Legal Language Grammar LLB Sem-1 Class Notes

.
Legal language
In the active voice, the sentence's subject performs the action on the
action's target.
In the passive voice, the target of the action is the main focus, and the verb
acts upon the subject
To keep, active and passive voice
Tense Active Passiv Active sentence Passive

voice e voice equivalent
Simple keep is kept I keep the butter The butter is kept

present in the fridge. in the fridge.
Present is is being John is keeping my My house is being

continuous keepin kept house tidy. kept tidy.
g
Simple kept was Mary kept her Mary's schedule

past kept schedule was kept
meticulously. meticulously.
Past was was The theater was A seat was being

continuous keepin being keeping a seat for kept for you.
g kept you.
Present have have I have kept all All your old

perfect kept been your old letters. letters have been
kept kept.
Past had had He had kept up his His training

perfect kept been training regimen regimen had
kept for a month. been kept up for
a month.
Simple will will be Mark will keep the The ficus will be
Future keep kept ficus. kept.
Conditional would would If you told me, I If you told me,

Present keep be kept would keep your your secret would
secret. be kept.
Conditional would would I would have kept Your bicycle

Past have have your bicycle here would have been
kept been if you had left it kept here if you
kept with me. had left it with
me.
Present to keep to be She wants to keep The book wants

Infinitive kept the book. to be kept.
Perfect to have to have Judy was happy to The puppy was

Infinitive kept been have kept the happy to have
kept puppy. been kept.
Present keepin being I have a feeling I have a feeling

Participle & g kept that you may be that a secret may
Gerund keeping a secret. be being kept.
Perfect having having Having kept the The bird, having

Participle kept been bird in a cage for been kept in a
kept so long, Jade cage for so long,
wasn't sure it might not survive
could survive in in the wild.
the wild.
Exercise: Active & passive voice

1. The puppy licked the bowl . The bowl was licked by the
puppy .
2 . The insect bit the little girl . The little girl was bitten by
the insect .
3 The Boss played cricket . Cricket was played by the

boss .
4. Mr. Shyam teaches French . French is taught by Mr.

Shyam .
5. Seema draws the sketch . The sketch is drawn by

Seema .
What is a sentence?
According to a definition, a sentence refers to the set of arranged words
that conveys a complete sense or a thought by giving an order/statement,
or asking any questions, or exclaiming.
Types of Sentences
The sentences are mainly classified into the following types:
o Sentences based on their function

o Sentences based on their structure
What is an Assertive Sentence?

A claim is declared in an assertive sentence. The word "assertive" alone
communicates the statement's message.
1. We all are arranging a gathering for this Sunday.

2. My friends gave me a surprise yesterday.
Assertive sentences, also known as declarative statements, express a general

notion or idea, a habitual activity, a scientific proof, or absolute truth.
What is a Declarative Sentence?

A declarative sentence refers to an assertive sentence that usually
expresses a feeling/opinion, or makes a statement or defines things. In
particular, it makes a declaration. The declarative sentence can include
any tenses, such as present tense, past tense, or future tense.
Furthermore, this type of sentence is followed by a period
o I want to be a good singer. (a statement, a positive or affirmative

declarative sentence)
o I am not very happy today. (a feeling, a negative declarative
sentence)
What is an Imperative Sentence?
An imperative sentence usually makes a request, gives an order, gives

instructions, or gives advice.
o o to the nearest bank and make that deposit. (an instruction

followed by a period)
o Get your hands up now! (a command followed by an exclamation
point)
In both the above examples, the subject is 'you', which is hidden or

understood.
What is an Interrogative Sentence?

An interrogative sentence refers to a type of sentence that asks only
questions. Typically, these sentences usually begin with wh-interrogatives,
such as what, who, when, why, etc
Generally, interrogative sentences are classified into four types, such as:
o Yes/No Interrogatives
o Wh-interrogatives
o Alternative Interrogatives
o Tag Questions Interrogatives
The following are the examples of the interrogative sentences:

o Will you join me? (Yes/No Interrogative Sentence)
o When are you going to visit the Taj Mahal? (Wh-interrogative
Sentence)
o Do you prefer to go to watch a movie or shopping? (Alternative
Interrogative Sentence)
o You are going to the market, aren't you? (Tag Question Interrogative
Sentence)
What is an Exclamatory Sentence?

An exclamatory sentence refers to a sentence that generally
expresses strong emotion
The following are some common examples of exclamatory sentences:
o How sweet!
o Happy New Year!
o What a tasty burger!
o He is such a wonderful writer!
Classification of Sentences based on Structure

According to the structure, sentences are classified into the following four
types:
o Simple Sentences
o Compound Sentences
o Complex Sentences
o Compound-Complex Sentences
What is a Simple Sentence?

A simple sentence refers to a sentence that only includes one clause (a
verb), which remains independent
Eg., I always wanted to become a cricketer.

Can I have some water to drink, please?
What is a Compound Sentence?

A compound sentence refers to a sentence that has at least two
independent clauses with no dependent clauses. The clauses are usually
joined using some specific coordinating conjuction.
Eg., It was too hot outside, but the chocolate did not melt.
I wiggled the doorbell, and the baby smiled.
I always wanted to become a comedian, and my sister wanted to

become a writer.
What is a Complex Sentence?

A complex sentence refers to a type of sentence that includes more than
one clause, where one of them should be an independent clause and one
or more dependent clauses. A dependent clause(es) can differ between an
adverb clause, a noun clause, or a relative clause. The clauses are usually
joined using some specific connectors or linking words, known as
subordinating conjunctions, because, as, while, whenever, if, as if, as soon as,
as long as, though, even though, before, after, until, unless, since, when, where,
wherever, etc.
Eg., Whenever we come to this restaurant, we eat burgers and

pizza.
She will be able to sing a melodious song if she keeps

practicing.
What is a Compound-Complex Sentence?

As the name suggests, a compound-complex sentence is defined as a
sentence created by joining compound and complex sentences.
o I know that you always tried to become a good singer, but I always
tried to become a cricketer.
o Direct and Indirect Speech
o Direct speech is simply self-explanatory. It is a sentence or
statement that reports a person's ideas, opinions and expressions
precisely in their natural form. Quotation marks frequently surround
it to make it clear to the reader that the quoted statement is the
presenter's original narrative.
Examples of Direct Speech

1. Alina said, "I'll come back in ten minutes. "
2. The educator said to Paul, "If do not finish your project, I'll call your
mother. "
3. Puja said to me, "What are you watching? "
4. Joe said, "You must give me another opportunity. "
5. Lilly said, "I had a body ache yesterday night. "
Examples of Indirect Speech

1. Alina said that she would return back in 1 hour.
2. The educator scolded Paul and said that he would call his mother, if he did
not finish his project.
3. Puja asked me What I had been watching.
4. Joe advised that I must give her another opportunity.
5. Lilly told me that she had a stomach ache last week.
6. Direct Speech: He says, "I eat 5 almonds in a day. "

Indirect Speech: He says that he eats 5 almonds a day.
7. Direct Speech: The group said, "We go for exercise every day. "
Indirect Speech: That group said that they go for exercise every
day.
8. Direct Speech: My brother said, "I am baking Pizza. "
Indirect Speech: My brother said that he was baking the Pizza.
9. Direct Speech: Marla said, "Sing with me. "
Indirect Speech: Marla told me to sing with her.
10. Direct Speech: "Today is a bright and sunny day." said
Gaurav.
Indirect Speech: Gaurav said that the day was bright and sunny.

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To keep, active and passive voice

Tense Active Passiv Active sentence Passive

Simple keep is kept I keep the butter The butter is kept

Present is is being John is keeping my My house is being

Simple kept was Mary kept her Mary's schedule

Past was was The theater was A seat was being

Present have have I have kept all All your old

Past had had He had kept up his His training

Conditional would would If you told me, I If you told me,

Conditional would would I would have kept Your bicycle

Present to keep to be She wants to keep The book wants

Perfect to have to have Judy was happy to The puppy was

Present keepin being I have a feeling I have a feeling

Perfect having having Having kept the The bird, having

Exercise: Active & passive voice

3 The Boss played cricket . Cricket was played by the

4. Mr. Shyam teaches French . French is taught by Mr.

5. Seema draws the sketch . The sketch is drawn by

o Sentences based on their function

What is an Assertive Sentence?

1. We all are arranging a gathering for this Sunday.

Assertive sentences, also known as declarative statements, express a general

What is a Declarative Sentence?

o I want to be a good singer. (a statement, a positive or affirmative

What is an Imperative Sentence?

An imperative sentence usually makes a request, gives an order, gives

o o to the nearest bank and make that deposit. (an instruction

In both the above examples, the subject is 'you', which is hidden or

What is an Interrogative Sentence?

The following are the examples of the interrogative sentences:

What is an Exclamatory Sentence?

The following are some common examples of exclamatory sentences:

Classification of Sentences based on Structure

What is a Simple Sentence?

Eg., I always wanted to become a cricketer.

What is a Compound Sentence?

I wiggled the doorbell, and the baby smiled.

I always wanted to become a comedian, and my sister wanted to

What is a Complex Sentence?

Eg., Whenever we come to this restaurant, we eat burgers and

She will be able to sing a melodious song if she keeps

What is a Compound-Complex Sentence?

Examples of Direct Speech

Examples of Indirect Speech

6. Direct Speech: He says, "I eat 5 almonds in a day. "

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