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    Regulation of Gene Expression Module 3

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    Gene

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    Regulation of Gene Expression Module 3

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    Gene

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    3 views2 pages

    Regulation of Gene Expression Module 3

    Uploaded by

    alphakid986
    Gene

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
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    REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION

    Module 3 as per NEP syllabus Glavin Thomas Rodrigues


    Asst. Prof., Dept. of Zoology
    St Aloysius College ( Autonomous ), Mangaluru

    Introduction to regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes: Role of chromatin in


    gene expression.

    Eukaryotes have a much more complicated system for controlling gene


    expression than prokaryotes. In eukaryotes, there are two levels of regulation of gene
    expression. Transcription is where the first level of regulation takes place. Post-
    transcriptional regulation is the second level of control. The post-transcriptional
    regulation may take place at the level of RNA processing, RNA transport (nucleus to
    cytosol), translation, and post translational changes of a protein.

    Similar to bacteria, regulatory proteins that bind to certain regulatory regions and
    modify the activity of RNA polymerase regulate transcription in eukaryotes.
    Additionally, the packaging of DNA into chromatin and its alteration may also regulate
    the expression of eukaryotic genes.

    Role of chromatin in gene expression

    There are two forms of chromatin:

    (1) euchromatin and (2) heterochromatin. Euchromatin is less condensed and is


    transcribed whereas heterochromatin is highly condensed and cannot typically be
    transcribed.

    The nuclear DNA does not exist as linear strands but is tightly condensed and wrapped
    around nuclear proteins so that it can fit into the nucleus. The packaging of DNA
    structure is transcriptionally repressive and allows a basal level of gene expression

    1
    only. For nucleosome structures that are open or disrupted, the DNA can more easily be
    replicated and transcribed.

    During the transcription process, the chromatin structure is changed by some


    repressors and activators which interact with DNA to regulate the gene activity.
    Activators change the nucleosome structure resulting in RNA polymerase assembly
    stimulation. During replication, a similar regulation of chromatin structure occurs,
    which allows the replication mechanism to be in place at the origin of replication.

    Inactive genes are assembled into compact chromatin, unavailable for transcription.
    Activator proteins bind to specific DNA (cis-acting control elements) and interact with
    mediators to decondense chromatin. This process will lead to conformational change of
    chromatin and result in genes available for transcription (GENE ON). On the other hand,
    binding of a repressor protein to the DNA will lead to recondensation of chromatin
    making it unavailable for transcription (GENE OFF).

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