Elements of Art
The Elements of Art: Building Blocks of Visual Expression
Jacob Wilderman
Drawing I
Introduction
The elements of art are the basic components used by artists to create and organize visual
work. These elements include “line”, “shape”, “form”, “color”, “value”, “texture”, and “space”.
Understanding these elements is crucial for appreciating and analyzing art, as they provide the
foundation for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional creations. In this research paper, we
will explore each element, providing explanations, examples, and descriptions of artwork that
demonstrate their use.
1. Line
Definition
A “line” is a continuous mark made on a surface by a moving point. It can vary in width, length,
curvature, direction, and texture. Lines can be two-dimensional or implied (suggested by the
arrangement of objects), and they are used to define shapes, indicate boundaries, create
texture, and suggest movement.
Example: Vincent van Gogh's “Starry Night” (1889)
In “Starry Night”, Van Gogh uses swirling, expressive lines to create the illusion of movement in
the sky. The lines are dynamic and convey a sense of energy, drawing the viewer's eye through
the painting.
2. Shape
Definition
A “shape” is a flat, enclosed area of space. Shapes are two-dimensional, and they can be
geometric (such as squares and circles) or organic (irregular and free-form shapes). Shapes
help to create the composition of a work and can convey meaning or mood.
Example: Pablo Picasso's “Les Demoiselles d'Avignon” (1907)
Picasso’s use of sharp, angular shapes in “Les Demoiselles d'Avignon” disrupts the traditional
depiction of the human figure, breaking bodies into geometric planes. This use of shape was
revolutionary and marked the beginning of Cubism.
3. Form
Definition
“Form” refers to objects that are three-dimensional, having height, width, and depth. Form can
be realistic, abstract, or even non-representational, depending on the artist's intent. Sculptures
and architecture are often physical forms, while two-dimensional art can imply form through
techniques like shading and perspective.
Example: Michelangelo’s “David” (1504)
Michelangelo’s “David” is a classical example of form in art. The sculpture is a
three-dimensional figure that appears realistic and life-sized, showcasing the human body in
intricate detail. The use of form here demonstrates Michelangelo’s mastery of anatomy and the
human figure.
4. Color
Definition
“Color” is the element of art that is produced when light, striking an object, is reflected back to
the eye. It has three main characteristics: hue (the name of the color), value (how light or dark it
is), and intensity (how bright or dull it is). Color can evoke emotions and create focus in a work
of art.
Example: Wassily Kandinsky's “Composition VII” (1913)
Kandinsky uses bold, vibrant colors in “Composition VII” to evoke emotional and spiritual
responses. The use of contrasting hues and the combination of intense colors create a sense of
chaos and energy, embodying the abstract nature of his work.
5. Value
Definition
“Value” refers to the lightness or darkness of a color. It is crucial in creating contrast, depth, and
the illusion of form in two-dimensional artworks. By manipulating value, artists can draw
attention to certain areas, suggest form, and create mood.
Example: Caravaggio's “The Calling of Saint Matthew” (1599-1600)
Caravaggio uses dramatic contrasts of light and shadow (chiaroscuro) in “The Calling of Saint
Matthew” to emphasize the figures and create a theatrical, almost divine light. The intense use
of value contrast adds depth and directs the viewer’s focus to the central action in the painting.
6. Texture
Definition
“Texture” refers to the surface quality or feel of an object—its smoothness, roughness, softness,
etc. In art, texture can be actual (physical texture) or implied (the illusion of texture created
through artistic techniques). Artists use texture to create a tactile response in the viewer or to
mimic the appearance of materials.
Example: Vincent van Gogh's “Wheatfield with Crows” (1890)
Van Gogh’s thick application of paint, known as impasto, in “Wheatfield with Crows” creates a
rich, textured surface. The visible brushstrokes give the painting an almost sculptural quality,
enhancing the emotional intensity of the stormy sky and the fields below.
7. Space
Definition
“Space” refers to the area around, between, and within objects in an artwork. Space can be
two-dimensional (in flat art) or three-dimensional (in sculptures and installations). Artists use
techniques like perspective and scale to create the illusion of space in two-dimensional works.
Example: Leonardo da Vinci’s “The Last Supper” (1495-1498)
In “The Last Supper”, Leonardo uses linear perspective to create the illusion of depth, leading
the viewer’s eye into the space of the room. The vanishing point, located at Christ’s head,
focuses attention on the central figure, enhancing the dramatic composition.
Conclusion
The elements of art—line, shape, form, color, value, texture, and space—are essential
components that artists use to create visual compositions. Each element contributes to the
overall impact of the artwork, whether it is used to guide the viewer’s eye, evoke emotion, or
create balance and harmony within the piece. Through the study of these elements, we can gain
a deeper appreciation for the complexity and craftsmanship involved in the creation of art,
whether it is a centuries-old masterpiece or a modern work of abstraction.
References
1. Gombrich, E. H. *The Story of Art*. Phaidon Press, 1995.
2. Stokstad, Marilyn, and Michael Cothren. *Art History*. Pearson, 2018.
3. Arnheim, Rudolf. *Art and Visual Perception: A Psychology of the Creative Eye*. University of
California Press, 2004.
