Crem 1
Crem 1
Crem 1
Introduction
preparations from time immemorial due to their ease of application to the skin and
bacterial, fungal infections as well as healing cuts, burns, wounds on the skin.
These semi solid preparations are safe to use by the public and society. The human
skin is easily vulnerable to injury but it has the capability to heal on its own.
However, the natural healing process can take time and there is also risk of
infection especially in the early stages of injury. In such cases, medicated creams
can be applied to the site of injury to speed up the healing process as well as
protect the wound from infection. In this lecture, we will be focusing on the use of
topical drug delivery system i.e. pharmaceutical creams for wound healing with
Cosmetics are used to enhance appearance. Makeup has been around for many
centuries. The first known people who used cosmetics to enhance their beauty were
the Egyptians. Makeup those days was just simple eye coloring or some material
for the body. Now-a-days makeup plays an important role for both men and
women. The importance of cosmetics has increased as many people want to stay
young and attractive. Cosmetics are readily available today in the form of creams,
lipstick, perfumes, eye shadows, nail polishes, hair sprays etc. Other cosmetics like
face powder give glow to the skin after applying the base cream. Then we have
lipsticks, which are applied by many women of all ages. They are made from wax
Cosmetics like creams, gels, and colognes are used on a daily basis by both women
and men. Creams act as a cleanser for the face in many circumstances. More
recently anti-ageing creams have been manufactured which can retain younger
looking skin for many years. The best cleansing agents are cleansing cream, soap
and water. Cosmetic creams serve as a skin food for hard, dry and chapped skin. It
mainly lubricates, softens and removes unwanted dirt from the skin. Some popular
fat creams that are used include Vaseline and Lanolin. Dry creams are used in the
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manufacture of soap and gelatin which is used as a base for the skin. Hair care has
become one of the fastest developing markets in the beauty industry. Many young
men turn to oils and gels to maintain and style their hair. Products like hair gels,
oils, and lotions have been introduced in the market to help protect hair fall and
dandruff. Some professions, like the show business industry, focus on the
importance of the outer appearance. Many personalities and artists have utilized
makeup to beat the harsh lights and the glare of camera flashes
Creams is reserved for external preparation. Creams are viscous semi solid
Cream may be” water in oil” or “oil in water” cream. Creams are formulated to
provide preparations that are essentially miscible with skin secretion.they are
necessary.”
Creams are also defined as semi solid emulsion of either oil in water or water in oil
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3) It should have acid value less than 0.2 or zero
CREAMS
3. Cosmetic creams
5. Medicate cream
Properties; Emollient.
macrogols.
Properties
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Causes rapid absorption and penetration.
METHOD OF PREPARATION:
Trituration:
Involves the use of glass lab when small quantities are used.
Also known as wet grinding, insoluble coarse powder is rubbed with molten bases.
Melt the fatty base substances with the highest melting point to be the first
Soluble solids added to molten cream at the lowest possible temperature and the
Insoluble solids incorporated using tiles and spartular or mortar and pestle using
doubling up technique.
Coarse Powder; minimum quantity of cream should be placed in the centre of tiles
Fine powders may be triturated to into other wise finished creams on ointment
tiles.(Geometric dilution)
liquids.
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Volatile or immiscible liquids:e.g coal tar should be triturated with creams on a
tile. A very small amount of creams should be placed on a tiles and well made in
Creams:
Diluted creams:
Freshly prepared
CREAMS OINTMENT
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More than 20% water less than 20% water
to spread
Over the last decades the treatment of illness have been accomplished by
sublingual ,rectal, parental ,topical ,inhalation etc. Topical delivery can be defined
psoriasis) with the intent of containing the pharmacological or the effect of drug to
the surface of the skin or within the skin semisolid formulations in all their
diversity dominate the system for topical delivery, but foams, spray , medicated
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Avoid of risk.
Achievement of efficacy with lower total daily dosage of drug by continuous drug
input.
Most drugs have a high molecular weight and are poorly lipid soluble, so are not
It can be used only for those drugs which need very small plasma concentration
for action.
Can be used only for drugs which require very small plasma concentration for
action
Drugs of larger particle size not easy to absorb through the skin
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Epidermis The epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin and is composed
parts of the body. It is thickest on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
There are no blood vessels or nerve endings in the epidermis, but its deeper layers
are bathed in interstitial fluid from the dermis, which provides oxygen and
Dermis
The dermis is tough and elastic. It is formed from connective tissue and the matrix
contains collagen fibres interlaced with elastic fibres. Rupture of elastic fibres
marks, that may be found in pregnancy and obesity. Collagen fibres bind water and
give the skin its tensile strength, but as this ability declines with age, wrinkles
develop. Fibroblasts, macrophages and mast cells are the main cells found in the
dermis. Underlying its deepest layer there is areolar tissue and varying amounts of
adipose (fat) tissue. Subcutaneous gland These consist of secretory epithelial cells
derived from the same tissue as the hair follicles. They secrete an oily substance,
sebum, into the hair follicles and are present in the skin of all parts of the body
except the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. They are most numerous in
the skin of the scalp, face, axillae and groins. In regions of transition from one type
of superficial epithelium to another, such as lips, eyelids, nipple, labia minora and
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glans penis, there are sebaceous glands that are independent of hair follicles,
secreting sebum directly onto the surface. care products.E.g. Almond oil, germ oil,
avocado oil, sunflower oil etc.Waxes: Which are used in preparation of cream
includes beeswax, carnauba wax, ceresin, spermaceti, etc. Waxes are used in
cosmetics because it helps to keep an emulsion from separation of oil and liquid
components. These waxes also increase the thickness of the lipid portion and sticks
on the surface of the skin. Fats: Different types of fats are used in the preparation
of creams. These materials can be obtained from animals, plants or mineral origin.
Glyceride oils and fats may be of animals or vegetable origin. They consist of
combinations of higher fatty acids and glycerin. When saponified they form soap,
or fatty acid and glycerin, depending upon process used. The most common of
these fatty acid are lauric, margaric, plamitic, stearic, saturated group. Oleic acid is
liquid and most popular unsaturated fatty acid. More specially the oil most
commonly used in other cosmetics are olive oil, almond oil, seasame oil, peanut
oil, coca butter fat, mutton tallow, lard and beef stearine.[18] Lanolin: It is
derived from wool fat of a sheep. Lanolin are of two types- the hydrous lanolin
contains between 25%- 30% water. Anhydrous lanolin has point of 38°C42°C and
has a slight odour. These ingredients act as a lubricant on the skin surface, which
gives the skin soft and smooth appearance. Lanolin helps to form emulsion and
blends well with other substances used in cosmetic and personal care products.
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Colours: Before the development of the modern technology, colours primarily
came from substances found in nature such as turmeric, saffron, indigo, etc. After
the 19th century, colours were made in the laboratory and were found
Functions of Skin
internal and external environment in bodily defence, Langerhans cells in the skin
b) Sensation: Contains a variety of nerve endings that react to heat and cold,
touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury, see somato sensory system and
haptics.
c) Heat regulation: The skin contains a blood supply far greater than its
and conduction. Dilated blood vessels increase perfusion and heat loss, while
constricted vessels greatly reduce cutaneous blood flow and conserve heat.
impermeable barrier to fluid loss. Loss of this function contributes to the massive
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e) Aesthetics and communication: Others see our skin and can assess our mood,
f) Storage and synthesis: Acts as a storage centre for lipids and water, as well as
The raw materials which are used in a manufacturing of skin creams include:
Water: This is the most important and widely used raw material in any
cream formulation. These are the cheapest and easily available. In skin
preparation of creams. Water can also form emulsions, it depends upon how
Oil, fates and waxes: Oil, fats and waxes and derivatives there form
Mineral oil consists of hydrocarbons derived from petroleum oil .Mineral oil
is clear, odorless, and heavily refined oil and it is widely used in cosmetics.
Mineral oil rarely causes allergic reactions and it cannot become solid and
clog pores of the skin. It is light weight and inexpensive, it helps to reduce
water loss from the body and keeps body moisturized. A number of mineral
oils are used in cream formulation. Examples: Light liquid paraffin , Heavy
oils are almond oil, arachis oil, castor oil, coconut oil, olive oil etc.
Vegetable oil: Form a barrier on the surface of the skin and slow down the
also be used to increase the thickness of the lipid or oil portion of cream or
personal to be much more stable with greater colouring intensity. They also
products that help to soften skin or to treat skin that has become dry. Most
emollients are forms of oil or grease, such as mineral oil, squalene, and
lanolin. They work by increasing the ability of the skin to hold water,
providing the skin with a layer of oil to prevent water loss, and lubricating
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the skin.[20] Humectants: These are important multi-functional ingredients
compounds. These are the materials that can absorb or retain moisture.
etc. are generally used in formulation of the creams. Preservatives: The use
are taken in one beaker and melted in a water bath at 75°C. And in other beaker
water, preservatives and water soluble components are taken and melted at 75°C.
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After heating, the oil phase was taken in a mortar and pestle and slowly the water
phase was added and triturated till clicking sound was heard. Finally, when the
temperature cools down, perfuming agents and/or preservatives are added. In this
preparation, water content will be more than the oil. Preparation of w/o emulsion
creams The oil soluble components and the emulsifier are taken in one beaker and
melted at 75°C. And in another beaker water and water soluble components are
taken and melted at 75°C. After melting, water phase are taken in mortar and pestle
and slowly oil phase was added and triturated till clicking sound was heard. And
when the temperature of the cream will get cooled, then the perfuming agent are
added. In this preparation, water phase will be less and oil phase will be more.
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Spreadability can be expressed as, S= m*l/t Where, m = weight applied to
alcoholic KOH for 30min, to this 1ml of phenolphthalein added and titrated
immediately, with 0.5N HCl, note the reading as ‘a’. Repeat the operation
gram.
mixture of equal volume of alcohol and solvent ether, the flask was
connected to reflux condenser and slowly heated, until sample was dissolved
NaOH, until faintly pink colour appears after shaking for 30 seconds. Acid
Brookfield Viscometer
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8. Removal: The ease of removal of the creams applied was examined by
9. Dye test: The scarlet dye is mixed with the cream. Place a drop of cream in
a slide and cover with a cover slip and examine it under a microscope. If the
disperse globule appears red and the ground colourless then it is o/w type
10. After feel: Emolliency, slipperiness and amount of residue left after the
11.Type of smear: After application of cream, the type of film or smear formed
12.Irritancy study: Mark an area of 1sq.cm on the left hand dorsal surface. The
cream was applied to the specified area and time was noted. Irritancy,
erythema, edema was checked, if any, for regular intervals upto 24hrs and
Trituration:
into bases.
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The powders are placed on a tile and the base is incorporated using doubling up
technique
a tile and making a well in the centre.small quantities of liquid are added and then
mixed in.Trituration can be successfully achied using a mortar but this method is
Lavigation:
This is the term applied to the incorporation of insoluble coarse powders into a
base
It is a process where the powder is rubbed down with either the molten base or
1)Oleaginous bases
2)Absorption bases
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4)Water Soluble Bases
They can remain on skin for longer periods without drying out.
Water and aqeous solution In small amount can be incorporated with small
difficulty.
as lavigating agent.
Adsorption bases:
TWO TYPES:
Emulsion.
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Those that are already W/O Emulsion and permit incorporation of additional
PROPERTIES:
These Bases are not easy to remove from skin since the external phase of
emulsion is oleaginous.
Example
Cold cream
Lanolin
Anhydrous lanolin
They are oil in water emulsion having an emulsifier which makes them readily
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Because of their surface active property,they facilitate contact between skin
medicament.
5) No dehydrated Effect.
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7) Compatible with large number of drug
PREPARATION PROCESS
2) Always make an excess as it is never possible to transfer the entire cream into
3) Determine which of the ingredient are miscible with the aqeous phase and which
5) Melt the fatty bases in an evaporating dish over a water bath at lowest possible
temperature.
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start with base with the highest meltin point.these should be cooled to 60^oc.
6)Substance that are miscible with oily phase should then be stirred into the melt.
8)The disperse phase should then be added to continuous phase at the same
temperature.
Soluble Solid
Should be added to the molten cream at the lowest possible temperature and the
Insoluble solids
Should be incorporated using glass tile and spatula.if there is more than one
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May be mixed with the molten cream in an evaporating basin.
immiscible liquisds.
ADVANTAGE:
1)They give prolong contact in their site of application than any other
preparation.
Disadvantages:
2)They are less hydrophobic than other semi solid preparation, so risk of
Preservation;
preparation:
B) Collapsible metals
D) Alluminium tubes
MECHANICAL FILLING
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Hand Filling;Weighted Amount Of Cream placed in a jar with the help of flexible
spatula
Cream is forced down to bottom and along walls of jars to avoid entrapnment
Mechanical Filling
In this methods cream can be filled in the jars and polyethene tubes
Filling is done by pressure filler which consist of nozzle piston from which oozes
Vaccum fillers are also available in which nozels is attached to vacuum pump
DISCARD DATE:
Some official texts suggested that creams are given a four week discard date.
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Instead of expiry date apply the term discard after or do not use after followed by a
containers.
USP directs that the labeling for each ointments and creams include the type
OINTMENT
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Medicated Ointment contains either dissolved or dispersed in the
Gentamicin ointment
Soft paraffin
1. Non sensitizing
2. Non irritating
3. Pharmaceutically elegant
5. Water washable
6. Ointment Bases
7. Ointment bases are generally classified by the USP Into four groups:
A)Oleaginous bases
B)ABSORPTION BASES
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D)WATER SOLUBLE BASES)
ointment(USP)
Those that are water in oil emulsion and permit the incorporation of additional
Cholesterol……………….30g
Steary alcohol……………..30g
White wax……………………80g
White petrolatum……………..860g
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b)Lanolin: obtained from the wool of sheep..is a purified,wax like substances that
the emulsion is aqeous,easily washed from the skin and often called water
washable bases
of water,large amount of aqeous solution are not effectively incorporated into these
Release rate
OCCLUSSION
Stability of drug
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Easily removable
PREPARATION OF OINTMENT
attained,the ointment based is placed on one side of the working surface and the
FUSION METHOD:
All the component of an ointment are combined by melted together and cooled
Heat labile substances added last and when temp of a mixture is low enough not to
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Well closed containers to protect against contamination and in cool place to
PASTES
Pastes are usually prepared by incorporating solids directly into congealed system
Contains high percentage of insoluble solid usually 50% or more which are finely
Pates adhere well to skin and are prepared for treatment of chronic lesion
Characteristic of pastes
1) Stiffer than other semi solid dosage form,and maintains stability at site of
application
escape
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5) Unsuitable for treating scalp,because they are difficult to remove from skin
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