SPT 111 Organic Chemistry

HARARE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
School of Industrial Science and Technology

The Department of Biotechnology
BTech(Hons) Degree in Biotechnology
SPT 111: Organic chemistry
Course code: SPT 111

Course Name Organic Chemistry
Course weighting: 2 Credits
Year Running 2015-2016
Part II: Semester 1 (August 2015)
Lecturers: Mrs T Taderera
Preamble
SBT 112 Organic chemistry is a course that introduces the student to the principles of
carbon chemistry. This course is a pre-requisite for courses to come.
Course description
Organic chemistry is of vital importance to the pharmaceutical, polymer and
biotechnology industries, where the prime concern is the synthesis of new organic
molecules and polymers. Knowledge of the structure, functionality, and reactivity of
organic molecules is critical for the understanding of numerous phenomena, from
biological and biochemical processes, to the properties of materials (polymers) for
example in nanotechnology. This course covers the basic and fundamental principles of
organic chemistry, allowing the student to begin understanding the language of organic
chemists. A broad overview of the properties and characteristics of organic molecules is
provided, and several key reactions and reaction mechanisms are discussed.
Course objectives
 The student should know structural formulas and stereo configurations of organic
compounds.
 The student should be able to define aromaticity, recognize aromatic compounds
and describe the preparation and reactions of various aromatic compounds; provide
an overview of heterocyclic aromatic chemistry;
 The student should study extensively reactions, synthesis methods and applications
of organic molecules.
1
 Describe the origin, chemistry, biosynthesis and pharmaceutical importance of vari-
ous classes of natural products including alkaloids, phenolics, steroids and terpen-
oids.
 The student’s understanding of the course content should be demonstrated through
class discussion, solving homework problems and throughout the exams.
 The student should acquire research skills in using the internet and the library and
carrying out assignments.
Course Assessment
SBT 112 is a double credit course covered in one semester. Students will be assessed
through assignments, student presentations, practical exercises, tests and an exam at the
end of the semester. The weighting contribution will be as follows:
Examination 60%
Assignment and tests 15%
Practicals 25%
Course attendance
All practical sessions and tutorials are compulsory.

Students are required to attend 80% of all lectures to be eligible to sit for examinations.
Learning Resources
1. Keynotes in Organic chemistry, Kumar S.
2. McMurry J., Organic Chemistry, 7th edition, 2007, Brooks Cole Publishers.
3. Journals series: Organic Chemistry Journal, Organic and Medicinal chemistry letters
and Natural Products Chemistry and Research journal
2
Course outline
1.0 Introduction to organic chemistry
1.1 Review of bonding: covalent and polar bonds. Lewis structures: Lewis acids and
Lewis bases constitutional isomers.
1.3 Nomenclature or organic compounds (including cycloalkanes). iso- and

neo- structures.
1.4 Carbons and hydrogens: quaternary carbon and nitrogen, conformations of alkanes.
1.5 Structure , Bonding and Molecular Properties
2.0 Alkenes
2.1 Cis-trans isomerism.
2.2 E.Z systems of nomenclature.
2.3 Reaction coordinate diagrams, electrophilic addition reactions: addition of

hydrogen halides, of water, of alcohol, of halogens, of diborane
(hydroboration-oxidation), of hydrogen (hydrogenation) relative stabilities of
carbocations (allylic and benzylic systems).
2.4 Conformational isomers, configurational isomers, stereogenic centers, R, S system of

nomenclature isomers with more than one stereogenic centre, meso-compounds.
2.5 Resolution of racemic mixtures and conformations of substituted cyclohexanes
3.0 Major reactions in organic chemistry
3.1 Substitution and elimination reactions: SN2, SN I, E2 and E2 mechanisms and their
respective stereo chemistries.
3.2 Substitution and dehydration reactions of alcohols, substitutions of sulfonate esters of

ethers reactions of epoxides, organometallic compounds
3.3 Oxidation –reduction reactions: catalytic hydrogenation. hydride reductions,

oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes, alkenes (hydroxylation, ozonolysis)
3
4.0 Carbonyl compounds
4.1 Nomenclature and reactivity of aldehydes and ketones.
4.2 Addition or Grignard reagents to product alcohols and (with carbon dioxide) acids.
4.3 Reaction or Carboxylic Acids and their Derivatives with Oxygen and Nitrogen
Nucleophiles. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions
5.0 Reactions of benzenes and substituted benzenes
5.1 Nomenclature of substituted benzenes and review of bonding in benzene.
5.2 Friedel-Crafts acylation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation. The effect of substituents on

reactivity-, inductive effects and resonance effects.
5.3 The effect of substituents on orientation and rate of reaction. synthesis of

poly-substituted aromatics and effects of the benzene ring on substituent groups.
6.0 Natural product chemistry
6.1 Introduction to natural product drug discovery process

6.2 Alkaloids, Glycosides, Terpenoids, Steroids and Phenolics
6.3 Applications of organic chemistry in drug synthesis and other medical areas
(nanotechnology)
Laboratory experiments
1. Functional group identification
2. Caffeine isolation and characterisation from tea leaves
3. Synthesis of aspirin

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HARARE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Industrial Science and Technology

Course code: SPT 111

All practical sessions and tutorials are compulsory.

1. Keynotes in Organic chemistry, Kumar S.

1.0 Introduction to organic chemistry

1.3 Nomenclature or organic compounds (including cycloalkanes). iso- and

1.5 Structure , Bonding and Molecular Properties

2.1 Cis-trans isomerism.

2.2 E.Z systems of nomenclature.

2.3 Reaction coordinate diagrams, electrophilic addition reactions: addition of

2.4 Conformational isomers, configurational isomers, stereogenic centers, R, S system of

2.5 Resolution of racemic mixtures and conformations of substituted cyclohexanes

3.0 Major reactions in organic chemistry

3.2 Substitution and dehydration reactions of alcohols, substitutions of sulfonate esters of

3.3 Oxidation –reduction reactions: catalytic hydrogenation. hydride reductions,

4.1 Nomenclature and reactivity of aldehydes and ketones.

5.0 Reactions of benzenes and substituted benzenes

5.1 Nomenclature of substituted benzenes and review of bonding in benzene.

5.2 Friedel-Crafts acylation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation. The effect of substituents on

5.3 The effect of substituents on orientation and rate of reaction. synthesis of

6.0 Natural product chemistry

6.1 Introduction to natural product drug discovery process

1. Functional group identification

2. Caffeine isolation and characterisation from tea leaves

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