SQL – Logical Operator

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SQL logical operators are used to test for the truth of the condition. A logical operator like the Comparison operator returns a
boolean value of TRUE, FALSE, or UNKNOWN. In this article, we will discuss different types of Logical Operators.

Logical operators are used to combine or manipulate the conditions given in a query to retrieve or manipulate data .There are some
logical operators in SQL like OR, AND etc.

Types of Logical Operators in SQL

Given below is the list of logical operators available in SQL.

Operator Meaning

AND TRUE if both Boolean expressions are TRUE.

IN TRUE if the operand is equal to one of a list of expressions.

NOT Reverses the value of any other Boolean operator.

OR TRUE if either Boolean expression is TRUE.

LIKE TRUE if the operand matches a pattern.

 BETWEEN TRUE if the operand is within a range.

ALL TRUE if all of a set of comparisons are TRUE.

ANY TRUE if any one of a set of comparisons is TRUE.

EXISTS TRUE if a subquery contains any rows.

SOME TRUE if some of a set of comparisons are TRUE.

Example:

In the below example, we will see how this logical operator works with the help of creating a database.

Step 1: Creating a Database

In order to create a database, we need to use the CREATE operator.

Query

CREATE DATABASE xstream_db;

Step 2: Create table employee

In this step, we will create the table employee inside the xstream_db database.
Query

CREATE TABLE employee (emp_id INT, emp_name VARCHAR(255),

emp_city VARCHAR(255),

emp_country VARCHAR(255),

PRIMARY KEY (emp_id));

Create Table

In order to insert the data inside the database, we need to use the INSERT operator.

Query

INSERT INTO employee VALUES (101, 'Utkarsh Tripathi', 'Varanasi', 'India'),

(102, 'Abhinav Singh', 'Varanasi', 'India'),

(103, 'Utkarsh Raghuvanshi', 'Varanasi', 'India'),

(104, 'Utkarsh Singh', 'Allahabad', 'India'),

(105, 'Sudhanshu Yadav', 'Allahabad', 'India'),

(106, 'Ashutosh Kumar', 'Patna', 'India');

Insert Value
Output

employee Table

Now the given below is the list of different logical operators.

AND Operator

The AND operator is used to combines two or more conditions but if it is true when all the conditions are satisfied.

Query

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_city = 'Allahabad' AND emp_country = 'India';

Output

output

IN Operator

It is used to remove the multiple OR conditions in SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE. and We can also use NOT IN to
minimize the rows in your list and any kind of duplicate entry will be retained.

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Query
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_city IN ('Allahabad', 'Patna');

Output

output

NOT Operator

Query

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_city NOT LIKE 'A%';

Output

output

OR Operator

The OR operator is used to combines two or more conditions but if it is true when one of the conditions are satisfied.

Query

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_city = 'Varanasi' OR emp_country = 'India';

Output
 output

LIKE Operator

In SQL, the LIKE operator is used in the WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column.

● % – It is used for zero or more than one character.

● _ – It is used for only one character means fixed length.

Query

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_city LIKE 'P%';

Output

output

BETWEEN Operator

The SQL BETWEEN condition allows you to easily test if an expression is within a range of values (inclusive).

Query

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_id BETWEEN 101 AND 104;

Output
 output

ALL Operator

The ALL operator returns TRUE if all of the subqueries values matches the condition.

All operator is used with SELECT, WHERE, HAVING statement.

Query

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_id = ALL

(SELECT emp_id FROM employee WHERE emp_city = 'Varanasi');

Output

output

ANY Operator

The ANY operator:

● It returns a boolean value as a result

● It returns TRUE if ANY of the subquery values match the condition

Query
SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_id = ANY

(SELECT emp_id FROM employee WHERE emp_city = 'Varanasi');

Output

EXISTS Operator

In SQL,Exists operator is used to check whether the result of a correlated nested query is empty or not.

Exists operator is used with SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT or DELETE statement.

Query

SELECT emp_name FROM employee WHERE EXISTS

(SELECT emp_id FROM employee WHERE emp_city = 'Patna');

Output

output
SOME Operator

In SQL, SOME operators are issued with comparison operators (<,>,=,<=, etc) to compare the value with the result of a subquery.

Query

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE emp_id < SOME

(SELECT emp_id FROM employee WHERE emp_city = 'Patna');

Output

output