Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
17 views

Lecture02 SingleRowFunctions (New)

Uploaded by

ariankhatib2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
17 views

Lecture02 SingleRowFunctions (New)

Uploaded by

ariankhatib2
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

Single Row Functions

Lecture 02
Agenda
• Character Functions

• Numeric Functions

• Datetime Functions

• Conversion Functions

• General Comparison Functions


SQL Functions
• There are two types of functions:
– Single-row
– Multiple-row

• A single-row function returns one result for each row. These functions operate on
single rows only and return one result for every row acted on.
• There are different types of Single-Row functions as follows:
– Character
– Number
– Date
– Conversion
– General

• A multiple-row function returns one result per set of rows. Functions can
manipulate groups of rows to give one result per group of rows. These functions
are also called group functions.
Single-Row Functions
• Single-row functions return a single result for each row in the result set.
• Single-row functions can be used in
– SELECT
– WHERE
– HAVING
– ORDER BY

• Functions can be used to


– Perform calculations on data
– Modify individual data items
– Manipulate output for groups of rows
– Format dates and numbers for display
– Convert column data types

• SQL functions may take arguments and always return a value.


Single-Row functions
• These functions manipulate data items.
– Be a set to one or more arguments and return a single value for each row that is
retrieved by the query.
– An argument can be one of the following:
– User supplied constant
– Variable value
– Column name
– Expression

• The actions of single row functions include:


– Acts on each row that is returned by the query
– Returns one result per row
– May possibly return a different data type than the one that is referenced
– The function expects one or more arguments
Character Functions
Character Functions
• These functions accept character type arguments and return character or
numeric values.

• Character functions:
– Case manipulation
– LOWER
– UPPER
– INITCAP
– Character manipulation
– SUBSTR
– CONCAT
– LENGTH
– INSTR
– TRIM
– REPLACE
Case Manipulation Functions
Function Returning result
LOWER(‘DATABASE Systems’) database systems

UPPER (‘database sYstems’) DATABASE SYSTEMS

INITCAP(‘database Systems’) Database Systems

• LOWER()
– returns the character argument with all lower case letters.

• UPPER()
– returns the character argument with all upper case letters.

• INITCAP()
– returns each world with the first letter capital and other letters lower case.
– Words are delimited by white space or characters that are not alphanumeric.
Case Manipulation Functions (SQL Example 1)
SELECT LOWER(job_title) AS "Lower",
UPPER(first_name) AS ”Upper",
INITCAP(email) AS "InitCap"
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = 2;
Case Manipulation Functions (SQL Example 2)
• The following SQL query returns employees whose first name start with
letters “elli” (case-insensitive).

• To make sure finding all matching employees, you can use LOWER() or
UPPER() functions on the left hand side of the comparison expression and
the matching pattern with all letters in lowercase or uppercase on the right
hand side of the comparison expression.

select *
FROM employees
WHERE LOWER(first_name) LIKE 'elli%';
Character Manipulation Functions
Function Returning result
CONCAT(‘Database’, ‘Systems’) DatabaseSystems

SUBSTR (‘DatabaseSystems’,1,4) Data

SUBSTR(‘DatabaseSystems’,-4,2) te

LENGTH(‘DatabaseSystems’) 15

INSTR(‘DatabaseSystems’, ‘b’) 5

LPAD(‘Tommy’, 10, ‘*’) *****Tommy

RPAD(‘Tommy’, 10, ‘*’) Tommy*****

REPLACE(‘Jack and Jue’, ‘J’, ‘Bl’) Black and Blue

TRIM(‘a’ FROM ‘aabbccaa’) bbcc


Numeric Functions
Numeric Functions
Function Returning result
ROUND(5.678, 2) 5.68

TRUNC(5.678, 2) 5.67

MOD(10, 3) 1
ROUND()
• ROUND(v, n)
– It receives two arguments.
– v: is a value of any numeric data type.
– n: is an integer value.
– returns the argument value v rounded to n places to the right of the decimal point.
– If you omit the second parameter n, the default value 0 will be considered for the
second argument, which mean the function returns ROUND(v,0).
– If you use 0 or no value for the second argument, n is rounded to zero decimal
places.
– ROUND(10.96) à 11
TRUNC()
• TRUNC(v, n)
– truncates a number v to n decimal places.
– TRUNC(15.193, 2) à 15.19
– TRUNC(15.193, 3) à 15.193
– TRUNC(15.193, 1) à15.1

• TRUNC(n)
– truncate a number v to zero decimal places.
– TRUNC(15.193) à 15
MOD()
• MOD(v, n)
– n: dividend
– v: divider
– The function MOD() returns the remainder of v divided by n.
– if n is 0, then it returns v.

• MOD(121,14) à 9

• MOD(25, 7) à 4

• The MOD() function is used to determine if a number is odd or even.


Numeric Function Example
SELECT product_id, MOD(product_id,7),
list_price, ROUND(list_price,1), ROUND(list_price),
TRUNC(list_price,1), TRUNC(list_price)
FROM products
WHERE list_price < 50
ORDER BY product_id;
Datetime Functions
Datetime
• The fields that apply to datetime are
– CENTURY YEAR MONTH DAY HOUR MINUTE SECOND
– 19 87 06 17 17 10 43

• Standard input and output of DATE is RR-MM-DD


– Valid Oracle dates are between January 1, 4712 B.C., and December 31, 9999 A.D.
– which, actually, depends on settings of the NLS parameters
– most of the time, you’ll need to format the date
– dates are not stored in the database in this format. all the components of the date
and time are stored
– Note: century or year stored as 4 digits even if displayed as 2

SELECT * FROM V$NLS_PARAMETERS;


Specify a DATE value
• You can specify a DATE value by:
• Specifying the date value as a literal
• Converting a character or numeric value to a date value with the TO_DATE function

DATE 'yyyy-mm-dd'

to_date('2022-DEC-25 17:30','YYYY-MON-DD HH24:MI')


SYSDATE
• SYSDATE returns current
– Date
– Time

SELECT SYSDATE
FROM dual;
Arithmetic Operations on Dates
• Since Oracle database stores dates as numbers, arithmetic operations such
as addition or subtraction can be performed on date values. You can add or
subtract both numbers and dates to or from date values.
– Date + Number
– Date – Number
– Date – Date

• Example:
– The next billing due date is calculated which 30 days from today.

SELECT sysdate, sysdate + 30


FROM dual;
Dates and Arithmetic Operators
• Example: Find how many weeks an employee has worked at the company?

SELECT last_name, (sysdate - hire_date)/7 "Weeks Employed" -- returns days convert to weeks
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id= 2;

• To improve the result format, we use function TRUNC()


SELECT last_name, TRUNC((sysdate - hire_date)/7,2) as "Weeks Employed"
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id = 2;

You might also like