system. Also draw the relevant phasor
diagram. A balanced delta connected load of (8 − 𝑗6) 𝛺 per phase is connected to a 3-phase
230𝑉 , 50 Hz supply. Find the line current, power factor, and reactive power.

Solution:
Voltage and Current Relations in Star and Delta Connection:
Interconnection of Three Phases:
Three phase systems are connected
by two methods:
Star (Y) Connected System
Delta (Δ) Connected System

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Star (Y) Connected System:
This system is obtained by joining together similar ends, either the start or the finish, the
other ends are joined to the line wire.
The common point N at which similar ends are connected is called the neutral or star point.
The three phases are represented by R, Y
and B indicate the three natural colours
Red, Yellow and Blue respectively.
For balanced system,
𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝑌 = 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐸𝑃 (Phase Voltage)
𝐸𝑅𝑌 = 𝐸𝑌𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 𝐸𝐿 (Line Voltage)
For star connected system
𝐼𝑅 = 𝐼𝑌 = 𝐼𝐵 = 𝐼𝑃 (Phase Current)
Apply KCL at N, we get,
𝐼𝑅̅ + 𝐼𝑌̅ + 𝐼𝐵̅ = 0 (1)

Hence line current through RY phase will

be
𝐼𝑅̅ + 𝐼𝑌̅ = −𝐼𝐵̅
|𝐼𝑅̅ + 𝐼𝑌̅ |=|−𝐼𝐵̅ |

𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
And,
𝐸𝑅𝑌 = √𝐸𝑅2 + (−𝐸𝑌 )2 + 2𝐸𝑅 𝐸𝑌 cos 𝜑

𝐸𝐿 = √𝐸𝑃2 + 𝐸𝑃2 + 2𝐸𝑃2 cos 60

𝐸𝐿 = √3𝐸𝑃

Delta (Δ) Connected System:

When the starting end of one coil is connected
to the finishing end of another coil, hence by
this way we get the delta connected network.
From the phasor diagram we see that line
current is phasor difference of two concerned
phases and phase voltages are equal to line
voltages.
For balanced system,
𝐸𝑅 = 𝐸𝑌 = 𝐸𝐵 = 𝐸𝑃 (Phase Voltage)
𝐸𝑅𝑌 = 𝐸𝑌𝐵 = 𝐸𝐵𝑅 = 𝐸𝐿 (Line Voltage)
Apply KVL in the above circuit,
𝐸̅𝑅 + 𝐸̅𝑌 = −𝐸̅𝐵
|𝐸̅𝑅 + 𝐸̅𝑌 |=|−𝐸̅𝐵 |
𝐸𝐿 = 𝐸𝑃
𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
And,
2
𝐼𝑌 = √𝐼𝑅𝑌 + (−𝐼𝑌𝐵 )2 + 2𝐼𝑅𝑌 𝐼𝑌𝐵 cos 𝜑

𝐼𝐿 = √𝐼𝑃2 + 𝐼𝑃2 + 2𝐼𝑃2 cos 60

𝐼𝐿 = √3𝐼𝑃

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
6. In a purely inductive circuit, prove from first principles, that the current lags
behind applied voltage by quarter of a cycle and also show that the average power
demand is zero.

Solution:

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
7. For LCR series circuit derive an expression for resonant frequency, bandwidth and
quality factor.

Solution:

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Unit-3 Transformers
CO After studying this module student will be able to Distinguish Between Single
Statement Phase and Three Phase Transformers.

Q. No. Questions
1. Discuss the principle of operation of a single phase transformer. Derive EMF equation for
a single phase transformer.

Answer:
Principle of Operation:

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Derivation of EMF Equation:

2. Derive the condition for maximum efficiency in single phase transformer. In a 25 KVA,
2000/200 V transformer, the constant and variable losses are 350 W and 400 W
respectively. Calculate the efficiency on unity power factor at (i) Full load (ii) Half load

Answer:
Derivation of the condition for maximum efficiency:

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

Solution:
Given, 𝑉2 𝐼2 = 25 𝑘𝑉𝐴
𝑃𝑖 = 350𝑊, 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 400𝑊
cos 𝜑 = 1
1. Efficiency at full load
𝑥𝑉2 𝐼2 cos 𝜙2
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 =
𝑥𝑉2 𝐼2 cos 𝜙2 + 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑃𝑐𝑢

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
1 × 25000 × 1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = = 0.97087
1 × 25000 × 1 + 350 + 1 × 400

%𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 97.087

2. Efficiency at half load

𝑥𝑉2 𝐼2 cos 𝜙2
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂 =
𝑥𝑉2 𝐼2 cos 𝜙2 + 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑥 2 𝑃𝑐𝑢

0.5 × 25000 × 1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = = 0.9652
0.5 × 25000 × 1 + 350 + (0.5)2 × 400

%𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 96.52

3. What is voltage Regulation in a single Phase Transformer? What should be its value for an
ideal transformer? Also draw its phasor diagram for resistive load.

Answer:

Voltage Regulation:
when a transformer is loaded, the secondary terminal voltage decreases due to a drop
across secondary winding resistance and leakage reactance. This change in secondary
terminal voltage from no load to full load conditions, expressed as a fraction of the no-load
secondary voltage is called regulation of the transformer.

Expression for Voltage Regulation:

Consider a phasor diagram of transformer referred to secondary side on load condition
(load is assumed to be inductive). with O as centre and radius OC, draw an arc cutting OA
produced at M. From the point B, draw BD perpendicular on OA produced. Draw CN
perpendicular to OM and draw BL parallel to OM.

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Phasor Diagram

4. List different types of losses occur in transformer. Explain hysteresis and eddy current
losses. Discuss how these losses are reduced in transformer core?

Answer:
There are two types of losses in a transformer:
(i) Iron or core loss
(ii) (ii) Copper loss
Iron Loss : This loss is due to the reversal of flux in the core. The flux set-up in the core is
nearly constant. Hence, iron loss is practically constant at all the loads, from no load to full
load. The losses occurring under no-load condition are the iron losses because the copper
losses in the primary winding due to no-load current are negligible.
Iron losses can be subdivided into two losses:
(i) Hysteresis loss
(ii) (ii) Eddy-current loss
(1) Hysteresis Loss: This loss occurs due to setting of an alternating flux in the core. It
depends on the following factors:
• Area of the hysteresis loop of magnetic material which again depends upon the flux
density
• Volume of the core
• Frequency of the magnetic flux reversal
Hysteresis loss can be reduced by using CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented) Silicon steel.
(2) Eddy–Current Loss: This loss occurs due to the flow of eddy currents in the core
caused by induced emf in the core. It depends on the following factors:
• Thickness of lamination of core
• Frequency of the magnetic flux reversal
• Maximum value of flux density in the core

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
• Volume of the core
• Quality of magnetic material used
Eddy-current losses are reduced by decreasing the thickness of lamination and by adding
silicon to steel
Copper Loss: This loss is due to the resistances of primary and secondary windings.
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼12 𝑅1 + 𝐼22 𝑅2
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼12 𝑅1𝑒𝑞
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼22 𝑅2𝑒𝑞
where 𝑅1 = primary winding resistance
𝑅2 = secondary winding resistance
Copper loss depends upon the load on the transformer and is proportional to square of load
current of kVA rating of the transformer.

5. (a). Draw exact equivalent circuit and corresponding phasor diagram of a single phase
transformer on load and explain them.
(b). A 30 kVA, 2000/200V, single phase, 50 Hz transformer has a primary resistance of 3.5
ohms and reactance of 4.5 ohms. The secondary resistance and reactance are 0.015 ohms
and 0.02 ohms respectively. Find: (a) Equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance
referred to primary side. (b). Total copper losses in the transformer.

Answer:
(a) Equivalent Circuit of Transformer:
Figure 1 shows a practical transformer. 𝑅1 and 𝑅2 represent the resistances
of primary and secondary windings respectively. Similarly, 𝑋1 and 𝑋2
represent the leakage reactances of primary and secondary windings
respectively.

Figure 1 can be further modified to represent the no-load current 𝐼0 and its
component. The current 𝐼0 is the phasor sum of currents 𝐼𝑤 and 𝐼𝜇 . Hence,
the current 𝐼0 is simulated by the resistance 𝑅0 taking working component
𝐼𝑤 and inductance 𝑋1 , taking magnetising component 𝐼𝜇 connected in parallel
across the primary circuit.

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

Phasor Diagram:

(b) A 30 kVA, 2000/200V, single phase, 50 Hz transformer has a primary resistance of

3.5 ohms and reactance of 4.5 ohms. The secondary resistance and reactance are
0.015 ohms and 0.02 ohms respectively. Find: (a) Equivalent resistance, reactance
and impedance referred to primary side. (b). Total copper losses in the transformer.
Given: 𝑉1 𝐼1 = 𝑉2 𝐼2 = 30𝑘𝑉𝐴 , 𝑉1 = 2000𝑉, 𝑉2 = 200𝑉
𝑅1 = 3.5Ω, 𝑋1 = 4.5Ω
𝑅2 = 0.015Ω, 𝑋2 = 0.02Ω
(a) Equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance referred to primary side
𝑁1 2
𝑅1𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 × ( )
𝑁2
2000 2
𝑅1𝑒𝑞 = 3.5 + 0.015 × ( )
200

𝑅1𝑒𝑞 = 3.5 + 1.5 = 6Ω

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
2
𝑁1
𝑋1𝑒𝑞 = 𝑋1 + 𝑋2 × (
)
𝑁2
2000 2
𝑋1𝑒𝑞 = 4.5 + 0.02 × ( )
200
𝑋1 = 4.5 + 2 = 6.5Ω
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑍 1𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1𝑒𝑞 + 𝑗𝑋1𝑒𝑞
̅
𝑍1𝑒𝑞 = 6 + 𝑗6.5
𝑍1𝑒𝑞 = 8.85Ω
2
(𝑏) Total Copper Loss 𝑃𝑐𝑢 = 𝐼1 𝑅1𝑒𝑞
30000 2
𝑃𝑐𝑢 = ( ) × 6 = 1350𝑊
2000

6. An iron ring is made up of three parts: 𝑙1 = 10𝑐𝑚, 𝐴1 = 5𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑙2 = 8𝑐𝑚, 𝐴2 = 3𝑐𝑚2 , 𝑙3 =

6𝑐𝑚, 𝐴3 = 2.5𝑐𝑚2. It is wound with a coil of 250 turns. Calculate current required to
produce flux of 0.4 mWb. µ1 = 2670, µ2 = 1050, µ3 = 600 .
Solution:

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Unit-4 Electrical Machines
CO After studying this module student will be able to Elaborate the working
Statement principle of AC and DC machines with their Applications.

Q. No. Questions

1. Derive an equation for generated EMF in DC generator. A 4 pole, lap-wound armature has
144 slots with 2 coil sides per slot, each coil having 2 turns. If the flux per pole is 20 mWb
and the armature rotates at 720 rpm, what is the induced voltage?

Solution:

Derive an equation for generated EMF in DC generator:

When the armature of a DC generator rotates in magnetic field, an emf is induced in the
armature winding, this induced emf is known as generated emf. It is denoted by Eg.

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Here, the given number of poles is 4 which would be equal to the number of parallel
paths in the armature since the armature is Lap-wound, as we know in lab-wound DC
machines number of parallel paths denoted by A is equal to the number of poles denoted
by P.
Therefore, A = P = 4

Now, given the flux per pole, Φ = 20mWb = 20 × 10⁻³ Wb and the number of rotations, N
= 720 RPM.

Also, the number of slots is 144 with two coils sides per slot.

Hence, the total number of conductors in the armature,

Z = 144 × 2 × 2 = 576.

Therefore, induced emf across the armature is given by the formula,

Eg = ΦZNP/ 60A

= 20 × 10⁻³ × 576 × 720 × 4/ 60 × 4

= 138. 24V

Hence, the induced voltage is 138. 24V.

2. Derive an equation for generated torque in DC motor. A DC shunt generator delivers 40 kW
at 240 V when running at 450 RPM. The armature and field resistances are 0.03 ohm and
60 ohm respectively. Calculate the speed of the same machine running as a shunt motor
and taking 40 kW at 240 V. Allow 1 volts per brush for contact drop.

Solution:
Derivation of Torque Equation of DC Motor
Power Balance Equation of DC Motor
The energy generated by the motor =𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎
The mechanical power developed = The electrical power developed
𝑃𝑚 = 𝑃𝑒
𝑇𝑒 𝜔𝑚 = 𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎
𝐸𝑏 𝐼𝑎
𝑇𝑒 =
𝜔𝑚
The back emf is expressed as below
𝑃𝑁𝜑𝑍 2𝜋𝑁
𝐸𝑏 = 60𝐴 and 𝜔𝑚 =
60
After Substituting the values of 𝐸𝑏 and 𝜔𝑚 expression in the torque equation
𝑃𝜑𝑍𝐼𝑎
𝑇𝑒 =
2𝜋𝐴
𝑇𝑒 = 𝐾𝑎 𝜑𝐼𝑎
This is the required torque equation that enables the rotor to rotate.
𝑃𝑍
The torque is expressed in N-m. Where 𝐾𝑎 = 2𝜋𝐴 Armature constant

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

3. Draw slip-torque characteristics of a 3-phase induction motor . A 12-pole, 3-phase

alternator is coupled to an engine running at 500 rpm. It supplies an induction motor which
has a full load speed of 1440 rpm. Find the percentage slip and the no. of poles of the motor.

Answer:
Slip-Torque Characteristics:
The torque slip curve for an induction motor gives us the information about the variation
of torque with the slip. The slip is defined as the ratio of difference of synchronous speed
and actual rotor speed to the synchronous speed of the machine. The variation of slip can
be obtained with the variation of speed that is when speed varies the slip will also vary and
the torque corresponding to that speed will also vary.

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101

The torque-slip characteristic curve can be divided roughly into three regions:
• Low slip region
• Medium slip region
• High slip region

Motoring Mode:
In this mode of operation, supply is given to the stator sides and the motor always rotates
below the synchronous speed. The induction motor torque varies from zero to full load
torque as the slip varies. The slip varies from zero to one.

Generating Mode:
In this mode of operation induction motor runs above the synchronous speed and it should
be driven by a prime mover. The stator winding is connected to a three phase supply in
which it supplies electrical energy. Actually, in this case, the torque and slip both are
negative so the motor receives mechanical energy and delivers electrical energy.
Braking Mode:
In the Braking mode, the two leads or the polarity of the supply voltage is changed so that
the motor starts to rotate in the reverse direction and as a result the motor stops. This
method of braking is known as plugging. This method is used when it is required to stop
the motor within a very short period of time.

Solution:
The frequency of the output of the alternator can be found by using the following formula:
𝑷𝑵
𝒇=
𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝟏𝟐 × 𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝒇=
𝟏𝟐𝟎
𝒇 = 𝟓𝟎 𝑯𝒛
The minimum no. of poles can be 2, for which at 50 Hz the synchronous speed is 3000 rpm.
Since the full load slip usually is of the order of 5% a speed of 3000 is not possible as the
rotor speed given is 1440 rpm.

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Next the no. of poles could be 4, for which at 50 Hz the synchronous speed is 1500 rpm and
this is close to 1440 rpm. Hence no. of poles is 4 and
𝑵𝒔 − 𝑵𝒓
𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑 =
𝑵𝒔
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟎
𝒔=
𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒
% 𝒔𝒍𝒊𝒑, 𝒔 = 𝟒

4. A 3-phase, 50 Hz, 400 V induction motor has 6 poles and operates with a slip of 3% at a
certain load. Determine:
(i) The speed of the rotor
(ii) The frequency of the rotor current
(iii) The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to stator
(iv) The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to the rotor
(v) The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to stator magnetic field.

Solution:

120𝑓
The synchronous speed of the motor is given by 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑃
120 × 50
𝑁𝑠 = = 1000 𝑅𝑃𝑀
6
1. Speed of rotor, 𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 𝑠)𝑁𝑠
𝑁𝑟 = (1 − 0.03) × 1000
𝑁𝑟 = 970 𝑅𝑃𝑀
2. The frequency of the rotor current 𝑓𝑟 = 𝑠𝑓
𝑓𝑟 = 0.03 × 50 = 1.5 𝐻𝑧
3. The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to stator
= 𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 − 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
= 1000 − 0 = 1000 𝑅𝑃𝑀
4. The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to the rotor
= 𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 − 𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
= 1000 − 970 = 30 𝑅𝑃𝑀
5. The speed of the rotor magnetic field with respect to stator magnetic field
= 𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 − 𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
= 1000 − 1000 = 0 𝑅𝑃𝑀
NOTE: The speed of the rotor magnetic field and stator magnetic field is always the
synchronous speed.

5. (a) Explain principle of operation of a single phase induction motor. Also list various
methods of starting.
(b) Explain principle of operation of a synchronous motor and give its application.

Answer:
(a) Principle of operation of a single phase induction motor:
When we apply a single phase AC supply to the stator winding of single phase induction
motor, the alternating current starts flowing through the stator or main winding. This
alternating current produces an alternating flux called main flux. This main flux also links
with the rotor conductors and hence cut the rotor conductors.

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
According to the Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, emf gets induced in the rotor.
As the rotor circuit is closed one so, the current starts flowing in the rotor. This current is
called the rotor current. This rotor current produces its flux called rotor flux. Since this flux
is produced due to the transformer action in opposite direction as of stator flux. Thus stator
flux (Φs) always opposes rotor flux (Φr) in the same axis.
The torque angle between stator flux (Φs) and rotor flux (Φr) is 1800 , hence no starting
torque is developed.
T=Φs. Φ[Link] (1800)
Thus Single Phase Induction Motor is not Self Starting.

Double Revolving Field Theory:

According to double field revolving theory, we can resolve any alternating quantity into
two components. Each component has a magnitude equal to the half of the maximum
magnitude of the alternating quantity, and both these components rotate in the opposite
direction to each other. For example – a flux, φ can be resolved into two components

. Each of these components rotates in the opposite direction i.e. if one Φm /2

is rotating in a clockwise direction then the other Φm / 2 rotates in an anticlockwise
direction.
When we apply a single phase AC supply to the stator winding of single phase induction
motor, it produces its flux of magnitude, Φm. According to the double field revolving theory,
this alternating flux, Φm is divided into two components of magnitude Φm /2. Each of these
components will rotate in the opposite direction, with the synchronous speed, Ns.
Let us call these two components of flux as forwarding component of flux, Φf and the
backward component of flux, Φb. The resultant of these two components of flux at any
instant of time gives the value of instantaneous stator flux at that particular instant.

Now at starting condition, both the forward and backward components of flux are exactly
opposite to each other. Also, both of these components of flux are equal in magnitude. So,
they cancel each other and hence the net torque experienced by the rotor at the starting
condition is zero. So, the single phase induction motors are not self-starting motors.
Methods of Starting of Single Phase Induction Motor:
1. Split phase starting method
2. Capacitor start starting method

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
3. Capacitor start capacitor run starting method
4. Permanent capacitor run starting method
5. Shaded pole starting method
6. Reluctance motor starting method
(b) Principle of operation of a synchronous motor:
Synchronous motor is doubly excited machine. The stator winding is excited with 3 phase
A.C supply and rotor winding with D.C supply respectively. When a three-phase supply is
given to the stator of a three-phase wound synchronous motor, a rotating field is set up in
the air gap which rotates at synchronous speed (Ns = 120f/p). This is represented by the
imaginary stator poles.

The synchronous motor works on the principle of magnetic locking. The operating
principle can be explained with the help of a 2-Pole synchronous machine with the
following steps.

Let us consider a two-pole synchronous motor as shown in Figure. The three-phase supply
is provided to the stator which induces two poles i.e North pole and the South pole on
Stator. Since the supply in the stator is alternating in nature, therefore, its polarity changes
in every half cycle, thus the poles of stator also changes after every half cycle.

The synchronous motor rotor is energized by the DC current. The field current (D.C
Current) of the motor produces a steady-state magnetic field. Since the polarity of D.C
current is fixed therefore the poles of rotor don’t vary.

Therefore, there are two magnetic fields present in the machine. Stator poles changes in
every half-cycle whereas rotor poles remain the same.

Step 1. When a three-phase supply is given to the stator winding, a rotating magnetic field
is produced in the stator.

Step 2.
• Due to the Rotating Magnetic field, let the stator poles i.e North poles (Ns) and
South Poles (Ss) rotate with synchronous speed.
• At a particular time stator pole, Ns coincides with the rotor
poles Nr and SS coincides with Sr i.e like poles of the stator and rotor coincide with
each other.

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
• As we know, like poles experience a repulsive force. So rotor poles experience a
repulsive force Fr. Let us assume that the rotor tends to rotate in the anti-clockwise
direction as shown in Fig. (i).

Step-3.
• After half cycle, the polarity of the stator pole is reversed, whereas the rotor poles
cannot change their polarity as shown in Fig. (ii).
• Now unlike poles of rotor and Stator coincide with each other and rotor
experiences the attractive force fa and the rotor tends to rotate in the clockwise
direction.
• In brief, we can say, with the rotation of stator poles the rotor tends to drive in the
clockwise and anti-clockwise direction in every half cycle.
• Hence, to and fro motion is excited on the rotor and as a result, the rotor does not
rotate. As a result, the average torque on the rotor is zero. Hence the 3-phase
synchronous motor is not a self-starting motor.
Application:-
1. For constant speed application.
2. For improving power factor of substation.

Unit-5 Electrical Installations

CO After studying this module student will be able to Explain the working of low
Statement voltage electrical installation equipment.

Q. No. Questions
1. (a). Draw and explain the characteristics of battery.
(b). Calculate the backup of battery of 100AH connected to load of 100 Watts and supply
voltage is 12V.

Answer:
Characteristics of Battery: The following battery characteristics must be taken into
consideration when selecting a battery:

1. Type: There are two types of batteries namely Primary Battery and Secondary
Battery.
2. Voltage:
3. Discharge curve:
4. Capacity

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
5. Energy density
6. Specific energy density
7. Power density
8. Temperature dependence
9. Service life
10. Physical requirements
11. Charge/discharge cycle
12. Cycle life
13. Cost
14. Ability to deep discharge
15. Application requirements

Electrical Characteristics:
There are three important characteristics of an accumulator (or storage battery) namely,
• Voltage
• Capacity and
• Efficiency
1. Voltage: Average emf of cell is approximately 2.0 volts. The value of emf of a cell
does not remain constant but varies with the change in specific gravity of
electrolyte, temperature and the length of time since it was last charged. The emf
of the cell increases with the increase in specific gravity of the electrolyte and vice
versa but increase in specific gravity of the electrolyte also causes increase in
internal resistance of the cell, therefore, its value should not go beyond 1.22. Best
results are obtained with the electrolyte of specific gravity 1.21.
The emf of the cell, though, not much, but slightly increases with the increase in
temperature.
The terminal voltage of battery is higher during charge than that during discharge.
2. Capacity: The quantity of electricity which a battery can deliver during single
discharge until its terminal voltage falls to 1.8 V/cell is called the capacity of a
battery. The capacity of cell is, therefore, expressed in ampere-hours (A-H) and is
equal to the product of the specific discharge current in amperes multiplied by the
number of hours before the cell discharges to the specific extent.
If 𝑰𝒅 =Discharging Current in Ampere and
𝑻𝒅 =Discharging Time of cell or battery in hours
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐼𝑑 𝑇𝑑
3. Efficiency: The efficiency of the cell can be given in two ways:
1. The Quantity or Ampere – Hour (A-H) Efficiency: The ratio of output ampere-hour
during discharging to the input ampere-hour during charging of the battery is
called quantity or ampere-hour efficiency of the battery.
𝑰𝒅 𝑻𝒅
𝜼𝑨𝑯 =
𝑰𝒄 𝑻𝒄
Where 𝑰𝒅 =Discharging Current in Ampere
𝑰𝒄 =Charging Current in Ampere
𝑻𝒅 = Discharging Time of cell or battery in hours
𝑻𝒄 = Charging Time of cell or battery in hours
2. Energy or Watt – Hour (W-H) Efficiency: The ratio of output watt-hour during
discharging to the input watt-hour during charging of the battery is called energy
or watt-hour efficiency of the battery.

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
𝑽𝒅 𝑰𝒅 𝑻𝒅
𝜼𝑾𝑯 =
𝑽𝒄 𝑰𝒄 𝑻𝒄
Where 𝑽𝒅 = Average Terminal Voltage during Discharging
𝑽𝒄 =Average Terminal Voltage during Charging
𝑰𝒅 =Discharging Current in Ampere
𝑰𝒄 =Charging Current in Ampere
𝑻𝒅 = Discharging Time of cell or battery in hours
𝑻𝒄 = Charging Time of cell or battery in hours
Solution:
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 =
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
100 × 12
𝐵𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝐵𝑎𝑐𝑘𝑢𝑝 = = 12 𝐻𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
100

2. Write short notes on the following: (i) MCB (ii) MCCB (iii) Fuse (iv) ELCB (v) ACB
Answer:
MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker): A device which provides definite protection to the
wiring installations and sophisticated equipment against over-currents and short-circuit
faults. Thermal operation (overload protection) is achieved with a bimetallic strip, which
deflects when heated by any over-currents flowing through it. In doing so, releases the
latch mechanism and causes the contacts to open. Inverse-time current characteristics
result. i.e. greater the overload or excessive current, shorter the time required to operate
the MCB. On occurrence of short circuit, the rising current energizes the solenoid, operating
the plunger to strike the trip lever causing immediate release of the latch mechanism.
Rapidity of the magnetic solenoid operation causes instantaneous opening of contacts.
MCBs are available with different current ratings of 0.5, 1.2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7.5, 10, 16, 20,
25, 32, 35, 40, 63, 100, 125, 160 A and voltage rating of 240/415 V AC and up to 220 V DC.
Operating time is very short (less than 5 ms).
They are suitable for the protection of important and sophisticated equipment, such as air-
conditioners, refrigerators, computers etc.
Molded Case Circuit Breaker (MCCB) :
It is a type of electrical protection device that can be used for a wide range of voltages, and
frequencies of both 50 Hz and 60 Hz, the main distinctions between molded case and
miniature circuit breaker are that MCCB can have current rating up to 2500 amperes, and
its trip setting are normally adjustable. MCCBs are much larger than MCBs. An MCCB has
three main functions:
• Protection against overload.
• Protection against electrical faults.
• Switching a circuit ON and OFF. This is a less common function of circuit breakers,
but they can be used for that purpose if there is not an adequate manual switch.
The wide range of current ratings available from molded-case circuit breakers allows them
to be used in a wide variety of applications. MCCBs are available with current ratings that
range from low values such as 15 amperes, to industrial ratings such as 2500 amperes. This
allows them to be used in both low power and high power applications.
FUSE:
Fuse is perhaps the simplest and cheapest device used for interrupting an electrical circuit
under short circuit, or excessive overload, current magnitudes. The action of a fuse is based
upon the heating effect of the electric circuit. The fuse has inverse time-current

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Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
characteristics as shown in the next slide. The part which actually melts and opens the
circuit is known as the fuse element.

Time-Current Characteristics

Fuses have following advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages:
1. It is cheapest form of protection available.
2. It needs no maintenance.
3. Its operation is inherently completely automatic unlike a circuit breaker which
requires an elaborate equipment for automatic action.
4. It interrupts enormous short circuit currents without noise, flame, gas or smoke.
Disadvantages:
1. Considerable time is lost in rewiring or replacing a fuse after operation.
2. On heavy short circuits, discrimination between fuses in series cannot be obtained
unless there is considerable differences in the relative sizes of the fuse concerned.
3. The current-time characteristics of a fuse cannot always be correlated with that of
the protected device.
FUSE: Fuse is provided only in phase or live pole, never on neutral pole.
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB):
It is a device that provides protection against earth leakage. These are of two types.
1. Current operated earth leakage circuit breaker:
2. Voltage operated earth leakage circuit breaker.

1. Current operated earth leakage circuit breaker: It is used when the product of the
operating current in amperes and the earth-loop impedance in ohms does not exceed 40.
such circuit breakers is used where consumer’s earthing terminal is connected to a suitable
earth electrode. A current-operated earth leakage circuit breaker is applied to a 3-phase,
3-wire circuit.
In normal condition when there is no earth leakage, the algebraic sum of the currents in
the three coils of the current transformers is zero, and no current flows through the trip
coil. In case of any earth leakage, the currents are unbalanced and the trip coil is energized
and thus the circuit breaker is tripped.

2. Voltage operated earth leakage circuit breaker: It is suitable for use when the earth–
loop impedance exceeds the values applicable to fuses or excess-current circuit breaker or
to current operated earth leakage circuit breaker. When the voltage between the earth
continuity conductor (ECC) and earth electrode rises to sufficient value, the trip coil will
carry the required current to trip the circuit breaker. With such a circuit breaker the

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
earthing lead between the trip coil and the earth electrode must be insulated; in addition,
the earth electrode must be placed outside the resistance area of any other parallel earths
which may exist.

In both the above types of ELCB the tripping operation may be tested by means of a finger-
operated test button which passes a predetermined current from the line wire through a
high resistance to trip the coil and thus to earth. This test operation should be performed
regularly.

Fig: Current Operated ELCB Fig: Voltage Operated ELCB

Air Circuit Breaker (ACB):
An Air Circuit Breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch that uses air to protect
an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short
circuit. Its primary function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. When this
happens, an arc will appear between the contacts that have broken the circuit. Air circuit
breakers use compressed air to blow out the arc, or alternatively, the contacts are rapidly
swung into a small sealed chamber, the escaping of the displaced air, thus blowing out the
arc. This type of circuit breaker operates in air at atmospheric pressure.
Unlike a fuse, which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset
(either manually or automatically) to resume normal operation. You can also have remote
controlled circuit breaker which can be operated from a distance, whereas this is not the
case with a fuse.

3. Explain the requirement of earthing for electrical equipment. What is the difference
between neutral and earthing.

Answer:
Importance of earthing:
An electrical equipment or appliance is said to be earthed, if its outer frame and its other
parts not carrying any current are connected to the earth so as to attain as nearly zero
potential as possible. In practice, all equipment and machinery, as well as electric poles,
towers, neutral wires, etc, are earthed. The purpose of earthing is to ensure that all parts
of the system other than live parts are maintained at the earth potential at all times.
Objective of Earthing:
1. The main objective of earthing is to provide safety of operation.

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
2. Another objective of the earthing, though not widely used nowadays, is to save
conducting material.
3. It also helps in protecting high-rise buildings from atmospheric lightening. A fork
metal rod or thick wire, called the lightening conductor, sticks out from the top of
the building, chimney, tower, etc. its other end buried deep into the ground.
Whenever lightening occurs, the electricity passes directly from the top of
lightening conductor to the earth, thereby protecting the building from any
damage.
Methods of Earthing: Earthing should be done in a way so that on a short circuit, the
earth loop impedance is low enough to pass 3 times the current if fuses are used, and
1.5 times the current if MCBs are used. The metal work should be solidly earthed
without using any switch or fuse in the circuit.
For effective earthing, the resistance offered by the earth electrode along with the soil
in which electrode is embedded should be quite low.
Galvanized Iron (GI) or copper is used to make an earth electrode.

There are different types of earthing methods are used:

1. Strip or Wire Earthing.
2. Rod Earthing.
3. Pipe Earthing.
4. Plate Earthing.
Pipe and Plate Earthing’s are commonly used.

Difference between Neutral and Earthing:

Earth Neutral
It is the least resistant path and is used In an AC circuit which carries current in
for safety purposes against residual normal conditions, it is the return path
currents that balances the load
In normal conditions, it doesn’t carry any A neutral wire is always charged
current, but in case of insulation failure,
it might carry minor current
It cannot be turned into neutral It can be turned into earth
It can come from a neutral line or can be It comes from a neutral line
separately executed
Earth is the surging point of appliances Neutral is the return path of the electrical
current supply. It is also called a
reference point
4. Name the various cables used in electrical system based on insulation. Explain any two.
What are the features of good conductor in electrical circuit?

Answer:
According to type of insulation the cables are of following types:
1. Vulcanized Indian Rubber (VIR) insulated cables
2. Tough Rubber Sheathed (TRS) or Cab Tyre Sheathed (CTS) cables.
3. Lead Sheathed Cables.
4. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Cables.
5. Weatherproof cables.
6. Flexible cords and cables.
7. XLPE cables.

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
8. Multi-strand cables.
1. Vulcanized Indian Rubber (VIR) insulated cables: VIR cables are available in
240/415 volts as well as in 650/1100 volt grades. VIR cables consists of either
Tinned copper conductor Covered with a layer of VIR insulation. Over the rubber
Insulation cotton tape sheathed Covering is provided with Moisture resistant
compound bitumen wax or some other insulating material for making the cables
moisture proof.

Figure: Single Core VIR Cables

2. Tough Rubber Sheathed (TRS) or Cab Tyre Sheathed (CTS) cables: These
cables are available in 250/440 volt and 650/1100 volt grades and used in CTS (or
TRS) wiring. TRS cable is nothing but a VIR conductor with an outer protective
covering of tough rubber, which provides additional insulation and protection
against wear and tear. These cables are waterproof, hence can be used in wet
conditions. These cables are available as single core, circular twin core, circular
three core, flat three core, twin or three core with an earth continuity conductor.
The core are insulated from each other and covered with a common sheathing.
These cables are cheaper in cost and lighter in weight than lead alloy sheathed
cables and have the alloy sheathed cables and have the properties similar to those
of lead sheathed cables and thus provide cheaper substitute to lead sheathed
cables.

Features of good conductor in electrical circuit:

A conductor exhibits the following properties in equilibrium conditions:

• A conductor always allows the movement of electrons and ions through them.
• The electric field inside a conductor is zero allowing electrons to flow within them.
• The charge density inside a conductor is zero.
• Only on the surface of the conductor do free charges exist.
• All points of a conductor are at the same potential.

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GALGOTIAS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, GREATER NOIDA

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Important Questions
Course Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering Course Code: BEE101
Many metals are good conductors of electricity. This is the reason why parts of appliances
that need to pass electricity are made of metals. The plastic covering that surrounds an
electrical conductor is known as an insulator. It prevents us from getting an electric shock.

5. An alkaline cell is discharged at a steady current of 4 A for 12 hours, the average terminal
voltage is 1.2 V. To restore it to its original state of voltage, a steady current of 3 A for 20
hours is required, the average terminal voltage is 1.44 V. calculate the ampere-hour and
watt-hour efficiencies in this particular case.

Solution:
𝐼𝑑 𝑇𝑑
𝜂𝐴𝐻 =
𝐼𝑐 𝑇𝑐

4 × 12
𝜂𝐴𝐻 = = 0.80
3 × 20

%𝜂𝐴𝐻 = 80

𝑉𝑑 𝐼𝑑 𝑇𝑑
𝜂𝑊𝐻 =
𝑉𝑐 𝐼𝑐 𝑇𝑐

1.2 × 4 × 12
𝜂𝑊𝐻 = = 0.6666
1.44 × 3 × 20

%𝜂𝑊𝐻 = 66.66

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