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ADVERB
Anadv
erbi
sawor dthatmodi f
ies(descri
bes)
o averbeg.singsloudly
o anadjecti
veEg.v eryt
all
o adver
bEg.endedt ooquickl
y,
o atenseeg.Fortunatel
y,Ihadbroughtani
dea”
).
Adv
erbi
alCl
ause
Adv erbial clausesorAdv erbcl ausesar egr oupsofwor dswi thasubjectandapr edicatethat
funct i
onasadv er bsi nasent ence.
Component sofAdv erbialcl auses
Anadv erbcl ausehasanumberofessent i
al component s:
Manyadv er bcl ausesal sohav eobj ects.
Asubj ect
Apr edi cat e
Asubor di nat ingconj unct ion
1.Subj ect
ASUBJECTi saper sonort hingt hati s“ doing”somet hi
ngi ntheclause.
I
tanswer st hequest ion“ who/ 'what ”
.
A subj ectcanbeapr onoun,anoun,anounphr ase( noun+modi fi
ers)orev enav erb
(an:infi
nitiveorger und) :
Exampl e:
Hecamehomev erylate.( pronoun)
Acatcr ossedt hest reet.(noun)
Smal l chi ldr encanbehy per acti
v e.(nounphr ase)
Tol eav ewasagoodi dea.( infi
nitive)
Swi mmi ngi sagr eatexer cise.(ger und)
2.Pr edicat e
A PREDI CATE t el l
s us whatt he subj ect“ does”.I tcan be a v erb ora v erb phr
ase
(verb+obj ect sormodi fi
er s)
:
Exampl e:
Audr eyl aughed.( verb)
Audr eyl aughedhappi l
y( ver b+modi f
ier)
Audr eyl aughedl ikeal ittl
echi l
d.( verbphr ase)
3.Conj unct i
on( triggerwor d)
Mostadv er bcl ausesbegi nwi thaconj unct ion.
Conj unctionsusedwi thadv er bcl ausesar ecal ledsubor dinati
ngconjunct i
ons.
Adv erbcl ausesar et heref orecal ledsubor dinat eclausesordependentcl auses.
Sincet headv er bi al clausei sadependentcl ause, itcannotst andalone.
I
tmustbecombi nedwi thani ndependentcl auset of orm acompl exsent ence.
Theadv erbi al cl ausecancomeei therbef or eoraf terani ndependentclause.
I
fi tcomesatt hebegi nningoft hesent ence, acommai spl acedafterit
.
Ther ear esev er al differentki ndsofadv erbial clauses:
Ty
pesofadv
erbi
alcl
auses
1.Adv
erbi
alCl
auseofTi
me
Anadv
erboft
imest
ateswhensomethi
nghappensorhowoften.
Anadver
bofti
meoftenst
art
swithoneofthefoll
owingsubordi
nat
ingconj
unct
ions:af
ter
,

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as,
asl
ongas,
assoonas,
bef
ore,
nosoonert
han,
since,
unt
il
,whenorwhi
le.
When
‘
When’ means‘atthatmoment,att
hatti
me,etc.
’
Thedif
ferentt
ensesusedinrel
ati
onshi
ptothecl
ausebegi
nni
ngwi hwhen.
t
‘when’takesei
therthesi
mplepastORt hepr
esent–thedependentcl
ausechangest
ense
i
nrelat
iontothe‘when’cl
ause.
Exampl
es:
•Hewast alkingont hephonewhenIar r
ived.
•Whenshecal l
ed,hehadal readyeatenlunch.
•Iwashedthedi sheswhenmydaught erfellasl
eep.
•We’l
lgotol unchwheny oucomet ovi
sit.
•Icanseey ouwhenIf i
nishmywor k.
Befor
e
Bef
‘ ore’means‘bef orethatmoment ’
.
I
tisimpor t
anttoremembert hat‘before’
takeseitherthesi
mpl
epastORt
hepr
esent
.
Exampl
es:
•Wewi l
lfi
nishbeforehearri
ves.
•She(had)l tbef
ef oreItel
ephoned.
•Theywil
lleavebeforeyougethere
After
Af
‘ ter’means‘af
terthatmoment
’.
I
tisimportanttoremembert af
hat‘ t
er’t
akest
hepr
esentf
orf
utur
eev
ent
sandt
hepastOR
pastperf
ectforpastevent
s.
Exampl
es:
•Wewi ll
fi shaf
ni t
erhecomes.
•Sheateaf t
erI(had)lef
t.
•Aft
erJohn’sempl oyerwarnedhi
m abouthi
scarel
esswork,hewasmorecar
eful
.
Whi
le/as
Whi
‘ l
e’and‘as’mean‘ duri
ngthatti
me’.
Whi
‘ l
e’and‘ as’arebot husuall
yusedwi t
hthepastcontinuousbecauset
hemeaningof
dur
‘ ingthatti
me’ whichindi
catesanacti
oninprogr
ess.
Exampl
es:
•Shebegancooki ngwhileIwasf i
nishingmyhomewor k.
•Shewasr eadi ngabookwhi let hedinnerwascooking.
•AsIwasf i
nishingmyhomewor k,shebegancooking.
Bythet i
me
Byt
‘ heti
me’ expressest heideathatoneev enthasbeencompletedbeforeanot
her
.
I
tisi mportantt onot i
cet heuseoft hepastper fectforpastevent
sandf utur
eperf
ectf
or
fut
ureev entsinthemai nclause.
Thi
si sbecauseoft hei deaofsomet hinghappeni nguptoanotherpoi
ntinti
me.
Examples:
•Bytheti
mehef i
nished,Ihadcookeddinner
.
•Wewi l
lhav
efini
shedourhomewor kbytheti
met heyarri
ve.
•Bythetimethelectur
erexplai
nedaboutNewt on’stheor
y,t
hest
udent
shadal
ready
readali
ttl
eaboutitatt
heirownhouses.
Unt
il
,ti
ll
Unt
‘ i
l’
and’ti
ll
’expr upt
ess‘ othatti
me’.

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Weuseeithert
hesimpl
epresentorsi
mpl epastwi
t unt
h‘ il
’ t
and’i
ll
’
.
Ti
‘ l
l’
isusual
lyonl
yusedi
nspokenEnglish.
Exampl
es:
•Wewaitedunti
lhef i
nishedhi
shomewor
k.
•I
’l
l tt
wai il
lyoufi
nish.
Si
nce
‘
Since’
means‘fr
om thatti
me’.
Weuset hepr
esentperf
ect(cont
inuous)wi
th‘
si
nce’
.
I
tcanalsobeusedwithaspecifi
cpointint
ime.
Exampl
es:
•IhaveplayedtennissinceIwasayoungboy.
•Ihav tseenhersi
en’ nceshel ef
tthi
smorning.
Assoonas
Assoonas’
‘ means‘ whensomet hi
nghappens–i mmediatelyaf
terwards’
.
Assoonas’i
‘ sv erysimi
larto‘ when’itemphasizesthattheeventwi l
loccuri
mmediat
ely
aft
ertheot her
.
Weusual lyusethesi mplepr esentforfut
ureevents,al
thoughpresentperf
ectcanal
sobe
used.
Exampl
es:
•Hewi lletusknowassoonashedeci
l des(orassoonashehasdecided).
Whenever/everytime
Whenever
‘ ’
and‘ everytime’mean‘eacht
imesomethinghappens’
.
Weuset hesi mplepr esent(ort
hesimplepasti
nt hepast whenever
)because‘ ever
’and‘ y
t
ime’expresshabi t
ual act
ion.
Examples:
•Wheneverhecomes,wegot
ohav
elunchat“
Sky
li
ghtHot
el”
.•Wet keev
akeahi ery
ti
mehevisit
s.
Thefi
rst
,second,t
hird,
fourt
hetc.
,next
,lastt
ime
Thefi
rst
,second,t
hir
d,four
thet
c.,
next,
lastti
memeans‘thatspeci
fi
cti
me’
.
Wecanuset heseformst obemor especificaboutwhichtimeofanumberoft
imes
somethi
nghappened.
Examples:
•Thefi
rstt
imeIwenttoNewYor k,Iwasinti
midat
edbytheci
ty.
•IsawJackthelastt
imeIwenttoSanFr anci
sco.
•Thesecondti
meIplayedtenni
s,Ibegantohavefun.
2.Adv
erbi
alCl
auseofPl
ace
Itst
ateswheresomethinghappens.
Itof
tenstart
swihapr
t eposi
ti
on( e.
g.i
,n,
on,
near
)orsubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ions:anywher
e,
everywhere,
whereorwherever.
Example:
Adverb meani
ng Examples

wher
e def
ini
tepl
ace Wel
i
vewher
ether
oadcr
ossest
her
iver
wher
ever anypl
ace ygoeswher
Themadmanusual
l everhewi
sht
ogo.
ev
ery
wher
e anypl
ace Ever
ywher
eImeethi
m,Ial
way
swantt
obeangr
y.

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any
wher
e anypl
ace Iwi
l
lfi ouany
ndy wher
eyouar
e.

3.Adv
erbi
alCl
auseofCondi
ti
on
Adverbialclausesofcondi tiont ellusaboutt hecircumstancesunderwhichsomethi
ng
happens.
Theyar eintr
oducedbyt hesubor dinatingconj unct
ionsif,whether,pr
ovi
dedt
hat,sol
ongas
andunl ess.
Exampl e:
Ionlywat chTVi fmyf av orit
eshowi son.
Hewon’ tgot ouni versityunl esshest udiesveryhard.
Youcanpl aythegamepr ovidedt hatyouf oll
owt herules.
IfIli
keit,Iwil
lbuyi t.
Ifitr
ains, wewil
l stayathome.
Youmaycomei fyouwantt o.
Youwon’ tpassunlessyouwor khar d.
Therewi llbenopr oblem pr ovidedt hatyoukeepyourmout hshut.
Youwi llhavetotaket hemedi cinewhet heryoulikeitornot.
4.Adv
erbi
alCl
auseofResul
t
Theyareintroducedbythesubordi
nat i
ngconjunctionst hatso…t
, hat,sot hatandsuch…t hat
.
Resul
tcl ausesar eat ypeofsubor dinat
ecl auset hatshowst her esul tofanact i
onor
si
tuat
ion.
Theyhelpanswert hequest
ionofwhysomet hinghappened. Resul tclausesar eint
roduced
byavar i
etyofconjuncti
ons,
suchas: so;so..
..that;such...t
hat,because, since…
1.Conjuncti
ons:So, So………t hat/
such…….t hat
So
Wecanuseso+subj ect+verbattheendofasent encetomean‘ thi
siswhy ’
.
so+subj
ect+ver
b
Exampl
es
Wedi dn’
thaveany thi
ngt odo,sowedeci dedtor entafil
m.
Iworkedv er
yhardt oday,soI’m exhausted.
Sheisnice,soIli
keher .(=Il
ikeherbecauseshei snice.)
Itrai
ned,sotheydidn'tgo.(=Theydidn'tgobecausei trained.)
Wehav ebeent heremanyt i
mes, solet'
sgosomewher eel se.
(=Let'
sgosomewher eelsebecausewehav ebeent heremanyt i
mes.)
So…t hat
Weusual lyputanadjectiv
ebet ween‘ so’and‘that
.’:
So+adj
ect
ive+t
hat
…
Exampl
es:
Theproblem wassocompl i
cat edthatnoneofuswasabl etosolvei
t.
Iwassot iedt
r hatIcouldn’
tst ayawake.
Themeal wassodel i
ciousthatwemadei tagai
nthenextday.
Thefaminewassosev erethatt housandsper i
shed.
Theyfoughtsobravelythattheenemyf led.
Shewassoweakt hatshecoul dhardlystand.OR
Shewassoweakshecoul dhar dlystand.(Thatisoft
enomi t
ted)
Itwassohotwedi dn’tgoout .ORI twassohott hatwedidn’
tgoout.

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Such…….t
hat
Wecanputanadj
ect
iveandanoun(
orj
ustanoun)bet
ween‘
such’
and‘
that
’:
Such+ Adj
ect
ive+ Noun/
Nounphr
ase +
that
…
Ex
amples:
Thesystem oper
atesinsuchawayt hati
tmeet st
hemainobject
ives.
Sheissuchagoodr unnerthatnobodycancat chher.
Itwassuchawar m daythatwecoul dnotbel
ieveitwasFebr
uary
Heissuchagoodmant hatallrespecthi
m.
Hespokeinsuchal owvoicethatf ewpeopl
ecouldhearhim.
5.Adv
erbi
alCl
auseofConcessi
on
Anadv er
bofconcessionoffersastat
ementwhichcont
rast
swit
ht hemaini
dea.
Theyareint
roducedbyt hesubordi
nat
ingconj
unctonst
i hough,
although,
eventhough,
whi
le,
whereasandeveni f.
i
.Alt
hough/event hough/inspit
eof/despit
e
Si
mil
ari
ti
es:
Theyareal
lusedtoli
nkt wocontrasti
ngi deas.
Theycanall
beusedatt hebeginningori nthemiddl
eoft
hesent
ence.
Example:
Despi
tetherai
n,weenjoy edthef esti
val
.
Weenjoyedthefesti
valdespitether ai
n.
Di
ff
erence:
Theyar
eusedwi
thdi
ff
erentst
ruct
ures.
i
i
.inspi
teof/despi
te
Af
teri
nspi
teofanddespi
te,
weuseanoun,
gerund(
-i
ngform ofav
erb)orapr
onoun.
i
nspit
eof+Noun/nounphrase
Exampl
e;
Theynev ermademuchmoney i
,nspi teoft heirsuccess.
Inspi
teoft hepaininhi sleg,hecompl et edthemar athon.
Thetrainwascancel led.Inspiteoft hat, wear ri
vedont ime.
Despite+Ger und/ -ingf orm ofav erb/
Exampl e:
Despi
tehavi ngaheadache, Ihadagr eatbi rthday.
Itiscommont ousei nspi t
eofanddespi t ewi t
ht heexpr essiont hefactthat,f
oll
owedbya
subjectandv er
b.
Inspiteof/Despi te +Subj ect+ Ver b
Exampl e:
Inspi
teoft hefactthathewor kedv eryhar d, hedidn’tear nenough.
Despi
tet hefactthathewor kedv er
yhar d,hedi dn’tearnenough.
i
ii.al
though/ev ent hough
Afteralthoughandev enthough, weuseasubj ectandav erb.
Event houghi ssli
ght l
ystr
ongerandmor eemphat icthanal though.
alt
hough/ev enthough+Subj ect+ Ver b
Exampl e:
Ienj
oy edthecourse, al
thoughIwoul dhav el i
kedmor egr ammarpr acti
ce.
Alt
houghwesaweachot herev eryday ,wedi dn’treal
lyknoweachot her.

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Event
houghshespokever
yquiet
ly,
heunder
stoodeveryword.
Shedi
dn’
tgett obev
hej enthoughshehadal
lthenecessar
yquali
fi
cat
ions.
i
v.though
a.Thoughcanbeusedi
nthesamewayasal
though.
Example:
Though/al
thoughIwasn’tkeenont
hefil
m,Ithoughtthemusicwasbeaut
if
ul.
b.Thoughcanal sogoattheendofthesecondphrase.
Example:
Wewai t
edagesf orourf
ood.Thewait
erwasr eal
lyni
ce,t
hough
Ot
herExampl
es
a)ThoughIam poor,Iam honest
b)Iwil
lbeabletogetinal
thoughIhavenoticket.
c)Evenifi
trai
ns,Iwil
lcome.
d)Themenmanagedt osurvi
veeventhoughtheywerethreedayswi
thoutwat
er.
e)Johnisverysoci
alwhereashisbrot
heri
sani ntr
overt
.
f)Thoughheisyoung,heoccupiesanimport
antpositi
oninthefi
rm.
However
,But
,Never
thel
ess,
Sti
ll
,Wher
easAndYet
These sent ence connect ors are used to emphasize the factthatthe second poi
nt
contradictswiththefir
st.
Exampl e:
Azebcoul dn'tcashherpay check,however,shemanagedt obuyanewTVset .
Bonahadat i
cketbuthedi
, dn´tgotot hegame
Ther ewasl i
ttl
echanceofsuccess; never
thelesst
heydeci
dedt operf
ormthesurgery.
Hei srich.Sti
ll
,heleadsami ser
ablelif
e.
Edisondr oppedoutschool atanearlyage,yethebecameaf amousinvent
or
Meger sat hi
nkswe´ r
er eadytobeginwher easHangatuthi
nkswehav etowait
6.Adv
erbi
alCl
auseofDegr
eeorCompar
ison
Anadv erbofdegreestat estowhatdegr eesomethi
ngisdoneorof
fer
sacompar i
son.
I
tanswert hequestionhowmuch, howlittl
eorhowmany.
Theconj uncti
onsusedt ointroduceadv erbcl
ausesofdegreeare as,as…as,so…as,
the…theandt han.
a)Sheisolderthanherhusband.
b)Sheisasi nt
ell
igentasshei sbeaut i
ful
.
c)Youar el ert
at hanIexpect ed.
d)Sheisaspr ett
yasadol l
.
e)Sheisnotsoi ntelli
gentashersister.
f)Theolderyougr owt hewiseryoubecome.
g)Themor eheear nsthemor ehespends.
7.Adv
erbi
alCl
auseofPur
pose
Apurpose(mi
ghtmeanobj
ect
ive,i
ntent
ion,orgoal
)isany
thi
ngaper
soni
ntendst
odoor
achi
eveint
hef
utur
e.
Bel
ow,
ther
ethr
eedi
ff
erentwayst
oexpr
esspur
pose.
1)For
Fori
salway
sf owedbyanounorager
ol
l und(
ver
b+i
ng)
Exampl
es:
•Ist
oppedt
hereforachat
.
•Thi
smopisforcleani
ngt
hef
loor
.

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•Iwor khardf orsuccess

•Itr
av elalotforamusi ngmysel f.
2)To/soast o/inordert o
To,soast o, andinor derto/ar ealway sfollowedbyav erb(i
nfi
nit
ive)
Exampl es:
•Iwentt othepostof fcet
i o/soast o/ i
nor dertobuysomest amps.
•I'
m goingt oAddi sinto/ soast o/inor dertovisi
tmyf amil
y.
•Shepr eparedwel t
lo/soast o/inor dert ogetagoodgr ade.
•Hei slookingf orapar ttimej obt o/soast o/i
nordertosavesomepocketmoney.
•Shewakesupear l
yint o/soast o/inor dertobeont i
met owor k.
•Theyv i
sit
edhi mt o/soast o/inor dert oof f
erthei
rcondolencesforthedeathofhi
s
wif
e.
•Bobst udieshar dsoast o/soast o/ i
nor dertogetagoodj ob.
•Ipracticespor tseverydayt o/ soast o/inordertohaveafitbody.
3)Sot hat/
Inor derthat
Sothatandi nordert hat/arealway sf oll
owedbyasubj ect+modal +v er
b(infi
nit
ive)
Exampl
es:
•Het urneddownt hemusi csothathewouldn'
tdisturbtheneighbor
s.
•Hegotav sasot
i hathecant r
aveltotheUSA.
•Hedeci dedtostayinEnglandforawhi esot
l hathecoul dpracti
cehisEnglish.
•Iam sav ngmoneysot
i hatIcanbuyanewcar .
•Ireadmanyshor tstoressot
i hatIcanlear
nmanyv ocabul
ari
es.
•Shespendsal otofmoneyonher selfi
norderthatshecanlookbeaut i
ful
.
I
nordernott o/soasnott o
Youcanuse/ i
nordernottoandsoasnott o/toexpresspurposeinthenegativeform.
Exampl
es:
•Theywokeupear lyinordernott
obel at
e.
•Sheexercisesregularysoasnott
l ogetfat
.
•Hehelpedt henewpol icewomansoasnott ofail
inherf
ir
stmi
ssi
on.
•Iam l
eavingnowsoasnott obelate.
•Theystudyhar dsoasnott ofail
.
•Shepracti
cesspor tssoasnott obefat.
•Iwri
teever ydayinordernottobeabadwr iter
.
Mor
eExampl esofexpr essi
ngpur posei nEnglish:
•Shesavesalotofmoneysoast obuywhatsheneeds.
•Theyhelpmycl assmatesunder standlessonsi nordertol
earn
•Ir
un2mi est
l or educecholest
erol i
nmybl ood.
•Theyeducatetheirchil
drensothatt heycouldgetagoodj ob.
•Shestudi
eslanguagesf orcommuni cati
on.
•Dotheseassignment sinorderthatyoul earntherulesver
yfast.
8.Adv
erbi
alCl
auseofReason(
Cause)
Anadv erbofr easonof
fer
sareasonf orthemainidea.
Theyar ei
ntroducedbythesubordinat
ingconjunct
ionsbecause,as,sinceandthat
.
Clausesofr easonareusedt oexpl ainwhysomet hi
nghappenedorwhysomeonedi d
somet hi
ng.
Weuseacl auseofr easonint
roducedbyaconj unct
ion(as,since,because)oranoun
phraseintoducedbybecauseof
r ,duet o,owi
ngto.

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Subordi
nati
ngConjuncti
ons-Because/Since/As/ f
or
As,becauseandsinceareconj
uncti
ons.
Theyalli
ntr
oducesubordi
natecl
auses.
Theyconnectther
esultofsomethi
ngwithit
sreason.
Theyareverysimi
l
arinmeaning.
As/Si
nce/
Because + subj
ect + ver
b
Exampl
es
Many exami nat
ion candidates lose poi nts because/
’ as/si
nce t hey do notr ead t
he
questionspr operly
.
Iwentt othestoresince/as/becauseIneededmi l
k.
Thet eacherwasangr ysince/as/becauset heboydi dn'tdohi shomewor k.
Ihavenev ertr
aveledtoEur opesi nce/ as/becausei tist ooexpensi veforme.
Shespokequi etl
ysince/as/ becauseshedi dn’twantCat her
inet ohear.
We’ l
lcomeov eronSundaysi nce/ as/becauseDavi d’sgott owor konSat urday
.
Acommai susedwhent hecl auseofr easoni satt hebegi nningoft hesent ence.
Exampl es
Since/ As/Becausei twascol d,Idi dn'tgotot hegame.
Since/ As/Becauseshei sni ce,ever ybodylikesher .
Since/ As/Becausewedon' thav et imet ocook, let'
sor dersomedel iv
er y
.
Since/ As/Becauseyouar emar ri
ednow, youhav etoactmor eresponsible.
Since/ As/Becausehermot herli
v esi nNewYor k, shegoest herealot.
For
"For"canbeusedi nsteadoft hewor d" because" .
Thisisnotv er
ycommonandi salitt
lebi tofold-styleEngl i
sh.
Exampl
es
Wewentonapicni
c,f
oritwasaniceday.
Shei
sf f
amous,orsheisbeaut
if
ulandtal
ent
ed
That
Exampl
e:
adt
Iam gl hatyouhavecome.
Myparentswer edisappoi edt
nt hatIdidn’tgett
heschol
arshi
p.
Hewasf uriousthathi
sbookwascriti
cizedbymostrevi
ewers.
1.Preposit
ions
Becauseof/ duet o/
owingt o
Becauseof
/Duet
o/owi
ngt
o/becauseof + Noun/
noun
phrase
Wecanalsouseduet o/
owingto/
onaccountofbef
oreanoun.
Theymean‘becauseof’
butaremoref
ormal.
Exampl
es
Hedidnotparti
cipat
eintheconferencebecauseof/dueto/owingtoil
l healt
h.
Theeventwascancelleddueto/owingto/becauseoflackofinter
est.
Icoul
dn’
tenjoythemeal dueto/
owi ngto/
becauseoft hei
rconstantarguing.
BecauseVsBecauseof
Because’i
‘ saconjunctionandwenor mallyuseitinasubject+verbconstruction;because
‘
of’
isapreposi
ti
onandi tgoeswithagerundoranoun.
Because+subj
ect(
noun/
pronoun)+Ver
b
Becauseof+ger
undoranoun

8
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

Exampl
e:
Igotupear
lybecauseIcoul
dn’tsl
eep.
Igotupear
lybecauseofmyinabil
it
ytosl
eep.
Igotupear
lybecauseofnotbeingabl
etosl
eep.
9.Adv
erbi
alCl
auseofManner
I
tst
ateshowsomet
hingi
sdone.
I
tof
tenstar
tswi
thoneofthefol
l
owi
ngsubor
dinat
ingconj
unct
ions:as,l
ike,ort
heway.
‘
as
t
hough’
or‘
asi
f’:
Exampl e:
Shel ookedast houghshewasi npai n.
Ryanwal kedpastasi fhehadn’ tseenus.
Het alkedt omelikeIwasachi l
d.
Themanwast al
kingasi fshewast heleaderofthegroup.
Thechoi rsangast hought heheavenswoul df al
l
.
Sheper f
ormedsoexcel lentl
ythatshegotaschol arshi
p.
Pleasedoi t(
exactly)asIi nst
ructed.
(Just)assugarat tractsanant( so)herbeautyandcongeni ali
tyatt
ractcust
omer
sto
hershop.
Heact sli
keitisajoke.
Wedon' thav econv ersati
ons.Yout katmet
al hewayat eachertalkstoanaught
y
student .
Exceptf oranoccasi onalheartat t
ack,IfeelasyoungasIev erdid.
GERUND
Agerundisaver binitsing(
presentpart
ici
ple)for
mthatfunct
ionsasanount
hatnamesan
act
ivi
tyrat
herthanaper sonorthing.
Agerundisthe‘i
ng’ for
m ofthev erbt
hatisusedasanoun.
Agerundisusedi nthesamewayasanoun.
Assubjectofav erb
Ger
undscanappearatt hebeginningofasentencewhenusedasasubject
:
Examples
Boxi
ngismyfavor
it
esport
.
Readi
ngismyhobby
Worki
nghardmakesyousuccessf
ul
Joggi
ngi
sahobbyofmi ne.
Asobj
ectofatr
ansit
ivev
er b(
dir
ectobj
ect
)
Ger
undscanactasanobjectf
oll
owingt
hever
b:

Exampl
es
Ihav
el earneddrivi
ng.
Shedislkesov
i ersl
eepi
ng.
ewor
Ihat ryingaboutmyf ut
ure.
Dani
el tsmoki
qui ngayearago.
Asobj
ectofapr eposi t
ion
Ger
undscanser veasanobj ectaft
erapreposi
ti
on:
Exampl
es
Themanisaddi
ctedt
odrinki
ng.
I
’mti
redofappl
yi
ngforv
acantposi
ti
ons.

9
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

He’
safr dofspeaki
ai ngthetr
uth.
Il
ookfor dt
war ohelpi
ngyoupaintt
hehouse.
Ascomplementofaverb
Exampl
es
Myaiminli
feisbecominganathl
ete.
Mysist
er’
sobject
ivei
sstart
ingahomeforhomel
esschil
dren.
WhatIwanttodoinli
feisachi
evi
ngsomethi
ngusef
ulforall
.
Ver
bswhi
char
eusual
lyf
oll
owedbyaGer
und:
acknowl edge,admi t
,adore,anti
cipate,appr eci
ate,avoid,celebr
ate,confess,contemplate,
delay,deny ,descri
be,detest,di
scuss,di sl
ike,dread,endure,enjoy,fancy,fi
nish,imagine,
i
nv olv
e, keep,just
if
y,mention,mind,miss, omi t
,postpone,practi
se,qui
t,recal
l,
recommend,
regret,r
epor t
,resume,r
isk,suggest,t
olerate,underst
and.
Ger
undPhr
ase
Ager
undphr
asei
saphr
aset
hatconsi
stsofager
und,
itsobj
ect,
andanymodi
fi
ers.
Examples
Removingthedressi
ngquickl
yisthebestway.
Ilkesi
i ngingsongsintheshower.
Trytoser
v ethesoupwihoutdr
t oppi
ngthetrayt
histi
me.
Movingquicklyi
sthekeytosurvi
val
.(wi
thoutanobj
ect)
Iwanttotalktoyouaboutbuyi
ngthosemagicbeans.(wi
thoutamodi
fi
er)
TheFunct
ionofGer
undPhr
ases
Li
keallnouns,ager undphrasecanf uncti
onasasubj ect,anobj ect,oracompl ement
wit
hinasentence.
Example:
Eati
ngbl ackberri
esqui
cklyi
sabadi dea.(subject
)
Shehat eswaitingfort
rai
ns.(
thedirectobject
)
She knew a l otaboutgrowing tomatoes i n cold cl
imates.(the objectofthe
preposi
t i
on)
Herbi ggestmi ake was car
st i
ng t oo much aboutt he qualit
y oft he pr
oduct
.
(complement )
I
NFI
NITI
VE
I
tisformedwithto+basef orm oft
heverb.
Ex :t
obuy, t
owork.
1.AstheSubjectoftheSentence
I
tisplacedatthebeginni
ngofasentence:
Examples:
Totr
avelaroundtheworl
drequi
resalotoft
imeandmoney.
Towaitseemedf ool
i
shwhendecisiv
eacti
onwasrequi
red.
Toswimint hatseamaybedangerous.
2.AstheDirectObjectoftheSentence
I
tisfol
lowedbyt heverb
Examples:
Hewant edtocr y.
Martaalwaysf or st
get oeat
Ilket
i owr i
teinEnglish.
Every
onewant edt ogo.

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 Engl
i
shShor
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eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

3.AsSubjectCompl ement
Examples:
Ourai mist oi mprove.
Hisambi ti
oni st ofl
y.
Whati sessent ialst
i omai ntainahealt
hydiet
.
4.AsanAdj ecti
v e
I
tusedasanadj ectivemodi f
yinganoun:
Exampl e:
Sarahhast heabi l
i
tytosucceed.
Thisisthebestt met
i opr actice.
Ihavesomej eanstowash.
5.AsanAdv er
b
Exampl e.
Youpr omi sedt obuymeadi amondr i
ng.
Wemustcar efull
yobser vetounder st
and.
Ican’twaitt osee.
Aft
eranAdj ecti
ve
Subj
ect+tobe+adj ectiv
e+( for/ofsomeone)+t o-i
nfi
nit
ive+(
restofsent
ence)
Example:
Iti
simpor tantt obepatient .
Iti
swonder fultohavecl osef ri
ends.
Thef
oll
owi
ngver
bsar
efol
lowedbyi
nfi
nit
ivewi
tht
o:
aff
ord,agr
ee,appear,arr
ange,manage,need,of fer
,plan,choose,attempt,ai
m,beg,care,
wait
,want,wi
sh,hesi
tate,cease,cl
aim, consent
,deci
de, pr
epare,
pretend,pr
omise,vol
unt
eer,
demand,deser
ve,fai
l
, f
orget,r
efuse,regret,
remember ,
hope,lear
n,seem, swear,
happen,
etc.
Someverbscanbef
oll
owedbyager
undorani
nfi
nit
ivewi
thoutcausi
ngachangei
n
meani
ng:
begin,cont i
nue, hat e,i
ntend, l
ike, l
ov e,pref er,
st art
Exampl e.
Shel ikesplayingchess.
Shel ikestopl aychess.
Hest ar edl
t ear ninghowt oswi m.
Hest ar edt
t ol ear nhowt oswi m.
Somepeopl epr eferget ti
ngupear lyint hemor ning.
Somepeopl epr efertogetupear l
yi nthemor ni
ng
Wi l
lyoucont nuewor
i kingaf tery ougi v ebirth?
Wi l
lyoucont nuet
i owor kaft ery ougi vebi rt
h?
Somev erbscanbef ol lowedbyager undori nf ini
ti
v ebutwi t
hachangeinmeaning:
Forget,Remember ,Stop,
N.B.Remember+ger und=pastmeani ng( forget)
Remember+i nfiniti
ve=pr esentmeani ng( f
orget )
Exampl e:
Iremembergoi ngtoCai ro.
Iremembert ogot oCai ro.
Her emember edsendi ngt hef ax.( Her emember edtheactofsendthefax
)
Her emember edt osendt hef ax.(Her emember edthefaxandsenti
t.
)
Hedi dnotr emembergoi ngt ot hest ore.

11
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eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

(Hewenttothest
ore, buthedi dnotr ecal lt
hathehadbeenther
e.)
Hedidnotremembert ogot othestor e.
(Heint
endedtogotot hest ore,buthedi dnotdoi t.
)
Hestoppeddri
nki
ngcof fee.(Henev erdr ankcoff
eeagai
n.)
Hestoppedtodri
nkcof fee.(Hest oppedwhathewasdoi nganddranksomecof
fee.
)
oppedsmoki
Ist ng.(Inol ongersmoke. )
oppedt
Ist osmoke.( Istoppedsomepl acealongthewaytosmoke.)
I
nfi
nit
ivePhr
ase
Ani
nfi
niti
vephr aseistheinfi
nit
ivefor
m ofaverbplusanycompl
ement
sandmodi
fi
ers.
Exampl e:
Helikestokneadt hedoughsl owl
y.
Hehel pedtobuildtheroof.
Theof fi
cerret
urnedtohelptheinspect
ors.
Letmeshowy outhebestwayt ofi
tadoorquickl
y.
Shet el
lsyoutodancel i
kenoonei swatchi
ng.
TheFunct
ionofI
nfi
nit
ivePhr
ases
Aninfini
ti
v ephr asecanpl ayt her ol
eofanoun, anadj ect
ive, oranadv erb.
Li
keal lnouns,ani nfinit
ivephr asecanf unct ionasasubj ect,anobj ect,oracompl ement
wit
hinasent ence.
a)I
nf i
nit
ivephr asesassubj ect s
Exampl e:
Tohaveabi gdr eam r equi r
esthesameef fortashav ingasmal ldream.
Toi nventanai rplanei snot hing.
b)I
nf i
nit
ivephr asesasobj ect s
Exampl e:
Hehel pedt obui ldther oof .
Nobodywant st ohearl ongspeeches.
c)I
nf i
nit
ivephr asesascompl ement s
Exampl e:
Theonl ysol ut
ionwast ol owerthest andar ds.
Ourai mi stohel pthecl ientshel
pt hemsel ves,nottot ellthem whatt othi
nk.
d)I
nf i
nit
ivePhr asesAsAdj ect i
ves
Whenani nfinit
ivephr asef unct i
onsasanadj ecti
v e,i
tdescribesanounorapr onoun.
Exampl e:
Lethim showy outhebestwayt opai ntthedoor .
Il
ov ecr imebooks.Ineedonet oreadonhol i
day.
Thef irststepi nf orgiv enessi sthewi llngnesst
i oforgivet hosewhohavewr ongedus.
e)I
nf i
nit
ivePhr asesAsAdv er bs
Mostinfiniti
vephr asest hatf unct i
onasadv erbst elluswhyt heact ionoccur red.
Mosti nf
initi
v ephr asest hatf unct i
onasadv erbscoul dstar
twi t h"inordert o"(asopposedt o
j
ust"to."
)
Exampl e:
Theof fi
cerr eturnedt ohel ptheinspect ors.
Heopenedt heboxt or evealahugebul lf
rog.
I
nfi
nit
ivePhr
aseswi
thBar
eInf
ini
ti
ves
Whent
he"to"i
sdr
opped,
iti
scalledabarei
nfi
nit
ive.
Thi
shappenswhen an i
nfi
nit
ivefol
lows"can,""coul
d,""
may,
""mi
ght
,""
must
,""
shal
l,
"
12
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

"
shoul
d,""wi
ll
,
"or"would"(
i.
e.,
amodal auxi
l
iar
yver
b).
Example:
Heshouldgohomei mmedi at
ely.
Theymightf
ini
shtheprojectbyWednesday.
Bar
einfi
nit
ivesalsofoll
owot herverbs.
Themainonesar e" f
eel,
""hear,
""help,
""l
et,""make,
""see,
"and"
wat
ch.
"
Thi
sti
me, t
herei sadirectobjecti
nvolved.
Example:
Dawnhel pedherf r
iendbakehi smot heracake.
Iwatchedt hem sweept heroadasf astastheycould.
Exer
cises–Ger
undsandI
nfi
nit
ives
Chooset hecor r
ectger undori nfi
nitivefrom thepar enthesisattheendoft hesentence.
1.Alancan'tstand_ _
_ ______ont rains.(r
iding/toride)
2.Mr .Harri
senjoy s__ _______peopl eoutt odinner.(invit
ing/toinvit
e)
3.I
nt heoldday s,gent lemenchal l
engedt hei
rrival
s_ ______.(f
ightng/t
i ofight)
4.Ast hefamoussay inggoes, there'snouse_ _____ov erspil
tmi l
k.(cryi
ng/t ocry)
5.Ji
m st opped_ _______ _hisshoel ace.Wai tforhim.( t
y i
ng/ t
ot i
e)
6.Mywi f
ealway sv olunteers__ _________cakesPTAmeet i
ngs.(baking/t obake)
7.Don'twast emyt ime_ __________abouty oursalary.(complaining/tocompl ain)
8.Evai shavingtroubl e_ _
_______ont heexam.( concent rati
ng/ t
oconcent rate)
9.Pleaseallowme_ ___________yourFacebookpage.( j
oining/tojoin)
10.Youwon' tf
orget_ __ __
____mi l
kony ourwayhome, wi l
lyou?(pickingup/ topickup)
PARTI
CIPLES
Part
ici
plesar
ev er
bsendi
ngin- i
ng( pr
esentpart
ici
ple)or–ed/pastf
orm(
pastpar
ti
cipl
e)
andfuncti
oni
ngasmodifi
ers(adj
ecti
ves/adv
erbs)
Apresentpar
ti
ci
pleandpastpart
ici
pleareusedasanadj ect
ive.
The The Present The Past Exampl
eofaPar
ti
cipl
ePhr
ase
Ver
b Par
ti
cipl
e Par
ti
cipl
e
To t
her
isi
ngsun t
her
isensun Risingoutoft
heseai nfrontofus, t
hesun
ri
se startedt
owarm ourf aces.
To the print
ing the pr
int
ed Printed on the v ery f i
rst press, t
he
pri
nt document document documentwasext remelyv aluabl
e.
To the br
eaking the br
oken Broken bya gov ernmentwhi stl
e-bl
ower,
brea news news thenewsi sal
loverthemedi a.
k
Example:a.Tour
i si
st nt
erest
edinmodernar
tusual
l
yv i
sitourgal
ler
y.
(I
“nt
erest
ed”isapastparti
cipl
emodi
fyi
ngthenoun“Tourist
s”b.Feel
) i
ngexci
ted,t
he
small boywai tedt oseehismot hercomingtowardshim.
(Feel
“ ingexci ted”i spr esentpart
ici
plephrasemodifyingthenounphr ase‘t
hesmall
boy’and“ comi ngt owardshim”alsoapr esentpart
ici
plephrasemodi fyingthenoun
phrase“ hismot he”)
•Whenpastpar ti
cipl
es( usuall
y-ed)areusedli
keadjecti
vesoradv erbs.
Exampl e:
Whatani nterest i
ngar t.
Fil
l
edwi thhor r
oratwhathehadj ustseen,hesatinhischair.
•Par
ti
cipl
esaf teranoundef i
neandidentif
yinthesamewayasr elati
veclauses.

13
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eforGr
ade12t
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emay
ehuMekonnen

Example:
Imetawomanr i
dingahor =whowasr
se.( idi
ng..
.)
•Par
ti
cipl
escanbeusedasadver
bs.Theycandescr
ibe:
-t
woact
ionshappeni
ngatt
hesamet
ime.
Ex
ample:
Shesatbyt
hef
ier
r eadi
ngabook.
-t
woact
ionst
hathappenoneaf
teranot
her
.
Ex
ampl
e:
Openi
nghi
scase,
het
ookoutagun.
•I
fitisimport
antt oshowt hatt
hefir
stacti
oniscomplet
edbef
oret
hesecondact
ionbegi
ns,
weuset heperfectpart
ici
ple.
Example:
Havi
ngfinishedl
unch, wesetoffonourjour
ney
.
Havi
nghadashower ,shegotdressed.
-t
woact
ionst
hathappenonebecauseofanot
her
.
Ex
ample:
Bei
ngmean,henev
erboughtanyoneaChrist
maspr
esent
.
Notknowi
ngwhatt
odo,Iwaitedpat
ient
ly.
Par
ti
cipi
alphr
ase
Aparti
cipialphr
aseisaphr
aseheadedbyapar t
ici
plet
hatfunct
ionsasanadj
ect
ive.
Ifaparticipi
alphr
asecomesatt hebeginni
ngofasent ence,itshoul
dbefoll
owedbya
comma.
Ifi
tcomesi nthemiddl
eofasentence,i
tshouldbesetof fbycommasunlessitprov
ides
essent
ialinfor
mati
on.
Exampl
es:
Martarecognizedthemanwal kingadog.
Dri
vingtowor k,Jemal
list
enedt oanaudiobook.
Themant akingnotesismyai de.
John,i
gnoringthedoorbel
l,continuedt
owat ch.
Pr
esentpar
ti
cipl
ecl
auses
Pr
esentpar
tici
pleshav
easimil
armeani
ngt
oact
ivev
erbs.
Togivetheresul
tofanact
ion
Exampl
es:
Thebombexpl
oded,
dest
roy
ingt
hebui
l
ding.
Togi
vet
her
easonf
oranact
ion
Knowi
ngshel
ovedr
eadi
ng,
Johnboughtherabook.
Total
kaboutanact i
onthathappenedatt hesametimeasanotheracti
on
Standinginthequeue,Ireal
izedIdidn'
thaveanymoney.
Wai t
ingforJohn,Imadesomet ea.(Whil
eIwaswai t
ingforJohn,Imadesome
tea.
Toaddinformationaboutthesubjectofthemainclause
Starti
nginthenewyea, thenewpol i
cybanscarsintheci
tycenter
.
Pastpar
ti
cipl
ecl
auses
Pastpar
ti
ciplesnor
mal l
yhav
eapassi vemeani
ng.
Withasi
milarmeaningtoani fcondi
ti
on
Togivet
her easonforanact
ion
Worri
edbyt henews,shecal
ledthehospi
tal
.

14
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

Toaddi nformat ionaboutt hesubj ectoft hemai nclause

Fi
lledwi thpr i
de, hewal kedt owar dst hest age.
Perfectpar ticiplecl auses
Perfectpar ti
ci plescanbest ruct uredt omakeanact iveorpassivemeani ng.
Havi nggotdr essed, hesl owlywentdownst airs.
Havi ngf i
ni shedt hei rtraining, t
heywi llbefull
yqual i
fi
eddoct ors.
Havi ngbeenmader edundant ,shest artedlookingforanewj ob.
Par t
ici
plecl ausesaf terconj unct i
onsandpr epositi
ons
I
ti salsocommonf orpar ticiplecl auses,especi all
ywi th-ing,tof ol
l
ow conjunct
ionsand
prepositionssuchasbef ore, after,i
nst eadof ,on,since,when, whil
eandi nspiteof
Bef orecooki ng,y oushoul dwashy ourhands.
Insteadofcompl ai ni
ngabouti t,theyshouldt rydoingsomet hingposit
ive.
Onar rivingatt hehot el,hewentt ogetchanged.
Whi lepacki nghert hings, shet houghtaboutt helasttwoy ears.
Inspi teofhavi ngr eadt hei nstructi
onst wice,Isti
llcouldn’
tunderstandhowtouseit.
Gerundv s.par t
icipl
e
Par
ti
cipl
ePhr
ase Ger
undPhr
ase
Apar ti
ciplephr aseisagroupofwor ds Agerundphraseisagroupofwordsthat
thatincludesapr esentparti
cipl
eora cont
ainsagerundandothermodi
fi
ers.
pastpar ti
cipl
eandot hermodifi
ers.
Apar tici
plephr aseactsandf uncti
ons
Ager undphr aseact sandfunctionslikea
l
ikeanadj ect
ive. noun.
A par ti
cipl
e phr ase provi
des ext r
a
A ger undphr aseact sast hesubj ector
i
nformat ionandev enwithoutwhich,
objt
he
ecti nasent enceandhence,cannot
sentence woul d stil
llook and sound
be r emov ed f r
om t he sentence as the
compl ete. sentence woul d make no sense i ni t
s
absence.
Forexampl
e: Forexampl e:
Shespentherenti
redaysi
tti
ngbyt
he Sit
ting byt he beach and wat chi
ng the
beachandwatchi
ngthewav
es. wav esi sherf avourit
ethi
ngt odo.
CONDI
TIONALSENTENCES
Ifcl
auseisdependentorsubor
dinat
ecl
ause.
Mainclause_isindependentcl
ausewher dssuchascan,wi
eweusewor ll
,may,mi
ght
,
couldandwould.
Ther
ear
efourmai
ntypesofcondi
ti
onalsent
ences:
-
1)ZeroConditi
onal
Iti
sast ruct
ureusedf ortal
ki
ngaboutgener
altr
uththi
ngswhichalwayshappenunder
cert
ainsi
tuat
ions.
Iti
susedtotalkaboutt
hingswhi eal
char waystr
uesci
enti
fi
cfact
s,gener
alt
rut
hsandsoon.
a)Thepat t
ernisi f
..
.+pr esent.
..+present.
Examples
Ift
hedoor bellri
ngs, thedogbarks.
Ifyouheatiron,itexpands.
Ifyouheatt hewat erto100degr ees,tboi
i l
s.
Ifyoucool watertozer odegree,itr
etur
nsint
oice.
Wecanusewheni nsteadofi f.

15
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

I
f/WhenIr
ever
set
hecar
,itmakesaf
unnynoi
se.
2)Condi
ti
onal ty
peI
I
tisal
socalledprobabl
eorli
kel
ycondi
ti
on.
I
tisastr
uctureusedfortalngaboutpossi
ki bil
i
tiesinthepresentori
nt hefuture.
I
tisusedtot al
kaboutthi
ngswhichar
epossibleinthepresentorinthefuture-t
hingswhi
ch
mayhappen.
a)Thepat t
ernisif
..
.'+present.
..+wi l
l.
Examples
Ifi
trains,t
her ecepti
onwi l
ltakeplaceindoor s.
I
fwedon' thurry,we'l
lmissthetrain.
Themi lkwil
lgoof fifyouleaveitbyther adiator
.
Ifyoustudyhar d,youwil
lpasst hetest.
Unlessy oustudyhard,youwon' tpassthet est.
3)Conditi
onal ty
peII
I
tisalsocalledimprobabl eorunli
kel
ycondi t
ion.
I
tisastructureusedf ortal ngaboutunr
ki ealsituat
ionint
hepresentorinthefut
ure.
I
tisusedtot alkaboutthingswhichareunr eal(nottr
ueornotpossibl
e)inthepr
esentort
he
fut
urethi
ngswhi chdon'torwon'thappen.
Thepat ternisi
f..
.+past ..
.+woul d.
Examples
IfIhadl ot
sofmoney, Iwoul dtravelr
oundt heworl
d.
IfPhill
ivednearerhismot her,
hewoul dvisithermoreof
ten.
Iwoul dtel
lyoutheansweri fIknewwhati twas.
IfIhadami l
l
ionbirr
,Iwoul dbuyabi ghouse.
IfIwereabi r Iwoul
d, dfly.
4)Conditi
onal ty
peIII
I
tisal
socal ledimpossibl
econdi
tion.
I
tisastructureusedfortal
ki
ngaboutunr ealsi
tuat
ionsinthepast
.
I
tisusedtot alkaboutthi
ngswhichdidnothappeni nthepast
.
I
tisoft
enusedt oexpresscr
it
ici
sm orregret
.
a.Thepat t
er nisif
..
.+pastperf
ect..+woul
. d+per f
ect.
Examples
Ifyouhadtakenat axi
,youwouldhavegothereinti
me.
IfIhadphonedtorenewt hebooks,Iwouldn'
thavehadtopayafi
ne.
Themanwoul dhavediedift
heambul ancehadn'
tarr
ivedsoqui
ckl
y.
Wewoul dhavegonei fwehadknownabouti t.
IfIhadstudi
edharder,Iwoul
dhavepassedt heexams.
Summar
y
Condi
ti
onal
s Main clause (
If Resul
tcl
ause Meani
ng
cl
ause)
Zer
o I
fyouputoi
linwat
er, I
tf l
oat s. Sci
ent
if
icf
actRul
e
Condi
ti
onal I
fyoudri
nk, (simplepr esent
)
(
Simpl
epresent
) Don’ tdri
ve
Condit
ional
I I
fyouhaveti
me, Youshoul d/wil
lvisi
tthe Suggesti
on/possi
bil
i
t
(Real
) (
simpl
epresent
) park. yforthefut
ure
(futuretense/modal+
i
nf i
ntivewi t
houtto)
Condi
ti
onal I
IIfy
ouhadt
ime, Youcoul d/would/might You don’
t hav
e

16
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

(
unr
eal
) (
simpl
epast
) visit the par k.(could t
ime.
(for near t he
I
fIwer
eyou, /woul d/
mi ght+i nfinti
ve f
utur
e)Suggest
ion
wi t
houtt o)Iwoul dv i
sit (
fort
hefuture)
thepar k
Condi
ti
onalI
II I
fy ou had been on You woul dn’
t hav e You missed t
he bus
(i
mpossi
ble) time, mi ssed t
he because you wer e
bus( would/coul
d/ mi ght l
ate.
+hav e+pastpr t
iciple) (aboutt
hepast)
PUNCTUATI
ONANDCAPI
TALI
ZATI
ON
Punctuati
onisasetofmar
kingsorsy mbolsthatweneedt oclearlyexplai
nthemeaningof
oursentencesandt
omaint
ainthetextfl
owingsmoothly.
I
tindicateswhenweshouldt akeabr eak,div
idesconcepts,indicat
eswhenaphr aseis
quoti
ngsomeoneelse’
swordsandper f
ormsoneofsev erali
mpor tanttasks.
Per
iod(
.)
a)Att
heendofdecl arati
ve( astatement)
:
Summerv acationbegi nsinJune.
Thebooki sont hedesk.
b)Att
heendofI mper ati
ve(acommand) :
Gotothegr ocer ystoreandbuymi lk.
c)I
nabbrevi
ati
ons( Anabbr ev i
ati
onisfol
lowedbyafullst
op.
)
Dr.
,Mr.
, Dec.
d)I
nsi
dequotat i
onmar ks:
Thedetermi nedscientistthoughtt
ohimself
,“Imustfi
ndasol
uti
on.
e)Att
heendofi ndi r
ectquest ions
Shewant stoknowwhatt heassi
gnmentis.
Bonaaskedmei fIknewt hewaytoPostoff
ice.
•Quest
ionmar
k(?
)
aquestionmar kendsani nter
rogati
v esentence.
a)Attheendofadi rectquest i
on.
Doy ouknowt hatt heassignmenti s?
Doy ouknowt hewayt oPostof fice?
b)Wit
hquot ationmar ks:
I
nsi
det hequot at
ionmar ksonl ywhent hequest ionmarki
spartoft
hequot
edt
ext
:
Iasked, “MayIbor rowapenci l
?”
Heasked, “Doy ouknowwhatt heassi
gnmenti
s?”
I
tshouldbepl acedout si
det hequot ati
on.
Di dyousay “
,Meetmeatei ghto’clock”?
Di dheask, “
Arey oucomi ngt onight?”?
•Comma(
,)
Commasar eusedt oinsertapausei nt
oasent ence.
Thepur poseoft hepausecanbef ordifferentreasons,suchast oseparat
eideas,phr
ases,
orevenalterthestruct
ureofasent ence.
Iti
sthemostf r
equentlyusedmar kofpunct uation.
a)Betweenmai nclauseswi thacoor di
natingconj unct
ion(f
or,and,nor,
but,
or,yet
,so):
Thefir
sttwoact sweresl owmov ing, butthethi
rdactwasf ul
lofacti
on.
YougoaheadandIwi l
lfoll
ow.
Themov iewast err
ibl
e,andt heaudiencewasmaki ngfunofi t
.

17
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

b)Bet weeni ndi vidual itemsi naser i

esorl i
st :
Remembert obuymi lk, but ter,eggs, br ead, andj uice.
Mymot herhasf ormer lywor ked asan ambassadori nt he f oll
owi ng countr
ies:
Moscow, Vi enna, Madr id, andBer li
n.
Ther ewer et oy sf orchi ldr en, tool sf orf ather s,andbooksf ormot hers.
c)Af ternamesi nadi rectaddr ess:
Joe, wi llyoupl easepasst hebut t
er?
Samuel ,pleasecomeher e.
d)Af terintroduct or yexpr essi ons:
Useacommaaf teri nt roduct or yel ement slike: wel l,yes, oh, no, why ,yeahet c.
Unf ortunat ely, Ionl yhada2. 5GPAl astsemest er .
e)Af terani nt roduct or ydependentcl ause:
Aftershehadwor kedatt hecompanyf orsi xy ear s, shedeci dedshehat edherjob.
f)Bef oresuchaswheni tisf ollowedbyanexampl eoral i
st :
Readagoodbook, suchasThePer ksofBei ngaWal lflower .
g)Ar oundat hr own- ini nter r
upt i
ngexpr ession( Howev er ,Ithi nk, Afterall,etc):
BillClint oni s, inmyopi ni on, ater ri
bler olemodel .
h)Ar oundnon- l
imi ti
ng( non- rest rict i
ve, non- essent ial)cl auses, phr ases, orinfor mati
on:
Addi sAbaba, whi cht hecapi t
al ofEt hi opia, hasov er3mi ll
ionpopul ati
ons.
Myl i
ttlebr ot her ,playingi nt hest r
eet ,isgeni us.
Mul ber ries, whi chhappent obemyl eastf av oriteBet ty ,areexpensi vet hisyear.
i
)Wi thquot at ions:
SigmundFr eudasked, “Whatdowomenwant ?”
j
)Bet weenel ement si nl ocat ions, dates, oraddr esses:
Myf atherwasbor nonDecember31, 1953, int hemor ning.
Thei rbabywasbor nonMonday ,May1, i
n1999, inBal timor e, Mar yl
and.
k)Af terintroduct or yv er bal sorv er bal phrases:
Behav ingl ikeachi ld,hedi sappoi nted.( phr ase)
IfIwer ey ou, Iwoul dhel pt hepoor .( clause)
Sleepi ngsoundl y ,Lindadi dnotwakeupwhent heear thquakehi t.
l
)Bef oreandaf teranel ementt hatcont rast swi thapr ev iousel ement :
Nowt hatIhav eagoodj ob, Igetpai dabet tersal ary, notmi nimum wage.
•Quot ati
onMar ks( “ )
Quot ationmar ksar eusedt odenot et ext ,speech, orwor dsspokenbysomeoneel se.
Iti
sal sousedt oi ndi cat edi alogue.Ar oundt heexactwor dsofaspeaker :
Thet eachersai d, “Wewi ll hav eanexam nextTuesday .”
b)Ar oundt itlesofsongs, shor tar t i
clesoressay s, stories, poems:
Nancyquot edf rom t hear ticle“ LostHer oes”i nherr esear chpaper .
c)Whenusi ngquot ationmar kswi thinaquot ation, usesi ngl equot ati
onmar ks:
TonyaskedNancy ,“CanIr ead“ Losther oes”wheny ouar efinishedusi ngit?”
•Ap ost rophe( ‘)
Itcanal sobeusedt opl ur al
izel ower casel etter s.
a)Inpossessi ves, bet weent heendoft hewor dandswhent hewor ddoesnotendi ns;but
afterthesi nwor dsendi ngi ns:
Thati sAndy ’
sj arofpi cks.
Thati st heTay lor s’house.
b)Incont ract i
ons, tosi gni fywher el etter shav ebeenomi tted:

18
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

Thebadguy sinmov i
essomet imesar en’tverysmar t
.(Theoi nnothasbeenlef
tout
.)
c)Beforethesi npluralsofletters, number s,andwor ds.
Dr.Yensergavesi xA’s, thr
eeB’ s,ni
neC’ s,and’ t
woD’ sinhisli
ter
atur
eclass.
•Se mi colon( ;
)
Itcanbeusedt oconnectt woi ndependentcl auseswhi charerel
atedsomehow.
I’
ml ooki
ngformybook; wher edoy ousupposeIputi t?
I’
m nothungry; hewant st oeatabi glunch.
Thecari sol
d;howev er,itwor kswel l.
Itcanalsobeusedt osepar ateshor tclausesi nalistaf t
eracolonhasbeenusedespecial
ly
i
ft hel
istpotenti
all
ycausesaconf usion.
Pleasedot hef ol
l
owi ngassi gnment sf orhomewor k:readpage15- 17inyouMath
test;f
ini
shtheout li
nef ory ouressay ;fini
shr eadingthebook‘TheGi v
er’
Col
on(
:)
a)Useacol ont oi nt roducel i
stofi tems
Mymot herhaswor kedasanambassadori nthef oll
owi ngcount res:Ber
i li
n,Vienna,
Madr id,andMoscow.
Tolosewei ght ,youshoul ddot hefoll
owi ng:exer ciser egularly
,eatheal t
hyfoods, and
dri
nkl essal cohol .
b)Itcanbeusedt osepar atet woi ndependentcl ausesi nsuchawayt hatt
hesecondcl ause
i
simpor tant&shoul dbeemphasi zed.
I
thasbeensnowi ngf ort hr eeday sstraight:ther oadsar oundher earen’tver
ysaf ef or
dri
ving.
Fait
hi slikel ov e:Itcannotbef orced.
c)Itisalsousedt oi ntroducequot esanddi aloguesi napl ay.
BobPr oct or:Youcanst artf rom nowher eandnot hingbutoutofnot hing&nowher ea
waycanbemade.
Remembert hewor dsoft hegr eatYogi Berra: “I
tisn’tov erunt i
lit’
sover.“
d) Inasal utationofaf ormal letter :
ToWhom I tMayConcer n: (Sal utati
onsi nlessf ormal l
etterstendt ohav ecommas. )
e) Betweenhour sandmi nutesandbet weenmi nut esandsecondsoft i
me:
Thespaceshut t
leliftedof fatexact l
y11: 40:29t hismor ning.
f)Inpropor ti
ons:
Ther atioofst udent st ot eacher swas30: 2.
Exclamat ions( !
)
Iti
susedi nexcl amat or ysent ences, andsomet imesi ni mper atives.
Whatabeaut ifuldress!
Whatagoal !
Howexpensi v e!
Youar eki ddi ng!
Righton! \
WhatagoodAdv ice!
Aren’ttheyhandsome!
Whataspect acul arscene!
Girl
sar ewal kingont hemoon!
Manyexcl amat i
onsbegi nei therwi tha‘ Whata…or‘ How…asi nt heexampl es.
Aninterj
ectionatt hebegi nni ngofasent encei susual l
yf ollowedbyacomma.
Ah,ther ey ouhav eme!

19
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

OAl as!Ihavelostt heidea.

Hur r
ah!Wehav ewont hecri
cketmat
ch.
Ouch!Thatst i
ngs!
An imperati
vesent encemaybef oll
owed byei
thera per
iod oran excl
amat
ion poi
nt,
dependi
ngont hef or
cei ntended.
Pleasereplybyr eturnmai l
.
Blockthatkick!
Dash(
__)
a)Aroundasuddenbr eakinthought :
I
n1991,t heMi nnesotaTwi ns—whataseasonJackMor r
ishadt hatyear
!—won
theWor l
dSer i
esi nsev engames.
b)Toint r
oduceasummar yorexpl anati
on:
TheCi ncinnatiRedswont he1990Nat ionalLeaguepennantbygoi
ng“ wi
re-
to-
wir
e”—
theywer einfirstplacefort heenti
reseason.
c)Toindicateahesi tat i
onorot herawkwar dnessinspeech:
Afterl
osingt hegame,oneoft heplayersstammered,“Ij
ust—Ij
ustcannotbel
iev
eit.
Wet ri
edsohar d.”
d)Tosetofi nformat ionthatdeser vesemphasi s:
Johnnyat ethewhol ejarofpeanutbut ter—t
hewholejar!
Hy
phen
a)Inthemi ddl eofcompoundwor ds:
Mygr eat -grandmot her’
snamewasMar y.
Two- year -ol
dsof t
engeti ntot r
ouble.
b)Betweent wowor dsf uncti
oni ngasasi ngleadj ecti
vebefor eanoun:
Ross Per otwas nota wel l
-known pol iti
calfigure bef or
e 1992.The game-
show
contest antmi ssedat er r
ibl
yobv iousquest ion.
c)Inthemi ddleofcompoundnumber sandf ractions:
Hecl aimst hathecaughtt went y-
fourt r
outwhi l
ef i
shi nginoneday .One-
thi
rdofmy
paycheckgoest opayf ormyr ent.
d)Withsomepr efixesandsuf fi
xes:
LarryKi nghassev eralex-wives.
Thepr esi dent -electmustwai talmostt hreemont hst obeswor ni
n.
Mar i
ai sasel f-mot i
vatedwoman.
Manycul t
ur esbel i
eveinanal l
-knowingdei ty.
It
ali
cs
a)Forforeignwor dsnotaccept edincommonusagei nEnglish:
Theci ti
zensst agedacoupd’ etatandov erthr
ewt hedict at
or.
b)Foremphasi s:
AfterLisagothome, hermot hersaid,“Isaidnottot aket hecar!
”
c)Fortit
lesofl argerwor ks(books, magazi nes,mov i
es,
albums/ CDs)
Hav ey ouev err eadTheGr eatGat sby ?TheBeat l
esr eleasedthei
ralbum RubberSoul
onDecember3, 1965.
d)Forwor dst hatar ement i
onedr atherthanusedi nnormal speechorwr it
ing:
Thewor deggcomesf rom theDani shlanguage.
Capi
tal
izat
ionRul
es
1.Forpr
opernounsandadj
ect
ivesder
ivedf
rom t
hem:

20
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

Manypeopl ef rom Vi etnamesedescentl ivei nLosAngel es.

2.Forgener icnameswi thapr opernoun:
Thecol legei sl ocat edonCar sonSt reet .
3.Forthef ir
stwor di nasent ence:
Di dy oul eav et heov enonwheny oul eftthehouse?
4.Forthepr onounI :
Ev eni fIwant edt o, Icoul dnotski .
5.Forthet it
leofar el ati
v ewhent her elat i
vei snamed:
Thatbl ondewomani sAuntDel ia.
6.Forti
tlest hatpr ecedeapr opername( butnotwhenanamei snotgiven)
:
Thatmani nt hebl uesui tisPr esi dentBar ackObama. Mydoct orisDoctorMoore.
My
friendi sapr of essorofEngl ish.
7.Forwor dsi nt it
les( exceptcoor dinat ingconj unct ions, art
icles,andpreposit
ions)
:
Lor doft heRi ngsi soneofmyf av oritemov ies.
8.Forracesandet hni cgr oups:
Myf riendLaur i
emar ri
edaNi ger ianl asty ear .
9.Forhistorical ,religi ous, orpol it
ical groups:
ManyCat hol icst endt oconsi dert hemsel vesRepubl icans.
10.Forpoi ntsont hecompass:
Thehur ricanet rav eledNW t owar dt heFl oridacoast .
11.Forspeci ficcour set i
tles:
It ookRenai ssanceLi t
er aturel astsemest er .
12.Forseasonsonl yi ftheyr ef ert osemest ersori ssuesofmagazi nes:
Jim pl anst oenr oll atYal eint heFal l 2005semest er.
13.Forformal sy stems, organi zeddepar tment s, et c.:
Mostper sonalcomput ershav eWi ndowsi nst al
ledont hem. TheEngli
shDepartment
hassomegr eati nst ruct ors.
14.Forthef irstwor dofacompl et esent encei npar entheses:
Shewasnear lyhi tint hehead.( Ofcour se, shenev erknew. )
15.Fornamesandabbr ev iati
onsofassoci ations, clubs, andor ganizati
ons:
TheKi wani sCl ubmeet sonceamont h.
16.Forsacr ednames:
TheBi blei sav eryi mpor t
antbookf orChr ist ians.
17.Fordi r
ect ionswhent heyar eusedasspeci ficgeogr aphicpl aces:
Hav ey ouev erv i
sitedt heNor theast ? Ihav eonl ybeent oNewYor kCi
tyandBoston.

Wor dAnalogy
I
tisacompar isonbetweentwosi t
uat
ions,processesetc.thatisintendedtoshowt
hatthe
twoaresimilar.
I
tisasimilari
tybetweenwor dsthatcr
eatesaconnect i
onofunder standing.
Analogyisthear tofcompar i
ngtwothingsshowi ngsimil
arit
iesordi ff
erencesi
namanner
thatgi
vesclearimageofwhati scompar ed.
Wor danal
ogiesshowr elat
ionshi
psbetweent wocontrasti
ngwor ds.
TypesofWor dAnalogies
Ther
earedi
ff
erenttypesofanal
ogyt hati
ncl
ude:
1:Partt
oaWhol e:showingwholenessandpart
sOrasmal
l
erpi
ecet
hatconnect
stot
he
whol
ethi
ng.

21
 Engl
i
shShor
tNot
eforGr
ade12t
hbyAl
emay
ehuMekonnen

l
et ters:wor d
fi
nger :hand
2:Productt oaThi ng:Apr oductofanobj ect
.
cheese:cow
3:Char act eri
stic:anadj ectiv eandwhati tisdescribing.
deep:sea
Sugar :sweet ness
5:Funct i
on( purpode)t oaThi ng:Whatanobj ectdoes.
fi
r e:bur n
pen:Wr i
te
6.Synonyms:showi ngsi milariti
esormor especifi
cwor ds
produce-make
benef i
t-advant age
har d:sol i
d
Ni ce:ki nd
7.Ant onyms:par i
ngopposi tewor d
l
ar ge-smal l
advant age-di sadvant age
wet:dr y
Awake:asl eep
8.Cause/ effect:showi ngcauseandef f
ectrelati
ons
toomuchchemi cal-unheal t
hylif
e
moder nagr i
cul ture-i ncr easedproduct i
on
j
oke:l aught er( Aj oket endst ocausel aughter .
)
9.I
tem andcat egor y:
Acati saki ndofani mal .
10.wor kerandt ool:
artist :paintbrush( Anar tistusesapai ntbrushasat ool.
11.wor kerandpr oduct :
wr iter:book( Awr iterisaper sonwhocr eatesabook. )
12.Lack:
Cowar dly:lacki ngcour age.( Cowardlymeansl acki
ngcourage.
)
13.Degr ee:
Cool :col d(Cooli slikecol d,butlessextreme.)
14.Manner :
runqui ckly:tospr int( Tor unquicklyistosprint.)
Herear esomei mpor t
antt hi ngst orememberwhenyout hi
nkaboutanal
ogi
es:
a)Par tsofSpeech
Ift
hewor dsi nthefi
rstpai
rexpr essa“noun:adj
ect
ive,
”or“ver
b:noun,
”oradj
ecti
ve:
adj
ect
ive”rel
ati
onshi
p( f
ori
nstance),t
hesecondpai
rshouldshow t
hesamerel
ati
onshi
p
bet
weenpar t
sofspeech.
b)Wor
dOr
der
Ift
hef i
rstpai
rexpr
essesa“ t
ooluser
:tool
”rel
ati
onshi
p(f
ori
nst
ance)
,thesecondpai
rmust
expressthesamerelat
ionshi
pinthesameorder.
c)Exact
ness
Somet
imestwoormor eofthegivenchoiceswoul
dmakefai
rl
ygoodsensei
nt heblank.
Whenthi
shappens,y
oushouldchoosethewordorpai
rofwor
ds,whi
chmostexact
lysuit
s

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emay
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t
herel
ati
onshipyouar
eexpr
essi
ng.
Wor
dAnal ogyExampl
es
Hot
:col
d
Thewordshotandcol daresimil
arbecauset heyar
ebothadj
ect
ives.
Thewordsarealsoantony msofeachot her,
meaningt
heycontr
asteachot
her
.
Theycanbothdescribeasensati
on.
Theyaredir
ectoppositesofeachother.
Theyfi
tthe"synonym/antonym"analogytype.
Nai
l:hammer
Thesewor dsf itthe" f
unct i
ont oat hing"t ypeofanal ogy .
Youhammeranai l,sot her eisar elat i
onshi pbet weent hewor ds.
Compl et ingWor dAnal ogySampl ePr obl ems
Exampl e1:
Selectt hewor dt hatbestcompl etest hef oll
owi nganal ogy :
Leftist or ightasnor t
hi st o_ _ _
__
A.sout h B.east C.west D.nor t
hwest
Exampl e2:
Findthewor danal ogyt hatr epresent sapar tt oawhol e:
A.but t
erfly:insect B.pr etty: beaut iful C.mi lk:cow D.f inger:hand
I.Cir
clet hewor dt hatbestcompl eteseachanal ogy.Explainwhyy ouchosey ouranswer.
Exampl e:Br ushi st opai ntaspeni stowr i
te.Expl ai
n:Youuseabr usht opai
ntand
youuseapent owr ite.
1.Stri
pesi st ozebr aas_ __________ ____ist ogi r
affe.
a)runs b)st ripes c)fur d)spot s
Explain: Zebr ashavest ripesandgi raffeshavespot s
2.Batsar et ocav esashumansar et o_ _____ _
__ ___
__ _
_
a)St ores b)f or ests c)beds d)houses
Explain: Bat sliveincavesandhumansl iveinhouses.
3.Redi st ost opasgr eeni sto_ _______ _
_ _____.
a)go b)remember c)f orget d)caut i
on
Explain: Redmeanst ost opandgr eenmeansgo.
4.Plent yi stoampl easshor t
agei st o_ _________ _
____.
a)toomuch b)scar cit
y c)lost d)hunger
Explain: I
ft herei spl ent yofsomet hingt her eisenough, butashor t
agemeanst hatt
her
eisa
scar
cit
.

5.Pr
esenti
stoher
easl
atei
sto_
___
___
___
___
___
___
_.

a)absent b)punct
ual c)t
ardy d)ov
ersl
ept

Expl
ai Pr
n: esentmeanst
hatyouar
eher
e,whi
l
etar
dymeanst
hatyouar
elat
e.

II
.Foreachi t
em wr i
tet hewordt hatcomplet
estheanalogy(t
hathasthesamerel
ati
onshi
p
ast hepai
ront heleft)
.
1.Cup: Li
p::
Bird:_
_ _
_ __
_ _
___
__ _
A)Bush B)Gr ass C)Forest D)Beak
D( Cupisusedt odrinksomet hingwi ththehel
pofli
ps.Simil
arl
y,bi
rdscol
l
ectgr
asswitht
he

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hel
pofbeakt
omakehernest
).
2.Fl
ow: River:
:Stagnant:______
___ _
_
A)Rain B)Stream C)Pool D)Canal
C(AsWat erofaRi verfl
owssi milarlywaterofPoolisStagnant).
3.Paw:Cat: :Hoof: ____
_ ___
_____
A)Lamb B)Hor se C)Lion D)Hor se
D(AscathasPawsi mi l
arlyHorsehasHoof ).
4.Orni
thologist:Bir
d::Archaeologist:_
______
___.
A)Islands B)Medi ators C)Archeology D)Aquati
c
C( As Or ni
thologistis a speci ali
stofBi rds si
milarl
yAr chaeol
ogistis a speci
ali
stof
Ar
chaeol
ogy)
.
5.Peacock:Indi
a::Bear: ______
__ _
____
A)Aust r
ali
a B)Amer ica C)Russia D)Engl
and
C(AsPeacocki sthenat i
onalbirdofI ndi
a; si
milar
lyBearisthenat
ionalani
malofRussi
a).
6.Arr
ival
:Departure::________:Death
A)Life B)Bir
th C)Person D)Train
B(Arri
valisoppositetodepar t
ureandbi rt
hopposet odeat h).
7.El
bow: Arm: :Knee: ______
___
A)Wal ki
ng B)Finger C)Leg D)Nose
C(Elbowi spartofaar m askneepar toft heleg).
8.Car:Road::Tr
ain:____
__ _
_______
A)Track B)Vehicle C)Fast D)Wheel
A(
Carmovesonr
oadast
rai
nmovesont
rack)
.
9.Man:Trouser s:
: Woman: _____
__ _
____
A)Cl
othing B)Ski r
t C)Hat D)Blanket
B(Manusual l
ywear strousersaswomanusual l
ywearsskir
t).
10.Uni
versity
: I
nst
ituti
on::May or:_
_ __
_____
___
_
A)Offi
cial B)Town C)Law D)Council
man
A(Univ
ersityistoinsti
tuteasMay orist oaTown).
Exampl
e:
I
II.I
nsmal lgr
oups,f indthewor dt hatmeanst hesame,ornear l
ythesame,ast
hewor
don
theleft.Example: smallti
ny ,
strong, large,soft
1.Brav e: A.nobl e B.fear l
ess C.capable D.t ough
2.Guess: A.consi der B.est imat e C.bel i
ef D.idea
3.wor th: A.pay ment B.v alue C.expensi ve D.r eward
4.study : A.t eachB.st udentC.l earnD.educat i
on
5.assist: A.t r
eatB.r emedyC.cur eD.ai d
6.glad: A.comf ort
edB.pl easedC.comi calD.wi tty
7.shov el: A.excav ateB.si ftC.t unnel ,
D.scoop
8.ri
ng: A.ar oundB.shapeC.bandD.t unnel
9.bendy : A.br okenB.f l
exibleC.snapD.spr i
ngy,
10.tight: A.t autB.sol i
dC.i mmov abl
eD.t ense
11.scar e: A.af rai
dB.shockC.f rightfulD.fluster
12.soak: A.dr enchB.damp, C.dripD.cl ean
13.blunt : A.cur tB.silent,C.secr etiveD.def ensiv
e
14.shr i
nk A.sl ightB.mi niatureC.waneD.si mplif
y

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ANTONYMS
Ant
ony
msar
ewor
dshav
inganopposi
temeani
ng.
Example
brave
coward,fearful
,gutl
ess,chi
cken,chi
ckenhear
ted,cr
aven,ner
veless,poor-
spi
ri
ted,
ti
morous,ungall
ant,
yell
ow.
Typesofantonyms
Therearethreetypesofantonym whicharecategor
izedbytherel
ati
onshipbetweenthe
opposi
ngwor ds:
GradedAnt onyms
Compl ementaryAnt
onyms
Relat
ionalAntonyms
Gradableantonyms
Gr
adableantonymsdef inewordst hatareattheopposi
teendsofaspect
rum wi
thsome
gr
adat
ionbetweent hetwoextremes.
hot-col
d,(warm betweenhotandcol d)
empty-ful
l (
gradati
ons:halfemptyorhalff
ull
),
high-l
ow( gradat
ion:medium),
young-old(gradati
on:t
eenager).
Ot
herexampl
es
·l
it
tl
e:big ·Healt
hy:Sick
·Sad:Happy ·Smart
:Stupi
d
Compl
ement
aryant
onyms
Compl
ement
aryant
ony
msexpl
ainanei
ther
-orr
elat
ionshi
pbet
weent
heopposi
tewor
dpai
rs.
Dead:Alive ·Dead:al
ive,
Male:female ·Ext
eri
or:i
nter
ior
On:Off ·Yes:no.
True:f
alse
Relat
ional/conver
seant onyms
Relat
ional/
converseantony msshowadependentrel
ati
onshi
pbet
weenopposi
tewor
ds.
Awor dfrom thepaircan'texi
stwi
thoutt
heother
.
Example
·open/cl
ose ·Front
:Back
·Husband/wi
fe ·Uncl
e:Aunt
·fr
ont/
back ·doctor/
pati
ent
.
Ot
herexamplesofAnt ony ms
1.disproporti
onal: propor tional /correspondi ng
2.preventable:non- prev entabl e/unpr ev ent
able
3.standard:subst andar d/nonaut horizedmodel
4.neglected:focused/gi venat tenti
on
5.rampant :controlled/wel lmanner ed
6.Reckless:careful /r esponsi bl e
7.Severe:lesssev er e/lessser ious/l essharsh
8.Insecure:secure/pr otect
9.Vulnerable:non-vul ner abl e/st r
ong/saf eguarded
10.Hazar dous:Saf e/ har ml ess
11.Intangibl
e:intangi ble

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12.Moder n:tradit
ional
13.Revised:old
14.I
nclusive:non-i ncl
usive/nar
row
15.Encour age:discourage
16.Disadvantaged:pr i
vil
eged
17.Sustainable:unsustainabl
e/unt
enabl
e
18.Promot ed:discouraged
19.Diversi
ty:uniformit
y
20.Endanger :protect/
sav e
PHRASALVERB
I
tisaverbthatismadeupofav er
btogetherwi
thanadverborapr eposi
ti
onpar
ti
clesor
bot
h.
Phr
asalver
bsarev er
bsthatconsi
stofaphraseoft
woorthreepar
ti
cles.
Thepar
ti
cleisei
theranadverborapreposi
ti
on.
Phr
asalverbsconsistoft
woparti
cles:
Verb Preposi
ti
on/
adverb
get up
go t
hrough
writ
e down
take aft
er
Phr
asalverbsconsi
stofthr
eepar
ti
cles:
Verb Pr eposi
ti
on/adver
b1 Pr eposi
ti
on/adver
b2
l
ook f
orwar
d to
put up wi
th
Grammati
cal
ly,ther
earethr
eetypesofphrasalver
bs.
i
.Onetypephrasalver
bconsist
sofverb+adverbandtheyhaveanobj
ect
.
Par
ti
clescanbeapar
tort
oget
her
.
I
nsepar
abl
e
Ex
ampl e:
Wewi ll
hav etoputoffthemeet i
ng.(
putof f=postpone)
Theyturneddownmyof fer.(
turndown=r efuse(
Ibel
ieveinGod.( havefaithintheexi
stenceof )
Heislookingafterthedog.( takecar
eof)
Didyoutalkaboutme?( discuss)
Johniswai t
ingforMary .(await)
Separ
abl
e
Ex
ample:
Shetookoffhercoat.
Shetookhercoatoff.
Theytur
neddownmyof fer.
Theytur
nedmyof erdown.
f
Johnswitchedontheradio.
Johnswitchedther oon.
adi
Sheputsonahat .
Sheputsahaton.
Somecommonver
bsoft
hist
ypei
ncl
ude:
Br
ingup,
cal
m down,
crossout
,fi
l
lin,
findout
,gi
vei
n,gi
veout
,lookup,
poi
ntout
,pul
l

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of
f,putaway
,putt
hrough,
takeof
f,t
ryon,
tur
nof
f,wor
kout
.
i
i
.Thesecondt
ypeofphr
asalver
bconsi
stsofver
b+adver
bbutt
her
eisnoobj
ect
.
ThePart
icl
esar einseparabl
e.
Example:
Iusualygetupatsev
l enO’clock.(getup=r i
sefrom bed)
Whol ooksaf t
erthebabywheny ougot owork?
Idon'
tliketogetup.(getup=r isefrom bed)
Hewasl at
ebecausehi scarbrokedown.( br
eakdown=st opwor ki
ng)
Hewentbackonhi sword-hedi dn'
tsignthecontr
act.(wentbackon=reneged)
Somecommonver
bsoft
hist
ypear
e:
breakdown,checkin,getof
f,getup,goon,hangabout
,lookout
,setof
f,show up,
takeof
f,t
urnout,andtur
nup.
i
i
i.Thet
hir
dtypeconsi
stsofver
b+adver
b+pr
eposi
ti
onandt
heyhaveanobj
ect
.
Thepart
icl
esar einseparable.
Example:
Hedoesn' tgetonwi thhiswi fe.(
Hav eaf r
iendl
yrel
ationshi
pwi
th)
Iwon'tputupwi thyourat tit
ude.(toler
ate)
Il
ookf orwardtoseei ngy ou.(ant
icipatewithpl
easure)
Idon'tgetonwi t
hmyboss.
Youshoul tt
dn' alkdownt oyourstudent s.
Wehav erunoutofeggs.( useup,exhaust )
We’relookingforwar dtoy ournews.
Whocomeupwi t
ht hatidea?
Somecommonver
bsoft
hist
ypear
e:
doawaywi
th,
faceupt
o,r
unoutof
,andl
ookupt
o.

Themeaningofaphr asalverbisnotalwaysclearf
rom thetwopar t
s.
Themeaningoft hephrasalver
bisoftenidi
omat i
c.
Forexample,putthr
oughmeansconnect( =makeat el
ephoneconnecti
on).
Themeaningofsomephr asalver
bsisclear:
Mybr otherstayedoutunt i
lmidnightlastnight
.(stayedandouthav et
heirnor
mal
meanings).
2.However,manyphr asalv
erbsareidi
omat i
candy ouhavet olear
nwhattheymean.
Whenaddedt
othever
bthepr
eposi
ti
onoradver
bmaychangecompl
etel
ythemeani
ngof
t
hever
b.
Exampl es:
Het urnedbackbecausehehadl eftsomet hingathome.( =changeddi recti
on)He
turneddowntheinv
itat
ionbecausehewasf eeli
ngtir =r
ed.( efused)
Theyt ur
nedupunexpectedl
y =ar
.( rived)
Pleaseremembertobringbackthenot esyoubor r
owedfrom me.(=retur
n)
Thechangeofgov ernmentwillbr
ingaboutmanychangesi nthecity.(=wi l
lcause)
Mycousi nwasbroughtupbyhi sgr andpar
entsbecausehisparentswor kedabroad.
(=r ai
sed).
Ot
herExampl
e
LookAt_Sea(invol
untar
y)
Lookon_wat che.g.hel
ookedonanxi
ousl
yfr
om t
hesi
del
i
nes.
Lookfor_search

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Looki
nto_inv esti
gate
Lookaft
er_giv eacare
Lookup_findawor dinadicti
onary
Lookupto_toadmi reorrespectsomeone
Lookto_tohopeorexpectt ogethelporadvi
cefrom someone
Lookover_toexami neespeciall
yinhastyway
Looki
n_t ovisitsomebodyf orashortt
imeony ourwaytosomewher
e
Lookdownon_under esti
mat e
3.Somephr asalverbshavesever almeani ngs: Exampl e
Sheputonhercl ot =shegotdr
hes.( essed)
Sheputonwei ght.(=herweightincreased)
Sheputont heli
ght.(=sheswi tchedthelighton)
Thest udentsputonapl ay.(=per f
ormed)
Pleasegetoutofmyway ,I’
mv erybusy.(=mov e)
Thechi ldrengotoutoft heirbedroom’swi ndow andr
andownt oescapethef i
re
escape.( =cli
mbedoutof )
Iwon’tbeabl etoseey outomor row.I’
vegotabusinessmeet
i tgetoutof
ngandIcan’
i
t.(=av oid).
Phr
asalVer
bswi
thTURN

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29