WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY- PHILIPPINES

Cushman Campus
Mabini Extension,Cabanatuan City
Philippines 3100

Narrative Report
( Theories Supporting the Teaching of
Physical Education and Health for
Elementary Grades)

Submitted by:

 Olivienne Pearl T. Candelaria

 Elleah Rose Facunla
 Sarah Dela Cruz
 Ma. Chrissetille Ballesteros

Submitted to:
Prof. Allan J. Tumayao III
Objectives:

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

 Identify the different learning theories related to teaching physical education

and health in elementary grades;
 Discuss the importance of the learning theories in teaching physical education
and health in elementary grades;
 Describe how observation conducts learning;
 Evaluate the relevance of each theory in physical education and health in basic
education; and
 Construct the relationship of the different factors of cognitive learning.

Reasons in Using Learning Theories Planning, Preparation, Implementation, and

Evaluation

1. Theories provide a foundation for understanding how people describe, explain,

interpret, learn and make learning prediction.
2. Theories include in-depth insights into learning, as well as contemplations and
rigorous studies.
3. Learning theories includes structures that help designers understand, how
information can be use how knowledge should be created, and how learning occurs.
4. These structures can be used by educators as learning designers to meet the needs
of the pupils.

Learning Theory

1. Cognitive Learning Theory

What is cognitive theory?

The cognitive theory definition asserts that the way people behave is a
product of the information they gather externally and the way they interpret that
information internally.

 The cognitive learning theory examines people’s mental processes.

 Pupils may be affected by both external and internal influenced according to
cognitive theory.
 Plato and Descartes were among the first thinkers to concentrate on thought
and how we perceive as humans.
 Jean Piaget is well-known figure in cognitive psychology, and his research
focuses on how environments and internal systems influence learning.

The mental mechanism by which people takes in, interprets, stores, and
retrieves knowledge is called cognitive learning. Between the stimulus (input) and
the answer, the mind goes through mental phase (output). The stimuli will enter an
individual’s mind, be processed, and then acted upon. There are several components
to the mental process. These include the following:

 Attention
 Observing
 Perceptions
 Interpreting
 Organizing
 Memory (storing)
 Categorizing
 Forming Generalization

Benefits of Physical Education and Health from Cognitive Learning Theory

 Pupils learn effectively by using their brains in cognitive learning.

 Enables pupils to fully engage in learning.
 Children will develop skills and techniques in cognitive learning that will help
them boost their school results, such as how to think critically and make lasting
connections between subjects.
 Pupils at young age may benefit from this theory by assisting them in deciding
the most appropriate way for them to learn; assisting them in successfully
remembering and applying newly learned concepts; and teaching them how to
take a “big picture” approach.

Benefits of Cognitive Learning

 It helps to improve children comprehension.

 It develops children’s problem solving skills.
 It promotes long-term learning.
 It improves confidence among pupils.
 It instills a love of learning among pupils.

2. Constructivism Learning Theory

 Constructivism is a theory that rather than passively taking in

information,pupils construct knowledge.
 Constructivism is a learning theory stating that pupils develop their learning
based on their prior experiences.
 Constructivism can be used by a teacher to help the learners recognize that each
of them brings their history to the classroom everyday. In constructivist
classrooms, teachers serve as something of a reference, assisting learners in
developing their learning and understanding.
Related to this are the processes of assimilation and accomodation.

 Assimilation refers to the method of integrating new data into a pre-existing

schema.
 Accommodation refers to revising and redeveloping an existing schema using
new acquired knowledge.

Consequences of the Constructivist Theory

 Instead of passively receiving knowledge, pupils learn better when they are
actively engaged in learning experiences.
 Learning is inherently a collaborative activity because it takes place in a social
environment where learners and teachers cooperate to acquire information.
 Because knowledge cannot be directly imparted to learners, teaching aims to
provide opportunities for learners to develop knowledge through experiences.
 Traditional teaching focuses on imparting knowledge to pupils, but
constructivism believes that this information cannot be explicity imparted.

Essential Components to Constructivist Teaching

According to Baviskar, Hartle, and Whitney if you choose to use

constructivist concepts in classroom or when planning your classes, they are few key
elements. These are the following;

 Elicit Prior Knowledge

In relation to pupils prior knowledge, new knowledge is generated.

 Creative cognitive dissonance

Assign pupils issues and events that will test them. As they progress through
the difficult problem, pupils acquire expertise by encountering new problems and
revising schemas.

 Apply knowledge with feedback

Encourage the pupils to assess new information and make changes to their
prior knowledge.

 Reflect on learning
Enable pupils to explain to you (and to themselves) what they have learned.

Benefits of Physical Education and Health from Constructivist Learning Theory

 Physical Education deals with bodily movements, while health deals with
acquiring knowledge.
 Health may also benefit from this theory by simply applying some health
practices or lessons in reality.
 Active learning is needed in physical education when it comes to learning how to
be fit, play games and sports, and do other recreational activities.
Questions:
1. It is a theory that rather than passively taking in information,pupils construct
knowledge.
A. Constructivism
B. Cognitive Theory
C. Active learning
D. Elicit Prior Knowledge
2. It is a theory ,asserts that the way people behave is a product of the information
they gather externally and the way they interpret that information internally.
A. Learning Theory
B. P.E. and Health Theory
C. Cognitive Learning Theory
D. Constructivism Learning Theory
3. It encourage the pupils to assess new information and make changes to their prior
knowledge.
A. Elicit prior knowledge
B. Apply knowledge with feedback
C. Reflect on learning
D. All of the above
4. What is the correct benefits of cognitive learning in the following?
A. In relation to pupils prior knowledge, new knowledge is generated.
B. Traditional teaching focuses on imparting knowledge to pupils, but
constructivism believes that this information cannot be explicity imparted.
C. It helps to improve children comprehension.
D. It can be used by a teacher to help the learners recognize that each of
them brings their history to the classroom everyday
5. Who are the first thinkers to concentrate on thought and how we perceive as
humans?
A. Plato and Descartes
B. Jean Piaget and Plato
 C. Jose Rizal and Bonifacio
D. Descartes and Jean Piaget
6. Why is it important to use learning theories in the planning phase of education?
A. To ensure the lesson is entertaining for students
B. To align teaching strategies with how students learn best
C. To reduce the amount of content that needs to be covered
D. To make lesson planning easier for teachers
7. How can learning theories influence the preparation phase of teaching?
A. They help in deciding the content to exclude
B. They guide the selection of teaching materials and resources
C. They make it unnecessary to assess students’s prior knowledge
D. They allow teachers to skip lessons objectives
8. Cognitive Learning Theory suggests that Physical Education helps students by:
A. Making them tired so they sleep in class
B. Stimulating brain function and supporting mental processing
C. Limiting their creative thinking
D. Focusing only on motor skills development
9. According to Cognitive Learn in Theory, why is it important to integrate Physical
Education into the school curriculum?
A. It provides a break from academic learning
B. Contributes to cognitive development by improving mental processes
C. It has no impact on academic performance
D. It is only for physical fitness
10. Which of the following is a reason to apply learning theories during the
implementation of a lesson?
A. To make lessons more complex and challenging
B. To increase the pace of teaching
C. To adapt teaching methods to meet diverse learning needs
D. To minimize the need for student participation
11. There are several components to the mental process, which is not belong in the
following.
A. Attention
B. Listening
C. Interpreting
D. Forming generalization
12. It is a learning theory stating that pupils develop their learning based on their
prior experiences.
A. Theory
B. Organizing
C. Perceptions
D. Constructivism
13. Who well-known figure in cognitive psychology, and his research focuses on how
environments and internal systems influence learning?
A. Jean Piaget
B. Plato
C. Lawrence Dela Cruz
D. Descartes
14. It refers to the method of integrating new data into a pre-existing schema.
A. Assimilation
B. Conduction
C. Formalization
D. Adaptation
15. It refers to revising and redeveloping an existing schema using new acquired
knowledge.
A. Organizing
B. Memory
C. Accommodation
D. Categorizing
16. What is focuses on imparting knowledge to pupils, but constructivism believes
that this information cannot be explicity imparted?
A. Reflect on learning
B. Apply knowledge with feedback
C. Traditional teaching
D. Creative cognitive dissonance
17. What kind of learning theory can be used by a teacher to help the learners
recognize that each of them brings their history to the classroom everyday?
A. Cognitive Learning Theory
B. Constructivism Learning Theory
C. Traditional Learning Theory
D. Organizing Learning Theory
18. What are the two learning theory?
A. Affective and Psychomotor Learning Theory
B. Traditional and Modern Learning Theory
C. Cognitive and Constructivism Learning Theory
D. Reflect and Memory Learning Theory
19. In what key elements in relation to pupils prior knowledge, new knowledge is
generated.
A. Creative cognitive dissonance
B. Reflect on learning
C. Apply knowledge with feedback
D. Elicit Prior Knowledge
20. It is an inherently a collaborative activity because it takes place in a social
environment where learners and teachers cooperate to acquire information.
A. Learning
B. Knowledge’
C. Reflection
D. Prior knowledge
Reference:
https://study.com/learn/lesson/cognitive-
theory.html#:~:text=Cognitive%20theory%20suggests%20that%20the,help%20the
m%20understand%20this%20information.