CHEM110

Quantitative Chemistry
 Section 1

Introduction and composition of matter

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Modern Chemistry
 Chemistry Ancient Chemistry
◦ Is the study of matter (anything that has
mass and occupies space).
◦ Chemists study the interactions of different
types of matter.

 Matter Metallurgy

◦ All matter is composed of extremely small

particles - called atoms.
◦ There are approximately 100 different types
of atoms which make up all matter - these
are called elements. Dyes

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Atoms and Molecules Everywhere!
• LCD screen Nature
• Plastic & metal case
• Li ion battery
• Integrated circuits
• Silicon chip CPU
• CCD chip
• RAM chip
• Transistors
• Diodes
• Capacitors
• Wires
• Resin circuit board

Medicine

Samsung Galaxy S7 Edge

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Modern Chemistry
 Atoms Modern Chemistry
◦ Combine to form molecules and more
complex structures.
◦ This gives materials with different
properties.

Tyrian Purple
 Structure and function
◦ Understanding the structure of matter
allows one to understand its reactivity and
properties.
◦ Chemists can synthesise new materials from Molecule used in LCD
simple building blocks (molecules and displays
atoms) using standard chemical reactions

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Scientific Method
 Science is based on observations
◦ Experiment – an observation of natural
phenomena carried out in a controlled manner. Law
Results can be duplicated and conclusions can
be drawn.

◦ Hypothesis – A tentative explanation of a

regularity. A hypothesis that passes several
tests becomes a theory.

◦ Law – A concise statement or mathematical 2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2

equation about a fundamental relationship or
regularity in nature.

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Matter – Physical State

Solid Liquid Gas

Rigid matter, almost Relatively incompressible Easily compressible fluid, a
incompressible, fixed fluid, fixed volume, but not given quantity will fit into
shape and volume. shape. almost any shape and size
container.
 Physical change
o Change in the form of matter, but not the chemical identity.

 Chemical change (reaction)

◦ One or more kinds of matter are transformed into a new kind of matter
with different properties.

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Composition of Matter
Two principle ways to classify matter: physical state and chemical composition
These can be subdivided as follows:

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 Section 2

Composition of Matter, Chemical and Physical Changes

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Matter – Chemical Constitution
 Substances
o Matter that cannot be separated into other kinds Examples
of matter by a physical process (e.g. pure water).

 Elements
◦ A substance that cannot be decomposed by
chemical means into a simpler substance.
Sulfur powder
◦ There are 116 known elements.

 Compounds
◦ Most substances are compounds – a substance
composed of two or more elements chemically Iron powder
combined.
◦ A pure compound, no matter its origin, always
contains constant proportions of the elements by
mass.
◦ Compounds can be broken down into their
Iron pyrites
constituent elements.

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Matter – Mixtures
 Mixtures Examples
◦ Materials that can be separated by physical means
(distillation, precipitation, chromatography)
◦ Have a variable composition (unlike a pure
compound).

 Heterogeneous mixture Oil and water?

◦ Physically distinct parts e.g. iron filings and sulphur
powder, carbonated water.

 Homogeneous mixture (solution)

◦ Uniform properties throughout e.g. sugar dissolved in Mayonnaise?
water, black coffee.What is an alloy?

 Phase
◦ Is each distinctive part of a heterogeneous sample. A
homogeneous sample is a single phase always.
Tap water?

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Matter – Mixtures

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Questions
Which of these diagrams best illustrate a homogeneous solution?

Carbonated water Iron filings and sulphur Black coffee

Which of these diagrams best illustrate a heterogeneous solution?

Tea Boiling water Brass

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Relationships Between Matter
Matter
(all materials)

Substances Mixtures

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Chemical reactions

 Intensive Properties:
◦ Independent of the amount of substance present (density, boiling point, colour etc.).
 Extensive Properties:
◦ Dependent upon the amount of substance present (mass, volume, energy etc.).

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Chemical & Physical Changes
 Chemical changes:
◦ Changes that result in new
substances.
◦ These new substances have
different properties to the
original substances.
◦ Combustion, oxidation,
decomposition etc..
◦ During a chemical reaction the
reacting substances are converted
into new substances.

 Physical changes:
◦ Changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance.
◦ A substance will have the same chemical composition after a physical change.
◦ Changes of state (solid, liquid, gas), temperature, volume, etc..

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Chemical & Physical Changes
A sample of zinc metal is reacted with hydrochloric acid to produce zinc(II)
chloride (which dissolves in the acid) and hydrogen gas. The hydrogen gas is
then ignited in the presence of oxygen to produce water. The system is finally
cooled to 0 ºC, freezing the water. Identify the chemical and physical changes
taking place.

 Chemical changes:
◦ Reaction of zinc with hydrochloric acid to produce zinc(II) chloride.
◦ Combustion of hydrogen gas to produce water.

 Physical changes:
◦ Dissolution of zinc(II) chloride.
◦ Freezing of liquid water.

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