Female Reproduction

G.D.
GOENKA PUBLIC SCHOOL, SEC-48, GURUGRAM

CLASS 10 : BIOLOGY
CH : How Do Organisms Reproduce
_____________________________________________________________
NOTE: Diagrams given here in the notes are for the reference only and not to
be drawn in the notebook. For exam preparation refer the diagrams given in
your NCERT book.
Day-4
# Preview (Day-4):
Q1. List two functions performed by testes in human males.

(a) It produces sperm, the male gametes.
(b) It synthesizes testosterone, the male sex hormone.
Q2. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?

DNA copying is an essential part of the process of reproduction as it results in passing of genetic
information from parents to the offsprings. DNA replication also ensures that same number of
chromosomes are passed from parents to offspring.
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

•A pair of ovaries
•A pair of fallopian tubes or oviducts
•A uterus/womb
•Cervix and vagina/birth canal.
▪A PAIR OF OVARIES:
Each ovary is present inside the abdominal cavity.
At the time of birth each girl child already contains thousands of immature ova in the ovary.
These ova start maturing only from the time of puberty.
Only one ovum is produced by one ovary in one month and each ovary releases an ovum in
alternate months.
The release of an ovum from the ovary is known as ovulation.
▪Oviducts/Fallopian tube: Carries the egg from the ovary to the womb or uterus
▪The two oviducts unite into an elastic bag-like structure known as the uterus.
▪The uterus opens into the vagina through the cervix.
FUSION OF GAMETES:
The act of mating between the male and female partner is termed as copulation.
The semen is discharged into the vaginal tract during copulation.
The sperms travel upwards and reach the fallopian tube where, one sperm fuses with
the ovum (if present) to form the zygote.
FERTILIZATION: The process of fusion of male and female gamete to form zygote is called
fertilization. It occurs in the fallopian tube.
Female (50%) Male (50%)
POST FERTILIZATION: PREGNANCY

IMPLANTATION: The fertilised egg, the zygote, gets implanted in the lining of the uterus,
and starts dividing.
The uterus prepares itself every month to receive and nurture the growing embryo.
The endometrial lining thickens and is richly supplied with blood to nourish the growing
embryo.
PLACENTA: ROLE IN PREGNANCY

The embryo gets nutrition from the mother’s blood with the help of a special tissue
called placenta.
It is embedded in the uterine wall, richly supplied with blood vessels and have villi for
absorption.
This provides a large surface area for glucose and oxygen to pass from the mother to
the embryo.
The developing embryo also generates waste substances which are removed through
the placenta.
FOETUS GROWTH and CHILD BIRTH:

When the embryo starts resembling a human, it is termed as a foetus.
In humans, the development of the child inside the mother’s body takes approximately nine
months.
The child birth occurs due to the result of rhythmic contractions of the muscles in the uterus.
What if fertilization doesn’t take place?

If the egg is not fertilised, it lives for about 24 hours.
The uterus prepares itself every month to receive a fertilised egg. Thus, its lining becomes thick
and spongy.
If the egg is not fertilized, this layer is no longer needed.
So, the lining slowly breaks and comes out through the vagina as blood and mucous.
This cycle takes place roughly every month (28 days) and is known as menstruation.
Menstruation
It is the loss of blood, mucous discharged out from the female body if fertilization do not occurs.
It is a 28-day cycle which occurs in every reproductively active female (from puberty). The flow of
blood continues for 2 to 5 days.
In case the ovum gets fertilized, then the endometrium becomes thick and spongy for
nourishing the embryo and hence menstruation does not occur and pregnancy continues.
The beginning of menstruation at puberty is known as menarche. The end of menstruation when
the woman is 45-55 years of age is called menopause.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASES: Many diseases can be sexually transmitted:

Bacterial infections such as gonorrhoea and syphilis
Viral infections such as HIV-AIDS.
Transmission of these can be prevented by use of condoms.
CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS:
These are used to prevent unwanted pregnancies.
Types of contraceptives:
A. Mechanical barrier method: Condoms (Male and Female)
B. Intra-uterine devices: These are made of copper and prevent implantation in uterus.
Example: Copper T
C. Physiological or Hormonal: Oral pills: act such that eggs are not released and fertilisation
cannot occur. They can cause side effects too.
D. Surgical: These include:

a) Vasectomy in males: vas deferens cut and tied so that the transport of sperms is blocked.
b) Tubectomy in females: fallopian tube is cut and tied so that the transport of egg is blocked
SEX RATIO:
For a healthy society, the female: male sex ratio must be maintained at 1:1
Sex-Selective abortion of female foetuses is misused by many people across the country.
Reckless female foeticide has led to an alarming decrease in the child sex ratio.
Prenatal sex determination has been prohibited by law.
# Review (Day-4):
Q1. What is sex-selective abortion? How does it affect a healthy society?
● Sex-Selective abortion is a procedure that is done for female foeticide. It adversely affects
the male-female sex ratio of a society.
Q2. Draw a labelled diagram of a female reproductive system. (Refer NCERT)
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G.D.

GOENKA PUBLIC SCHOOL, SEC-48, GURUGRAM

Q1. List two functions performed by testes in human males.

Q2. Why is DNA copying an essential part of the process of reproduction?

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM:

POST FERTILIZATION: PREGNANCY

PLACENTA: ROLE IN PREGNANCY

FOETUS GROWTH and CHILD BIRTH:

What if fertilization doesn’t take place?

SEXUALLY TRANSMITED DISEASES: Many diseases can be sexually transmitted:

A. Mechanical barrier method: Condoms (Male and Female)

D. Surgical: These include:

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