REPRODUCTION

G.D.
GOENKA PUBLIC SCHOOL, SEC-48, GURUGRAM

CLASS 10 : BIOLOGY
CH : How Do Organisms Reproduce
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Day-1
# Preview (Day-1):
Q1. Define reproduction.
The biological process by which an organism produces new individuals of the same kind is
called reproduction.
Q2. Give the significance of reproduction.
It is not an essential process for survival but is important because of the following reasons:
a) Maintains the existence of species on the earth.
b) Increases the population of species.
c) Evolution of species (by transmitting of favourable variations from one generation to another)
NOTES:
TYPES OF REPRODUCTION: It is of 2 types: a) Asexual b) Sexual
MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

1. Fission 2. Budding 3. Spore formation 4. Regeneration
5. Fragmentation 6.Vegetative propagation 7. Plant Tissue Culture
1. Fission: (means splitting or breaking up)

a. Shown by unicellular organisms
b. parent cell splits into two or more than two identical individuals.
c. It is of two types:
i. Binary (two cells are formed Eg; Amoeba, Leishmania)
ii. Multiple (many cells are formed Eg; Plasmodium)
Depending upon the plane of division, Binary fission is also of 2 types:

a) Irregular Binary Fission (ex-amoeba)
b) Longitudinal Binary Fission (ex-leishmania)
Binary fission in Amoeba Binary fission in Leishmania
Splitting of the cell into two during cell Splitting of the cell occurs in a definite orientation i.e.,
division can take place from any longitudinally in relation to flagellum.
plane.
• Depending upon no of daughter cells formed, Binary fission is of 2 types:
Parameter Binary Multiple
No of daughter When a cell divides to give rise to 2 When a cell divides to give rise
organisms daughter cells. to many daughter cells.
Condition Takes place during favourable Takes place during favourable as

conditions well as unfavourable conditions
Division of nucleus Nucleus divides once Nucleus divides repeatedly
Division of cytoplasm After nucleus After each nuclear division,

divides, cytoplasm also divides cytoplasm does not divide
Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Bacteria Plasmodium, Amoeba

2. Budding:
• A small outgrowth arises on the parent organism called bud.
• The bud grows in size and detaches from the parent body and develops into an adult organism.
• Eg; Hydra, Sycon, Yeast
3. Spore formation:
Shown by fungi such as bread mould (Rhizopus).
In Rhizopus, the body is made up of fine thread like structures called hyphae which bear a bag
like structure called sporangium.
Each sporangium bears hundreds of spores that are formed by repeated divisions of the
nucleus.
On maturity, sporangium bursts open and spores are dispersed in air.
Each spore germinates and forms a new hypha of Rhizopus.
4. FRAGMENTATION 5. REGENERATION
It is found in simpler organisms such It is found in relatively more
as fungi and algae. complex organisms.
In fragmentation, the parent body Regeneration maybe defined as the process

splits into many tiny pieces called of re-growing/ renewal of lost body parts.
fragments. Each fragment is capable of Seen in Lizard, Starfish.
growing into a new individual. It is not true reproduction.
Example: Spirogyra Example: Planaria (Flatworm): The body divides

into fragments. Each fragment
undergoes differentiation and development to
from tissues, organs, organ system and finally
the organism.
6. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
The development of a new plant from the vegetative part of a plant like stem, root or leaf is
known as vegetative propagation.
(i) CUTTING
Formation of a complete plant from regenerated pieces of roots, stems etc.
For example, roses, sugarcane, money plant, cactus, bougainvillea, etc.
(ii) LAYERING:
A lateral branch of a plant is bent and covered with moist soil called layer.
After a few days, roots arise from the underground portion; it separates from the parent plant
and grows independently.
Examples: Bougainvillea, jasmine, Strawberry
(iii) GRAFTING:
In grafting, 2 desired traits from 2 different plants are brought together in one plant.
A stem cutting from the desired plant called scion is inserted in a rooted plant called stock.
Then, they are bound firmly with tape or cloth so that they have vascular continuity.
For example, rose, mango, citrus etc.
(iv) LEAF BUDS:

Buds produced in the notches along the leaf margin of Bryophyllum fall on the soil and develop into
new plants.
(v) PLANT TISSUE CULTURE:

Plant tissue culture is used to grow plant cells, tissues, or organs on a nutrient culture medium. It
is widely used, to produce clones of a plant in a method known as micropropagation.
The tissue obtained from a plant to be cultured is called an explant.
Using tissue culture, many plants can be grown from one parent in disease-free conditions.
This technique is commonly used for ornamental plants.
# Review (Day-1):
Q1. Write the difference between Sexual and Asexual reproduction.

DIFFERENCE B/W ASEXUAL & SEXUAL REPRODUCTION:
SNO FEATURES ASEXUAL SEXUAL
1 Parents Only a single parent is involved i.e., Two parents are involved, a male
Uniparental and a female, i.e., Biparental
2 Gametes Not formed Male & female gametes
3 Fertilization No fertilization There is gametic fusion

or fertilization
4 Rate Quick process Slow process
5 Offsprings Genetically similar Genetically dissimilar
6 Variations Almost no variations Large no of variations
7 Evolution Very little Has a key role in evolution
8 Occurrence In lower organisms such as In all higher plants and animals.

bacteria, algae, fungi and lower
plants.
***************************************

REPRODUCTION

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G.D.

GOENKA PUBLIC SCHOOL, SEC-48, GURUGRAM

MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION:

1. Fission: (means splitting or breaking up)

Depending upon the plane of division, Binary fission is also of 2 types:

Binary fission in Amoeba Binary fission in Leishmania

Parameter Binary Multiple

Condition Takes place during favourable Takes place during favourable as

Division of nucleus Nucleus divides once Nucleus divides repeatedly

Division of cytoplasm After nucleus After each nuclear division,

Examples Amoeba, Paramecium, Bacteria Plasmodium, Amoeba

In fragmentation, the parent body Regeneration maybe defined as the process

Example: Spirogyra Example: Planaria (Flatworm): The body divides

(iv) LEAF BUDS:

(v) PLANT TISSUE CULTURE:

Q1. Write the difference between Sexual and Asexual reproduction.

2 Gametes Not formed Male & female gametes

3 Fertilization No fertilization There is gametic fusion

4 Rate Quick process Slow process

5 Offsprings Genetically similar Genetically dissimilar

6 Variations Almost no variations Large no of variations

7 Evolution Very little Has a key role in evolution

8 Occurrence In lower organisms such as In all higher plants and animals.

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