12 Grammar QB Deniz Pınar Premium

Yazar
Deniz Pınar
ISBN
978-605-06258-0-6
Genel Yayın Yönetmeni

Deniz Pınar
Editör
Deniz Pınar
Tasarım
Bumerang Tasarım
Basım Yeri
Matbaa Sertifika No
(0312) 419 419 0

www.dpelspublishing.com
destek@dpyayincilik.com
youtube.com/@dpelspublishing
instagram.com/dpelspublishing
Meşrutiyet Cad. Kök İş Hanı No.: 2 Kat: 8 Kızılay / Ankara
Bu eserin her hakkı saklıdır. Hangi amaçla olursa olsun, eserin tamamının veya bir kısmının Deniz Pınar’ın
yazılı izni olmadan kopya edilmesi, fotoğrafının çekilmesi, herhangi bir yolla paylaşılması, yayımlanması ya
da kullanılması yasaktır. Bu yasağa uymayanlar gerekli cezaları, sorumluluğu ve eserin hazırlanmasındaki
mali külfeti peşinen kabul etmiş sayılır.
Bu kitap T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı’nın bandrolü ile satılmaktadır.
Gerçek başarı başkalarını başarılı kılmaktır.

YDT 12 / 02 CONTENTS
01
PRONOUNS - STRUCTURE ...................................................................................... 4
PRONOUNS - TESTS .............................................................................................. 5
02
TENSES - STRUCTURE........................................................................................... 13
TENSES - TESTS . . ................................................................................................. 16
03
MODALS - STRUCTURE .......................................................................................... 24
MODALS - TESTS .................................................................................................. 28
04
PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE - STRUCTURE . . ...................................................................... 36
PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE - TESTS . . .............................................................................. 39
05
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES - STRUCTURE . . .................................................................... 47
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES - TESTS . . ............................................................................ 49
06
GERUNDS & INFINITIVES - STRUCTURE ..................................................................... 57
GERUNDS & INFINITIVES - TESTS ............................................................................. 62
07
NOUN CLAUSES & REPORTED SPEECH - STRUCTURE .................................................. 70
NOUN CLAUSES & REPORTED SPEECH - TESTS .......................................................... 73
08
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS - STRUCTURE . . ................................................................... 81
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS - TESTS . . ........................................................................... 86
09
ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES - STRUCTURE . . ........................................................ 94
ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES - TESTS . . ................................................................ 98
10
CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS - STRUCTURE .......................................................... 106
CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS - TESTS .................................................................. 110
11
DETERMINERS & QUANTIFIERS - STRUCTURE ............................................................ 118
DETERMINERS & QUANTIFIERS - TESTS .................................................................... 120
12
PREPOSITIONS - TESTS ......................................................................................... 128
13
GRAMMAR REVISION TESTS ................................................................................... 136
3
01 - PRONOUNS YDT 12 / 02
PRONOUNS
Subject Object Possessive Possessive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns
I me my mine • I admire the way she sings a song.
you you your yours • Winter is my favourite season.
he him his his
• Joanna loves watching horror movies but her
she her her hers
sister hates them.
it it its its
we us our ours • Wilson has adopted a cat. His cat’s eyes are
you you your yours green.
they them their theirs • Our teacher gives us too much homework.
R
Indefinite Pronouns
Person Thing Place
anybody anything anywhere • He didn’t tell me anything about the project. = He told me
anyone nothing nowhere nothing about the project.
a İ
no one everything everywhere • - Where would you like to go on holiday?
nobody something somewhere - Anywhere by the sea is OK.
T
everybody
• I need somebody / someone to help me.
everyone
z
somebody
someone
lt K
Reflexive Pronouns
Singular
I … myself
you … yourself
Plural
we … ourselves
you … yourselves
• I cut myself.
m
• He himself wanted to talk to me.
he … himself they … themselves
a E
la
• I spoke to Sue herself.
she … herself
it … itself
indefinite pronoun one … oneself
oğ N
By myself = on my own (alone): I did the whole work by myself / on my own.

My own book = my book
FORMS OF “OTHER”
5 BALLS
R
One Ball Another Ball

One Ball
Ö
Ç
Other Balls Another The Other Balls The Other Ball

(Others) Ball (The Others) (The Other)
Another + money / time / distance: We have another two hundred kilometers to arrive in İstanbul.
Each other = One another: They have been married since 2000 and they love each other / one another very much.
Every other + singular noun: I see her every other day.
4
YDT 12 / 02 PRONOUNS TEST 01
6. She recently started chemotherapy and started

1. - 20. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi to prepare ---- for all of the side effects of
bulunuz. chemo, hair loss being one of ----.
A) her / their
1. Coal production reached ---- peak after World B) hers / theirs
War II, and ---- lay at the basis of the economic C) on her own / themselves
development of Belgium.
D) herself / them
A) its / it E) by herself / their
B) it / itself
C) their / its
D) itself / he 7. A friend of ---- who lives in Argentina wants to
R
E) them / they buy ---- the new computer game as a gift.
A) him / himself
2. Meet the Big Five is a system built on decades B) yours / your
of research about how people describe ---- and
C) her / hers
----.
a İ
D) mine / me
A) myself / me
E) theirs / themselves
B) each other / theirs
C) them / oneself
T
z
D) their / yours
8. The content has been removed from the Spotify
E) one another / themselves catalogue, but ---- version of ---- exists in the
lt K
catalogue.
3. Some movies are so scary that ---- should be
allowed to watch ----.
m
A) other / them
B) the other / itself
A) anybody / themselves C) another / it
B) everybody / their D) others / its
a E
la
C) no one / them E) the others / their
D) someone / theirs
E) nobody / himself
oğ N
9. Of course, everyone feels better about ---- when

4. We looked ---- to find a stock image that they know that they are loved and respected by
satisfied the copyright criteria, but we were ----.
unable to find ----.
A) them / the other
A) everywhere / anything B) their / each other
R
B) nobody / somebody C) theirs / another

C) somewhere / nothing D) they / the others
D) anywhere / everybody E) themselves / others
E) somebody / anybody
Ö
5. Biswas is fighting for freedom and recognition, 10. Omegas are the good fatty acids that ---- needs
Ç
and for ----, building a house ---- means freedom to consume on a regular basis because ----
and recognition. cannot be manufactured by our bodies.
A) his / on his own A) nobody / theirs
B) his / himself B) anybody / themselves
C) him / of his own C) everybody / they
D) he / of his D) someone / their
E) himself / by himself E) no one / them
5
YDT 12 / 02
PRONOUNS TEST 01
11. Most of what happens to ---- comes as a result 16. The only way that you can accomplish ---- that
of how we react to things and ---- attitude you need to is to believe that ---- can.
towards life.
A) anything / your
A) us / our B) nothing / yours
B) we / ourselves C) everything / you
C) ourselves / we D) something / yourself
D) ours / us E) nothing / you
E) our / ours
17. You do not need to perform every job ----, and

12. I have investigated ---- and have passed on all
by delegating your tasks to ----, you can save
of the information to a colleague of ---- who is
R
yourself a lot of time and also get more unique
specialized in dealing with such issues.
ideas.
A) something / my
A) yourself / others
B) everything / mine
B) you / another
C) anyone / us
a İ
C) yours / each other
D) nowhere / their
D) your / one another
E) no one / ours
T
E) yourselves / other
z
13. All of the bedrooms have preserved ---- medieval
essence although each of ---- has its own 18. A highly stressed lifestyle can be exciting and
lt K
unique personality. challenging for some people while ---- can
affect ---- negatively.
A) them / their
B) his / him
C) our / us
m
A) you / another
B) him / other
C) hers / each other
a E
D) their / them
la
E) me / mine D) ourselves / the other
E) it / others
oğ N
14. When this manuscript was first catalogued

in the eighteenth century, ---- was able to 19. Most maternal deaths are preventable, yet
understand the unusual symbols used in ----. almost ---- has been done to prevent ----.
A) anybody / them A) something / it
B) everybody / its B) everything / its
R
C) anyone / itself C) nothing / them

D) someone / their D) everywhere / theirs
E) nobody / it E) anybody / herself
Ö
15. The society arranges reunions and ---- social

20. Sometimes missing ---- can feel like ----
Ç
events, enabling people to keep in touch with

emotions are running really high but there is
----.
no way you can explain how you feel in words.
A) another / themselves
A) anyone / yours
B) the other / other
B) something / yourself
C) others / each other
C) everywhere / you
D) other / one another
D) someone / your
E) the others / others
E) nothing / on your own
6
YDT 12 / 02
PRONOUNS TEST 02
6. Sleep training, also known as sleep teaching, is

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi training your baby to fall back to sleep ---- when
bulunuz. she wakes up at night.
A) of her own
1. To-do lists are a useful way to set ---- daily B) hers
goals and targets and to prioritise tasks on C) her
---- to-do list.
D) on herself
A) your / you E) on her own
B) yourself / your
C) yours / yourself
D) you / by yourself 7. Windsor police have arrested a man but are
R
E) on your own / yours still looking for ---- man after shots were fired
outside a business in West Windsor.
2. Snakes can absorb heat from the ground, from A) other

the surrounding air, and from objects next to B) another
----, but they can also create certain amounts of
a İ
C) others
heat by flexing ---- muscles. D) the others
A) theirs / them
T E) one another
z
B) themselves / theirs
C) their / themselves
D) them / their 8. Even athletes who are very careful can hurt ----
lt K
E) theirs / their while playing the game ---- love.
3. The members of the Italian coalition were eager

m
A) them / their
B) theirs / them
to launch separate attacks on Byzantium but C) they / themselves
reluctant to assist ----. D) their / theirs
a E
la
A) oneself B) each other E) themselves / they
C) themselves D) other
E) theirs
oğ N
9. Draw a web on the board and ask kids what are

some things they can do ---- without the help
4. Scientists believe ---- have a new way to
of ----.
determine if ---- is prone to anxiety or panic
attacks. A) on their own / no one
A) their / anyone B) of their own / everyone
R
B) theirs / everyone C) by themselves / anyone

C) themselves / something D) themselves / nothing
D) by themselves / anything E) theirs / someone
E) they / someone
Ö
10. Jupiter is the fastest spinning planet in ----

Ç
5. The Delta Air Lines flight was travelling from Solar System, which causes ---- to flatten at the
Atlanta to Baltimore on Monday when ---- was poles and bulge at the equator.
forced to land in Raleigh, North Carolina with
---- 257 passengers. A) us / its
B) ourselves / it
A) it / its B) he / him
C) ours / itself
C) they / themselves D) its / itself
D) our / it
E) their / them
E) ours / its
7
YDT 12 / 02
PRONOUNS TEST 02
11. One of the biggest privileges ---- have as 16. Eduardo does everything ---- to promote ----
humans is the ability to communicate with ---- artwork: social media, product photography
in deep and meaningful ways. and social network.
A) we / one another A) by himself / him
B) us / ourselves B) himself / its
C) ours / each other C) his / itself
D) we / ours D) of his own / himself
E) us / our own E) on his own / his
12. ---- that wishes to publish a weblog can start a

17. With limited access to antibiotics, the dairy
blog although not ---- knows the correct method
industry has been compelled to find ---- ways of
R
to write a blog people genuinely wish
keeping cows healthy.
to read.
A) another
A) Everyone / nobody
B) others
B) Someone / anybody
C) other
a İ
C) Anything / someone
D) each other
D) Everywhere / no one
E) one another
E) Anyone / everyone
T
z
13. Research shows that although ---- income 18. Pain is a very uncomfortable feeling which can
levels are substantially lower, poor households prevent ---- from normally doing ---- activities at
lt K
are not very different from ---- in terms of work and at home.
consumption.
A) them / other
B) theirs / another
m
A) you / yours
B) yourself / you
C) yours / your
C) themselves / one another
a E
D) your / yourself
la
D) their / others E) you / your
E) they / each other
oğ N
14. General public opinion is that ---- but the Prime 19. Currently, there are about 1,000 children getting
Minister ---- can answer the question related to early intervention help, but ---- 300 are on
the scandal. waiting lists for those services.
A) everybody / by himself A) the others

B) something / him B) one another
R
C) nobody / himself C) each other

D) everything / on his own D) others
E) anybody / his E) another
Ö
15. ---- flight to Perth from Manila via Melbourne 20. Travelling to or from ---- these days can be an
Ç
was moved to two days earlier so we had to unhealthy and frustrating experience for some
book a place ---- near the airport. of ----.
A) Our / somewhere A) everywhere / ours
B) Her / everything B) anywhere / us
C) Its / anywhere C) anybody / ours
D) Ours / nowhere D) nobody / our
E) Hers / anything E) somewhere / ourselves
8
YDT 12 / 02
PRONOUNS TEST 03
5. Russia and China have reiterated ---- readiness

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi to join forces with ---- countries in order to build
bulunuz. a comprehensive partnership in Eurasia.
A) their / other
1. Young children learn ---- first language by trying B) its / another
to communicate a message to ---- rather than by C) them / the other
trying to learn grammar rules.
D) theirs / others
A) them / one another E) it / the others
B) themselves / another
C) their / others
6. Although the depression was worldwide, no
D) by themselves / other
---- country except Germany reached so high a
R
E) theirs / each other percentage of unemployment as the US.
A) another B) the other
C) other D) others
2. Very often, novel and innovative projects end E) the others
a İ
up remaining only academic projects, because
---- is able to implement ---- as real-world
7. Ratios are the mathematical numbers used to
applications.
T compare two things which are similar to ---- in
z
A) nobody / it terms of units.
B) anybody / theirs A) other B) the other
C) everyone / its
lt K
C) themselves D) each other
D) no one / them m E) another
E) someone / their
8. ---- lives ---- near the North Pole, which is the

northernmost point on the planet covered in ice.
a E
la
3. Although researchers do not have an exact A) Anybody / everywhere
answer as to why some people are more prone B) No one / everything
to depression than ----, there is likely to be more C) Everyone / somewhere
oğ N
than one causative factor for ----.

ı
D) Somebody / anything
A) other / them E) Nobody / anywhere
B) another / their
C) the other / its
9. Negotiation is a skill that must be learned by ----
D) others / it
in ---- daily lives.
R
E) the others / theirs

A) everybody / our
B) something / its
C) anybody / mine
D) anything / their
Ö
4. Current brain science and psychology have

taught ---- that the capacity to understand and E) no one / ours
Ç
care about ---- is one of the best predictors of

success in our world.
10. If your laptop gets hot enough, ---- will cease
A) ours / each other to function, and even damage ---- by running in
B) ourselves / by oneself that way.
C) our / others A) you / yourself B) its / it
D) we / the other C) it / itself D) yours / them
E) us / one another E) your / yours
9
YDT 12 / 02
PRONOUNS TEST 03
11. Several nations are eager to host global 16. In order to prevent the spread of diphteria
sporting event whereas ---- tend to believe to ----, it is always important to recognize ----
---- causes more problems than benefits. presence, even in mild cases.
A) other / themselves A) other / them
B) the others / its B) the others / theirs
C) others / it C) another / it
D) another / they D) the other / itself
E) the other / them E) others / its
12. Hugging is a great way to improve ---- mood 17. Educators have been talking about changing
and studies show that ---- can help to stimulate
R
the traditional way of teaching Math for a long
the production of multiple happiness hormones time, but ---- seems to change.
and even to improve immune function.
A) anything
A) themselves / they
B) somewhere
B) your / it
C) nothing
a İ
C) hers / she
D) everyone
D) yourself / theirs
T
E) somebody
E) his / himself
z
13. We are constantly comparing ---- to ---- people 18. Freelance copywriters communicate with ----
lt K
and feeling jealous of the things we want and clients online and can work from ---- as long as
do not have. they have access to the Internet.
A) us / others
B) by ourselves / another
m
A) his / everywhere
B) theirs / nowhere
C) our / the other C) her / something
a E
la
D) ours / the others D) their / anywhere
E) ourselves / other E) its / nothing
oğ N
14. Mold can be extremely damaging to the health 19. Many people think that they do not need help
of you and ---- family, and it can be very time and that they can do ---- ----.
consuming to fight ----.
A) nothing / on their own
A) your / on your own B) somebody / of their own
R
B) yours / yourself C) anybody / themselves

C) your / of your own D) anywhere / theirs
D) yourself / yours E) everything / by themselves
E) yours / by yourself
Ö
20. People tend to maintain an optimistic view,

Ç
15. Learners can view ---- as part of a vast network

particularly with regard to ---- fate compared to
whose cycles support ---- lives.
---- people.
A) each other / them
A) their / other
B) themselves / their
B) herself / another
C) one another / theirs
C) theirs / the other
D) them / themselves
D) them / others
E) theirs / on their own
E) themselves / the others
10
YDT 12 / 02
PRONOUNS TEST 04
6. The location really has ---- to offer for ---- who

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi wants to experience historical Bergen and the
bulunuz. stunning Norwegian nature.
A) nothing / anywhere
1. Bullied children often accuse ---- of being too B) anybody / someone
sensitive or not being able to take a joke, because C) everything / nowhere
that is what they might hear ---- else say.
D) nobody / everybody
A) their / anyone E) something / everyone
B) them / nobody
C) themselves / someone
D) theirs / everyone
R
E) by themselves / anybody 7. Some people can be busy without being
productive while ---- can be highly productive
2. Many young women in order not to lose ---- without being busy.
jobs and develop in ---- career return to work A) each other B) some others
early, leaving the child on care of some family
a İ
C) one another D) the other
members.
E) many other
A) her / hers B) them / theirs
C) hers / her D) theirs / them
T
z
E) their / their
8. What is amazing about children is that ---- can
3. By law, ---- who describes ---- as an architect
lt K
learn and practice ---- very fast.
and is involved in designing or constructing
A) their / everything
buildings must be properly trained and
qualified.
m
B) they / nobody
A) nobody / her C) themselves / somebody
B) everyone / him D) they / anything
a E
la
C) anyone / themselves E) their / something
D) somebody / herself
E) everybody / them
oğ N
9. He was so into his car that he spent more time

4. For ----, filmmaking is a collaborative effort,
with his car than ---- or ---- else.
which means each department relies on ---- to
get the job done. A) somewhere / something
A) us / other B) nothing / nowhere
R
B) our / each other C) everybody / nothing

C) theirs / their own D) somebody / anything
D) your / the others E) anything / anyone
E) me / one another
Ö
5. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the leader of the

Ç
Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, but there 10. Palm oil can be used in ---- from cosmetics to
were many ---- who followed ---- lead and made fuel thanks to ---- physical properties.
great sacrifices in the quest for equal rights
A) nowhere / theirs
and freedoms.
B) everything / its
A) other / himself B) others / his
C) somewhere / their
C) each other / him D) another / by himself
D) anywhere / it
E) one another / on his own
E) something / itself
11
YDT 12 / 02
PRONOUNS TEST 04
11. For a team to be successful, ---- must help ---- 16. Asking your students to set ---- own goals
to achieve success as a group. creates more opportunities for each of ---- to be
in charge of their learning.
A) no one / others
B) someone / other A) them / theirs
C) everyone / one another B) their / them
D) anybody / the other C) your / yours
E) nobody / each other D) yours / you
E) theirs / themselves
12. We do not have the power to change ---- in the

world, but if we concentrate our energy and 17. Adult humans’ successful existence in the
R
focus, we can make a big impact around ----. social world rests on ---- ability to evaluate ----.
A) anyone / ours A) its / other
B) somewhere / it B) her / one another
C) nothing / ourselves C) their / others
a İ
D) anybody / its D) us / each other
E) everything / us E) them / the other
T
z
13. It can be really difficult to get out of ---- own 18. Widows is the story of four women who have
head and try to see ---- from another person’s ---- in common except the debt left by ---- dead
lt K
point of view. husbands.
A) yours / her
B) his / herself
C) hers / others
m
A) everything / hers
B) somebody / themselves
C) nobody / them
D) your / yourself D) nothing / their
a E
la
E) them / the other E) anything / her
oğ N
14. Companies need to effectively and efficiently 19. Most politicians clearly stated ---- ideas as to
communicate ---- designs and concepts ---- in the ongoing problems; however, Mrs. Summers
the world to become global. has not said a word about ---- yet.
A) their / anywhere A) theirs / hers
B) itself / nowhere B) their / her
R
C) them / somewhere C) their / hers

D) its / everywhere D) them / it
E) theirs / nowhere E) theirs / itself
Ö
15. ---- neck stiffness generally results from poor 20. Whereas a polar bear resembles ---- bears, a
Ç
posture and bad habits, but sometimes it can muskox is unlike any ---- animal, set apart by its
be due to ---- more serious. impressively long, curved horns.
A) Her / everything A) other / other
B) Ours / nowhere B) another / the others
C) Them / anything C) the other / another
D) She / anywhere D) others / the other
E) Your / something E) the others / others
12
YDT 12 / 02 02 - TENSES
TENSE FORM USE TIME EXPRESSIONS
• Habits and routines:

I sometimes go to the cinema. frequency adverbs:
always, occasionally,
SIMPLE PRESENT
• Laws of nature and generalizations: hardly ever, never etc.

A: She comes.
The Earth revolves around the Sun.
N: She does not We like chocolate. time expressions: in
come. the morning, at o’clock,
• Timetables (Schedules): everyday, on Sundays
Q: Does she come? We leave İstanbul at eight next Tuesday. etc.
• With stative verbs:
R
How often…?
understand, know, like, love, hate, hear, believe etc.
• For an action happening at the moment of speaking:

- Where is your brother?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
a İ
- He is studying in his room. at the moment, now,
listen!, look!, right now,
A: He is studying. • Temporary actions:
T
Jack is redecorating his room nowadays.
this year, at present,
today, these days,
z
N: He is not studying.
• Fixed arrangements (future meaning): nowadays, for the time
Q: Is he studying? I am seeing my doctor tomorrow at 5 o'clock. being, this term, next
Friday / week / year,
lt K
• Expressing annoyance (with always, continually, tomorrow etc.
constantly, perpetually etc)
You are always making mistakes.
m
in recent years,
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
a E
already, ever, just,

la
• When the influence of the action is continuing now:
They have cleaned the room. (It smells nice.) never, yet, not yet,
so far, till now, up to
A: He has arrived.
• Actions that have taken place once, never or several now, recently, lately, all
N: He has not times before the moment of speaking: one's life, once, twice,
oğ N
arrived. I have been to Rome several times all my life. several times, always
etc.
Q: Has he arrived? • Referring to past experiences when the definite time
is not mentioned: How long…?
I have painted my room. for + a period of time
since + a point in time
R
• Actions which started in the past and still going on

(Duration is important.):
PRESENT PERFECT
A: He has been I have been living in Ankara ever since I was a child.
Ö CONTINUOUS
walking.
• When the result of the action is visible: for, since, in the last
Ç
N: He has not been She has been crying. (Her eyes are watery.) four years, over the
walking. past few years, all day
• With certain verbs the action can be expressed by / year etc.
Q: Has he been either the Present Perfect Simple or the Continuous
walking? with no difference in meaning:
learn, lie, live, look, rain, sleep, sit, study, teach, work,
wait etc.
13
YDT 12 / 02
02 - TENSES
• Actions completed in the past at a definite time, or

implied time:
I finished writing the report yesterday.
I met her after work.
SIMPLE PAST
yesterday, 2 days ago,

A: He ran. • Past habits: in 1981, in the 1970s,
N: He did not run. I drank milk in large amounts when I was a child. in the 13th century,
• Actions taking place one after another then, last Thursday
Q: Did he run?
consecutively: etc.
R
He climbed the stairs and then followed me.
• Actions taking place in the middle of another action:

I was talking on the phone when the doorbell rang.
a İ
• Actions continuing for some time at a specific time
in the past:
T
PAST CONTINUOUS
I was watching television yesterday at 3 o'clock.
z
A: She was crying. last night / week / year
• Actions occurring simultaneously joined by while or
/ at 2 o’clock, when,
N: She was not as:
while, at this time
crying. While I was cooking, my daughter was singing.
lt K
yesterday, this time
Q: Was she crying? last year etc.
action joined by when or while:
I was crying when she called me.
While I was crying, she called me.
m
• Actions in the past that are interrupted by another
a E
la
PAST PERFECT
already, by the time,

A: He had written.
• To talk about an action taking place before a specific after, before, just,
SIMPLE
N: He had not time in the past: never, not yet, until

oğ N
written. By the time my mum arrived, I had already finished that day, earlier, in
doing my homework. advance, previously,
Q: Had he written?
by 1950 etc.
R
• It is the continuous form of the Past Perfect Tense

and sometimes interchangeable with it:
A: He had been I had been living / had lived in İzmir for four years
PAST PERFECT
CONTINUOUS
swimming. when I graduated from the university.

N: He had not been • Putting emphasis on the duration or course of an for, since, the whole
Ö
swimming. action: year, all year etc.

Q: Had he been He had tried many times to get her on the phone before
Ç
swimming? they met.

He had been trying to get her on the phone for many
days before they met.
14
YDT 12 / 02
02 - TENSES
• On the spot decisions:

- I have a headache.
- Don’t worry I will bring you an aspirin.
FUTURE SIMPLE
• Predictions (with I’m sure, I expect, it’s certain etc.):

A: He will go. I am sure the prime minister will win the elections in an hour, next month,
(WILL)
again. soon, tomorrow, in the

N: He will not go.
future, probably,
Q: Will he go? • Warnings, threats, promises, and hopes: perhaps, possibly etc.
Bring the documents on time; or else, you will be
sacked.
R
• Time clauses (when, until, before etc.):
When I get home, I will call her.
A: He is going to
a İ
(BE GOING TO)
NEAR FUTURE
jump. • Plans and intentions:

- Why have you bought those books? in two years, next
N: He is not going to - Because I'm going to prepare my thesis out of them. month, tomorrow, in
jump.
T a few weeks, in 2025
z
• A prediction based on present evidence: etc.
Q: Is he going to Look at those dark clouds! It's going to rain!
jump?
lt K
m
CONTINUOUS
A: He will be talking. at this time tomorrow,

• Actions continuing at a certain time period in the
FUTURE
next week, tomorrow,

N: He will not be future:
this time next year, in
talking. I will be lying on a beach in Bodrum this time next
two years, tomorrow
a E
la
month.
Q: Will he be talking? between 5 o'clock and
7 o'clock etc.
A: He will have
oğ N
married.
• To express an action that will be finished at a
PERFECT
FUTURE
by 2025, by Tuesday,
N: He will not have certain time before another action in the future:
by then, by that time,
married. By the time the boss calls me, I will have finished
in a year etc.
writing the report.
Q: Will he have
married?
R
FUTURE PERFECT
A: She will have

CONTINUOUS
been teaching.
• Actions going on for a period in the future
N: She will not have (Expressing the duration is important.):
Ö
for
been teaching. He will have been driving for five hours when they
arrive in İstanbul.
Ç
Q: Will she have

been teaching?
15
YDT 12 / 02
TENSES TEST 01
6. Social media jobs ---- more and more popular

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi with the fast growth of social media marketing,
bulunuz. and many people ---- themselves to be
specialists in this area.
1. A new study, which focuses on eight societies A) will have become / have claimed
across the world, ---- that a child’s desire to B) are becoming / claim
share ---- influenced by social norms around C) became / had claimed
the age of eight. D) have become / claimed
A) reveals / is becoming E) were becoming / would claim
B) will reveal / will be becoming
C) has revealed / becomes
D) is revealing / became
7. Keynes, one of the most influential British
R
E) revealed / had become
economists of the 20th century, ---- that any
2. The flood of Italians to New York ---- during change in autonomous spending ---- a change
the 1800s, with an enormous increase from in equilibrium income.
75,000 to 200,000, and by 1950, nearly 500,000 A) would point out / has led to
a İ
Italian-born immigrants ---- in that cosmopolitan B) has pointed out / had led to
city. C) was pointing out / is leading to
A) was beginning / have settled D) had pointed out / will lead to
B) has begun / were settling
T E) pointed out / would lead to
z
C) had begun / would have settled
D) had been beginning / have been settling
E) began / had settled
lt K
8. Archaeological finds ---- that the Sami people
---- in the Arctic region for thousands of years.
3. Alexander Fleming ---- a laboratory experiment
when he incidentally ---- the fact that the Penicillium
fungus had strong antibacterial properties.
A)
B)
m
have suggested / are living
suggested / were living
A) had been conducting / would run into C) will suggest / had been living
a E
la
B) has been conducting / has run into D) suggest / have lived
C) conducted / was running into E) would suggest / have been living
D) was conducting / ran into
E) will conduct / runs into
oğ N
4. Ever since men ---- creating visual representations 9. During an excavation to build a new
of their world, they ---- life as something chaotic neighbourhood in Central Israel, archaeologists
and complex, yet interconnected. ---- the remains of a pottery workshop, which
---- back to 700 AD.
A) began / have viewed
A) have unearthed / would date
R
B) had begun / were viewing

B) were unearthing / has dated
C) begin / have been viewing
C) had unearthed / had dated
D) have been beginning / viewed
D) unearthed / dates
E) were beginning / had viewed
E) will unearth / dated
Ö
5. Since carnivores almost entirely or exclusively

---- on animal tissues for their nutrients, it is
Ç
not appropriate to classify dogs as carnivores

even though they ---- animal proteins as mere 10. I ---- all the major requirements for graduation
supplements. by next June, when this portfolio ---- complete.
A) are depending / will have eaten A) will be fulfilling / will be
B) would depend / had eaten B) had fulfilled / would be
C) depend / eat C) would fulfil / has been
D) will depend / will be eating D) fulfil / will have been
E) depended / have eaten E) will have fulfilled / is
16
YDT 12 / 02
TENSES TEST 01
11. The committee has announced that software 16. Some theorists suggest that by the time
development, testing, pilot projects, and the dinosaurs ---- extinct, mammals ---- in
training for the new process ---- this year, and existence.
the training ---- as of next year. A) became / had long been
A) are taking place / has continued B) have become / would long be
B) were taking place / would continue C) had become / were long
C) will be taking place / will continue D) would become / are long
D) have taken place / continued E) were becoming / have long been
E) take place / is continuing
17. Wildlife biologists argue that once a species

12. The well-known artist ---- his work nationally ---- a particular characteristic, the character
R
and internationally and over the past few years elimination ---- to be irreversible.
---- his work within the public domain, through A) is losing / has tended
a series of public art commissions. B) has lost / has been tending
A) is exhibiting / will develop C) lost / had tended
B) exhibits / has developed D) had lost / was tending
a İ
C) would exhibit / has been developing E) loses / tends
D) had exhibited / was developing
E) has exhibited / will have developed
T
z
18. They ---- playing percussion at an early age,
and since then, they ---- a lot of success as
soloists in many competitions.
13. Any level of alcohol consumption ---- the risk
lt K
of developing an alcohol-related cancer, and A) both started / have achieved
B) were both starting / have been achieving
the level of risk ---- in line with the level of
consumption. C)
m
had both started / were achieving
A) has elevated / increased D) have both started / achieved
B) is elevating / has increased E) are both starting / achieve
a E
la
C) elevated / would increase
D) elevates / increases
E) had elevated / will increase 19. Until recently, many people ---- that memory
loss signalled the start of dementia or
oğ N
Alzheimer’s disease, but a recent study ----

that there may be other early warning signs of
14. Although love ---- associated with romance, dementia.
some ---- love quotes and poems in the context
A) have believed / will reveal
of their passion for life and work.
B) were believing / had revealed
A) has always been / have written
C) believed / has revealed
R
B) is always / had written

D) had believed / was revealing
C) was always / will write
E) believe / revealed
D) had always been / have been writing
E) will always be / were writing
Ö
20. Carbohydrates ---- as energy sources and as

15. It was during the French Revolution, when a essential structural components in organisms,
Ç
large number and rich variety of periodicals ---- and part of the structure of nucleic acids,
to appear, that newspapers ---- on something of which contain genetic information, ---- of
their modern role. carbohydrate.
A) were beginning / had taken A) have served / is consisting
B) have begun / take B) served / was consisting
C) had begun / are taking C) had served / consisted
D) began / took D) serve / consists
E) are beginning / have taken E) have been serving / has consisted
17
YDT 12 / 02
TENSES TEST 02
6. The government ---- Mandela, the first black

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi president of South Africa, after he ----
bulunuz. twenty-seven years in prison.
A) had freed / spent
1. Fifty years from now, millions of people ---- past B) was freeing / has spent
the age of 100 and remain healthy, which is C) has freed / was spending
because scientists ---- illnesses by studying
D) has been freeing / had been spending
each person’s genetic code.
E) freed / had spent
A) lived / treated
B) will be living / had treated
C) will live / will treat 7. Danton, a movie shot in 2006, ---- around the
D) will have lived / were treating French Revolution and ---- the well-known
R
E) have lived / have treated French actor Gerard Depardieu and Wojciech
Pszoniak.
2. Since taking office in 2017, the Trump A) has centred / would star
administration ---- that its human rights agenda B) centres / stars
---- on human trafficking. C) is centring / starred
a İ
A) has been claiming / had centred D) centred / has been starring
B) was claiming / centred E) was centring / has starred
C) claims / has centred
T
z
D) is claiming / has been centring 8. A long time ago, even before the Mayan
E) has claimed / centres civilization ---- its peak, some Indians ---- like
nomadic hunter-gatherers in the jungles of
lt K
3. Modern biotechnology ---- as a comparatively Central America.
young field of technology in the 17th century,
but in the past three decades, it ---- into a
strongly diversified industry.
m
A) has reached / had lived
B) reaches / have been living
C) reached / had been living
A) had emerged / is developing
a E
la
B) emerged / has developed D) would reach / lived
C) has emerged / has been developing E) had reached / were living
D) would emerge / had developed
E) was emerging / had been developing
oğ N
9. In his new book, Rise of the Robots, Martin

ı
Ford ---- that artificial intelligence and robotics

4. In ancient Rome, the wealthy patricians ---- the ---- the economy of Western powers in the years
empire while the second-class plebeians ---- in ahead.
farms baked bread and built walls.
A) argues / will overhaul
A) ran / worked
B) argued / have overhauled
R
B) had run / had worked

C) has argued / would overhaul
C) have run / have worked
D) would argue / will have overhauled
D) have been running / were working
E) had been running / had been working E) had argued / overhauled
Ö
5. With ever increasing growth in science and 10. As a result of the Second World War, traditional
Ç
technology, the quality of life ---- day by day, elites and power centres ----, which ---- Western
and health ---- a major concern for almost Europe to undergo significant modernization.
everyone.
A) have disappeared / will allow
A) was improving / would become B) had disappeared / allows
B) improved / is becoming
C) were disappearing / is allowing
C) is improving / has become
D) disappeared / allowed
D) has improved / became
E) has been improving / was becoming E) would disappear / has allowed
18
YDT 12 / 02
TENSES TEST 02
11. By the end of 1990s, when China ---- a 10-year 16. The magnificent Mansfield Dam Park ---- in
mangrove reforestation project, the mangrove 2000, and it ---- as a lovely getaway ever since.
forest area ---- from 250,000 to 15,000 hectares.
A) was opening / is serving
A) had initiated / has already decreased B) has opened / served
B) initiated / had already decreased C) had opened / had been serving
C) was initiating / had already been decreasing D) opened / has served
D) has initiated / already decreased E) had been opening / has been serving
E) would initiate / was already decreasing
17. By the time the officials ---- at the farm, whose
owners had abandoned a few weeks ago, 80
12. The publishing office ---- the date for the new animals ---- as a result of the lack of food and
edition yet, but they ---- readers as soon as they water.
R
have figured it out.
A) are arriving / will have already died
A) did not announce / will have informed B) have arrived / were already dying
B) has not been announcing / would inform C) were arriving / had already been dying
C) was not announcing / will be informing D) arrived / had already died
a İ
D) had not announced / will inform E) arrive / will be dying
E) has not announced / are going to inform
T 18. Contrary to evolutionist claims, members of
z
the animal kingdom ---- very different from one
13. Before they ---- on the terms of your loan, another and very complex ever since they ----.
lenders ---- to know a few things about you like A) had been / were first appearing
lt K
your ability to repay the loan.
B) have been / first appeared
A) will decide / have needed
B) decide / need
m
C) were / first appear
D) will be / are first appearing
C) had decided / needed E) would be / had first appeared
a E
D) were deciding / have needed

la
E) decided / are going to need
19. It wasn’t until the 1960s, when African nations
---- to gain their independence, that blacks in
oğ N
14. Yesterday, the largest earthquake since records general ---- to develop a consistent interest in
---- ---- the Northeast Coast of Japan. America’s foreign policy.
A) began / hit A) had begun / have seemed

B) have begun / has hit B) began / seemed
C) were beginning / was hitting C) were beginning / are seeming
R
D) had begun / had hit D) have begun / had seemed

E) have been beginning / has been hitting E) would begin / were seeming
Ö
15. In traditionally Catholic Ireland, nearly 90% 20. As the world ---- International Women’s Day, the
of adult Catholics ---- mass gatherings in the Ivorian government ---- its labour laws to stop
Ç
church hall every week in 1984, but by 2011, the women from doing certain jobs.
number ---- to just 18%. A) is celebrating / updated
A) had attended / has plummeted B) celebrated / will update
B) were attending / was plummeting C) had celebrated / has been updating
C) would attend / has been plummeting D) celebrates / has updated
D) have attended / plummeted E) has been celebrating / had updated
E) attended / had plummeted
19
YDT 12 / 02
TENSES TEST 03
6. Critics of the Iraq invasion in 2003 ---- that it ----

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi to the deaths of thousands of Iraqi civilians and
bulunuz. soldiers as well as Coalition soldiers.
A) claimed / would lead
1. Over the last two years, there ---- a pressing B) have claimed / will lead
need for the resumption of negotiations, which
C) had claimed / had led
---- abruptly by last June.
D) were claiming / has led
A) was / have ended E) are claiming / will have led
B) has been / had ended
C) had been / were ending
7. Scientists ---- whether our closest ancient
D) will be / ended human relatives, Neanderthals ---- capable of
E) would be / had been ending using precision grips similar to modern human
R
beings.
2. At the international conference on climate
A) had long wondered / are
change over the weekend, President Vladimir
Putin ---- that Russia ---- the Kyoto Protocol B) long wondered / have been
based on national interests. C) are long wondering / would be
a İ
D) have long wondered / were
A) stated / would ratify
E) have long been wondering / will be
B) has stated / will have ratified
C) was stating / has ratified
T
z
8. Most citizens ---- their belongings and
D) had stated / will ratify evacuated Moscow by the time the French
E) has been stating / ratified armies under Napoleon’s command ---- there in
late 1812.
lt K
3. The United Nations (UN) forecasts that by 2050, A) already took / had arrived
the world population ---- seven billion, and half
of those people ---- in urban centres.
A) will be surpassing / have lived
m
B) were already taking / have arrived
C) had already taken / arrived
D) have already taken / were arriving
a E
B) would surpass / will have lived

la
E) will have already taken / arrives
C) has surpassed / will live
D) will have surpassed / will be living 9. Astronomers ---- that powerful winds driven
E) is going to surpass / have been living by supermassive black holes in the centres of
oğ N
dwarf galaxies ---- a significant impact on the

4. North American maritime commerce ---- ever evolution of these galaxies.
since humans ---- the rivers and ocean shores A) discover / were having
of the continent.
B) are discovering / will have had
A) existed / have inhabited C) discovered / have been having
R
B) has been existing / inhabit D) were discovering / will have

C) will exist / are inhabiting E) have discovered / have
D) exists / were inhabiting
E) has existed / inhabited 10. Part of the reason why Clump Scout, the very
Ö
first ESCAPE Citizen Science project, ---- so

5. Masters of the Universe is a franchise that the much excitement is that this is the first time
Ç
toy company Mattel ---- in 1981, when they ---- human eyes ---- so many clumpy galaxies
the first He-Man action figures. first-hand.
A) had been creating / were releasing A) is causing / had examined

B) was creating / release B) was causing / examined
C) has created / had released C) caused / were examining
D) had created / have released D) has caused / have examined
E) created / released E) causes / had been examining
20
YDT 12 / 02
TENSES TEST 03
11. Lego, a line of plastic construction toys that The 16. King George III ---- for fifty years when he was
Lego Group ----, ---- on bridging the physical struck by madness in which his mind ---- into a
and the virtual. world of its own and he was unable to carry on
A) has manufactured / had increasingly his duties as monarch.
concentrated A) was reigning / had gone
B) manufactured / will have increasingly B) had reigned / went
concentrated
C) has reigned / was going
C) manufactures / is increasingly concentrating
D) has been reigning / goes
D) is manufacturing / was increasingly
E) had been reigning / has gone
concentrating
E) has been manufacturing / had increasingly
been concentrating
17. Temperatures ---- by almost 2°F in the last
R
century, with the 2001-2010 decade being the
12. It was Pierre Laplace and John Mitchell who warmest since records ---- 110 years ago.
---- the concept of black hole, and since then,
many scientists ---- and formulated the basic A) are increasing / had begun
principles of this theory. B) have increased / began
a İ
A) have first suggested / have been working C) increased / have begun
B) had first suggested / had worked D) have been increasing / were beginning
C) were first suggesting / had been working
T E) were increasing / have been beginning
z
D) will first suggest / will have been working
E) first suggested / have worked
18. California ---- more than half the nation’s
lt K
high-value specialty crops, but both reduced
13. A new study ---- three simple factors that water availability and rising temperatures ----
predict whether a healthy weight child ----
overweight or obese by adolescence.
m
future production of these crops.
A) will be producing / would probably affect
A) has revealed / will be
B) has produced / had probably affected
a E
B) revealed / had been

la
C) is going to produce / probably affected
C) reveals / has been
D) produced / will probably have affected
D) is revealing / would be
E) produces / will probably affect
E) was revealing / was
oğ N
14. Scientists ---- electromagnetism 200 years ago, 19. During the Balkan Wars, which ---- place between
but the origin of the very large electromagnetic 1912 and 1913, the Ottoman Empire ---- nearly
fields in the universe ---- a mystery. all their territories in Europe.
A) were discovering / has still been A) were taking / has lost
R
B) had discovered / would still be B) took / lost

C) discovered / is still C) have taken / loses
D) have discovered / was still D) had taken / had lost
E) discover / had still been E) had been taking / was losing
Ö
15. With the warmer air ---- showers, and I expect

Ç
that by this time next week much more snow ----. 20. They jumped out onto the shore, and no sooner
A) will come / will have melted ---- down than the currents ---- away the boat.
B) have come / has melted A) were they setting / have taken
C) come / had melted B) did they set / were taking
D) had come / is going to melt C) have they set / are taking
E) would come / will be melting D) would they set / had taken
E) had they set / took
21
YDT 12 / 02
TENSES TEST 04
6. Like Latin, which ---- after the Renaissance as

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi the unifying language of the healing arts,
bulunuz. English today ---- a leading role as the
international language of medicine.
1. While Latin America ---- fast economic growth A) was emerging / will be assuming
over the last decade, progress in the Caribbean B) had emerged / is assuming
sub-region ---- a bit slower.
C) has emerged / assumes
A) has experienced / had been D) had been emerging / would assume
B) was experiencing / would be E) emerged / has assumed
C) has been experiencing / has been
D) experienced / will have been
7. Playing a sport in school not only ---- to get you
E) experiences / will be
R
out of your desk and into the action, but it also
---- a lot of benefits.
2. Some of what historians ---- about ancient
A) has helped / was offering
Greek myths ---- from the epic poetry of Hesiod
and Homer. B) helps / offers
C) was helping / has offered
a İ
A) know / comes
B) knew / is coming D) helped / will have offered
T
C) has known / had come E) is helping / had offered
z
D) was knowing / had been coming
E) is knowing / has come 8. During World War I, a severe food crisis ---- in
Europe, and the burden of feeding millions of
lt K
3. Ancient Egyptians ---- experts at the practice of starving people ---- to the United States.
embalming, which ---- preserving the remains
of the dead so they last through the funeral or
burial and beyond.
A) have been / has involved
m
A) has emerged / has fallen
B) was emerging / has been falling
C) emerges / is falling
D) had emerged / will have fallen
a E
B) would be / was involving

la
C) had been / involved E) emerged / fell
D) were / involves
E) would have been / had involved 9. The bank ---- harsh criticism since 2015, when
oğ N
it acknowledged that its employees ---- millions

4. Although oysters ---- along the East Coast of of fake bank accounts for customers in order to
the United States, their numbers ---- drastically meet sales goals.
by the mid-1980s due to disease and overfishing. A) has been facing / had opened
A) were once thriving / have declined B) has faced / were opening
R
B) had once thrived / will have declined C) faced / have been opening
C) have once thrived / declined D) was facing / opened
D) would once thrive / were declining E) had faced / had been opening
E) once thrived / had declined
Ö
10. Anxiety ---- a feeling of fear and worry which

5. Due to a recent drop in global oil prices, can disturb a person’s mind, causing that
Ç
Saudi Arabia ---- financial difficulties and ---- person to constantly think about something,
subsidies. which ---- to difficulties in sleeping.
A) has faced / was cutting A) has created / has been leading
B) is facing / has cut B) is creating / will have led
C) was facing / will have cut C) has been creating / has led
D) had faced / is cutting D) was creating / led
E) faced / has been cutting E) creates / leads
22
YDT 12 / 02
TENSES TEST 04
11. Scarcely ---- the French troops ---- Gia Dinh, 16. At the end of the 19th century, while he ---- the
Saigon, French authorities ---- Saigon Notre-Dame effects of passing an electrical current through
Cathedral with a view to organizing Catholic gases at low pressure, German physicist
ceremonies. Wilhelm Röntgen accidentally ---- X-rays.
A) have / occupied / will construct A) studied / has discovered
B) were / occupying / had constructed B) has studied / discovers
C) had / occupied / constructed C) was studying / discovered
D) did / occupy / have constructed D) had studied / was discovering
E) will / occupy / are going to construct E) would study / had discovered
12. Ever since officials ---- opposition candidates 17. The earliest evidence of the Mayans ---- to
R
from running for the local elections in Moscow about 1800 B.C. but the Mayan civilization ----
earlier this summer, protestors ---- up illegal its peak between 250 and 900 A.D.
demonstrations.
A) dates / reached
A) have barred / set B) dated / had reached
a İ
B) had barred / were setting C) was dating / had been reaching
C) have been barring / set D) has dated / would reach
D) were barring / have been setting
T E) has been dating / has reached
z
E) barred / have set
18. When waves ---- a boundary and are reflected,
the angle of incidence ---- the angle of reflection.
lt K
13. A circulation system ---- through a sequence of
stages as it ---- into a mature tropical cyclone. A) hit / equalled
m
B) have hit / would equal
A) goes / intensifies
C) would hit / has equalled
B) has gone / was intensifying
D) hit / equals
C) went / has intensified
a E
E) are hitting / has been equalling

la
D) will go / intensified
E) will have gone / is going to intensify
19. After checking my information again, the clerks
oğ N
---- that they ---- me for another passenger on

ı
14. Current models ---- that river flows in the UK another flight.
---- considerably by 2050, with decreases in
summer flows and increases in winter flows. A) have realized / would mistake
B) realized / had mistaken
A) have predicted / have altered
C) had realized / have mistaken
B) are predicting / alter
R
D) are realizing / will mistake

C) will predict / are going to alter
E) will realize / are going to mistake
D) predict / will have altered
E) predicted / had altered
20. The broadly accepted theory for the origin and
Ö
evolution of our universe, the Big Bang model

15. Only after they ---- an exhaustive study, ---- the ---- the universe from its very first moments,
Ç
managers ---- to understand how to adapt the almost 14 billion years ago, when it ----
technology to the needs of the company. extremely hot and dense.
A) completed / had / begun A) will have described / had been
B) had completed / did / begin B) described / has been
C) are completing / will / have begun C) was describing / would be
D) have completed / were / beginning D) describes / was
E) will complete / do / begin E) is describing / will be
23
03 MODALS YDT 12 / 02
MODAL VERB USE PRESENT / FUTURE PAST
• I was able to run long distances

general ability • I am not able to help you now.
when I was a young boy.
be able to
• Although the Maths exam was
manage to rather difficult, I was able to
pass it.
• Are we allowed to go out after

general permission
we finish our homework?
be allowed to
R
• Although I was seventeen, I was
permission
allowed to enter the pub.
• I am stuck in a traffic jam, so I am
a İ
be bound to probability, certainty
bound to be late for the meeting.
T
z
• The arrival of the president was
• The meeting is due to start at 9
be due to arrangement due to occur on Monday that
o’clock.
week.
lt K
be likely to probability
m
• Alcoholics are more likely to
develop liver disorders compared
to people who have never drunk.
• Everybody felt that she was
likely to move to another city.
a E
la
• It is (un)likely that he will pass • It was (un)likely that there
be likely that probability
the exam. would be another earthquake.
arrangement + • Mrs. Smith was to arrive early at

oğ N
action performed the conference.
arrangement • Mrs. Smith was to have arrived

+ action not early at the conference but she
performed couldn’t make it.
R
• The Prime Minister is to visit the

USA next month.
be to / be schedule / timetable
• The film is supposed to start at
supposed to
Ö
8 o’clock tonight.
Ç
• I am to / am supposed to hand • We were to / were supposed

in the assignment until next to come back home early but
expectation
Friday. (The teacher expects me we couldn’t make it. (My father
to do so.) expected us to do so.)
• You are not to / are not

prohibition
supposed to walk on the grass!
24
YDT 12 / 02
03 MODALS
ability • I can swim.

• You can be really annoying
criticism
sometimes!
offer • Can I help you?
can
permission • Can I go out?
• X-rays can lead to skin cancer.
possibility
(They have the potential to do so.)
request • Can you call me after the meeting?
R
ability • I can’t (cannot) swim.
• She can’t have lost weight.
can’t • He can’t be in town today. Sue
logical assumption She hasn’t been on diet for
saw him in İstanbul last night.
weeks.
a İ
prohibition • I’m afraid you can’t smoke here.
T • I could see / hear the
z
demonstration from the balcony.
ability
• I could ride a bike when I was
young.
lt K
• Sue could really have called
criticism • Sue could call you!
you!
m • I could have come earlier if
possibility • You could be right. you had informed me
could beforehand.
a E
la
request • Could you please pass the salt?
• When I was a child, I could go
general permission out and play with my friends in
the street every night.
oğ N
asking for permission • Could I go out?

• We could watch a movie
offer
together tonight.
• That was an awesome
• The room has a sea view and the
R
performance and I think the

possibility personnel of the hotel couldn’t
singer couldn’t have been
be more courteous.
happier.
couldn’t • He couldn’t be in town today. • She couldn’t have lost
logical assumption Sue saw him in İstanbul last weight. She hasn’t been on
Ö
night. diet for weeks.

• I couldn’t run long distances
Ç
ability
last year.
• How dare she can speak in such
a tone with us?
dare
“not to be afraid to do • I daren’t think about the lies he
something” told us.
• Do you dare to talk to her about • I didn’t dare to call him again
dare to
what happened to her lost child? because of his rude attitude.
25
YDT 12 / 02
03 MODALS
• We’d better leave soon or they

had better advice
will get angry with us.
• The students have to wear

uniforms at school.
• I had to deal with all the
• We have to pass the security at
cleaning and cooking stuff when
the airport.
have to necessity, obligation my mum left for İzmir.
• I don’t have to go to work on
• I didn’t have to overwork when
Sunday.
the new assistant started.
• Does she have to submit the
R
assignment today?
• I’ve got to finish the report

soon.
a İ
• You haven’t got to finish the
have got to necessity, obligation
report, have you?
T
• Have you got to finish the
report soon?
z
• She may win the race. (It’s
possibility possible that she will win the • I may have seen her before.
lt K
race.)
may
permission • May I go out?
• May I give you a lift to the

m
offer
station?
a E
la
• You may not sit on the grass
may not prohibition
here.
oğ N
• You might as well visit her while

suggestion
she is still in the hospital.
• Might I leave a little earlier

permission
today?
might
R
• You might have told me that

criticism • You might be quicker.
she didn’t love me!
• I might bring the documents • I must call John. He might not

possibility
with me tomorrow. have read my message.
Ö
• The lights weren’t on when we

Ç
• He spends quite a lot of money.

logical assumption were leaving! A burglar must
He must be rich.
have broken into the house.
must • I must talk to the boss urgently

obligation
about new staff.
strong advice • Doctor: You must stop smoking. • I had to stop smoking.
26
YDT 12 / 02
03 MODALS
mustn’t prohibition • You mustn’t smoke indoors.
• We needn’t have prepared

• You needn’t come early so much food. The party was
tomorrow. Tom will open the shop. cancelled. (It was unnecessary
need necessity, obligation • We need to do something on for us to prepare so much food.)
this matter. • I didn’t need to buy an extra
• Do you need to use my phone? toothbrush for the journey. I
already had one.
R
advice • You ought to go to bed early.
• We ought to protect the • You ought to have studied

obligation
ought to animals. harder. Now, you’re upset.
a İ
• I ought to pass the driving test
assumption
T
tomorrow.
z
formal rule and
• Students shall be treated at
regulation,
school at all times.
command
lt K
shall m
• Shall we go to the cinema in the
suggestion
afternoon?
advice • You should eat less.

a E
la
• It’s strange that she should talk • It’s surprising that she should
surprise
so rudely. have talked so rudely.
oğ N
should • He shouldn’t be sitting here

• I should have set the alarm
criticism just doing nothing. He should be
clock. I’m late for work now.
studying for his exams.
• I should pass the driving test • The package should have

assumption
R
tomorrow. arrived by now.
• When we lived in the village, we

past habits and used to / would go for a picnic
states (with state every Sunday.
Ö
used to / would verbs only used to:

I used to know her • There didn’t use to be / used
not to be a cinema here last
Ç
well.)
year.
• Would you close the window

please?
would request • Would you mind opening the
door for me? / Would you mind if
I smoked here?
27
YDT 12 / 02
MODALS TEST 01
6. Before the weekend, all the riders were worried

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi that heat and dust ---- their performance, but
bulunuz. they ----, for the weather was reliably benign at
the weekend.
1. In spite of the officials’ optimistic statements, A) must adversely affect / did not have to worry
as many as 70,000 people ---- the disaster, and
B) should have adversely affected / were not
the number of children who lost a parent or supposed to worry
became orphans ---- twice as many.
C) might adversely affect / cannot have worried
A) should not have survived / had to be D) were able to adversely affect / should not worry
B) cannot have survived / had better be
E) could adversely affect / need not have worried
C) did not have to survive / must be
D) may not have survived / could be
R
E) need not have survived / should be 7. No one ---- when the first notable building was
built, but it ---- during medieval times.
2. A long time ago, there was an era when people
A) was able to ascertain / might occur
---- many children, but now most people ----
only one or two children mainly due to financial B) had to ascertain / should occur
a İ
constraints. C) has been able to ascertain / must have occurred
A) could have / must have had D) could ascertain / had better occur
B) had to have / could have had
T E) should have ascertained / would rather have
z
C) used to have / would rather have occurred
D) had better have / would like to have
E) should have had / have had to have 8. When you plan your stay in the USA, you ----
lt K
thoroughly consider what exactly you ---- there.
3. It is still not clear what ---- the decline in sales
over the last few months, but there are some
who strongly believe that it ---- due to a boycott
of Japanese goods.
m
A) should / are going to do
B) might / did
C) had to / will have done
a E
A) might have caused / must have been D) could / have done

la
B) could cause / should have been E) were supposed to / will be doing
C) may cause / must be
D) should cause / is supposed to be
9. The ancient Sumerians’ clay buildings ---- as
oğ N
E) was supposed to cause / had to be

durable as stone ones, but they ---- more of
4. All applicants ---- an official TOEFL score with them, creating larger cities.
an application form before the 15th of March, but A) may not be / will have been able to build
some of them have not, and as a result ---- the B) need not have been / ought to build
interview next week.
R
C) did not need to be / had better build

A) had to submit / need not have attended D) should not have been / are supposed to build
B) were supposed to submit / will not be able to attend
E) might not have been / were able to build
C) should have submitted / cannot have attended
D) must have submitted / may not have attended
Ö
E) might have to submit / will not have to attend 10. After passing an initial application two weeks
ago, the applicants ---- through a series of
Ç
5. Investing ---- you a better future and boost your interviews before they ---- acceptance into the
wellbeing, but you ---- an expert investor to get program.
started.
A) should have gone / have received
A) may have given / must not be B) may have gone / would be receiving
B) can give / do not have to be C) must go / had received
C) should give / did not have to be
D) had to go / received
D) must give / were not supposed to be
E) might go / were receiving
E) used to give / cannot be
28
YDT 12 / 02
MODALS TEST 01
11. Skiers ---- speed rules, and resort officials ---- 16. Although they ---- as far north as California and
them if they catch them going too fast down the Texas in the USA just a century ago, jaguars ----
mountain. only in Central and South America, from Mexico
to North Argentina today.
A) could abide by / had better penalize
A) had to range / were supposed to survive
B) are supposed to abide by / could penalize
B) would range / should have survived
C) had to abide by / must penalize
C) might range / have to survive
D) may have to abide by / were supposed to
penalize D) used to range / can survive
E) should abide by / had to penalize E) could range / would prefer to survive
17. In recent decades, field studies of social

12. Anyone ---- any of the articles at this web site communication in nonhuman species ---- that
R
for free, and even copy them for their own many birds, primates, and social carnivores
use, but they ---- articles for republication on ---- extensive vocal and gestural repertoires to
another site. structure their large social groups.
A) has to read / did not have to copy A) demonstrated / had better use
a İ
B) should have read / need not have copied B) are demonstrating / were supposed to use
C) can read / are not allowed to copy C) were demonstrating / can use
D) may read / were not supposed to copy
T D) will demonstrated / used to use
z
E) must have read / could not have copied E) have demonstrated / are able to use
13. Fire officials say a lot of cars and tires were 18. Physicians ---- migraine as a chronic disease,
lt K
burned in the fire last night, but luckily, they ---- and those with disabling migraine ---- daily
preventive treatment and behavioural
the fire before it ---- to homes.
A) had to stop / has spread
m
modification therapies.
A) considered / are used to getting
B) could have stopped / was spreading B) had considered / might get
a E
C) must have stopped / had spread

la
C) consider / should get
D) were able to stop / spread D) will consider / should have got
E) should have stopped / could spread E) were considering / had better get
oğ N
14. A new theory holds that Earth ---- the elements 19. The Boliche Cinemas, which get their name
it ---- for life to form from a massive collision from the old bowling alley which ---- the same
with a Mars-sized planet. venue years ago, ---- four completely renovated
auditoriums.
A) might have received / needed
A) used to occupy / have
R
B) could receive / has needed

B) had to occupy / are having
C) had better receive / is needing
C) should occupy / might have had
D) must have received / will need
D) could occupy / were having
E) used to receive / will have needed
E) might occupy / will have
Ö
15. While public universities across Kansas ----

Ç
20. A new study ---- that the majority of men ----

for new gun laws on campus, many private spend more time with their best friends than
universities like Baker ---- policy changes as well. their wives or girlfriends.
A) will prepare / must have considered A) has revealed / would rather
B) are preparing / may have to consider B) is revealing / would mind
C) were preparing / had better consider C) had revealed / would like
D) had prepared / may consider D) reveals / would prefer
E) prepared / have to consider E) will reveal / used to prefer
29
YDT 12 / 02
MODALS TEST 02
6. People who ---- in a diversity of environments

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi all their lives ---- to changes more easily than
bulunuz. those who are used to a stable environment.
A) used to live / would rather adjust
1. Today’s generation of growers ---- to the changing B) might live / had better adjust
social and environmental circumstances that C) have had to live / could adjust
---- how food is produced.
D) may live / should have adjusted
A) might have adapted / were transforming E) will have to live / had to adjust
B) used to adapt / have transformed
C) must adapt / are transforming
D) may adapt / had transformed
7. The extent of the damage the fire has caused
E) must have adapted / had been transforming
R
---- clear yet, because no one ---- the factory
within the next 24 hours.
2. Although it ---- a static tool, Excel ---- its
capabilities over the years. A) has not been / must have entered
B) was not / has to enter
A) must be / had significantly updated
a İ
B) used to be / has significantly updated C) is not / is allowed to enter
C) would be / is significantly updating D) had not been / may have entered
T
D) would rather be / was significantly updating E) would not be / used to enter
z
E) was supposed to be / will significantly update
3. In the banking industry, banks ---- their 8. He ---- to regret leaving school at a young age,
lt K
strategies in the past decade in response to but he ---- everything into consideration before
technological changes, thanks to which they making such a big decision.
---- their existence.
A)
B)
must shift / will be able to maintain
should shift / could have maintained
m
A) seemed / used to take
B) had seemed / might take
C) will seem / is able to take
a E
C) may shift / were able to maintain

la
D) ought to shift / had to maintain D) seems / should have taken
E) have had to shift / have been able to maintain E) would seem / must have taken
oğ N
4. During the period between 1880 and 1900, there 9. During the inspection, twenty-eight fire doors
---- a considerable rise in the Dead Sea basin’s at the Park Hotel ---- to close properly, and
water level, which ---- due to high rainfall and in the event of a fire, this ---- in devastating
high flows of the Nile. consequences.
A) has been / could be A) failed / could have resulted
R
B) was / must have been B) have failed / was supposed to result

C) is / may have been C) were failing / may have resulted
D) would be / should have been D) had failed / would rather result
E) had been / may be E) are failing / should result
Ö
5. He has inherited a huge amount of money 10. Because they ---- bones, dogs ---- minerals from
Ç
from his millionaire grandmother, who ---- last the bones, especially calcium they desperately
month, so he ---- to make ends meet any more. need.
A) has passed away / must not work A) could digest / ought to have obtained
B) was passing away / is not allowed to work B) must digest / had better obtain
C) used to pass away / need not work C) had to digest / might obtain
D) would pass away / need not have worked D) were supposed to digest / may obtain
E) passed away / does not have to work E) can digest / are able to obtain
30
YDT 12 / 02
MODALS TEST 02
11. Anything that ---- the normal connections 16. Due to the economic stagnation, the company
between nerve cells in the brain ---- a seizure. ---- the large bonus checks they ---- to its
employees during holidays.
A) interrupts / can cause
B) interrupted / should have caused A) was supposed to curtail / may give
C) has interrupted / was supposed to cause B) had to curtail / used to give
D) is interrupting / used to cause C) used to curtail / should have given
E) will interrupt / had to cause D) might curtail / may have given
E) would curtail / might have given
12. Your cat’s lack of interest in exercise or play ----

from the normal decrease in energy that comes 17. The pace of reforms ---- because most
with age, but ---- due to the stiffness and pain
R
countries ---- a low level of regulation.
that results from arthritis.
A) could have slowed down / are already reaching
A) does not have to stem / had to be
B) was supposed to slow down / already reach
B) must not stem / might have to be
C) might slow down / had already reached
C) cannot stem / should have been
a İ
D) should be slowing down / were already reaching
D) may not stem / may be
E) may have slowed down / have already reached
E) could not stem / had better be
T
z
18. Your company ---- its products in accord with
13. You ---- that the film contained too much
geographic and climatic conditions, buyer
violence and a great deal of abusive language,
lt K
preferences, and standards of living so that it
so you ---- your children to watch it at all.
---- a foreign market successfully.
m
A) have known / must not have allowed
A) had to modify / must have entered
B) knew / should not have allowed
B) may have to modify / can enter
C) had known / do not have to allow
C) has to modify / would enter
a E
la
D) were knowing / ought not allow
D) should have modified / had to enter
E) would know / may not have allowed
E) could have modified / had better enter
oğ N
14. Her resilience today ---- from the difficult

childhood she faced and the hurdles she 19. Accepted applicants ---- for the conference,
---- since then. otherwise they ---- in the forum.
A) stemmed / could have overcome A) must register / will not be able to participate
B) has stemmed / may overcome B) should register / were not able to participate
R
C) was stemming / might overcome C) have to register / need not have participated
D) is stemming / used to overcome D) ought to register / did not have to participate
E) stems / has had to overcome E) had better register / may not have participated
Ö
15. No matter how complex global challenges ----, 20. Some students ---- their university studies,
Ç
we ---- that it is we ourselves who have given but others ---- so because they are not given
rise to them. bursaries or loans like others.
A) had to seem / used to remember A) should have pursed / could not do
B) could seem / could have remembered B) have to pursue / did not use to do
C) should seem / would remember C) might have pursued / should not do
D) may seem / must remember D) are able to pursue / cannot do
E) must seem / would rather remember E) were able to pursue / need not have done
31
YDT 12 / 02
MODALS TEST 03
6. Because attitudes ---- such an important role

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi in the direction of our lives, it is important
bulunuz. to understand how they ---- our everyday
behaviour.
1. Negotiators ---- the ability to communicate A) could play / would rather influence
themselves clearly and effectively during the B) can play / may influence
negotiations because misunderstandings ---- if C) may have played / would prefer to influence
the negotiator does not state his case clearly.
D) should play / must influence
A) should have / may have occurred E) are supposed to play / will have to influence
B) need to have / could have occurred
C) may have had / should occur
D) must have / can occur 7. Even if you ---- a particular subject on your
R
E) ought to have had / have to occur own, you ---- from others’ findings or ideas.
A) must consider / might not have escaped
2. With hard work and lots of support from her
family, Jane Goodall, a British woman who ---- B) could have considered / do not have to escape
popular for her scientific study of primates, ---- C) should have considered / will not have to escape
a İ
her goal of studying chimps. D) must have considered / would rather not escape
A) was becoming / used to accomplish E) are supposed to consider / cannot escape
B) had become / might accomplish
T
z
C) became / was able to accomplish
D) would become / was supposed to accomplish 8. Usually bigger companies ---- more time to
E) is becoming / will have to accomplish process your resume, so you ---- your resume
lt K
in the order of company size.
3. Early humans ---- responsible for the mass
extinction of many species which ---- in
Australia, including a huge giant wombat, a
marsupial lion and a flesh-eating kangaroo.
m
A) had to take / might submit
B) were supposed to take / could submit
C) need to take / had better submit
a E
D) must take / used to submit

la
A) should be / had to live
E) must have taken / would submit
B) could have been / might live
C) had better be / could live
D) must have been / would rather live
oğ N
9. They ---- the spare bedroom into an office, but

E) might have been / used to live
instead, they decided to use it as a room where
they ---- books or meditate.
4. All friendships, no matter how long they ---- in
place or how deep they are ---- through ups and A) should have converted / may have read
downs. B) must have converted / might read
R
A) have been / could go C) had to convert / should have read

B) were / had better go D) had better convert / could have read
C) will be / had to go E) could have converted / could read
D) would be / may have gone
Ö
E) are / should have gone

10. When its first inhabitants ---- on the island,
Ç
5. One of the most remarkable qualities of neural they ---- many obstacles in order to survive and
cells ---- that they ---- shape and volume as a make a good life for themselves.
result of learning experiences.
A) settled / had to overcome
A) was / have had to change B) have settled / could have overcome
B) has been / were supposed to change C) settle / used to overcome
C) would be / might have changed
D) are settling / have had to overcome
D) is / are able to change
E) were settling / will have to overcome
E) had been / are supposed to change
32
YDT 12 / 02
MODALS TEST 03
11. When half the world ---- to be self-sufficient, it’s 16. Humans ---- out of Africa and arrived in
such a good thing that you ---- on anyone for Southeast Asia 20,000 years earlier than
anything. previously thought, a new study ----.
A) was trying / should not have relied A) might exit / has suggested
B) had tried / need not have relied B) may have exited / suggests
C) is trying / do not have to rely C) should exit / is suggesting
D) would try / did not have to rely D) had better exit / suggested
E) will try / could not have relied E) used to exit / had suggested
12. The origin of the thousands of crosses in the

17. Food safety inspectors ---- three Waltham
Hill of Crosses still ---- a mystery, but most
Forest food businesses in June after they
people believe insurgents ---- them after the
R
discovered unsafe practices that ---- the health
uprising in the year 1831.
of consumers.
A) has remained / would build
A) had closed / may have endangered
B) remains / must have built
B) are closing / should have endangered
C) remained / have had to build
C) have closed / were supposed to endanger
a İ
D) had remained / ought to build
D) closed / could have endangered
E) will remain / would rather build
E) will close / would rather endanger
T
z
13. Women ---- the title of officer in the Soviet
Union between 1925 and 1946 because they 18. It has been a long time since dinosaurs went
---- to attend military colleges. extinct, but scientists ---- fossils of those
lt K
A) should not acquire / did not have to attend incredible creatures that ---- the planet.
B) were not supposed to acquire / do not have to
attend
m
A) have still discovered / might roam
B) still discover / were supposed to roam
C) must not acquire / should not attend C) still discovered / will have to roam
D) could not acquire / were not allowed to attend D) are still discovering / used to roam
a E
la
E) need not have acquired / did not use to attend E) have still been discovering / have had to roam
14. At any given point in time you ---- yourself

19. Isolation, extreme weather, and the possible
oğ N
encountering some amount of anxiety, stress

arrival of humans ---- the holocene herbivores,
and general discomfort, which ---- directly
which ---- on Wrangel Island in the Arctic
related to the challenges you are faced with
Ocean, just 4,000 years ago.
every day.
A) may have killed off / used to live
A) had better find / must be
B) had to kill off / could live
B) should find / had to be
R
C) must kill off / may have lived

C) could find / may be
D) should kill off / should have lived
D) might find / would prefer to be
E) were supposed to kill off / have been able to live
E) must find / used to be
Ö
15. Astronomers ---- that powerful winds driven 20. I handed in my assignment to the professor
by supermassive black holes in the centres of
Ç
yesterday just because I ----, but I ----

dwarf galaxies ---- a significant impact on the some more time to be able to make some
evolution of these galaxies. modifications on it.
A) discovered / ought to have A) have to / used to have
B) are discovering / might have B) was supposed to / had better have
C) will discover / were supposed to have C) might / may have had
D) had discovered / should have had D) would / must have had
E) have discovered / may have had E) had to / would prefer to have had
33
YDT 12 / 02
MODALS TEST 04
6. Most parents ---- have maids than send their

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi young children to day-care centres, as it ----
bulunuz. more convenient to have a domestic helper.
A) would prefer / was
1. Hernias ---- negligible at first glance because B) would like / has been
they often do not cause many symptoms, but,
in fact, they ---- to some serious problems. C) would mind / will be
D) would rather / is
A) could have seemed / had to lead
E) had better / had been
B) must seem / could lead
C) may seem / can lead
D) should seem / had better lead 7. Your low scores in the exams ---- due to a lack
E) must have seemed / ought to lead of sleep, so you ---- up late before the exams
R
next term.
2. University of Dallas ---- the amount of free A) had to be / cannot have stayed
printing provided to students so that it ----
B) used to be / must not have stayed
university expenses under control.
C) were supposed to be / must not stay
A) will be able to limit / should take
a İ
D) may have been / did not have to stay
B) would rather limit / was supposed to take
E) could have been / had better not stay
T
C) must limit / has been able to take
z
D) used to limit / may take
8. I am glad I ---- some of my belongings in order
E) has had to limit / can take
to pay off my debts to them, because they ----
me some more time to gather the money I owe
lt K
3. Thanks to computer models, today we ---- the them.
calculation of thousands of orbits, which ---- an
extremely difficult feat before, in as little as an
hour.
A) should complete / may be
m
A) did not have to sell / have allowed
B) need not have sold / are allowing
C) should not have sold / were allowing
D) cannot have sold / had allowed
a E
la
B) must have completed / had to be
C) may have completed / should have been E) may not have sold / allowed
D) can complete / used to be
E) have to complete / has had to be 9. Standing tall at 59 meters, Liberty Hall ---- the
oğ N
tallest-storeyed building in Dublin before the

4. Little Sprouts Daycare ---- a non-profit organization County Hall in Cork City ---- it.
six months ago, and since then, it ---- enough A) may have been / will supersede
money to stay open. B) would be / supersedes
A) has become / did not have to make C) must have been / had superseded
R
B) was becoming / does not have to make D) used to be / superseded

C) became / has not been able to make E) should be / has superseded
D) had become / should not make
E) would become / need not have made 10. Fluctuations in atmospheric pressure ---- how
Ö
much natural gas ---- from wells below the

5. Veterinary schools ---- a lot of information on ground surface at oil and gas sites, according
Ç
how to deal with rabbits medically because they to new research.

---- house pets before.
A) could heavily influence / had leaked
A) have not offered / must not be B) must heavily influence / leaked
B) do not offer / did not use to be C) may heavily influence / was leaking
C) are not offering / should not be D) can heavily influence / leaks
D) had not offered / need not have been E) would rather heavily influence / has leaked
E) would not offer / were not able to be
34
YDT 12 / 02
MODALS TEST 04
11. We ---- the project by now, but we ---- because 16. Giant tortoises are still alive in many parts of
of the financial difficulties we faced when trying the United States today, but the ones that ---- in
to finalize it. the Valley ---- extinct long ago.
A) must have finished / cannot A) used to roam / went
B) should finish / did not use to B) would roam / had gone
C) could have finished / should not C) must roam / have gone
D) may have finished / must not D) should roam / would go
E) ought to have finished / could not E) could have roamed / will go
12. In Canada, you ---- alcohol outdoors − in fact, 17. Some scientists speculate that Mars once ----
you ---- it only in private homes or in premises salt lakes that are similar to those on Earth, and
R
with regular license. that it ---- through wet and dry periods.
A) do not have to drink / must have consumed A) would have / has had to go
B) must not drink / are allowed to consume B) may have had / ought to have gone
C) need not have drunk / should consume C) could have / had to go
a İ
D) should not drink / may have consumed D) had better have / should go
E) did not need to drink / would rather consume E) used to have / must have gone
T
z
13. Actually none of us is certain about what ---- a 18. “Unfortunately, as an industry, we ---- a lot of
decline in share prices, but we all agree that it money on licenses so far, but in fact, we ---- it
---- due to concerns of a faster than expected in network expansion.” said the CEO of a
lt K
rise in inflation rates. well-known telecom company.
m
A) caused / was supposed to happen A) could spend / should have invested
B) had caused / should happen B) may spend / would like to invest
C) was causing / may happen C) had to spend / may have invested
a E
la
D) will cause / would prefer to happen D) have had to spend / would rather have invested
E) has caused / might have happened E) should spend / must have invested
oğ N
14. Officers inspecting the food plant ---- that the 19. Soon enough, when water crisis ---- a reality
kitchen was open to the outside environment, all over the globe, we will realize that we ----
which ---- in contamination of food. so much of it so needlessly.
A) have discovered / had better result A) will become / did not have to waste
B) discovered / could have resulted B) has become / cannot have wasted
R
C) are discovering / was supposed to result C) had become / need not have wasted
D) will discover / should have resulted D) became / do not have to waste
E) had discovered / had to result E) becomes / should not have wasted
Ö
15. Limiting access to food in mice ---- levels of 20. Every other flight leaving and arriving to
the hormone, ghrelin, which ---- motivation to Hamilton ---- on time − the only flight delayed
Ç
exercise as well, according to a new study. was ours, so it ---- due to the weather.
A) increases / may increase A) was / could not have been
B) has increased / used to increase B) is / did not have to be
C) is increasing / had better increase C) has been / need not have been
D) was increasing / should have increased D) had been / had better not be
E) increased / would rather increase E) will be / was not supposed to be
35
04 PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE YDT 12 / 02
TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE
SIMPLE PRESENT • John cleans his room. • The room is cleaned by John.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS • John is cleaning his room. • The room is being cleaned by John.
PRESENT PERFECT • John has cleaned his room. • The room has been cleaned by John.
SIMPLE PAST • John cleaned his room. • The room was cleaned by John.
R
PAST CONTINUOUS • John was cleaning his room. • The room was being cleaned by John.
PAST PERFECT • John had cleaned his room. • The room had been cleaned by John.
a İ
SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL) • John will clean his room. • The room will be cleaned by John.
T
z
NEAR FUTURE • The room is going to be cleaned by
• John is going to clean his room.
(BE GOING TO) John.
lt K
FUTURE CONTINUOUS • John will be cleaning his room. m
• The room will be being cleaned by
John.
a E
la
· The room will have been cleaned by
FUTURE PERFECT • John will have cleaned his room.
John.
oğ N
USED TO • John used to clean his room. • The room used to be cleaned by John.
ı
FUTURE IN THE PAST

• John would clean his room. • The room would be cleaned by John.
WOULD
R
FUTURE IN THE PAST • The room was going to be cleaned by

• John was going to clean his room.
WAS GOING TO John.
Ö
MODALS (SHOULD,
• John should clean his room. • The room should be cleaned by John.
Ç
MUST, CAN ETC.)
PERFECT INFINITIVES
• The room should have been cleaned by
(SHOULD / MUST / CAN • John should have cleaned his room.
John.
HAVE DONE ETC.)
36
YDT 12 / 02
04 PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE
IMPERSONAL PASSIVE
(especially with verbs: suggest, argue, believe, know, say, suppose, claim, allege etc.)
TEMEL CÜMLE THAT CÜMLECİĞİ EDİLGEN
Present Simple Present Simple To do
that Professor Adams teaches that

It is said Professor Adams is said to teach that course.
course.
Present Simple Present Continuous To be doing
that Professor Adams is teaching that Professor Adams is said to be teaching that
It is said
R
course. course.
Present Simple Present Perfect Simple To have done
that Professor Adams has taught that Professor Adams is said to have taught that
It is said
course. course.
a İ
Present Simple Present Perfect Continuous To have been doing
T
that Professor Adams has been Professor Adams is said to have been
z
It is said
teaching that course. teaching that course.
Present Simple Future Simple To do

lt K
that Professor Adams will teach that Professor Adams is said to teach / to be
It is said
course.
m
teaching that course.
Present Simple Past Simple To have done

a E
la
that Professor Adams taught that Professor Adams is said to have taught that
It is said
course. course.
oğ N
Present Simple Past Simple (to be) To have been

ı
Professor Adams is said to have been in

It is said that Professor Adams was in Ankara.
Ankara.
Present Simple Present Simple Passive To be done

R
It is said that the car is washed everyday. The car is said to be washed everyday.
Present Simple Past Simple Passive To have been done
The car is said to have been washed

Ö
It is said that the car was washed yesterday.

yesterday.
Ç
Past Simple Past Simple To do
that Professor Adams taught that Professor Adams was said to teach that
It was said
course. course.
Past Simple Past Perfect To have done
that Professor Adams had taught that Professor Adams was said to have taught
It was said
course. that course.
37
YDT 12 / 02
04 PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE
PASSIVE VOICE (Gerund / Infinitive)
ACTIVE PASSIVE
Gerund Ving being + V 3
Perfect Gerund having + V3 having been + V3
Infinitive to + Verb to be + V3
Perfect Infinitive to have + V3 to have been + V3
EXAMPLES:
She expects to be admitted to a university in London. She seems to have lost her temper.
The child appears to have been kidnapped. He denies stealing the jewelry.
R
He admits having stolen the jewelry. I hate being laughed at.
I didn’t like having been laughed at in the previous meeting.
grammatical voice
a İ
passive-
active passive
aggressive
T
z
lt K
be accustomed to sth / sb.

STATIVE PASSIVE ADJECTIVES
be delighted at / with sth.
m be made from sth.
a E
be acquainted with sth / sb. be derived from sth. be made of sth.

la
be amazed at sth. be devoted to sb / sth. be made out of sth.
be annoyed at / about sth. be disappointed in sb. be married to sb.
be annoyed with sb. be divorced from sb. be opposed to sth / sb.
be associated with sth. be done with sth. be pleased about / with sth.
oğ N
be astonished at sth. be dressed in sth. be provided with sth.

be based on sth. be engaged to sb. be related to sth / sb.
be bored with sth. be equipped with sth. be satisfied with sth.
be committed to sth / sb. be excited about sth. be scared of sb / sth.
be composed of sth. be exposed to sth. be shocked at sth.
be concerned about sth. be filled with sth. be surprised at sth.
R
be concerned with sth. be finished with sth. be terrified of sth / sb.

be confused with sth. be interested in sth. be tired of sth.
be convinced of sth. be involved in sth. be tired from sth.
be covered with sth. be known for sth. be troubled with sth / sb.
be crowded with sb. be limited to sth. be upset with sb / sth.
Ö
be dedicated to sb / sth.
Ç
CAUSATIVES
Make sb. do sth. (force sb. to do sth.): The boss made us overwork for the new project.
Let sb. do sth. (allow sb. to do sth.): My father let me go out last night.
Get sb. to do sth. (persuade): I got my mother to iron my new dress.
Have sb. do sth.: I had the hairdresser cut my hair.
Have / get sth. done: I had my hair cut yesterday.
I had my wallet stolen while I was walking through the park. (accident or misfortune)
38
YDT 12 / 02
PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE TEST 01
6. The five colours of the Olympic ring, the logo of

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi which ---- in 1912 by Baron Pierre de Coubertin,
bulunuz. correspond to the flags of the countries that ----
in the 1912 Olympic Games in Stockholm.
1. At his death in 1519, Leonardo ---- many A) designed / had participated
notebooks filled with jottings and sketches but B) was designed / participated
very few finished works, some of which ---- by
C) has been designed / were participating
assistants later on.
D) had designed / would participate
A) has left / will be completed E) had been designed / have participated
B) was leaving / had been completed
C) had left / have been completed
7. The Nobel Prizes, which ---- annually in the
D) left / were completed
R
fall since 1901, ---- five different disciplines:
E) has been leaving / would be completed
chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and
physiology or medicine.
2. The world’s most famous artwork, the Mona
Lisa ---- thousands of visitors to the Louvre A) were announced / had covered
Museum each day, many of whom ---- by the B) are announced / have been covered
a İ
sitter’s mysterious gaze and enigmatic smile. C) had been announced / were covered
A) draws / are compelled D) are being announced / are covered
B) has drawn / compel
T E) have been announced / cover
z
C) drew / compelled
D) had drawn / were being compelled 8. Vietnam ---- from the Vietnam War as a potent
E) would draw / have been compelled military power within Southeast Asia, but its
lt K
agriculture, business, and industry ----.
m
3. The German composer and pianist Ludwig van
A) has emerged / have disrupted
Beethoven ---- as the greatest composer who ----.
B) emerged / were disrupted
A) was widely regarded / has ever lived
C) had emerged / were disrupting
B) widely regarded / had ever lived
a E
la
D) was emerging / have been disrupted
C) had widely been regarded / was ever living
E) had been emerging / had been disrupted
D) had widely regarded / would ever live
E) is widely regarded / ever lived
9. Although the continuous development of
oğ N
4. The title “World’s Fastest Man” ---- hands capitalism as a system ---- only from the 16th
many times since records began ---- in 1912, century, antecedents of capitalist institutions
but Usain Bolt made an indelible mark as the ---- in the ancient world.
fastest human ever. A) dated / were existed
A) has been changing / to have kept B) was dating / had been existed
R
B) has changed / to be kept C) is dating / have existed

C) changed / to keep D) had dated / were existing
D) was changing / being kept
E) dates / existed
E) had changed / keeping
Ö
5. Baseball likely ---- its origins in the early 10. The quantity of a commodity that ---- in the
Ç
1800s, possibly as a combination of a variety market ---- not only on the price obtainable for
of different stick-and-ball games that ---- for the commodity but also on potentially many
centuries. other factors.
A) supplies / has depended
A) has / played
B) has supplied / is depended
B) has had / have played
C) had / had been played C) is supplied / depends
D) would have / have been played D) was supplied / had been depended
E) had had / were being played E) had supplied / depended
39
YDT 12 / 02
11. An estimated three hundred million single-use 16. We ---- presenters to time their presentation
bags ---- by the time the government ---- the prior to the conference as the time limit ---- to
new single-use bag legislation next year. be fair to the other presenters.
A) had given out / implemented A) have encouraged / will be strictly enforcing
B) will be giving out / has implemented B) encouraged / had strictly enforced
C) are given out / is implementing C) were encouraging / strictly enforced
D) will have been given out / implements D) had encouraged / was strictly enforcing
E) were given out / had implemented E) encourage / will be strictly enforced
12. Rescue efforts following a cooking gas cylinder 17. Where defects are discovered, these ----
explosion in a house in the suburbs ---- ongoing immediately, or if this is impossible, appropriate
R
as officials fear that more people ---- in the steps ----.
debris of the building.
A) have to be rectified / could take
A) were / would trap
B) must be rectified / must be taken
B) have been / should trap
C) should rectify / might be taken
a İ
C) had been / might have trapped
D) ought to rectify / may be taken
D) are / could be trapped
E) may be rectified / had to be taken
T
E) will be / should have been trapped
z
18. Tattoos are permanent and ---- only after painful
13. A new study ---- some Los Angeles-area laser removal surgery, but that ---- people from
earthquakes in the 1920s and 1930s ---- by the experimenting with crazy ideas and designs.
lt K
oil boom at the time.
A) could be erased / was not deterred
A) has suggested / must have caused
B) suggested / would have been caused
C) is suggesting / might be caused
m
B) may have been erased / has not deterred
C) must be erased / is not deterred
D) can be erased / does not deter
a E
D) will suggest / may have caused

la
E) should be erased / had not deterred
E) suggests / could have been caused
14. Copper wires like the ones that ---- to connect 19. Good academic practice ---- the ideals and
oğ N
most homes to the telephone network ---- for principles that ---- in learning for any student to
regional and transcontinental networks as well. become successful.
A) are currently used / used to be employed A) embodies / should be incorporated

B) have currently been used / must have employed B) embodied / must have incorporated
C) are currently using / should be employed C) is embodied / may be incorporated
R
D) are currently being used / could employ D) was embodied / had to be incorporated
E) currently use / may have been employed E) has embodied / will have incorporated
15. It ---- that if children ---- to Mathematic materials 20. British classification society, Lloyd’s Register
Ö
in their early years, they can easily appreciate ---- that the company ---- its operations in Iran
many facts and skills of arithmetic. as a result of Western sanctions.
Ç
A) has proven / have been exposed A) announced / was halted

B) was proven / exposed B) had announced / had halted
C) is proven / are exposed C) has announced / has halted
D) proves / were exposed D) was announcing / had been halted
E) had been proven / were exposing E) announces / is halted
40
YDT 12 / 02
6. Beginning in the mid-19th century, the

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi steamship and the railway ---- greater comfort
bulunuz. and speed and cheaper travel, in part because
fewer overnight and intermediate stops ----.
1. By the early 21st century, international tourism A) have brought / have needed
---- one of the world’s most important economic B) had brought / needed
activities, and its impact ---- from the Arctic to
C) brought / were needed
Antarctica.
D) were bringing / have been needed
A) became / increasingly felt
E) had been bringing / are being needed
B) has become / is increasingly being felt
C) was becoming / had increasingly felt
D) had been becoming / has increasingly been felt 7. New Zealand ---- a unique array of vegetation
R
E) had become / was increasingly being felt and animal life, much of which ---- during the
country’s prolonged isolation years ago.
2. The attorney investigating the matter ---- whether A) had / has been developed
the law ----. B) has / developed
a İ
C) will have / had developed
A) may not ascertain / has broken
B) could not ascertain / was broken D) has had / will be developed
C) must not ascertain / is breaking
T E) was having / was developed
z
D) should not ascertain / had broken
E) ought not to have ascertained / is broken
8. Linguistic evidence ---- that Western Polynesia
---- some 3,000 years ago, by people of the
lt K
3. One of the earliest of killer diseases ---- smallpox, Lapita culture.
m
which is thought ---- around the same time as A) has suggested / has first been settled
our ancestor’s early domestication of animals.
B) is suggested / first settled
A) is / to be emerged C) suggested / had first settled
B) has been / to have been emerged
a E
D) was suggested / was first being settled

la
C) was / to have emerged
E) suggests / was first settled
D) had been / to emerge
E) would be / to be emerging
9. When an interpretation of something as human
oğ N
or humanlike ---- by an interpretation of it as

4. Antonio Vivaldi, an Italian composer and non-human, the earlier interpretation ---- as
violinist of the Baroque period, ---- music for anthropomorphism.
operas, solo instruments, and small ensembles,
but today he ---- for his concerti. A) has replaced / may have been understood
B) replaces / could be understood
R
A) wrote / is often celebrated

B) has written / often celebrates C) was replaced / must have understood
C) had written / is often celebrating D) is replaced / can be understood
D) was writing / was often celebrated E) has been replaced / may understand
E) has been writing / has often been celebrating
Ö
10. Glaciers ---- by the recrystallization of snow or

Ç
5. Nearly 300 miners who ---- underground by a other solid precipitation that ----, even during
fire at a gold mine in Sudan last Friday ---- to melting season.
the surface safely.
A) were formed / was not significantly melted
A) trapped / finally brought B) had been formed / will not significantly melt
B) had trapped / were finally brought C) are formed / does not significantly melt
C) were trapped / have finally been brought
D) have been formed / is not significantly melted
D) were being trapped / were finally bringing
E) will be formed / has not significantly been melted
E) had been trapping / had finally been brought
41
YDT 12 / 02
11. A mineral, which by definition ---- through natural 16. Ceramics ---- as inorganic, non-metallic
processes, is distinct from the synthetic materials that ---- such useful properties as
equivalents that ---- in the laboratory. high strength and hardness.
A) can be formed / produce A) broadly defined / exhibited
B) should be formed / have produced B) are broadly defined / exhibit
C) is supposed to be formed / had produced C) have broadly defined / are exhibiting
D) has to be formed / had been produced D) were broadly defined / have exhibited
E) must be formed / are produced E) had broadly defined / were exhibiting
12. The suspect steadfastly maintained his 17. Water-resistance ---- a key factor for the
innocence, saying he ---- the women after longevity of a watch, and it ---- in order to
R
they ----. prevent any unpleasant surprises.
A) discovered / had been killed A) was / must have regularly checked
B) has discovered / were being killed B) has been / ought to regularly check
C) is discovering / are killed C) had been / might be regularly checked
a İ
D) was discovering / were killed D) will be / could regularly check
E) had discovered / have been killed E) is / should be regularly checked
T
z
13. During World War I, wireless telegraph 18. There are many people around us who rightly
communication ---- extensively by the navies think that the money that ---- on education ----
of the world and ---- a major influence on the on arms.
lt K
character of naval warfare. A) should have been spent / is unfairly being spent
A) employed / had had
B) had been employed / was having
m
B) may have been spent / has unfairly spent
C) could have been spent / had unfairly spent
C) has been employed / has had D) must be spent / was unfairly spending
a E
la
D) had employed / would have E) had to spend / was unfairly being spent
E) was employed / had
19. If consumption ---- at present levels, imports

oğ N
14. The body marking of prisoners ---- since ---- to make up for the loss in normal production
ancient Egyptian times at least, but many caused by the fires.
cultures ---- it as an art form in its own right. A) has remained / might have been increased
A) has been practising / have also seen B) had remained / were able to be increased
B) has been practised / also see C) remained / must have been increased
R
C) had been practising / were also seeing D) remains / will have to be increased
D) was practised / had also seen E) will remain / may have to be increased
E) had practised / also saw
20. It is generally the goal of most countries
Ö
to have their health services ---- in such a

15. It ---- that, with the implementation of the project
way to ensure that individuals, families, and
Ç
by the end of next year, energy efficiency ---- by

communities ---- maximum benefit.
fifty percent compared to ten years ago.
A) organizing / have obtained
A) was hoped / was being improved
B) to organize / will obtain
B) has been hoped / was improved
C) organized / obtain
C) is hoped / will have been improved
D) organize / are obtaining
D) had been hoped / has been improved
E) having organized / have been obtaining
E) will be hoped / is being improved
42
YDT 12 / 02
6. Taxis and buses which ---- with compressed

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi natural gas (CNG) or bi-fuel CNG systems must
bulunuz. have their systems ---- every 3 months.
A) have been installed / to be checked
1. Minerals ---- a highly ordered internal atomic B) were installed / to have checked
structure that has a regular geometric form, and
C) had been installed / to check
because of this feature, they ---- as crystalline
solids. D) are being installed / check
E) are installed / checked
A) have displayed / classified
B) display / are classified
C) have been displaying / had been classified 7. Clinical psychologists ---- the right questions to
D) are displaying / have classified ask in order to get their clients ---- about their
R
experiences.
E) displayed / will be classified
A) must know / to open up
2. By the time he ---- to head the Wharton School, B) should know / open up
Dr. Carroll ---- widely known as a lecturer in the C) have to know / opened up
U.S. and abroad.
a İ
D) ought to know / having opened up
A) had been chosen / became E) may know / to have opened up
B) was chosen / had become
C) will be chosen / will have become
T
z
8. During the Middle Ages, a ruby ring was
D) has been chosen / has become
thought ---- its owner lands and titles, but only
E) is chosen / was becoming
if it ---- on the left hand.
lt K
3. Small windmills ---- to generate electricity since A) to have brought / was being worn
m
1900, but the development of modern wind B) to be brought / has been worn
turbines ---- only recently in response to the C) being brought / is worn
energy crisis in the early 1970s.
D) to bring / was worn
A) have been used / occurred E) having brought / had been worn
a E
la
B) had been used / will have occurred
C) have been using / has occurred
9. Since it ---- in 1966, Basel’s Jewish Museum
D) had been using / was occurring ---- a cultural-historical collection unique in
E) have used / has been occurring
oğ N
Europe.
ı
4. Politics ---- as a man’s sphere only; there A) was founded / has assembled
must be more female exemplars, and they ---- B) had founded / was assembling
throughout the political spectrum. C) has been founded / is assembling
A) should not be seen / have to distribute D) has been founding / assembles
R
B) may not be seen / must distribute E) founded / has been assembling

C) does not have to be seen / should distribute
D) cannot be seen / must be distributed 10. It ---- in this guide related to the structure of
E) did not have to be seen / could distribute doctoral studies that the academic activities ----
according to their chronological appearance in
Ö
the progression of the doctoral programme.

5. An atom ---- of three sub-particles, and these
Ç
particles ---- in a certain way in the atom and A) is clearly stated / have to organize
provide electrical neutrality to the molecule. B) was clearly stated / will have to be organized
A) has mainly composed / have been arranged C) has been clearly stated / must be organized
B) mainly composed / were arranged D) is being clearly stated / should have been
organizing
C) was mainly composed / will have been arranged
E) was being clearly stated / must have been
D) had mainly composed / were being arranged
organizing
E) is mainly composed / are arranged
43
YDT 12 / 02
11. According to various reports, the money the 16. Elephants ---- most often in savannahs,
suspect collected from students ---- to the grasslands, and forests but ---- a wide range
school’s bookshop owner, but she ---- only a of habitats, including deserts, swamps, and
portion and kept over 40,000 dollars. highlands in tropical and subtropical regions
of Africa and Asia.
A) was supposed to be handed / had given
A) have found / can occupy
B) should be handed / will give
B) are finding / have occupied
C) must be handed / had been giving
C) were found / were occupied
D) had to be handed / was giving
D) are found / occupy
E) could have been handed / has been giving
E) had been found / would be occupied
12. When the man returned to his car, he 17. Over 70 years after it ---- by the United Nations
R
discovered that it ---- into, and an estimated in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human
$500,000 worth of items ----. Rights (UDHR) ---- the cornerstone of modern
A) has been broken / has missed human rights law.
B) was being broken / missed A) was being adopted / had remained
a İ
C) had been broken / was missing B) had adopted / remained
D) would be broken / had missed C) was adopted / remains
T
E) was broken / has been missing D) adopted / has remained
z
E) has been adopted / is remaining
13. One of the most surprising developments in

palaeontology in recent years ---- the discovery 18. The amount of taxes collected ---- once it ---- by
lt K
that, like birds, dinosaurs ---- feathers. the Board of County Commissioners at a public
hearing.
A) is / have possessed
B) has been / possessed
C) was / possess
m
A) must not be changed / has approved
B) does not have to be changed / is approving
C) should not be changed / approves
a E
la
D) had been / would have possessed D) had better not be changed / was approved
E) will be / are possessing E) cannot be changed / has been approved
oğ N
14. According to an archaeologist who ---- by the 19. In the past 10 years, many activities ---- to
British Raj to study Mrauk U in the late 19th strengthen the role of women during and after
century, the temples there ---- as a refuge for conflict; however, despite those efforts, much
the Buddhist religious order in times of war. more ---- to protect them.
A) employed / could have been built A) have been carrying out / has to be done
B) were carried out / should have done
R
B) had been employed / may have built

C) was employing / must have been built C) have carried out / should be done
D) had employed / should have built D) have been carried out / needs to be done
E) was employed / might have been built E) are carried out / could have done
Ö
20. The roof of the mouth and the floor of the nose
15. The great majority of fossils ---- in a water
Ç
---- by the palatine bone, the mouth part of

environment because land remains ---- more which ---- the hard palate.
easily.
A) were formed / commonly called
A) are preserved / are destroyed
B) are formed / is commonly called
B) are preserving / are being destroyed
C) have been formed / commonly calls
C) have been preserved / are destroying
D) had been formed / has commonly been called
D) have been preserving / have been destroyed
E) will be formed / has commonly called
E) were preserved / were destroying
44
YDT 12 / 02
6. The former Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi on Monday said the new cabinet ---- within 48
bulunuz. hours after they ---- with the national dialogue
parties.
1. Belgium ---- for its neutrality policy, but A) would be announced / had consulted
abandoned this for a time during World Wars I B) has been announced / will consult
and II, when they ---- by Germany.
C) had been announced / were consulting
A) is long known / have been invaded D) is announced / have been consulting
B) was long known / will be invaded E) was being announced / have consulted
C) has long been known / were invaded
D) would long be known / had been invaded
E) had long been known / will have been invaded 7. The officials have announced that more than
R
eighty percent of the construction of the facility
2. We will collect blood samples when symptoms ---- by next June, and it ---- two more years to
---- apparent in mid to late summer and will complete the remaining parts.
have them ---- for brucellosis.
A) will be completed / has been taken
A) became / to be tested
a İ
B) is completed / will be taken
B) have become / to have tested C) will have been completed / will take
C) become / tested
T D) has been completed / had taken
z
D) had become / being tested E) would be completed / was taking
E) will become / to test
8. Following the national trend, farm employment

lt K
3. Soon after they ---- in Geneva, Dr. Moore heard
from his wife that the banking house in which and the number of farms in Utah ---- throughout
m
they had invested their savings ----. the late 20th century while agricultural
productivity ----.
A) had arrived / had collapsed
A) were declined / has increased
B) arrived / has collapsed
B) declined / increased
a E
la
C) were arrived / was collapsing
C) are declined / was increasing
D) have been arrived / has been collapsing
D) have declined / had increased
E) have arrived / will collapse
E) will decline / is increasing
oğ N
4. With the exception of energy used by animal

life in the deep ocean, all energy that ---- by 9. Coal, which most often ---- in stratified
animals ---- from the energy of sunlight. sedimentary deposits, is an abundant natural
A) has been used / has ultimately derived resource that ---- as a source of energy.
B) used / was ultimately derived A) occurs / can be used
R
C) was used / ultimately derived B) has occurred / might use

D) has used / has ultimately been derived C) occurred / should use
E) is used / is ultimately derived D) had occurred / may be used
E) will occur / should have been used
Ö
5. Fish ---- in existence for more than 450 million

years, and during that time, they ---- repeatedly
Ç
to fit into almost every conceivable type of 10. Price variations in Europe were thought ----
aquatic habitat. after Euro ---- as the single currency for Europe.
A) had been / have been evolving A) to have disappeared / has been introduced
B) will be / are evolving B) to be disappearing / was being introduced
C) would be / evolve C) being disappeared / was introduced
D) have been / have evolved D) to be disappeared / is introduced
E) are / evolved E) to disappear / had been introduced
45
YDT 12 / 02
11. Most of the energy captured by large wind 16. Infant and childhood food allergy has now
farms originates higher up in the atmosphere been shown ---- to a mix of environmental and
and ---- down to the surface where the turbines genetic factors that ---- to trigger the allergy.
---- this energy.
A) to link / can be coexisted
A) transports / can extract B) to be linking / should be coexisted
B) has transported / could extract C) to have linked / may be coexisted
C) is transported / may extract D) to be linked / must coexist
D) has been transported / might be extracted E) being linked / have to coexist
E) was transported / should be extracted
17. The first nerve agents ---- by accident in the

12. If you notice that one of the drains in your
1930s when researchers ---- to make cheaper
R
building ---- more slowly than it normally does,
and better alternatives to nicotine as
you should have a professional ---- it as soon
insecticides.
as possible.
A) had been invented / had tried
A) is draining / examine
B) have been invented / have been trying
B) has drained / examined
a İ
C) were invented / were trying
C) has been draining / being examined
D) are invented / will be trying
D) drains / to be examined
E) will drain / to have examined
T E) would be invented / would be trying
z
13. The Brazilian government ---- ecologically 18. The accuracy of a sundial is known to ---- by
sensitive lands that ---- for agriculture, industry a number of factors, including the fact that
lt K
or other types of development. the angle of Earth’s rotation ---- perfectly
A) is mapping out / may not use
B) has mapped out / cannot be used
C) had mapped out / may not be used
m
perpendicular.
A) have affected / has not been
B) be affected / is not
a E
C) be affecting / will not be

la
D) will map out / might not use
E) mapped out / must not use D) have been affected / would not be
E) have been affecting / was not
oğ N
14. Marine animals are known ---- plastic debris

ı
on the sea, because these tiny bits of floating 19. Although dams are widely acknowledged to ----
plastic ---- like prey. a variety of economic goods and services, they
A) to have mistakenly eaten / had looked ---- detrimental effects on riverine ecosystems.
B) to mistakenly eat / look A) provide / also have
R
C) having mistakenly eaten / have looked B) be providing / are also having

D) to be mistakenly eaten / are looking C) have been provided / have also had
E) to have been mistakenly eaten / were looking D) have been providing / were also having
E) be provided / also had
15. Nearly three-fourths of human-caused
Ö
emissions are known to ---- by the burning

20. A widely-used gas that ---- from fossil fuels
Ç
of fossil fuels over the past 20 years, and is

---- by an artificial leaf that uses only sunlight,
thought ---- at an alarming rate in the future.
carbon dioxide and water.
A) have caused / having increased
A) is currently being produced / may instead make
B) be caused / to be increased
B) has currently produced / must instead be made
C) be causing / being increased
C) is currently produced / can instead be made
D) have been causing / to be increasing
D) has currently been produced / might instead make
E) have been caused / to increase
E) is currently producing / should instead be made
46
YDT 12 / 02 05 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
TYPE OF THE CONDITIONAL IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE USE
Type Zero (Factual Fact in the present or

Simple Present Simple Present
Conditionals) future
EXAMPLE If you boil water, it evaporates.
Type 1 (Real Present or Likely to happen in the

Present forms will, may, might, can, could + V1
Future / Possible Condition) present or future
If I study hard, I will pass YDT.

EXAMPLE
R
I might go abroad if I can save enough money.
Type 2 (Unreal Present

Simple Past / Past
or Future / Improbable would, might, could + V1 Imaginary situation
Continuous
Condition)
a İ
EXAMPLE If I were rich now, I would buy a bigger house.
T
z
Type 3 (Unreal Past / Past Perfect / Past Contrary to facts in the
would, could, might + have V3
Impossible Condition) Perfect Continuous past
lt K
EXAMPLE If I had won the lottery last year, I could have bought a bigger house.
m
Past Perfect / Past
Type 4 (Mixed Type) would, could, might + V1
Perfect Continuous
a E
la
EXAMPLE If I had won the lottery last year, I would be rich now.
Type 5 (Mixed Type) Simple Past would, could, might + have V3

oğ N
EXAMPLE If he weren’t so rude, he wouldn’t have treated us that rudely at the party.
R
IF CLAUSE INVERSION
(Type 1) If you need help, … Should you need help, …
(Type 2) If I were you, … Were I you, …

Ö
(Type 3) If they had told us, … Had they told us, …

Ç
IMPLIED CONDITIONALS: But / but for (if it weren’t for / if it hadn’t been for) + noun, otherwise (or / or else) / without
Examples:
I would have called you last night but I was busy.
But for my knee injury, I would play in today’s match.
Do your homework; otherwise, the teacher will get angry with you.
Without the motor vehicles, we would still be living like medieval people.
47
05 CONDITIONAL CLAUSES YDT 12 / 02
OTHER CONDITIONALS: Provided / providing (that), even if, whether… or not …, suppose / supposing (that),
in case, unless, only if, on condition that, as long as (so long as), what if, as if / as though, if only
Examples:
• Even if they don’t invite me, I will go to the party.
• Whether they invite me or not, I will go to the party.
• Only if you study hard, can you pass all your exams.
• What if she didn’t pay her debt on time?
• Take your umbrella in case it rains.
• If only you had called me, I could have done something on this matter.
• It looks as if it is going to rain.
• She behaves as if she were my mother.
R
WISH CLAUSES
FORM USE EXAMPLE
a İ
Simple Past / Past Continuous /
I wish / If only Wish about a present situation I wish I were in İstanbul now.
T
could + bare infinitive
z
Past Perfect / Past Perfect Wish about a past situation I wish you had kept my
I wish / If only
Continuous / could have + V3 (regret) secret.
lt K
I wish / If only Would + bare infinitive Wish for a future change I wish it would stop raining.
Note: Wish + present / future forms

m
a E
la
IF THE “GH” SOUND IN ENOUGH IS PRONOUNCED
“F” & THE “O” IN WOMEN MAKES THE SHORT “I”
oğ N
SOUND & THE “TI” IN NATION IS PRONOUNCED

“SH” THEN THE WORD
“GHOTI”
R
IS PRONOUNCED JUST LIKE

Ö
“FISH”
Ç
WELCOME TO
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
48
YDT 12 / 02
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES TEST 01
6. NATO’s decision to bomb Yugoslavia ---- if Russia

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi ---- to provide the Serbs with sophisticated
bulunuz. anti-aircraft weapons with which to protect its
cities.
1. Thirty-five percent of democratic voters say A) did not happen / agreed

they could support a democratic candidate that B) could not have happened / would agree
is likely to win ---- they do not agree with him or C) has not happened / agrees
her on most issues.
D) will not have happened / may agree
A) as long as B) even if E) might not have happened / had agreed
C) whether D) provided that
E) in case
7. If marine animals like turtles ---- the plastic
R
instead of the food they need, it ---- their
2. Confucius himself was willing to teach anyone, digestive systems and eventually cause them
regardless of their social standing, ---- they were to starve to death.
eager and tireless.
A) are ingesting / has clogged
A) as though
a İ
B) ingested / had clogged
B) in case
C) ingest / can clog
C) unless
D) as long as
T D) had ingested / will clog
z
E) will ingest / should clog
E) even if
8. If significant amounts of myoglobin ---- into

lt K
3. Madonna, in a recent interview, has said that
life ---- less challenging for her children if they the bloodstream, which can happen after
m
---- her as a mother. severe trauma or muscle injuries, the excess
myoglobin ---- damage to the kidneys and
A) will be / have not had eventually result in kidney failure.
B) is / are not having
A) have released / will cause
a E
la
C) would have been / would not have
B) were released / would have caused
D) had been / had not had
C) had released / would cause
E) would be / did not have
D) are released / may cause
oğ N
E) can be released / has caused

4. The US can become self-sufficient in energy,
but not in oil ---- radical changes are made to
the transport sector. 9. ---- the interruptions caused by the bad weather,
A) as if the construction of the city hall ---- by now.
A) As if / was completed
R
B) despite
C) unless B) Unless / would be completed
D) whether C) But for / could have been completed
E) in case D) Without / will have been completed
E) In case / may have been completed
Ö
5. There have been several incidences that

Ç
resulted in loss of lives, but they ---- if they ----.

10. Until recently, crown land was leased to farmers
A) could have been prevented / had been foreseen ---- they cleared a certain amount each year.
B) would have prevented / were foreseen A) on condition that
C) had been prevented / could have foreseen B) in case
D) may have been prevented / foresaw C) as if
E) would prevent / had foreseen D) whether
E) while
49
YDT 12 / 02
11. ---- you can play your musical instrument 16. If every nation on the face of the Earth ---- as
acoustically, and do not need to plug it into our hard and prepared to maintain peace, as it does
amplifier, will you be allowed to perform at your to prepare for war, there ---- no war.
audition.
A) worked / would be
A) Provided B) As long as B) has worked / will be
C) Unless D) Even if C) had worked / will have been
E) Only if D) would work / could be
E) would have worked / had been
12. More than 300 people have been killed over
the past decade in conflicts over the use of
17. Melinda is having difficulty doing her Physics
land and resources in the Amazon, but most
assignments, and she wishes she ---- more
R
of them ---- alive today if authorities ---- the
attention to the instructions of her teacher in
necessary steps.
class.
A) would have been / took
A) was paying
B) were / were taking
B) had paid
C) have been / are taking
a İ
C) has paid
D) might be / had taken
D) would pay
T
E) are / will take
E) should pay
z
13. If German armies ---- enter Moscow during the
18. ---- an auto mechanic become a bank officer,
Second World War, the course of history ----
this shift ---- a movement from one social status
lt K
different.
to another of higher.
A) were able to / may have been
B) had been able to / could have been
C) are able to / will have been
m
A) If / will constitute
B) Should / constitutes
C) Had / may constitute
D) have been able to / might be
a E
la
D) Were / might have constituted
E) would be able to / had been
E) Will / can constitute
14. Under the warranty period, the manufacturer

oğ N
19. People are advised to carry a firearm whenever

will offer free repair and replacement of
they roam beyond town ---- they should meet up
defective parts ---- you abide by the terms and
with a hungry polar bear.
conditions.
A) if
A) in case
B) unless
B) as though
R
C) as long as
C) even if
D) in case
D) unless
E) provided
E) provided that
Ö
20. Australia’s koala population ---- massive decline

15. Contact lenses ---- practical enough to appeal
unless more ---- to protect them from extreme
Ç
to glasses-wearers if it ---- for the invention of

weather.
plastic.
A) would face / had done
A) would never become / has not been
B) will face / has done
B) will have never become / were not
C) is facing / is being done
C) might have never become / had not been
D) faced / was done
D) could never become / would not be
E) could face / is done
E) may never become / is not
50
YDT 12 / 02
6. Since many factory machines ---- electricity to

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi make items more efficiently, without electricity,
bulunuz. we ---- able to make things at a productive rate.
A) use / would not be
1. The pressure on forests in Southeast Asia and B) used / have not been
Oceania ---- if strict measures ---- to regulate the C) have used / will not be
operations of plantation companies.
D) were using / had not been
A) would continue / did not take E) would have used / were not
B) may continue / had not been taken
C) should continue / have not taken
7. The Mediterranean countries can obtain funding
D) continued / were not taken from IMF ---- they undertake the necessary
R
E) will continue / are not taken economic and political reforms.
A) as if
2. India’s growth could slip further ---- authorities B) on condition that
take steps to address fundamental weaknesses C) unless
in Asia’s third-largest economy.
a İ
D) what if
A) in case B) as if E) whether
C) as though D) unless
T
z
E) as long as
8. In a recent interview, the famous actress
has said: “For me, modelling has been an
3. If a patient with hepatitis A ---- to the hospital, advantage because if I ---- modelling, I ---- as an
lt K
routine infection-control precautions ---- actress.”
transmission to hospital staff.
A) has been admitted / would prevent
m
A) were not / will never have been spotted
B) would not be / may never have been spotted
B) was being admitted / would have prevented C) had not been / would never have been spotted
C) was admitted / may have prevented D) am not / have never been spotted
a E
la
D) is admitted / will prevent E) will not be / might never be spotted
E) would be admitted / could prevent
9. Scientists have warned that if developed
oğ N
4. If the Earth ----, winds ---- either north or south countries ---- their targets, the global temperature
due to differences in temperature and pressure ---- up to 4 degrees Celsius by 2050.
at different latitudes. A) will not revise / may rise
A) does not rotate / may have travelled B) did not revise / had risen
B) is not rotating / will have travelled C) have not revised / is rising
R
C) has not rotated / would have travelled D) do not revise / could rise
D) would not rotate / could travel E) had not revised / must have risen
E) did not rotate / would travel
10. Despite their fearsome appearance, the sharks
Ö
5. ---- governments work on solving the global in the exhibit, like most shark species, are
not aggressive towards humans ---- they are
Ç
warming by proposing tax reduction for eco-cars

or grants on energy-saving housings, the provoked.
problem will not be solved as long as we keep A) in case
on consuming the way we are now.
B) unless
A) Supposing B) Providing C) if
C) In case D) Even if D) whether
E) As if E) only if
51
YDT 12 / 02
11. ---- governments, industry, and NGO’s work 16. ---- the Second World War never happened, how
together, can we halt deforestation, protect different ---- the world be now?
biodiversity and feed the world for generations
A) Were / could
to come.
B) Have / will
A) Provided
C) Had / would
B) Only if
D) Should / may
C) Supposing
E) If / must
D) Even if
E) Unless
17. The country’s widely dispersed population and
dependence on imports will likely continue to
12. In the absence of ideal storage conditions, films hinder its economic development ---- a practical
R
---- for decades as long as they ---- in a stable solution is found.
environment that is not too hot, too dry, or too
wet. A) in case
B) whether
A) have still survived / have kept
C) as long as
a İ
B) will still be surviving / keep
D) only if
C) would still survive / will be kept
E) unless
T
D) can still survive / are kept
z
E) should still survive / had been kept
18. Many more people ---- the seminar next week if
13. If people ---- to evacuate the Titanic as soon as it ---- in national newspapers a few weeks earlier.
lt K
it started to take on water the death count ---- A) will attend / would be announced
minimal.
A) have started / would be
B) started / had been
m
B) would attend / had been announced
C) could have attended / was being announced
D) are going to attend / will have been announced
C) would start / might have been
a E
E) could attend / is being announced

la
D) would have started / could have been
E) had started / would have been
19. I resent this intrusion into my domestic affairs,
and wish everybody ---- one another’s personal
oğ N
14. During a trial, it may seem ---- most of the space.

attention is paid to the defendant and not to the
A) would respect
effects the crime has had on the victim.
B) has respected
A) in case
C) will respect
B) as if
R
D) may have respected

C) even if
E) should have respected
D) providing that
E) unless
20. As a global climate report is released, scientists
Ö
say 70 per cent of the Great Barrier Reef will

15. The Research Station was in a gorgeous still be at risk ---- drastic action is taken to
Ç
location and offered great accommodations, so reduce emissions.

most of us wished we ---- longer.
A) only if
A) could have stayed
B) as long as
B) may stay
C) whether
C) must have stayed
D) as if
D) had to stay
E) even if
E) will have stayed
52
YDT 12 / 02
6. If every country in the world ---- on the gender

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi equality in their laws affecting work, how many
bulunuz. ---- a perfect?
A) were tested / have scored
1. ---- we manage to reduce poverty and to achieve B) would be tested / may have scored
a more equitable distribution of wealth, will we C) were tested / would score
be able to reduce tensions and hopelessness,
D) had been tested / will score
which otherwise might constitute potent roots
for unrest and conflicts. E) is tested / could have scored
A) As long as B) Only if
C) Unless D) Even if
7. The Government has dedicated a lot of time to
E) Providing
R
influenza pandemic planning ---- there should
be an outbreak.
2. Even if there ---- no pollution, the Earth ---- due
A) if B) whether
to trapped solar energy.
C) in case D) as if
A) were / has still been warming up
a İ
E) unless
B) is / has still warmed up
C) had been / may still warm up
D) would be / could still warm up
T
z
8. A group of women from Lincolnshire say they
E) were / would still warm up ---- breast implants ---- they been warned about
all the potential side effects.
lt K
3. If blood ---- high levels of wastes that kidneys A) might never have had / if
are supposed to remove, it ---- a sign of kidney m
B) would never have / were
disease.
C) will never have / should
A) contains / could be
D) would never have had / had
B) has contained / will have been
E) may never have had / provided
a E
la
C) will contain / may be
D) contained / should be
E) would contain / has been
9. ---- any of the participants be found not to
oğ N
have complied with the terms and conditions

4. ---- more is done to improve opportunities in of the program, they shall be automatically
education and training for everyone, there is a disqualified.
growing risk of an increasingly divided society.
A) If
A) Only if B) Were
R
B) Unless C) Had
C) Whether D) In case
D) Provided E) Should
E) As if
Ö
5. You are allowed to use the website and the 10. The report published recently has stated that
Ç
information that it contains ---- you comply with unless a cure for Alzheimer’s ----, more than 48
the stated rules. million caregivers ---- in the future.
A) on condition that A) finds / may be needed
B) unless B) will be found / can be needed
C) as if C) is found / will be needed
D) whether D) will find / might be needed
E) in case E) was found / would have been needed
53
YDT 12 / 02
11. ---- the world reduces emissions of carbon 16. A recent study has found that a heavy workload
dioxide and other greenhouse gases, global is not a problem for many online students ----
temperatures will rise beyond the two-degree they are informed about the workload prior to
Celsius threshold agreed on by many scientists starting the program.
as a critical limit.
A) even if
A) In case B) in case
B) As long as C) whether
C) Whether D) as long as
D) If E) unless
E) Unless
R
12. If a tooth ---- to be severely infected or badly 17. We ---- global challenges unless women ----
decayed, your dentist ---- root canal therapy to fully in efforts to find solutions.
save the tooth from being removed.
A) have not solved / have participated
A) has been found / would recommend
B) will not solve / participated
B) will be found / can recommend
a İ
C) may not solve / will participate
C) was found / had recommended
D) did not solve / had participated
D) may be found / will have recommended
T
E) cannot solve / participate
E) is found / may recommend
z
13. If our atmosphere were thinner, we ---- by
18. If an atom ---- an extra electron, it ---- negatively
harmful rays from the Sun, and the whole
lt K
charged and is known as an anion.
Earth ---- into a desert.
A) would be bombarded / would turn
B) were bombarded / had turned
C) had been bombarded / turned
m
A) gains / becomes
B) will gain / has become
C) can gain / would become
D) had gained / would have become
a E
la
D) may have been bombarded / might turn
E) may gain / should become
E) would have been bombarded / has turned
oğ N
14. ---- you pay attention to unity, elaboration, and

ı
cohesiveness when writing your paragraphs, 19. The argument often used in support of captive
you will be able to write a strong essay. breeding is that ---- endangered animals are not
bred in captivity, there will be none left.
A) Provided that
A) unless
B) Unless
B) if
R
C) In case
C) whether
D) As if
D) in case
E) Even if
E) as if
15. The skeletal system is one of the main systems

Ö
of the human body, and without it, the human 20. Following correct treatment by the physician,
the problem of gingival bleeding ---- easily if the
Ç
body ----.
patient ---- attention to oral hygiene.
A) has not been able to survive
A) is solved / will pay
B) is not able to survive
B) may be solved / had paid
C) was not able to survive
C) will have been solved / paid
D) would not be able to survive
D) can be solved / pays
E) may not have been able to survive
E) could be solved / would pay
54
YDT 12 / 02
6. ---- parts of the body do not get enough blood,

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi they become infected and their tissues die.
bulunuz. A) As if
B) Even if
1. ---- oil companies and environmentalists can C) In case
work together, the future of global energy is
D) If
worryingly unclear.
E) Unless
A) As long as
B) In case
C) As if
7. Unfortunately, not much concern is shown
D) If for the environment − if people ---- more
R
E) Unless responsibly, there ---- so much pollution in the
world.
2. If technology ---- certain jobs like farming, our A) have acted / will not be
living standards ---- no higher than that of 19th B) are acting / must not be
century people.
a İ
C) had acted / may not be
A) has not eliminated / were D) would act / cannot have been
B) would not eliminate / had been
C) does not eliminate / may have been
T E) acted / would not be
z
D) had not eliminated / would be
E) did not eliminate / must have been 8. Some scientists predict that the ozone levels
lt K
---- to their pre-1980’s level around 2050 as long
3. ---- every people on Earth able to express their as every country ---- their obligations.
will without resorting to violence, there ---- no
wars of aggression.
m
A) will return / meets
B) returned / met
A) Had / would have been C) will have returned / had met
a E
la
B) Should / will be D) had returned / would meet
C) Were / would be E) have returned / is meeting
D) If / could be
oğ N
E) Were / may have been

9. I find her rather selfish, and I ---- her more if she
4. ---- the government can survive the current ---- a little consideration for others.
crisis, they are still likely to face enormous
A) will like / is showing
problems soon.
B) like / has shown
R
A) Even if B) Whether
C) might like / had shown
C) In case D) Only if
D) have liked / would show
E) Once
E) would like / showed
Ö
5. In general, grenades are very useful weapons

but ---- you use them wisely; otherwise, they
Ç
can do more harm to your unit than good. 10. My mother is such a wonderful cook that if she
---- a restaurant, I am sure it ---- full every night.
A) even if
A) opened / would have been
B) whether
B) had opened / will have been
C) unless
C) is opening / has been
D) only if
D) were to open / would be
E) in case
E) was opening / had been
55
YDT 12 / 02
11. The doctor warned my father that if he ---- on 16. One of the endangered species that became
eating that much salt, he ---- another heart listed as threatened in 1991, the spotted owl
attack. is likely to become endangered ---- nothing is
done to protect it.
A) insists / has had
B) had insisted / would have A) if
C) insisted / might have B) unless
D) will insist / can have C) as if
E) was insisting / had D) in case
E) once
12. According to the weather report, it could rain

tomorrow, and if it ----, we ---- the trip we 17. If fruit and vegetable juices that comprise
R
planned weeks ago. natural sugar ---- or stored for a long time, the
sugar contained ---- to change into alcohol.
A) does / will have to cancel
B) did / had to cancel A) kept / would tend
C) has done / must cancel B) were kept / will have tended
a İ
D) had done / would have cancelled C) are kept / tends
E) will do / may have to cancel D) had been kept / will tend
T E) had kept / would have tended
z
13. If a person ---- more food than required to meet
the body’s needs, the excess calories ---- into 18. A private enterprise, ---- not backed by
lt K
fat. sponsorship, is not much likely to succeed in
becoming bigger.
A) had consumed / were converted
B) consumes / are converted
C) should consume / are being converted
m
A) even if
B) only if
D) consumed / would have been converted C) as if
a E
la
E) were consuming / had been converted D) in case
E) if
14. No nation can develop ---- every individual

oğ N
is properly educated and understands and 19. The official language of Sudan is English and
shoulders his responsibility for the betterment most people can speak English ---- it were their
of the state. native language.
A) whether A) even if
B) on condition that B) as if
R
C) as if C) provided
D) unless D) supposing that
E) if E) on condition that
Ö
15. Because we have made an agreement, I agree 20. ---- you follow the procedures and obtain the
Ç
to respect your liberty and your rights, but only necessary documents stated on the website,
---- you agree to respect mine. can you get a Germany Employment Visa.
A) even if A) Even if
B) unless B) Provided that
C) as if C) On condition that
D) in case D) Only if
E) on condition that E) As long as
56
YDT 12 / 02 06 GERUNDS & INFINITIVES
Gerunds and infinitives are verbs that act like nouns. They can be either the subject or the object of the sentence.
Gerund: Swimming is my favorite hobby.

Subject Object
I like swimming.
Subject Object
Infinitive: To read a book by that lake is my favorite hobby.

Subject Object
I want to go abroad.
Subject Object
R
Note: It is better to use a gerund as the subject of the sentence.
Deciding between a gerund and an infinitive as an object is much more difficult than the subject itself. You must learn
which verbs are followed by gerunds, infinitives, or both.
a İ
VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS
admit contemplate
T
involve quit tolerate
z
anticipate delay imagine recall understand
appreciate deny keep recollect
avoid discuss mention recommend
lt K
can’t help dislike mind m resent
can’t stand don’t mind miss resist
complete enjoy postpone risk
consider finish practice suggest
a E
la
VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES

oğ N
agree claim expect know prepare tend

ı
appear consent fail learn pretend threaten

arrange decide forget manage promise try
ask demand happen mean seem wait
care deserve hesitate need struggle want
R
choose desire hope offer swear wish
VERBS FOLLOWED BY BOTH GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES WITHOUT A CHANGE IN MEANING

Ö
attempt dislike hate love

Ç
begin continue prefer neglect

can’t bear dread like start
VERBS FOLLOWED BY BOTH GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES WITH A CHANGE IN MEANING

forget mean regret remember stop try
57
YDT 12 / 02
06 GERUNDS & INFINITIVES
Examples:
• I remember lending him a large sum of money but he forgot borrowing it from me.
• Please, remember (don’t forget) to post the letters!
• Being a teacher means having a lot of responsibilities.
• I didn’t mean to hurt you. I just wanted to be honest.
• I regret spending so much time with her. She is not worth it.
• We regret (we are sorry) to tell you that you haven’t got the promotion.
• I stopped writing the assignment because I was so tired.
• We stopped at the gas station to buy some petrol.
• You can try walking to work instead of driving.
• I tried to warn you but you didn’t listen to me.
R
Expressions + Gerund
go + Ving (go swimming, go fishing) / spend / waste
a İ
sit / stand / lie
a waste of time / energy / money
It is worth / not worth
T
z
It is no good / no use + GERUND
There’s no point (in)
lt K
busy
have a good time / trouble / fun / difficulty
can’t / couldn’t help / stand / bear / stop / feel like
m
a E
la
Examples:
• The film is not worth seeing as the main character has quit his job.
• There is no point (in) apologizing to him. He won’t definitely forgive you.
• I can’t help laughing when I hear her silly remarks.
oğ N
• Sometimes, I feel like leaving my whole life behind.
TO as a preposition
due to / owing to
R
look forward to
be / get used to
be / get accustomed to + Ving
Ö
object to
Ç
in addition to
be opposed to
Examples:
• I am strictly opposed to smoking.
• We are looking forward to going abroad.
58
YDT 12 / 02
· PASSIVE GERUND being V3

I appreciate being told the truth.
· PERFECT GERUND having V3

The burglar denies having broken into the house.
· PASSIVE PERFECT GERUND having been V3

I can’t forget having been humiliated at the meeting.
· PROGRESSIVE INFINITIVE to be Ving

She seems to be having a good time.
· PASSIVE INFINITIVE to be V3
I don’t want to be remembered as the person who left you.
R
· PERFECT INFINITIVE to have V3
Jason is claimed to have stolen the jewellery from the shop.
· PERFECT PASSIVE INFINITIVE to have been V3

The book is said to have been completed but I have some doubts.
a İ
· PERFECT PROGRESSIVE INFINITIVE to have been Ving
Our Maths teacher is claimed to have been receiving a psychological treatment for a while.
T
z
VERBS OF PERCEPTION
lt K
hear
watch m
taste + V1
+ sb
feel + Ving
see
notice
a E
la
Examples:
• I saw her take the money. (I saw the whole action.)
oğ N
• I saw her taking the money. (I saw the action partly.)
But passive form: She was seen to take the money.

R
ALWAYS GERUND
smell
find + sb / sth + Ving
Ö
catch
Ç
Examples:
• The police finally caught the kidnapper travelling to Europe.
• She rushed to the kitchen when she smelled something burning.
59
YDT 12 / 02
VERB + PREPOSITION + GERUND

accuse of get used to Examples:
apologize for insist on • He always complained about not being
taken seriously.
believe in look forward to
• I tried to warn her against being
blame for prevent sb. from sth.
kidnapped.
complain about rely on sth.
concentrate on succeed in
congratulate sb. on doing sth. specialize in
cope with stop sb. from
decide against talk about / of
R
depend on think of
dream about / of warn sb. against worry about
a İ
ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + GERUND
T
afraid of glad about Examples:
z
angry about / at happy about / at • I am tired of doing the same chores every
day.
bad at / good at interested in
• I am worried about having some bad
crazy about keen on
lt K
experiences in this city.
disappointed about / at proud of
excited about
famous for
fed up with
sick of
sorry about / for
tired of
m
a E
fond of be used to
la
worried about
oğ N
NOUN + PREPOSITION + GERUND

advantage of idea of Examples:
chance of interest in • The reason for her lying down for weeks
is a contagious disease.
R
choice between method of

• I have doubts about her finishing the
danger of possibility of
project.
difficulty (in) problem of
doubt about reason for
hope of risk of
Ö
way of
Ç
60
YDT 12 / 02
VERB + OBJECT + TO + INFINITIVE

advise invite Example:
allow order • As a teacher, I advised her to receive an
education in her field.
ask permit
• The tolerant attitude of parents enables
beg persuade
the teenagers to move more freely.
cause prefer
command remind
convince request
enable require
encourage teach
R
expect tell
forbid tempt
force urge
get want
a İ
help warn
instruct wish
T
z
ADJECTIVE + TO + INFINITIVE
amazed happy Example:
lt K
anxious hesitant • Are you determined to quit your job?
m
ashamed likely • We are so reluctant to go out today
because of the bad weather.
bound lucky
careful pleased
certain proud
a E
la
delighted ready
determined reluctant
eager sad
oğ N
fortunate surprised
glad sorry
NOUN + TO + INFINITIVE
R
advice permission Example:

appeal plan • His tendency to drink alcohol in every
opportunity makes me crazy.
attempt proposal
• Once I have the motivation to do so, I’ll
chance recommendation
Ö
start working again.

decision refusal
Ç
desire reminder
dream request
goal requirement
motivation suggestion
need tendency
opportunity wish
order way
61
YDT 12 / 02
GERUNDS & INFINITIVES TEST 01
1. - 20. sorularda, cümlede boş bırakılan 6. We stayed that night in the camp ground as it
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi was too late ----, but decided ---- back the next
bulunuz. morning.
A) to return / to head
1. Thought ---- in electoral fraud, Bolivian president B) to be returning / heading
Evo Morales and other high-ranking politicians
C) to be returned / to have headed
are forced ----.
D) being returned / to be heading
A) involving / resigning
E) returning / being headed
B) to be involving / being resigned
C) to be involved / to be resigned
D) to have been involved / to resign 7. During the 1946 flood which endangered the
E) to involve / to have resigned Island of Tuti, the British rulers brought ships
R
and asked the inhabitants ---- the island ----
2. When ---- focus groups in outdoor settings, their lives from the danger.
it is crucial ---- seating in such a way that the
A) leaving / saving
participants can effectively interact with each
other. B) to be leaving / being saved
a İ
C) to leave / to save
A) held / arranging
D) being left / to be saved
B) to be holding / to be arranged
C) holding / to arrange
T E) having left / to have saved
z
D) having held / being arranged
E) to be held / to have arranged 8. Many students dislike ---- to mark other
lt K
students’ work and ---- marks from other
3. China’s numerous small banks are still students.
struggling ---- the finances needed to be able
to offer more loans ---- the slowing economy.
A) to raise / to aid
m
A) having asked / to receive
B) asking / being received
C) to ask / to be received
a E
la
B) to be raised / to be aided D) being asked / receiving
C) being raised / to have aided E) to be asked / to have received
D) raising / aiding
E) to have raised / being aided
oğ N
9. ---- a planet, scientists need ---- two things: how

4. If ignored and allowed ----, a minor leak on your long it takes objects to orbit the planet and how
roof can grow into a major problem which can far away those objects are from the planet.
only be solved by ---- the entire roof. A) To be weighed / to have known
A) to have compounded / to replace B) To have weighed / to be knowing
R
B) compounding / being replaced C) Weighing / knowing

C) being compounded / having replaced D) Being weighed / to be known
D) to be compounded / to be replaced E) To weigh / to know
E) to compound / replacing
Ö
10. The project audio is known ---- in the common

5. Block printing is known ---- in India since at
Ç
“.wav” format with random names, so there is

least 12th century although this method is
no point in ---- for individual audio files.
thought ---- around 2,000 years old.
A) to have recorded / being searched
A) having been used / to being
B) having been recorded / to be searched
B) to have been used / to be
C) to be recorded / searching
C) being used / having been
D) being recorded / having searched
D) to have used / to have been
E) to record / to search
E) to be used / being
62
YDT 12 / 02
11. Taking vitamins and minerals is a great way 16. Infants as young as 12 months are generally
of ---- the metabolism and has been shown ---- acknowledged ---- sensitivity to the grammar
individuals to burn more calories than those needed ---- causative sentences.
who do not.
A) to be having / to be understood
A) to speed up / to have caused B) having / to have understood
B) being speeded up / to be causing C) having had / being understood
C) to be speeded up / being caused D) to have / to understand
D) speeding up / to cause E) being had / understanding
E) having speeded up / to be caused
17. In the future, the economics of Canadian

production are unlikely ----, and most content
R
12. Researchers are reported ---- many tools ---- the will not be profitable ---- without supports.
most difficult problems in computer science.
A) changing / to be produced
A) to create / having solved
B) being changed / to have produced
B) to have created / to solve
C) to be changed / being produced
a İ
C) creating / to be solved
D) to have changed / having produced
D) to be created / solving
E) to change / to produce
E) to be creating / to have solved
T
z
13. Rather than ---- with cross-gender-typed toys, 18. There are so many methods of ---- wrinkles and
girls most often choose ---- with feminine or solving problems pertaining to aging that it is
lt K
neutral toys. difficult ---- which ones will help.
A) to play / being played
B) being played / to be played
m
A) healing / to determine
B) being healed / to be determining
C) to be played / to have played C) to heal / being determined
D) playing / to play D) having healed / to determine
a E
la
E) having played / playing E) to have healed / having determined
14. It is argued that as long as certain countries are

19. If you want ---- better physically and be more
oğ N
allowed ---- nuclear weapons legally, there will

durable, you are strongly advised ---- from
always be an attempt made by other countries
stress.
---- such weapons.
A) being performed / keeping away
A) to possess / to own
B) to perform / to keep away
B) to have possessed / being owned
C) to be performed / being kept away
R
C) possessing / to have owned

D) to have performed / having kept away
D) being possessed / to be owned
E) performing / to be keeping away
E) to be possessed / having owned
Ö
15. The cottage should have been checked by a 20. The residents of the town should stop ---- about
member of staff instead of ---- on details from supportive housing complexes designed ---- the
Ç
the owner as it needs ----. homeless, says Mayor Colin Basran.

A) being relied / to redecorate A) being complained / to be helped
B) to rely / to be redecorated B) to complain / helping
C) having relied / to be redecorating C) to be complaining / to have helped
D) to be relied / having redecorated D) complaining / to help
E) relying / redecorating E) to be complained / being helped
63
YDT 12 / 02
6. Your willingness ---- at your darkness is what

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi empowers you ----.
bulunuz. A) looking / to be changed
B) to look / to change
1. ---- any form of exercise helps the body ----
endorphins, which in turn reduces fatigue, C) to be looking / to have changed
improves quality of sleep, and makes you feel D) being looked / being changed
more relaxed. E) having looked / being changed
A) Being performed / release
B) To perform / being released
C) Having performed / to be released 7. ---- a level of trust within a relationship takes
D) To be performing / having released time, patience and understanding, but when
R
E) Performing / to release that trust has been lost and needs ---- from
scratch, it can be an even longer and more
2. Some psychologists are of the opinion that it is painstaking process.
not a good idea ---- students ---- three months A) To build / to rebuild
off during the summer.
B) Being built / rebuilding
a İ
A) letting / to take C) To have built / being rebuilt
B) being let / to have taken
T
D) Having built / to have rebuilt
C) to let / take
z
E) Building / to be rebuilt
D) to have let / to be taken
E) to be letting / taking
lt K
3. Experts are advising parents against ---- 8. When we are really interested in someone, we
codeine to children, and they would like them do what we can ---- close to them, and without
---- more about its risks.
A) being given / to educate
m
---- it, we mirror their body language.
A) to stay / realizing
B) to be given / being educated B) staying / to realize
a E
la
C) to give / educate C) being stayed / to have realized
D) giving / to be educated D) having stayed / to be realized
E) having given / educating E) stay / being realized
oğ N
4. ---- the diffusion process in real cells is difficult 9. Perhaps one of the most effective ways ---- a
because they are too small ---- easily. habit is ---- it with another.
A) Being observed / to see A) to changing / to be replaced
B) Observing / to be seen B) changing / having replaced
R
C) Having observed / to have seen C) to be changed / being replaced

D) To observe / being seen D) to change / to replace
E) To be observed / having seen E) having changed / replacing
Ö
5. The Chiripas, whose civilization is thought 10. A teacher who admitted ---- exam papers ----
---- from 1500 B.C. to A.D. 200, were the first in her private pupils was jailed for three months
Ç
the Southern Andes ---- a hunters’ lifestyle to yesterday.

become sedentary.
A) to steal / helping
A) to last / being abandoned
B) being stolen / to have helped
B) to have been lasting / to be abandoned
C) having stolen / to be helped
C) being lasted / to have abandoned
D) stealing / to help
D) having lasted / having abandoned
E) to be stealing / being helped
E) to have lasted / to abandon
64
YDT 12 / 02
11. ---- a new language needs patience, dedication 16. People hate ---- what to do, especially in their
and readiness ---- necessary efforts to reach own cars, even if it means ---- other people in
one’s goals. danger.
A) Being learnt / to be put A) telling / to put
B) To learn / having put B) having told / being put
C) Learning / to put C) to be told / having put
D) To have learnt / being put D) to have told / to be put
E) To be learnt / putting E) being told / putting
17. She could not remember ---- the portrait to

12. This robot is good at ---- certain tasks over anyone, nor could she find a reason why
R
and over, but it is not capable of ---- new tasks anyone would have decided ---- it.
very well.
A) having been given / to be preserving
A) doing / learning
B) being given / preserving
B) to do / to learn
C) giving / to be preserved
a İ
C) to be doing / to be learnt
D) having given / to preserve
D) to be done / having learnt
E) to give / being preserved
E) being done / to have learnt
T
z
18. The goal of education is ---- students with the
13. Each character in the story had a defined goal skills they need ---- their own life goals, not to
lt K
and we could see them ---- ---- it, and we saw if retain individuals in a classroom.
they failed or succeeded.
A) being tried / obtaining
m
A) providing / to be achieved
B) to provide / to achieve
B) trying / to obtain C) to be provided / achieving
C) to try / being obtained D) to have provided / being achieved
a E
la
D) try / to be obtained E) being provided / to have achieved
E) having tried / to have obtained
19. Researchers were excited ---- that an Internet-based

oğ N
14. When we were learning ---- a car, we were very aphasia training was easy ---- and a good
aware of the specific processes that were alternative to on-site treatment.
required ---- this task.
A) to find / to use
A) driving / to be performed
B) being found / to have used
B) to have driven / being performed
C) having found / to be used
R
C) having driven / performing

D) to be found / being used
D) to drive / to perform
E) finding / using
E) drive / having performed
Ö
15. The man denied ---- in the deadly crash and 20. Having the ability ---- your surroundings lets
said he has hired a lawyer, who has advised you ---- superior and helps you manage things
Ç
him not ---- to anyone. easily, keeping you free of mental stress.
A) being involved / speaking A) controlling / to feel

B) to involve / being spoken B) being controlled / feeling
C) having been involved / to speak C) to be controlled / to have felt
D) involving / to have spoken D) having controlled / to be felt
E) to be involved / to be spoken E) to control / feel
65
YDT 12 / 02
6. Some American corporations, as a condition

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi of ---- business with an Arab League member,
bulunuz. have agreed not ---- Israel.
A) having done / dealing with
1. Herbal remedies, which can be effective in ---- B) do / being dealt with
headaches without the negative side effects C) to do / to be dealt with
associated with drug medications, have been
D) being done / having dealt with
used for centuries ---- many mild illnesses.
E) doing / to deal with
A) being prevented / curing
B) to be prevented / being cured
C) having prevented / to be cured
D) to prevent / having cured 7. One of the bitter ironies of ---- stressed is the
R
fact that it often makes you ---- more stressed.
E) preventing / to cure
A) to be / being felt
2. To treat the immediate symptoms of chilblains, B) being / feel
it is important ---- the hands and this can be C) having been / to feel
achieved by ---- gloves.
a İ
D) to being / having felt
A) warming up / having put on E) be / to be felt
T
B) to be warmed up / to be put on
C) to warm up / putting on
z
D) warm up / being put on
8. The bank pointed out that the money it sought
E) to have warmed up / to put on
was necessary ---- the cost of ---- the building.
lt K
3. We believe that through sport, we have the A) to cover / demolishing
power ---- lives, so we work hard to inspire and
enable people ---- the power of sport in their
lives.
m
B) covering / to demolish
C) to be covered / being demolished
D) having covered / to have demolished
A) to change / to harness
a E
E) being covered / to be demolished

la
B) being changed / being harnessed
C) changing / to have harnessed
D) to be changed / harness
9. ---- the negative elements of the institutional
oğ N
E) to have changed / harnessing

ı
process, it is essential for the staff ---- adequate

training.
4. The main characters in the novel are torn between
---- the little sister they adore and resenting the A) To have counteracted / to have had
secrets they are constantly forced ----. B) Counteracting / having had
C) Being counteracted / to be having
R
A) being protected / to be kept

B) to protect / keeping D) To counteract / to have
C) having protected / being kept E) To be counteracting / having
D) protecting / to keep
E) to be protected / to have kept
Ö
10. Not everybody enjoys ---- time in the house ----

5. After a long break, we are still looking forward household chores.
Ç
---- their amazing stories and ---- as a family

once again. A) being spent / to do
B) to spend / being done
A) to hear / having reunited
C) having spent / to be done
B) hearing / reuniting
D) to be spent / having done
C) to be heard / to reunite
E) spending / doing
D) to hearing / being reunited
E) having heard / to be reunited
66
YDT 12 / 02
11. Even though probiotics have proved ---- 16. Understanding the most effective way ----
beneficial effects on human health, once they means ---- the process of learning.
are produced, their life span is known ---- to a
A) learning / to understand
couple of hours.
B) to be learnt / being understood
A) to possess / to be reduced
C) being learnt / to have understood
B) having possessed / being reduced
D) to learn / understanding
C) being possessed / to reduce
E) having learnt / to be understood
D) possessing / to have reduced
E) to be possessed / reducing
17. Effective business management necessitates

12. We sat around the table ---- who we are, how we ---- the proper tools ---- things happen.
R
are perceived by the community and how we A) to have / making
would like ----.
B) to be having / being made
A) to discuss / perceiving C) having had / to be made
B) being discussed / to have perceived D) to have had / to be making
a İ
C) discussing / to be perceived E) having / to make
D) having discussed / to perceive
E) to have discussed / being perceived
T
z
18. It may take time to get accustomed to ---- in a
13. It may not be possible ---- all cases of smaller space, but you can still do many of the
musculoskeletal disorders, but there are things things you did as a homeowner, including ----
lt K
you can do to help prevent symptoms ---- worse. a party.
A) preventing / being got

B) to have prevented / to get
m
A) live / being hosted
B) living / hosting
C) to prevent / getting C) be living / to have hosted
D) being lived / to be hosted
a E
la
D) to be prevented / having got
E) being prevented / to be getting E) having lived / to be hosting
oğ N
14. As people start ---- how ---- when they are still 19. If you cannot afford ---- any realistic offer to pay
children, the extent to which they will be able to off the debt, you should seek urgent advice as
read is fixed. to what ----.
A) to be learning / to be read A) making / to be done
B) to learn / being read B) to be made / being done
R
C) being learnt / to have read C) to make / to do

D) having learnt / to be reading D) to have made / doing
E) learning / to read E) being made / to have done
Ö
15. Men of science and philosophers, from very 20. Mosley tried ---- a conflict between blacks and
early times, have attempted ---- life, and even whites because his aim was ---- blacks from
Ç
---- that all living things possess souls. North Kensington.

A) to define / to prove A) to stir up / to drive
B) being defined / being proved B) stirring up / to be driven
C) having defined / having proved C) having stirred up / to have driven
D) defining / proving D) being stirred up / driving
E) to be defined / to be proved E) to be stirred up / being driven
67
YDT 12 / 02
6. Organic gardening actually means ---- the

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi things in your garden correctly ---- pests and
bulunuz. feed your plants rather than using man-made
chemicals.
1. Perhaps the best way of ---- your child’s health A) to be used / being avoided
while they are away at college is ---- by example B) to use / avoiding
at home.
C) having used / to be avoided
A) to influence / having led D) using / to avoid
B) being influenced / to have led E) being used / to have avoided
C) to have influenced / leading
D) influencing / to lead
7. If your baby has constant diarrhea and a failure
E) having been influenced / to be led
R
---- weight, then it would be a good idea ---- the
possibility of lactose intolerance with a medical
2. ---- able to teach your children your own views
professional.
might sound like a great thing for a parent, but
the reality can turn out ---- quite different. A) to be gained / being looked into
B) to have gained / looking into
a İ
A) Being / to be
B) Having been / to have been C) gaining / to be looked into
C) To being / to being D) to gain / to look into
D) To be / being
T E) being gained / to have looked into
z
E) To have been / having been
8. Newborns are generally fairly easy ----;
3. Trying ---- what makes a work compelling, however, once a baby becomes a toddler, ----
lt K
hypnotizing and ultimately great is sometimes them can become very challenging.
too difficult ---- words.
A)
B)
to be pinpointed / putting into
pinpointing / to be put into
m
A) to be fed / being fed
B) feeding / to feed
C) having fed / to be fed
C) to pinpoint / to put into
a E
la
D) to have pinpointed / being put into D) to have fed / having fed
E) being pinpointed / to have put into E) to feed / feeding
4. ---- the right school for your son or daughter

oğ N
9. The method of organic farming has been

ı
can be a difficult process and one that can brought into use ---- water and soil and also
make you ---- stressed if you are unsure what ---- the pollution that can be caused because
the best course of action is. of farming.
A) Having chosen / to feel A) preserving / to be reduced
B) To choose / being felt B) to preserve / to reduce
R
C) Being chosen / feeling C) to have preserved / being reduced

D) To be chosen / to be felt D) to be preserved / reducing
E) Choosing / feel E) having preserved / to have reduced
Ö
5. The end of winter and the beginning of a new 10. At the end of life, many people regret ---- their
summer season is the best time ---- outdoors
Ç
lives ---- to meet others’ expectations, at the

and survey the condition of the yard and make expense of their own wishes and dreams.
that list of things that need ----.
A) to spend / to try
A) to get / to be done
B) having spent / to have tried
B) being got / to have done
C) being spent / having tried
C) to be got / to do
D) to have spent / being tried
D) to have got / being done
E) spending / trying
E) getting / doing
68
YDT 12 / 02
11. We have no power over how other people feel 16. We believe all children deserve ---- the
or see things, yet most people insist on ---- their opportunity ---- who they are and what they
efforts in life on trying ---- others rather than can achieve.
changing their own perspectives.
A) to be given / to discover
A) to waste / changing B) to give / being discovered
B) being wasted / to have changed C) giving / to have discovered
C) wasting / to change D) being given / discovering
D) to be wasted / having changed E) to have given / to be discovered
E) to have wasted / being changed
17. ---- a quick diagnosis and treatment, it is crucial

12. Paying attention to your feelings is the key
R
for patients ---- their own observations about
---- your potential ---- the perfect you in your
their health.
perfect life.
A) Enabling / making
A) to unfold / being manifested
B) Being enabled / to be made
B) to be unfolded / manifesting
a İ
C) To be enabled / being made
C) to have unfolded / to be manifested
D) Having enabled / to have made
D) to unfolding / to manifest
E) unfolding / having manifested
T E) To enable / to make
z
13. You know I can’t stand people ---- their superior 18. As educationalists, we need ---- how we can
lt K
strength ---- someone else. support students in their enthusiasm ---- the
world around them.
A) using / to dominate
B) to be used / dominating
m
A) to be identified / exploring
C) to use / having dominated B) being identified / to have explored
C) to identify / to explore
a E
D) to have been used / being dominated

la
E) being used / to be dominated D) to have identified / being explored
E) identifying / to be explored
oğ N
14. She was just about ---- hope when two men
showed up ---- her from the underground prison 19. Researchers are reported ---- a new way
of human trafficking. ---- moving objects with the unconventional
A) to be given up / being rescued imaging method known as ghost imaging.
B) giving up / rescuing A) to be developed / of capturing
R
C) having given up / to have rescued B) to have developed / to capture

D) to give up / to rescue C) to develop / of being captured
E) being given up / to be rescued D) being developed / capturing
E) having developed / to be captured
Ö
15. If you have trouble ---- any of these problems,

20. Repairers usually work with little or no
Ç
you should plan ---- tutorials prior to the test.

supervision, so they must be good at ---- with
A) to solve / attending customers ---- their income.
B) to have solved / being attended A) having dealt / to be increased
C) solving / to attend B) to deal / being increased
D) to be solved / having attended C) to be dealt / increasing
E) being solved / to be attended D) to have dealt / to have increased
E) dealing / to increase
69
07 NOUN CLAUSES & REPORTED SPEECH YDT 12 / 02
Subject Position:
What you are talking about doesn’t concern me.
Subject Verb Object
Object Position:
I don’t know whether she is coming with us (or not).
Subject Verb Object
QUESTION WORDS USED IN NOUN CLAUSES

what how whatever Examples:
when how many whenever • I have no idea where she lives.
whom how often whomever • Can you tell me the reason why
R
you’re always snoring?
where how long whoever
• How much it will cost depends on
which / what kind of how much whichever
the quality of it?
why how far wherever
• Whoever leaves late should lock the
whose however door.
a İ
who
VERBS OFTEN FOLLOWED BY NOUN CLAUSES WITH
T
z
QUESTION WORDS OR WHETHER / IF
know forget
lt K
want to know explain
wonder find out
remember
believe
figure out
determine
m
hear decide
a E
la
ask demonstrate
show say
discover
oğ N
USE OF NOUN CLAUSES WITH QUESTION WORDS AND WHETHER / IF

After certain verbs I don’t know whether / if she is coming to the party (or not).
After certain adjectives I am not sure when the package will arrive here.
R
After adjective + preposition I am curious about whether she will pass the exam (or not).
After certain nouns I have doubts if everything is going to be alright.
As the subject of the sentence What I will order for the dinner depends on the price.
Ö
In sentences starting with impersonal “it” It is not obvious how he dealt with the matter.
Ç
Note 1 : If she is coming (or not) isn’t known yet.

Whether she is coming (or not) isn’t known yet.
Note 2 : We are not sure about if we will win the race (or not).
We are not sure about whether we will win the race (or not).
Note 3 : We don’t know if or not she is coming.

We don’t know whether or not she is coming.
70
YDT 12 / 02
07 NOUN CLAUSES & REPORTED SPEECH
USE OF NOUN CLAUSES WITH “THAT”

After certain verbs He alleged that the government would impose new taxes.
After certain adjectives I’m so happy that you are all here.
After certain nouns It’s a miracle that the baby is so healthy.
The problem with my German is that I cannot pronounce some of the
After noun / noun phrase + be
words.
After impersonal “it” It is unfair that poor kids cannot wear new brand clothes.
After “the fact” The fact that he won the elections doesn’t mean he is a good leader.
R
The announcement that the interest rates will fall down sounds so
After certain expressions
unbelievable to me.
As the subject of the sentence That I often wear these trousers doesn’t mean I’m poor.
Note : He is responsible for that the child was kidnapped.
a İ
He is responsible for the fact that the child was kidnapped.
Some verbs we can use with “that”:
T
z
think say
believe admit
expect argue
lt K
decide reply m
hope agree
know claim
understand deny
suppose mention
a E
guess answer
la
imagine complain
feel explain
remember promise
forget suggest
oğ N
allege rumour
• I knew that I had seen her somewhere before.
Note : Tell and some other verbs of saying must always have a direct object.
R
tell
convince
persuade
Ö
inform
remind
Ç
• I tried to tell them that they should stop smoking.
71
YDT 12 / 02
07 NOUN CLAUSES & REPORTED SPEECH
Some nouns we can use with “that”:

advice idea Examples:
belief fact • She made a promise that she would do all she
claim advantage could to help.
feeling effect • I have the advantage that I’m younger than my
argument possibility rivals.
hope chance
promise danger
report evidence
guess problem
opinion difficulty
R
Some adjectives we can use with “that”:
pleased excited Example:
sorry glad • I’m excited that you’re coming back.
happy disappointed
a İ
unhappy afraid
sad
TENSE AGREEMENT IN NOUN CLAUSES
T REDUCTION OF NOUN CLAUSES
z
Present → Present / Future / Past
I don’t know how I can make a cake.
Past → Past
lt K
how to make a cake.
I know that he is a liar.

the boss will promote me.
it wasn’t a secret.
m
Could you tell me where I can find a pharmacist’s?
where to find a pharmacist’s?
a E
la
I knew that he bought another car.
he had left the course before we got there.
Prefixation
oğ N
Here they come

again. These guys
R
always try to start

something.
Ö
Ç
72
YDT 12 / 02
NOUN CLAUSES & REPORTED SPEECH TEST 01
6. In a recent interview, NASA administrator Jim

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi Bridenstine ---- that the space agency
bulunuz. ---- humans to fly to Mars by 2035.
A) has claimed / had enabled
1. There has been controversy over ---- adult B) was claiming / will have enabled
humans grow new neurons, but some research
C) claimed / would enable
has previously suggested ---- the adult brain is
hard-wired and adults do not grow new neurons. D) claims / has enabled
E) had claimed / will be enabling
A) what / if B) how / whose
C) whether / that D) why / which
E) where / whether
7. After they reviewed all the evidence, the
R
committee agreed without reservation ---- the
2. It has long been known ---- Cairo is the most problems had been caused by irresponsible
populous city on Earth, but no one knew behaviour of some of the employees.
exactly ---- populous it was until last month. A) which B) that
A) how / how much C) of which D) what
a İ
B) where / how many E) how many
C) when / how far
D) that / how
T
z
E) why / how little 8. In order to understand ---- energy is consumed
during the process, ---- the process is handled
must be addressed first.
lt K
3. The concept of crime arouses much interest,
A) how much / how
yet its understanding as to ---- it occurs and
---- we can do about it has often remained a
problem.
m
B) what / that
C) that / where
A) how / how D) how many / whether
a E
la
B) when / whom E) how / what
C) where / when
D) who / which
9. ---- they will scale up their orders to pre-2018
oğ N
E) why / what
ı
levels depends on ---- the changes we have

proposed will be fully implemented.
4. If you are unsure of the condition of the A) How / that
asbestos and cannot decide ---- action you
should take, you must seek specialist advice B) However / what
from either an asbestos surveyor, a laboratory C) The fact that / how
R
or a licensed contractor. D) Whether / whether

A) what B) how E) That / when
C) whose D) when
E) that
Ö
10. Many of us seem to be startled with the idea ----

---- we have always thought to be right may in
Ç
5. Depending on their region, brewers used fact be wrong.

different ingredients in varying quantities,
which explains ---- so many regional beers A) if / who
emerged. B) whether / the fact that
A) where B) why C) how / that
C) which D) that D) which / whether
E) whether E) that / what
73
YDT 12 / 02
11. Unfortunately, many people are not aware of ---- 16. The fundamental nature of economic activity has
certain drugs they use will cause side effects been transformed into ---- can be characterized
later in life and lead to other health problems. as an age of flux, ambiguity and discontinuity.
A) where A) that B) which
B) the fact that C) who D) what
C) whose E) how
D) that
E) how many
17. Because they could not agree on ---- should
12. The Head of Forecasting at Met Éireann said captain the ship, they could not determine ----
---- it was impossible to predict ---- Hurricane direction to go and a great fight erupted.
R
Lorenzo would affect Ireland. A) how / which
A) if / whether B) what / how many
B) that / what C) which / how much
C) when / when D) where / whose
a İ
D) that / how E) who / what
E) when / why
T
z
13. New home buyers are often in a dilemma over 18. A fire aboard a Russian navy research
---- they should apply for a loan from a housing submersible killed 14 crew members, but
finance company or a bank. the ministry gave no detail about ---- type of
lt K
a vessel it was and ---- crew members were
A) how
aboard at the time.
B) why
C) whether
D) that
m
A) which / whose
B) when / which
C) where / how much
a E
E) what
la
D) what / how many
E) why / when
14. Researchers have revealed ---- the number
of mitochondria in a cell is, in great part,
oğ N
associated with ---- the cancer responds to

drug therapy. 19. Nothing she does will improve the circumstances
A) how many / why she is facing, ----?
B) how / the fact that A) doesn’t she
C) why / which B) isn’t she
R
D) that / how C) won’t they

E) how often / what D) will it
E) will she
15. In an era characterised by financial uncertainty,
Ö
small and medium-sized businesses need to

be careful and selective about ---- they should
Ç
20. Scientists have unearthed new evidence in

spend their money.
Greece proving ---- the island of Naxos was
A) where inhabited by Neanderthals and earlier humans
B) the fact that at least 200,000 years ago.
C) why A) when B) why
D) what C) whom D) where
E) which E) that
74
YDT 12 / 02
6. The population crisis is magnified by ---- most

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi countries have seen massive migration to their
bulunuz. cities by people who are desperate for work.
A) whether
1. Researchers are exploring how carbon moves B) which
between Earth’s interior, surface and atmosphere, C) the fact that
---- deep it exists, and in ---- forms.
D) what
A) how much / whose E) whom
B) why / which
C) which / how many
7. A state official stated that the new legislation
D) how far / how much
---- employee and employer stakeholders equal
R
E) how / what say in how their pension plans ----.
A) has given / had been managed
2. It has long been argued ---- a policy limiting B) would give / were managed
human density is ---- India needs for its C) gave / are managed
a İ
flood-prone cities.
D) had given / managed
A) why / that E) gives / manage
B) how / how much
T
z
C) that / what
8. A study published in The New England Journal
D) when / the fact that
of Medicine found that those who ---- beta
E) whose / which carotene for five to eight years ---- more likely
lt K
to die from lung cancer or heart disease.
m
3. If you are a beginner prose writer and still A) have taken / would be
have not decided ---- literary form you want to B) would take / will be
use, you may have some doubts as to ---- you C) were taking / had been
should choose a shorter or longer kind of text
a E
la
D) have been taking / have been
to work on.
E) had taken / were
A) what / who B) how / whom
C) that / what D) which / whether
oğ N
E) whose / when 9. The Battle of Yorktown, which was a

decisive battle that turned the table during the
Revolutionary War, took place in ---- we know
4. Once you have determined ---- you need to today as Virginia.
save, the question of ---- you will keep your A) what
money rears its head.
R
B) which
A) how / what C) how
B) how much / where D) why
C) how many / when E) that
D) what / whom
Ö
E) which / how long

10. A new technology developed by scientists
Ç
taking part in the Active Fire Mapping program

5. ---- we think a job requires of the employee may will tell us ---- forest fires are and ---- they behave.
not always be ---- really works for achieving A) when / what
success.
B) that / when
A) What / what B) When / how C) whether / why
C) Whether / why D) How often / whose D) where / how
E) Why / whether E) how often / how long
75
YDT 12 / 02
11. Regardless of ---- you can give or do, it really 16. Miles per gallon will not tell you ---- the car can
means so much to ---- charity you choose to go, just as wattage does not indicate ---- UV
support. light a lamp will produce.
A) what / whenever A) that / the fact that
B) how much / whichever B) how / when
C) how / whomever C) how fast / how much
D) where / whatever D) whether / what
E) whether / whomsoever E) where / that
12. In her autobiography, Oakley wrote ---- the 17. Nobody has an answer to the question of why
theme of her window was at first Italian bad things happen to good people, ----?
R
literature, but did not mention ---- idea it was.
A) has it
A) whether / whom B) does it
B) how / what C) does he
C) where / why D) has he
a İ
D) why / how E) do they
E) that / whose
T 18. The major finding of the study conducted on
z
13. Their bitterness which they felt against the the employees of the factory is ---- irrespective
destroyers of their empire was ---- urged Greek of ---- one does to improve or degrade
controversialists to seek for another solution to conditions, productivity goes up.
the problem that obsessed them.
lt K
A) how / which
A) how
B) who
C) what
m
B) who / why
C) that / what
D) whether / how
D) whom E) whatever / whether
a E
la
E) which
19. ---- is learned through social interaction has
14. People have to understand ---- important it a massive effect on ---- one’s life is lived,
oğ N
is for kids to be nurtured by their mom and the values they hold, and the behaviour they
ı
dad, and ---- children should get the great role exhibit.
modelling when they are young.
A) That / why
A) whether / whose B) What / how
B) how / that C) Who / what
R
C) how much / what D) The fact that / whom

D) why / which E) Whichever / whose
E) how long / how many
20. A doctor investigated ---- an insufficient amount
15. A group of students conducted a survey in of dopamine in the brain causes Parkinson’s
Ö
order to find out ---- people used Advanced disease and concluded ---- it must be caused by
Ç
Transit and ---- kind of experience they had. something other than a lack of dopamine in
the brain.
A) which / how
B) what / how many A) whether / that
C) whose / how much B) how / what
D) why / what C) how often / when
E) how often / that D) how much / why
E) that / whether
76
YDT 12 / 02
6. Now that we have speculated about ---- the

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi Earth was formed, we should give some
bulunuz. thought as to ---- it was formed.
A) that / where
1. ---- makes tomorrow’s choice difficult for Iran is B) how long / how
that it must decide on ---- side they support. C) how / when
A) That / which D) when / what
B) Who / how E) the fact that / why
C) The fact that / whom
D) Whomever / where 7. ---- malaria is a disease that can be controlled
E) What / whose by good management of the environment where
R
the vector breeds makes effective management
of land, water and farming practices a must.
2. She is trying to figure out ---- water each of the
restaurants in the downtown area uses per day A) The fact that
on average. B) How
C) When
a İ
A) how
B) how long D) Why
C) how many
T E) Whether
z
D) how much
E) how often 8. We need to understand ---- moths flourish and
---- needs to be done to protect them to make
sure they can thrive.
lt K
3. We still do not know ---- hornbills, a group of
large birds, live, but everything indicates ---- it A) what / where
is potentially quite long.
m
B) why / who
A) how long / that C) where / which
B) where / why D) how / what
a E
la
C) when / what E) when / that
D) how / whether
E) whose / how 9. By the end of my PhD, I had become slightly
oğ N
obsessed with the idea ---- we will never truly

ı
understand ---- cellular regulatory networks

4. In this paper, we suggest, contrary to ---- most generate the vast diversity of cell types that
studies argue, ---- the public’s attitude toward exist in the human body.
railroads is negative rather than positive.
A) when / how many
A) the fact that / why
B) where / what
R
B) how / when
C) that / how
C) whom / how often
D) why / how long
D) who / which
E) what / how much
E) what / that
Ö
10. In general, one’s reaction to ---- happens is

5. An example relevant to the leisure market is
Ç
based on ---- consequences they imagine it will

that ---- the respondents are with will have an have.
effect on ---- sort of things that they do.
A) when / which
A) where / which
B) who / whose
B) who / what
C) whom / the fact that
C) why / whose
D) what / what
D) when / how
E) how / whether
E) how often / that
77
YDT 12 / 02
11. Before removing a vehicle involved in an 16. A recurring issue in discussions on development
accident from the roadway, a driver must first is ---- the main focus of development strategies
ascertain ---- any injuries or fatalities have should be placed on growth, poverty, or
occurred. inequality.
A) whether B) whomever A) how B) what
C) how many D) whatever C) whether D) whom
E) where E) whose
12. Humans comprehend the actions of others 17. If an employer and employee cannot agree on
by making inferences about their intentional ---- the vacation will be taken, the employer sets
mental states, but little is known about ---- this the vacation date.
R
capacity develops and ---- this is shared with
other animals. A) how much
B) what
A) when / what
C) that
B) how / whether
D) the fact that
a İ
C) where / how much
E) when
D) why / which
E) how much / how long
T
z
18. In the debate about ---- control should be
present in society, one argument has been ----
13. The hands of a newly discovered dinosaur there must be a limit to the control executed by
lt K
species ---- fresh support for the notion that decision-making bodies.
birds ---- closely related to dinosaurs.
A) provided / would be
B) provide / will be
m
A) whose / whether
B) whom / where
C) what / if
a E
C) had provided / had been

la
D) how much / that
D) will provide / were
E) how / what
E) have provided / are
oğ N
19. An investigation into ---- wheelchair users are

14. The strength of gravity depends on ---- away killed in car-pedestrian crashes has found ----
one object is from another, which is ---- the they are a third more likely to die than
same object does not weigh the same on non-wheelchair users.
different planets.
A) how often / that
R
A) how much / when

B) how many / what
B) how / how
C) how long / when
C) how long / that
D) how much / if
D) how often / the fact that
E) whose / whether
Ö
E) how far / why

Ç
20. One of the biggest advantages of a computer

15. Most organizations hardly make an effort to network is ---- it allows individuals to
re-engage their customers once the sales collaborate on numerous types of projects.
process is done, ----?
A) whether B) why
A) does it B) do they
C) if D) what
C) isn’t it D) don’t they
E) that
E) is it
78
YDT 12 / 02
6. Geologists cannot agree on ---- the Anthropocene

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi period began, and stratigraphers are still
bulunuz. debating ---- it is in fact a geologic era at all.
A) which / if
1. Neuropsychological testing can help your B) why / that
doctor find out ---- a problem with your brain C) how / how often
is affecting your ability to reason, concentrate,
D) when / whether
solve problems, or remember.
E) how far / when
A) how much
B) when
C) how 7. Experts suggest ---- more research should be
carried out on ---- pigs respond to stress linked
D) whose
R
to fatigue, heat and cold.
E) the fact that
A) if / whether
B) why / which
2. The information they have gathered may help
determine ---- and ---- the next landslide in the C) that / how
a İ
area will be triggered. D) whether / whose
A) where / what E) the fact that / whom
B) whether / which
T
z
C) why / whom 8. Ever since the 16th century, when Nicolas
D) who / where Copernicus demonstrated ---- the Earth
revolved around the Sun, scientists have
lt K
E) when / how
worked tirelessly to understand ---- the
m
relationship between these two bodies in
3. Even a look at the creation of human beings mathematical terms is.
and a study of ---- that complex system works
A) if / how
makes one appreciate mechanical engineering
as a discipline. B) whether / that
a E
la
C) that / what
A) if B) which
D) how / whether
C) when D) where
E) how long / when
E) how
oğ N
4. When researching colleges, make sure you 9. Once a plan is implemented, you should
find out ---- it takes to graduate from a specific determine ---- the plan needs to be updated and
school in four years. in ---- amount.
A) when B) what A) how much / whose
R
C) who D) which B) whether / that

E) whom C) who / which
D) where / when
5. ---- carries out the risk assessment must have E) how often / what
Ö
a sufficient level of knowledge, training and

expertise.
Ç
10. An important clinical question going forward

A) Whoever with many respiratory diseases is ---- men and
B) Whichever women should be treated differently.
C) Whenever A) what B) whether
D) Whatever C) that D) which
E) Whomsoever E) the fact that
79
YDT 12 / 02
11. The government has vast control over ---- of 16. ---- people regard themselves as functionally
your paycheque goes home with you and ---- blind, or as having low vision is highly
your taxes are used for. dependent on ---- they have incorporated their
vision loss into their own social identity.
A) which / why
B) what / when A) The fact that / why
C) how / if B) How / whether
D) how many / whether C) That / if
E) how much / what D) Whether / how
E) How many / how much
12. We will make sure ---- you are involved every
step of the way, integrating your ideas as to ---- 17. Officials must investigate ---- warnings were not
R
must be done to get the best possible effect. heeded by the public and assure citizens ----
A) that / what such horror will not come back.
B) if / who A) if / whether
C) whether / which B) why / that
a İ
D) when / how many C) where / why
E) where / how much D) whether / how
T E) when / if
z
13. To obtain water sustainability, the planners
have to envisage how climate interacts with
various aspects of water cycle, ----? 18. ---- is required of you in the Information
Technology industry is mostly related to ----
lt K
A) have they you learn in class.
B) don’t they
C) doesn’t it
D) does it
m
A) That / how
B) Who / that
C) When / which
E) do they
a E
D) How much / where

la
E) What / what
14. The question as to ---- proved and demonstrated
---- the Earth is actually round or an oblate
19. Interfacing with scientists outside your own
oğ N
spheroid is still a matter of speculation.

ı
discipline can alter ---- one sees things and it

A) what / whether
brings enormous benefit.
B) where / if
A) that
C) how / why
B) how
D) who / that
R
C) where
E) whom / how
D) why
E) the fact that
15. One of the major disadvantages of making golf
carts available to your members is ---- they
can be highly destructive to the grass on your
Ö
20. ---- it makes sense to negotiate and ---- effort to

course. put into it depend on how satisfactory you find
Ç
A) that the end results.

B) whether A) Whether / how much
C) when B) Why / how many
D) how C) When / which
E) if D) If / what
E) That / how
80
YDT 12 / 02 08 ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
ADJECTIVE ADVERB
happy happily
swift swiftly
-ly adverbs
beautiful beautifully
wide etc. widely etc.
good well
fast fast
hard hard
late late
early early
irregular adverbs
high high
far far
R
long long
wide wide
daily / weekly / monthly etc. daily / weekly / monthly etc.
ADJECTIVES
a İ
USE EXAMPLE
T
z
before nouns an easy exam, a tall boy, a long table etc.
after verbs like “be / become / get” getting dark, remain silent, become old etc.
after linking / sense verbs taste delicious, look tired, seem nice etc.
lt K
after indefinite pronouns nothing exciting, somewhere peaceful etc.
m
ADVERBS
a E
la
USE EXAMPLE
adverbs modifying verbs She spoke very quickly so nobody could understand what she said.
adverbs modifying adjectives She is unbelievably intelligent.
oğ N
adverbs modifying adverbs He plays football incredibly successfully.

adverbs modifying whole sentence Obviously, she cheated during the examination.
PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES
R
Present Participle Past Participle Present Participle Past Participle

alarming alarmed frustrating frustrated
aggravating aggravated fulfilling fulfilled
amazing amazed gratifying gratified
Ö
amusing amused horrifying horrified

annoying annoyed humiliating humiliated
Ç
astonishing astonished inspiring inspired

astounding astounded insulting insulted
bewildering bewildered interesting interested
boring bored intriguing intrigued
captivating captivated irritating irritated
challenging challenged mystifying mystified
charming charmed moving moved
comforting comforted overwhelming overwhelmed
81
YDT 12 / 02
08 ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS
Present Participle Past Participle Present Participle Past Participle

concerning concerned perplexing perplexed
confusing confused perturbing perturbed
convincing convinced pleasing pleased
depressing depressed puzzling puzzled
devastating devastated relaxing relaxed
disappointing disappointed satisfying satisfied
discouraging discouraged shocking shocked
disgusting disgusted sickening sickened
distressing distressed soothing soothed
disturbing disturbed surprising surprised
embarrassing embarrassed tempting tempted
R
enchanting enchanted terrifying terrified
encouraging encouraged threatening threatened
energizing energized thrilling thrilled
entertaining entertained tiring tired
exasperating exasperated touching touched
exciting excited troubling troubled
a İ
exhausting exhausted unnerving unnerved
fascinating fascinated unsettling unsettled
flattering flattered
T upsetting upset
z
frightening frightened worrying worried
Examples:
• The dog frightened us. (verb)
lt K
• It was frightening. (active meaning)
• We were frightened by the dog. (passive meaning)
ADVERBS WITH TWO FORMS AND DIFFERENCES IN MEANING

m
a E
la
Late : Today, I’ll go home late.
Lately : The prices have increased lately.
Last : I came last in the race.

oğ N
Lastly : Lastly, I’d like to sum up the whole topic.
Deep : Don’t go deep in the sea. It can be dangerous.

Deeply : I was deeply hurt when I heard those remarks.
Free : I can travel free with this card.

R
Freely : She can go freely wherever she likes.
High : I threw the ball high into the sky.

Highly : He is a highly opportunist man.
Ö
Direct : This bus goes direct to İstanbul.

Directly : You should apply directly to the assistant manager.
Ç
Hardly / Scarcely / Barely

1. Almost not: I hardly / scarcely / barely have any money.
2. With difficulty: We could hardly / scarcely / barely avoid the accident.
82
YDT 12 / 02
Almost / Nearly / Practically / Virtually (Neredeyse)

• I nearly / almost / practically / virtually dropped the antique vase.
Too / Enough
Too + adj + to + V1
• It is too hot for me to work today. (Bugün hava çalışamayacağım kadar sıcak.)
Enough
Adj + enough + to + V1
• She is not strong enough to carry that heavy bag. (O ağır poşeti taşıyacak kadar güçlü değil.)
R
Fairly / Quite / Rather / Pretty (Oldukça)
Fairly → Genellikle olumlu anlamdaki sıfat ve zarflarla kullanılır.
A fairly tall girl.
Quite → Genellikle olumlu anlamdaki sıfat ve zarflarla kullanılır.
a İ
Quite an expensive car.
Rather → Genellikle olumsuz anlamdaki sıfat ve zarflarla kullanılır.
A rather boring film. / Rather a boring film.
T
z
Pretty → Genellikle olumlu anlamdaki sıfat ve zarflarla kullanılır.
A pretty modern city.
lt K
So … adj / adv … that − result sentence m
• She is so beautiful that everybody admires her.
• He played so badly in the last match that he lost it.
Such … adj + noun / noun … that − result sentence

a E
la
• It was such a delicious meal.
• Media has such incredible power on public.
oğ N
Not: With “many, much, little, few etc.”:

• I have so many books that everybody wants to borrow from me. = I have such a lot of books that everybody
wants to borrow from me.
• He is so tall a person that he can be a good basketball player. = He is such a tall person that he can be a good
basketball player.
R
• He is not so rude as to shout at his teacher. = He is not such a rude person as to shout at his teacher.
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

İki öge arasında karşılaştırma yaparken:
Ö
Fast - faster Beautiful - more beautiful

Tall - taller Quickly - more quickly
Ç
Short - shorter Pretty - prettier / more pretty
• A packet of cigarettes is more expensive than a bottle of milk.

• He speaks English more fluently than any native speaker.
83
YDT 12 / 02
As adj / adv as
İki öge arasında karşılaştırma yaparken:
As adjective / adverb as
• Alice does her job as meticulously as Sarah.
Eğer cümle olumsuzsa “so adjective / adverb as” de kullanılabilir.
• Jane is not as / so kind as Sue.
İkiden fazla öge arasında en üstünlük derecesi bildirirken:

Fast - the fastest Beautiful - the most beautiful
Tall - the tallest Quickly - the most quickly
R
Short - the shortest Pretty - the prettiest / the most pretty
Press 1 for English. Press
a İ
2 to be disconnected until
you learn English.
T
z
lt K
m
a E
la
oğ N
Superlative yapılarda cümle sonunda yer alan ve en üstünlük derecesinin sınırını belirleyen bazı yapılar
önemlidir.
in İstanbul, in the class, in the world, of all, I’ve ever etc.

R
• Dennis is the most hard-working student of all / of the three.
İki öge arasında en üstünlük derecesi bildirmek için “the comparative” kullanılır.
• - Which one of the two is your husband?
- The taller one.
Ö
Ç
The comparative, the comparative (Ne kadar … ise o kadar …)

• The older I get, the fatter I become.
İyelik bildiren yapılardan sonra gelen superlative’de “the” kullanılmaz.

• My best friend
The same + noun + as

• These shoes are roughly the same size as those ones.
84
YDT 12 / 02
Different from (-den farklı) / similar to (-e benzer)

• Megan is different from Sheila in that the former is much taller.
• Carrie is similar to Jack in terms of height.
Comparative pekiştireçleri
Much a bit
no
Far → ÇOK a little → BİRAZ → HİÇ even → BİLE
any
A lot slightly
• He is much more successful than the other candidates.
R
• He speaks Italian even more effectively than any Italian.
• It’s no cheaper than yours.
Superlative için pekiştireç olarak sadece “by far” kullanılır.

• I am by far the best basketball player in our team.
a İ
T
z
lt K
m
a E
la
oğ N
“Rhythm” is the
R
longest English word

without a vowel.
Ö
Ç
85
YDT 12 / 02
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS TEST 01
6. There is nothing ---- the sight and sound of

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi flowing water, especially when the light falling
bulunuz. on it is filtered through the branches of trees.
A) soothing enough
1. The cell is ---- structural and functional unit of B) the most soothing
living organisms, which can exist on its own. C) so soothing that
A) small enough D) such soothing as
B) smaller than E) as soothing as
C) the smallest
D) so small 7. Many problems for African agriculture relate to
E) as small as infrastructure and governance – issues that are
R
---- broader in scope, but must be addressed
in an integrated way to produce agricultural
2. One of ---- developments in palaeontology in development.
recent years has been the discovery that, ----
A) so
birds, dinosaurs possessed feathers.
B) most
a İ
A) more surprising / such as
C) much
B) the most surprising / like
D) more
C) surprising enough / too
T E) as
z
D) the least surprising / as
E) so surprising / so
8. Commercials have ---- a huge impact on our lives
---- we do not mind spending our hard-earned
lt K
3. Recent tests of 5G have produced top speeds money on products that we do not even need.
of 4GB per second, which is ---- to download a
50GB game in two minutes.
A) too fast
m
A) such / that
B) more / than
C) rather / than
a E
la
B) so fast that D) so / that
C) such fast as E) as / as
D) as fast as
E) fast enough
oğ N
9. Steel plant workers are ---- with the pay rise

ı
offered to them ---- they are thinking of going

on strike.
4. While both monkeys and apes can use sounds
and gestures to communicate ----, apes have A) so disappointing / that
demonstrated ---- ability with language. B) more disappointed / than
R
A) effectively / higher C) as disappointed / as

B) effective enough / so high D) less disappointing / than
C) as effectively as / such a high E) so disappointed / that
D) effective / the highest
10. As critics and readers have frequently pointed
Ö
E) effectively enough / as high

out, she looks ---- in photographs and in person
Ç
---- she does in drawings of her personae.

5. From its humble beginnings in the 1950s, the
A) attractive / so
Carnival has grown into one of the world’s top
outdoor street festivals and is ---- the largest B) as attractive / that
event of its kind in Europe. C) the most attractive / as
A) slightly B) far D) more attractive / than
C) most D) by far E) so attractive / that
E) very
86
YDT 12 / 02
11. The Amazon is the largest river by volume, and 16. Some people taking painkillers for a long time
its basin is home to the Amazon Rainforest, the develop an addiction, and ---- they take the
world’s ---- and ---- biological reservoir. medicine, ---- it gets to stop.
A) richer / varied enough A) the longer / the more difficult
B) richest / most varied B) so long / more difficult
C) the richest / the more varied C) as long / as difficult
D) rich / as varied as D) the longest / the most difficult
E) the richer / the most varied E) longest / most difficult
12. According to a new report, parents find caring 17. For me, terrorism is among ---- phenomena in
R
for their children much ---- the work they do for the contemporary geopolitical world.
a pay-check. A) as disturbing
A) the most exhausting B) so disturbing that
B) more exhausting than C) the least disturbed
a İ
C) as exhausted as D) the most disturbing
D) the least exhausting E) such a disturbed
E) less exhausted than
T
z
18. Although it is ---- common to get a cold in the
winter months, people can also get colds in the
13. Some fibres, such as silk, are not ---- to withstand
lt K
summer.
pressure and will split with minimal use. m
A) much more
A) too strong
B) as much as
B) so strong that
C) many more
C) as strong as
D) as many as
a E
la
D) strong enough
E) by far the most
E) stronger than
oğ N
19. More and more people are leaving Canada as it

14. Health literacy can be defined ---- the capacity is ---- to survive there and the average working
that an individual has to access and ---- use person can ---- make ends meet.
health-related information.
A) difficult enough / approximately
A) like / most effectively
B) as difficult / barely
R
B) as / effectively
C) more difficult / virtually
C) both / so effective as
D) the most difficult / practically
D) just / effective enough
E) too difficult / hardly
E) so / too effective
Ö
Ç
20. Tulips belong to the ---- family ---- lilies, and are
15. Some secrets have ---- devastating consequences relatives of the family that includes onions.
---- people are basically forced into lies.
A) more / than
A) so / that B) same / as
B) as / as C) so / that
C) more / than D) similar / like
D) too / enough E) different / alike
E) such / that
87
YDT 12 / 02
6. I felt ---- to get out of bed last night, but I feel ----
yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi better this morning.
bulunuz. A) tired enough / by far
B) too tired / much
1. Sometimes people are ---- they lack the mental C) too tiredly / a lot
energy to sort things out.
D) tiredly enough / considerably
A) more depressing than E) so tired / a great deal more
B) too depressing
C) so depressed that
D) as depressed as 7. There are health and environmental reasons
E) such depressing that why certain household items, ---- batteries,
R
paint and automotive fluids, cannot ---- be
disposed of in your regular trash.
2. The key feature of this product is that it
prevents water damage, but it is not nearly ---- A) such as / simply
other waterproofing sealer options. B) as / only
a İ
A) so effective that C) like / mere
B) the least effective D) so many / easily
T
C) the most effective E) as many as / purely
z
D) less effective than
E) as effective as
8. Last year, the school sent a survey to students
lt K
3. The Arctic is among ---- understood places that asked about housing, but ---- students
on the planet; however, we do know that its responded that their responses were not ---- to
landscape is changing and evolving as quickly
as cell phones.
m
make a generalization.
A) so many / too large
A) the most B) so few / large enough
a E
la
B) more C) so much / as large as
C) the least D) so little / so large as
D) enough E) such a few / larger than
oğ N
E) the more
4. His speech was ---- nobody could understand 9. ---- petroleum, natural gas comes from organic
what he was talking about. matter subjected to intense heat and pressure
for millions of years.
A) so confused that
R
B) confusingly enough A) Such as B) The more

C) too confusing C) As D) Just as
D) as confused as E) Like
E) so confusing that
Ö
5. According to the report of the committee, most 10. In Illinois, ---- half of the adults with disability
Ç
students seem to work ---- to meet whatever have high blood pressure, which is twice ----
level of performance is required to graduate. those without disability.
A) diligent enough A) almost / the most

B) as diligently as B) barely / more than
C) too diligent C) practically / the least
D) diligently enough D) nearly / as many as
E) so diligent as E) scarcely / so many
88
YDT 12 / 02
11. After the ---- defeat in the competition, I felt ---- 16. Small habitat islands tend to hold ---- animal
to consider giving up swimming altogether. species ---- expected according to the island
biogeographic theory.
A) humiliated / too frustrated
B) humiliatingly / as frustrated as A) such / as
C) humiliating / frustrated enough B) so / that
D) so humiliating / more frustrated C) rather / than
E) such humiliated / less frustrated D) as / as
E) more / than
12. Frankly, none of us expected a bright, sunny

day in the middle of October, but we weren’t 17. ---- working memory test results prove chimps
expecting ---- weather ---- this, either.
R
are ---- closer to humans than we think.
A) such bad / as A) Amazed / a lot
B) so bad / that B) Amazing / much
C) more badly / than C) Amazed / considerably
D) as badly / as
a İ
D) Amazing / by far
E) the worst / than E) Amazed / a great deal
T
z
13. A huge black hole has just been discovered
18. Mathematician, engineer and inventor Joseph
that is about 13 billion light-years old, which is
Petzval is ---- known for the lens he invented
almost ---- the universe itself.
which revolutionised modern photography.
lt K
A) so old that
A) the best
B) such old than
C) much older than
m
B) as good as
C) best
D) the oldest
D) good
a E
la
E) as old as
E) the better
14. As the seas rise, they are also warming at a

oğ N
19. Black women in Britain are five times ---- likely

ı
pace unanticipated ---- five years ago.

to die as a result of complications in pregnancy
A) so recently that ---- white women, according to a study.
B) more recently
A) as / as
C) less recently
B) such / as
D) as recently as
R
C) so / that
E) recently enough
D) more / than
E) such / that
15. Once upon a time, our beautiful Western cities

Ö
were among ---- ones in the world, but now

they serve ---- shining examples of America’s 20. Tornadoes are reported to be the nature’s ----
Ç
accelerating decline. powerful storms and are feared ---- than any
other storm.
A) the least beautiful / like
B) more beautiful / than A) most / more
C) the most beautiful / as B) more / the most
D) as beautiful / so C) the most / many
E) the more beautiful / such D) much / less
E) far more / much
89
YDT 12 / 02
6. Packaging for health and beauty products can

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi cost three times ---- to make ---- the contents,
bulunuz. research shows.
A) as many / as
1. Often people give up diets either because they B) so much / that
are ---- complicated ---- follow or because foods C) much more / than
are difficult and time consuming to prepare.
D) as much / as
A) too / to B) such / that E) too much / enough
C) more / than D) enough / to
E) so / that
7. Of all the procedures used, rapid freezing is ----
R
2. Although it is a physical system, the Earth’s for preserving food, as it will cause ---- change
weather is ---- complex ---- it defies adequate in texture.
description or prediction. A) better / as little as
A) such / that B) good enough / least
a İ
B) as / as C) the best / less
C) too / to D) so good / the less
T
D) so / that E) too good / the least
z
E) so much / as
3. Around Baghdad, American officials say 8. In the beverage containment arena, companies
lt K
that looting of electrical cables is one of ---- save ---- 95 percent of their energy costs by
using recycled aluminium.
common forms of robbery.
A) most
C) the more
B) much
D) much more
m
A) by far
B) as far as
C) as many as
a E
E) the most
la
D) much more
E) as much as
4. At this supermarket counters, raw sushi orders
are prepared while customers shop the aisles,
oğ N
and the menu is ---- that of most Japanese 9. This book on the biology, culture, and indulgence
restaurants. of our five senses presents ---- an intriguing
concept ---- it is truly a must read.
A) more extensively than
A) such / that
B) so extensively as
B) more / than
C) extensive enough
R
C) so / as
D) too extensively
D) so / that
E) as extensive as
E) as / as
5. The cottage industry model became ---- widespread

Ö
10. These fruits and veggies are not only ---- but
in the woollen textile industry ---- it became a
also have ---- chemicals and preservatives in
Ç
method of mass production in a very short time.

them compared with the others in the market.
A) as / as
A) healthy / fewest
B) so / that
B) as healthy / as few
C) such / as
C) healthy enough / so few
D) such / that
D) healthier / fewer
E) more / than
E) too healthy / few
90
YDT 12 / 02
11. The room we stayed in was a decent size and 16. If we do not react, universal free trade will end
was comfortable, but unfortunately the cleaning up ruining our civilisation ---- global warming.
standards were not ---- we had hoped.
A) as quick as
A) more satisfactorily than B) so quickly that
B) so satisfactory as C) a lot quicker
C) such satisfactorily as D) much more quickly than
D) satisfactory enough E) by far the quickest
E) as satisfactorily as
17. Sometimes, parents put children under ----

12. Supporting the terminally ill is ---- challenging pressure to perform well ---- their children
R
task that in developed countries, a special suffer serious consequences.
discipline known ---- “palliative care medicine”
A) such a lot of / as
has evolved.
B) as much / as
A) such a / as
C) much less / than
B) so / that
a İ
D) so much / that
C) such / that
E) as little / as
D) such a / like
T
z
E) so / as
18. Natural pesticides allowed in organic farming in

13. Today there are at least four times ---- many the European Union exhibit ---- toxic effects ----
lt K
kinds of insects ---- all other kinds of animals the synthetic pesticides used in conventional
combined. farming.
m
A) so / that A) such few / as
B) such / as B) much lower / than
C) as / as C) so many / that
a E
la
D) such / that D) many more / as
E) more / than E) too much / than
oğ N
14. For a distributor, pricing is ---- the most 19. Perhaps ---- reason for wanting to learn English
powerful lever for improving overall margins is that it is widely regarded ---- an essential
and increasing profits. element of a good education.
A) so much A) more common / like
B) a lot B) as common as / such
R
C) far C) the more common / that

D) a great deal D) the most common / as
E) by far E) so common / that
Ö
15. With ---- 3890 tigers left in the wild, the thrill of 20. The statistics about retirement are ---- shocking
spotting one of these rare predators in their that many people are ---- depressed to even pay
Ç
natural habitat is simply unmatched. attention to it.

A) as many as A) so / enough
B) so many that B) as / as
C) as few as C) such / as
D) as much as D) so / too
E) so few that E) too / even
91
YDT 12 / 02
6. Spider monkeys, ---- many other animal species,

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi play an important role in seed dispersal for
bulunuz. plants, flowers and fruits throughout their
habitat.
1. ---- after your last meal you train, ---- the A) such as
proportion of energy will be derived from fat. B) like
A) The longest / the greatest C) so
B) Longer / as great as D) as
C) The longer / the greater E) such
D) Long / greatest
E) Longest / greater 7. Generally speaking, flowing water is ---- to drink
R
---- still water, even in a clean barrel outside
your home.
2. Commonly known as a failed star, a brown
dwarf is ---- small ---- maintain hydrogen-burning A) safer / than
nuclear reactions and so is relatively cool in B) too safe / to
temperature. C) so safe / as
a İ
A) such / as B) so / that D) as safe / that
C) enough / to D) such / that
T
E) safe enough / than
E) too / to
z
8. In contrast to other science fields, doctorate
3. Fresh air in the attic makes a home ---- easier to recipients in the social sciences have ----
opportunities for study following the doctorate.
lt K
cool, which can result in ---- energy costs.
A) as much as
A) too / the lowest
B) enough / lowest
C) far / as low as
B) most
C) least
m
D) much / lower D) much less
a E
la
E) so / the lower E) considerably fewer
4. Domestic violence occurs ---- 3 in 10 women 9. It is currently rated as the number one brand
oğ N
in consumer electronics, yet ---- 15 years ago,

ı
and 1 in 10 men in the United States have been

a victim of physical violence during the last it was regarded as a manufacturer of cheap
year. electronics.
A) as frequently as A) recently enough

B) so frequent that B) more recent than
R
C) frequent enough C) so recent that

D) too frequently D) as recently as
E) so frequently that E) recently enough
10. Gas turbines are among ---- efficient ways to

Ö
5. River blindness is ---- pervasive disease in

Africa ---- many global experts believe it can produce electricity – they are ---- less thermally
Ç
only be controlled but not eliminated. efficient than coal or nuclear plants.
A) as / as A) the most / more

B) so / that B) more / far
C) such / as C) such / very
D) such a / that D) less / by far
E) more / than E) the least / much
92
YDT 12 / 02
11. Regional dynamics are ---- complex to grasp ---- 16. Airborne allergens ---- hay fever are much
domestic and international trends, particularly harder to avoid, and they are also ---- likely to
in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean. be the cause of headaches.
A) such / as A) as / less
B) too / that B) like / least
C) more / than C) than / so
D) as / than D) such / much
E) enough / that E) such as / more
12. Low carbohydrate diets have been proven to

cause ---- rapid weight loss than other diets in 17. How long a healthy pregnancy lasts can vary
R
the first 6 months, but these diets do not result by ---- five weeks, even when doctors have
in ---- weight loss in the long run. precisely determined the date of conception.
A) more / greater A) the least

B) much / greatest B) so much that
a İ
C) less / as great as C) as many as
D) many / the greatest D) so many that
E) such / great enough
T E) much more
z
13. In recent years, ---- attention has been focused 18. Statistics demonstrate that Hispanics are three
on understanding the causes of non-infectious
lt K
times ---- to be in prison than whites.
diseases, ---- diabetes, gout and arteriosclerosis. m
A) as likely
A) many more / like
B) too likely
B) the most / as
C) so likely
C) as much / as
D) more likely
a E
la
D) much more / such as
E) likely enough
E) so much / than
19. Since 2000, people in Africa have been

oğ N
14. Long before steams became useful vehicles, expecting to live nine years ---- the average
many inventors had worked with the internal because of the improvements in child survival
combustion engine, which was ---- more and malaria control.
compact than the steam engine. A) as long as
A) many B) a lot B) long enough
R
C) by far D) such C) so long as

E) very D) longer than
E) too long
15. Technology and information are changing ----

Ö
rapidly in today’s world ---- the staff in every 20. The rise of Rome ---- ---- the most populous and
department must receive ongoing training in powerful Latin state led to volatile relations with
Ç
order to keep up with that change. the other Latin states.
A) so / that A) like / far

B) as / as B) such as / much
C) such / as C) as / a lot
D) more / like D) like / very
E) much / than E) as / by far
93
09 ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES YDT 12 / 02
DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Zaten tanımlanmış bir isim hakkında fazladan bilgi verir.

Nitelediği isim hakkında tanımlayıcı bilgi verirler.
Bu tür tanımlanmış isimler genelde özel isimlerdir.
who, whom, that, which, whose who, whom, which, whose (That kullanılmaz!)
Öznenin yerine gelen ilgi zamirleri cümleden atılamaz.

Nesnenin yerine gelen ilgi zamirleri cümleden atılabilir. İlgi zamiri cümleden atılamaz.
R
“Whose” cümleden atılamaz.
Sıfat cümleciği virgülle ayrılmaz. Sıfat cümleciği virgülle ayrılır.
a İ
Jane, who got divorced last month, is very unhappy
The person who lives downstairs is a doctor.
nowadays.
T
z
RELATIVE PRONOUN AS SUBJECT
lt K
SUBJECT RELATIVE
PRONOUNS
FOR
m USED IN
Defining and Non-Defining Relative

a E
la
Who People
Clauses

Which Things and animals
Clauses
oğ N
That People, things, and animals Only Defining Relative Clauses

R
Whose Possession
Clauses
Defining:
• Could you please repair the table which is in the dining
Ö
THE WORD “QUEUE”

room?
• The people who live in the Mediterranean region are
Ç
considered to be warmer than the ones who live in the

Northern parts. IS PRONOUNCED THE
Non-Defining:
SAME WAY WHEN THE
• My brother, who is nearly forty years old now, lives in LAST 4 LETTERS ARE
REMOVED
London.
94
YDT 12 / 02
09 ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES
RELATIVE PRONOUN AS OBJECT
OBJECT RELATIVE
FOR USED IN
PRONOUNS
Who People Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Whom (formal) People Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Which Things and animals Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses
That People, things and animals Only Defining Relative Clauses
R
Whose Possession Defining and Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Defining:
a İ
• The student who / whom / that / 0 I’m living with is really hard-working.
• The student with whom I’m living is really hard-working.
T
• The car which / that / 0 I’m going to buy should be a larger one.
z
Non-Defining:
• My brother lives in London. You met him last weekend.
lt K
My brother, who / whom you met last weekend, lives in London. m
RELATIVE ADVERBS − WHERE, WHEN, WHY
a E
la
RELATIVE ADVERB MEANING USE
Where In / at which etc. Refers to a place

oğ N
When / That In / on which Refers to a time expression
Why / That For which Refers to a reason

R
Defining:
• This is the restaurant. It is rather expensive.
This is the restaurant which / that is rather expensive.
• This is the restaurant. I like it very much.

Ö
This is the restaurant which / that / 0 I like very much.

Ç
• I like the restaurant. I have my meals there (in that restaurant).

I like the restaurant where / at which I have my meals.
I like the restaurant (which / that / 0) I have my meals at.
95
YDT 12 / 02
Non-Defining:
• Ankara is located in the middle of Turkey. I was born there.
Ankara, where / in which I was born, is located in the middle of Turkey.
Ankara, which I was born in, is located in the middle of Turkey.
Defining:
• The reason why we are participating in this meeting is to elect our new board members.
Defining:
• 1923 is the year. Turkish Republic was founded then.
1923 is the year when / that / 0 / in which Turkish Republic was founded.
R
Non-Defining:
• My favorite season is winter. We can go outside playing with the snow then.
My favorite season is winter, when / in which we can go outside playing with the snow.
Non-Defining:
a İ
• The boss arrived at 9 pm. I had finished writing the report by then.
The boss arrived at 9 pm, by which time I had finished writing the report.
T
z
USING “WHICH” TO MODIFY A WHOLE SENTENCE
• My son got a rather low grade from the physics test. That made me really sad.
My son got a rather low grade from the physics test, which made me really sad.
lt K
QUANTIFIERS WITH RELATIVE PRONOUNS
m
QUANTIFIER RELATIVE PRONOUN
a E
la
one, two etc. half
all many
of whom (kişiler için)
some several
oğ N
any enough of which (cansız varlıklar ve

most hayvanlar için)
(a) few
much
both of whose + noun (kişiler ve cansız
none
each varlıkların sahiplik ifadeleri için)
a number
either
etc.
R
Examples:
• I have two best friends. Both of them are interested in playing tennis.
I have two best friends, both of whom are interested in playing tennis.
Ö
• This is my friend Jonathan. One of his children won the latest horse race in the city.
Ç
This is my friend Jonathan, one of whose children won the latest horse race in the city.
96
YDT 12 / 02
REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
(Relative pronoun + be) + Ving The boy (who is) playing in the playground is my son.
The window (which was) broken by one of the kids in the

(Relative pronoun + be) + V3
neighborhood has been repaired.
(Relative pronoun + be) + adjective phrase I need a bag (which is) large enough to put all these books in.
(Relative pronoun + be) + prepositional
R
The mobile phone (which is) on the top shelf belongs to me.
phrase
To + infinitive (the first, the second, the Neil Armstrong was the first person who landed (to land) on the
last, the only, the next, something, nothing, Moon.
a İ
anybody, need, must etc.) Would you like something that you can eat (to eat) for lunch?
T
z
Atatürk, (who was) the founder of Turkish Republic, died in 1938.
The founder of Turkish Republic, Atatürk died in 1938.
Atatürk died in 1938, the founder of Turkish Republic.
lt K
My friends who attended the graduation ball last night, feel
m
absolutely relaxed now.
Appositive phrase My friends, attending / having attended the graduation ball last
night, feel absolutely relaxed now.
Having attended the graduation ball last night, my friends feel
a E
la
absolutely relaxed now.
My friends feel absolutely relaxed now, having attended the
graduation ball last night.
oğ N
ı
R
THE SENTENCE “THE QUICK

Ö
BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE

Ç
LAZY DOG” USES EVERY LETTER

IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
97
YDT 12 / 02
ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES TEST 01
6. The planet is heating up, and the weather

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi patterns ---- humans have become accustomed
bulunuz. will continue to shift and change.
A) to which
1. New research offers specific metrics ---- might B) that
qualify foods as “hyper-palatable”, and finds C) whom
most foods ---- in the United States meet these
D) which
criteria.
E) whose
A) which / consuming
B) whose / being consumed
7. Although the country’s official language is
C) that / consumed Portuguese, the people of Angola come from
D) where / having consumed
R
several ethnic-linguistic groups, ---- has its own
E) who / to consume cultural traditions.
A) that
2. With climate change, plants of the future will B) where
consume more water than in the present day, C) each of which
a İ
---- to less water available for people ---- in
D) whom
North America and Eurasia.
T
E) which
A) led / lived
z
B) having led / being lived
8. The layer of atmosphere most distant from
C) to lead / having lived the Earth is the thermosphere, ---- begins
D) leading / living approximately 80km in altitude.
lt K
E) being led / to have lived A) where
3. The part of the city ---- fishermen and sailors

used to live, Lordelo do Ouro e Massarelos, is
m
B) on which
C) whose
D) when
the best district ---- in if you want to get a taste
a E
la
of a local’s life. E) which
A) which / having stayed

9. An ecosystem is generally defined as a
B) in which / staying
oğ N
community of organisms ---- in a particular

ı
C) that / to be stayed environment and the physical elements in that

D) when / stayed environment ---- they interact.
E) where / to stay A) lived / where
B) having lived / that
4. Carl Sagan was an astronomer and a Pulitzer
R
C) being lived / which

Prize winning author ---- was often described
D) living / with which
as the scientist ---- made the universe clearer to
the ordinary. E) to live / whose
A) whom / which B) that / whom

10. Although it can be manufactured from
Ö
C) who / that D) whose / who

renewable energy sources, the majority of
E) that / -
Ç
hydrogen is produced by processing fossil

fuels ---- emit pollutants in the process.
5. Ralph Linton was an American anthropologist A) where
one of ---- major contributions to the field was
B) which
defining the difference between status and role.
C) whose
A) which B) whom
D) whom
C) whose D) where
E) when
E) that
98
YDT 12 / 02
11. A “flame word” is a connotation ---- can 16. Over the last century, vaccines have eliminated
be defined as a word ---- can have a single or nearly eliminated many diseases ---- were
meaning or have many different meanings. once widespread and often fatal, such as
smallpox and polio.
A) which / that
B) where / which A) that B) whose
C) - / when C) of which D) who
D) that / - E) when
E) who / where
17. ---- since the beginning of civilization, asphalt,
---- is produced as a by-product in refining
12. Immunization is the process ---- a person is
petroleum or is found in natural beds, is one of
made immune or resistant to an infectious
the world’s oldest engineering materials.
R
disease, typically by the administration of a
vaccine. A) Being used / who
A) whose B) To use / whose
B) who C) To be used / -
C) when D) Having been used / which
a İ
D) which E) Used / that
E) whereby
T 18. The dam on the Tigris River, ---- first gained
z
Turkish government approval in 1997, is a key
13. Automation, which can be defined as the
part of Turkey’s Southeastern Anatolia Project,
technology ---- a process or procedure is
---- to improve its poorest and least developed
performed without human assistance, is a topic
lt K
region.
---- most people have an opinion. m
A) which / designed
A) whereby / which
B) that / being designed
B) which / in which
C) where / having been designed
C) whose / where
a E
D) whose / to design
la
D) by which / on which
E) in which / to be designed
E) where / whom
19. During a time ---- there were no doctors,

oğ N
14. Elizabeth Warnock Fernea was an author ----

ı
no clean water, or hospitals, witches were

spent two years in an Iraqi harem and studied
expected to help those with diseases ---- have
the roles of Muslim women in the Middle East.
no known cure.
A) whom
A) that / of which
B) what
B) when / that
R
C) how
C) where / who
D) whose
D) why / which
E) who
E) in which / -
15. Greek beaches, ---- transparent waters break

Ö
20. Not having a carefully-researched, thoughtful

onto white sands, are the perfect place for
strategy in place is the reason ---- many
Ç
those ---- to experience the ultimate in diving,

companies fail at social media.
relaxing, fishing and water sports.
A) whom
A) when / wished
B) whose
B) where / wishing
C) of which
C) that / to wish
D) which
D) which / having wished
E) why
E) whose / to be wished
99
YDT 12 / 02
6. Patients ---- are more severely ill should

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi receive antimicrobial therapy, ---- will probably
bulunuz. decrease the diarrhoea, fever and excretion of
the pathogen.
1. Generally ---- to be one of the greatest sporting A) that / whom

events in the world, soccer is a game ---- was B) whose / that
invented in the Southern United States in the C) whom / when
late 1700s by African American slaves.
D) - / in which
A) considering / that E) who / which
B) having considered / -
C) to be considered / whose
D) considered / which
R
7. Alexei Leonov was a Soviet cosmonaut ---- in
E) being considered / where 1965 became the first person ---- in space.
A) whom / walking
2. Narcolepsy is a rare disorder ---- causes B) that / being walked
excessive daytime sleepiness and can induce
a İ
C) - / to have walked
something ---- a sleep attack.
D) who / to walk
A) when / to call
T
E) whose / having walked
B) which / calling
z
C) - / to be called
D) whose / having called
8. Galileo is a famous scientist ---- a lot of
lt K
E) that / called anecdotes are told, some ---- are even true.
3. The intention and goal ---- our team has set

itself are to develop a procedure ---- one can
validly measure the meaning of life.
m
A) for whom / in whose
B) about whom / of which
C) whom / of that
D) to whom / for whom
a E
la
A) which / that
E) with whom / by which
B) whom / by which
C) - / with which
9. Peter Northouse defines leadership as “a
D) whose / whereby
oğ N
process ---- an individual influences a group of

E) that / - individuals to achieve a common goal”.
A) for which
4. The small arteries and arterioles act as control
B) which
valves ---- blood is released into the capillaries.
C) whom
R
A) through which
D) whereby
B) that
E) that
C) -
D) which
10. Aeronomy is the study of the upper parts of the
Ö
E) whose atmosphere, ---- unique chemical and physical

processes occur.
Ç
5. The Security Council is the most powerful A) where

body of the United Nations ---- main duty is to
B) that
maintain international security and peace.
C) of which
A) whom B) whose
D) when
C) who D) by whom
E) which
E) of whose
100
YDT 12 / 02
11. Much of Burma’s natural resources, from gems 16. The recently discovered ancient Byzantine
to oil to teak, are located in ethnic minority church ---- from 1,500 years ago was a part
areas, some parts ---- are under rebel control. of an ancient road station ---- by travellers
between Jerusalem and the coastal plain.
A) which B) where
C) whose D) that A) dated / visiting
E) of which B) to date / having visited
C) to be dated / being visited
D) being dated / to have visited
12. Scientists ---- have already studied the Earth’s
Moon have two big regrets about the six Apollo E) dating / visited
missions ---- landed a dozen astronauts on the
lunar surface between 1969 and 1972. 17. England, ---- is directly governed by the
R
A) whom / - parliament and the government of the United
Kingdom, is the only European country ---- one
B) that / whom
of the world’s top five military budgets.
C) who / that
A) that / being possessed
D) whose / who
B) where / possessing
a İ
E) - / which
C) which / to possess
D) in which / to be possessed
13. ---- place since 2018, the Golden Trezzini
T E) whose / having possessed
z
Awards intends to discover architectural,
designer and restoration projects ---- can be
regarded as works of art in terms of artistic 18. During the 1980s, ---- living standards in Hong
Kong were rising, some drivers ---- to earn extra
lt K
value.
income with their vans, started to use them as
m
A) Having been taken / whose commercial vehicles.
B) Taken / which
A) that / being wanted
C) Being taken / whom
B) why / to be wanted
D) Having taken / that
a E
la
C) whose / having wanted
E) Taking / -
D) when / wanting
E) which / wanted
14. In the last years of the 18th century came
oğ N
Beethoven, ---- started writing music in the

19. Artificial respiration is the process of moving
style ---- from Mozart and Haydn.
air into and out of lungs of persons ---- the
A) whom / being inherited breathing mechanisms have failed.
B) who / inherited A) whose B) that
C) - / to inherit C) what D) -
R
D) that / to be inherited E) in whom

E) whose / inheriting
20. Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in
15. In stories ---- September 11th, we often do not the world ---- more than 50 percent of the
Ö
hear about the children ---- perished during the population ---- in poverty suffer from physical
attacks. and mental health problems.
Ç
A) surrounding / that A) that / to live

B) surrounded / whom B) in which / being lived
C) to be surrounded / who C) whose / to be lived
D) having surrounded / - D) where / living
E) being surrounded / of whom E) of which / having lived
101
YDT 12 / 02
6. The influence of the Immigration Act, ---- was

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi put into force in 1965, was limited to the
bulunuz. number of immigrants ---- to the United States
every year.
1. Even if the doses of noscapine ---- is used to A) when / to be admitted
treat cancer, are much higher than those ---- as B) that / admitting
cough medicine, it has fewer reported side
C) who / having admitted
effects than with traditional chemotherapy.
D) which / admitted
A) - / to use
E) - / being admitted
B) that / using
C) whom / to be used
D) whose / being used 7. The survival of the African elephant in Kenya,
R
E) which / used ---- its numbers have fallen by 70 percent
in the last ten years, is being threatened by
2. In one study, a gene ---- absence leads to ignorance, poverty, and the continuing demand
immune deficiency has been introduced into the for ivory across the world.
white blood cells of two young immune-deficient A) of which B) that
a İ
children ---- cannot be vaccinated for health
C) when D) which
reasons.
E) where
A) who / - B) whose / who
T
z
C) - / whom D) whom / that
E) that / whose 8. Kigeme Camp is home to some 18,000
Congolese refugees, most ---- rely on traditional
stoves and firewood, charcoal, and agricultural
lt K
3. A new survey has revealed that those ---- health
insurance are more inclined to leave for other waste for cooking.
European countries ---- the health care system
is better.
A) to be lacked / that
m
A) whose
B) of which
C) that
a E
B) lacked / in which
la
D) where
C) lacking / where
E) of whom
D) to lack / which
E) being lacked / whose
oğ N
9. Almost 99% of the minerals ---- the Earth’s

4. ---- in the British Medical Journal, a research study, crust are made up of just eight elements, most
has shown that adults ---- have an above-average ---- are found combined with other elements as
IQ might have had a higher chance of becoming compounds.
vegetarians in their childhood. A) made up / of whom
A) Published / who
R
B) to be made up / in which
B) Having published / which C) having made up / of them
C) Publishing / that D) making up / of which
D) To publish / whom
E) being made up / whose
E) To be published / -
Ö
5. Heart and blood vessel disease, also ---- heart 10. Nelson Mandela was one of the only two
Ç
disease, includes numerous problems, many non-Indians ---- with the Bharat Ratna, ---- is
---- are related to a process that is called the country’s highest civilian award.
atherosclerosis.
A) to be awarded / which
A) calling / in which B) having awarded / that
B) to call / that
C) being awarded / in which
C) called / of which
D) awarded / where
D) having called / who
E) to have awarded / who
E) being called / by which
102
YDT 12 / 02
11. Uranium, tobacco, and even live sheep are all 16. There are several types of people ---- are
things ---- nations impose controls because of overconfident, and there are many reasons ----
the potentially bad consequences ---- with their someone might act this way.
use.
A) which / whose
A) in which / associating B) who / that
B) upon which / associated C) whose / -
C) whom / to associate D) that / which
D) whose / to be associated E) whom / why
E) which / having associated
17. The stem cells ---- in the bone marrow can mature
12. Chronobiology, ---- beginnings date back to into several different kinds of cells, ---- has its
R
the 18th century, is a discipline ---- principles own vital functions within the body.
consider time as an essential dimension of
A) containing / which
biological phenomena.
B) to contain / who
A) which / of which
C) to be contained / that
B) when / why
a İ
D) having contained / -
C) whose / whose
E) contained / each of which
D) of which / that
E) where / when
T
z
18. Of course, Salzburg and music are inseparable,
mainly because of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart,
13. Geology not only studies the processes ---- ---- was born here on the 27th January, 1756.
make mountains and change the distribution of
lt K
A) who
land and sea, but it is also concerned with the m
wearing away of the rocks and the deposition of B) where
sediments in the sea. C) when
A) what D) that
E) whom
a E
B) how
la
C) which
D) in which 19. ---- around Jokhang Temple in the old district of
Lhasa City, Barkhor Street is a famous market
E) whereby
oğ N
for buying small commodities, ---- one can find

ı
various local products such as carpets, ethnic

14. The registration period is the time during ---- costumes, jewellery etc.
you can register for classes for the upcoming
A) Locating / which
semester.
B) To locate / that
A) that B) when
R
C) Having located / in which

C) whose D) whom
D) Located / where
E) which
E) To be located / whose
15. ---- since ancient times to treat metabolic

Ö
disorders, ginger, ---- has long been known to

help relieve nausea, is one of the oldest herbal 20. One of the most popular cities in Northern
Ç
medicines. India, Chandrigarh was the first city ---- after its
independence in 1947.
A) Having been used / which
A) building
B) Having used / that
B) having built
C) Using / in which
C) to be built
D) Used / what
D) to have built
E) To be used / whose
E) to build
103
YDT 12 / 02
6. Using a venue finding service, you can find out

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi secret, historical and unusual pubs and bars in
bulunuz. London ---- tourists never set foot.
A) when B) which
1. Under normal conditions, phytoplankton in the C) who D) where
water column generates new organic matter E) whose
through photosynthesis, some ---- filters down
to the bottom sediments, ---- it provides food
for bacteria. 7. The Verdes-Montenegro family was a prominent
Spanish family of Galician origins, some of
A) in that / whom B) of which / where ---- members held relevant government and
C) which / that D) - / which church positions during the most part of the
E) of whose / when 18th century.
R
A) whom
2. Treatment options are limited for alcoholic B) which
hepatitis, ---- a liver disease ---- with high C) whose
alcohol intake.
D) that
a İ
A) which / associating E) -
B) that / to associate
C) whose / being associated
T 8. ---- since ancient times, horse racing, ---- is a
z
D) whom / to be associated great way to bet on a race without putting too
E) - / associated much money on the line, can be said to be
among the oldest of all sports.
lt K
3. When Roman slaves were given their freedom, A) Having been practised / which
there was a ceremony during ---- their master
touched their shoulder with a special stick and
gave them a pileus to wear, ---- showed they
m
B) Being practised / where
C) Practised / who
D) Having practised / that
were not slaves anymore.
a E
la
E) To be practised / what
A) when / who B) that / whom
C) where / that D) whose / -
9. Natural selection is a process ---- species
E) which / which which have traits ---- enable them to adapt in an
oğ N
environment survive and reproduce, passing on

4. The first stage of capitalism came about during their genes to the next generation.
the 17th century, ---- merchants gradually A) in which / of which
became more involved in the production of
B) which / where
goods by supplying materials and paying
wages. C) whose / who
R
D) whereby / that
A) whom B) which
E) of which / whom
C) when D) -
E) of which
10. In general, a clay soil ---- is composed of many
Ö
fine particles does not let water move through

5. In translational and rotational mechanical the soil as quickly as sand ---- has much
Ç
systems ---- of solid components, energy is the coarser particles.

only quantity ---- flows through the system.
A) which / which
A) to be made / whose
B) that / whose
B) having made / -
C) whom / -
C) making / that
D) who / that
D) being made / where
E) - / whom
E) made / which
104
YDT 12 / 02
11. Animals ---- fresh in milk or just before calving 16. The reason ---- violence is prevalent in sports
are purchased from the rural areas and today might be due to the mass media industry,
transported to the cities ---- they are kept under ---- plays an important role in promoting sports.
zero-grazing conditions.
A) how / who
A) that / which B) that / that
B) whose / - C) of which / where
C) which / in which D) when / whom
D) in which / whose E) why / which
E) - / where
17. Mental retardation may be due to something

12. The EPO is a protein hormone ---- by the kidneys, ---- a child is born with, such as a metabolic
R
---- main function is stimulation of red blood disorder or a genetic problem.
cells in the bone marrow.
A) who
A) producing / which B) -
B) produced / whose C) when
a İ
C) to produce / that D) whom
D) being produced / when E) where
E) having produced / where
T
z
18. After experiencing noise problems at the first
13. Archaeologists have identified about 130 resort, we were fortunate enough to find a room
pyramids in Egypt, most ----, however, are just at another spectacular, peaceful one ---- to us
lt K
piles of stone ---- have lost their edge. by an Australian couple ---- we met by chance.
m
A) in which / whose A) recommended / -
B) of whom / which B) recommending / who
C) whose / whom C) to recommend / that
a E
D) of which / that D) having recommended / whom

la
E) where / in which E) being recommended / to whom
14. New Zealand’s first settlers were Polynesians,

oğ N
19. Building a stone or brick house required a great

ı
---- developed their own culture and established deal of time and money, ---- was available to
different tribal groups ---- Iwi. most settlers.
A) that / calling A) that
B) which / having called B) who
R
C) whom / being called C) neither of which

D) who / called D) whose
E) where / to be called E) where
Ö
15. The Mexican Revolution, also ---- as the 20. Summer solstice, ---- is around June 21, is the
Mexican Civil War was a major armed day ---- the Northern Hemisphere receives its
Ç
struggle ---- transformed Mexican culture and most direct sunlight and has the longest period
government. of daylight of any day of the year.
A) to be known / who A) that / during which
B) having known / when B) which / when
C) known / that C) who / in which
D) to know / where D) - / that
E) knowing / which E) whose / on which
105
10 CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS YDT 12 / 02
PAIRED LINKING ADVERBS /

COORDINATORS SUBORDINATORS
SUBORDINATORS TRANSITION WORDS
Coordinators join two These join equivalent These join a dependent These join two independent
words, phrases or sentence elements such clause to an independent clauses or sentences.
independent clauses. as one noun phrase with clause. They occur at the They can be used at the
They mostly occur in another noun phrase. beginning of sentences with beginning of a sentence
mid-sentence with a These occur as paired a comma separating the or mid-sentence (with
comma placed before the words. clause in mid-sentence or punctuation). They are
conjunction. They may also they occur in mid-sentence used when passing from
start a sentence. with no comma. one idea to another.
It was cold, and we were all He came both to the Though it was rather early, It was rather early.
R
frozen. meeting and to the party. he set out for the journey. However, he set out for the
journey.
It was raining, so he stayed Neither money nor a good It was rather early. He set
home. wife can make him happy. out for the journey, though. The film was too long.
Moreover, it was rather
a İ
He came late, but / yet He played in the rival team Besides being rather boring.
nobody got angry with him. and so did his brother. boring, the film was too
long. The film was too long. In
The exam was more
T addition, it was rather
z
difficult than we expected. The film was too long boring.
besides being rather
The result was as bad as boring.
the game itself.
lt K
ADDITION
and, also, and also

ADDITION
both...and, not only ... but

m
ADDITION
besides, in addition to
ADDITION / ORDERING
in addition, furthermore,
also, and...too, and so moreover, additionally,
a E
la
besides, firstly, secondly,
next, finally
ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE ALTERNATIVE

oğ N
or, nor either...or, neither... nor , rather than(2) instead, as an alternative,

rather than (1) otherwise, rather
CAUSE-EFFECT / CAUSE-EFFECT /
CAUSE-EFFECT CAUSE-EFFECT
PURPOSE PURPOSE
R
so, for so...that, such...that because, since, now that, therefore, consequently, as
as, as long as, inasmuch a consequence, as a result,
as, because of, due to, thus, hence, accordingly
owing to, because, in order
Ö
(that), so (that), in order to,

so as to
Ç
COMPARISON COMPARISON COMPARISON COMPARISON
as…as, more...than, less... as (like), as if, as though in the same way, similarly,
than in contrast, unlike
106
YDT 12 / 02
10 CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS
CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION CONDITION
or else whether... or not if, only if, unless, even if, otherwise, in the event
whether, whether or not, (that), anyway, anyhow
provided (that), in case, in
the event (that), if only
CONTRAST (contrary
CONTRAST CONTRAST CONTRAST
outcome)
but, yet, but still, but neither... nor although, even though, nevertheless, nonetheless,
anyway though, while, whereas, however, on the one hand,
despite, in spite of, on the other hand, in
R
regardless of contrast to, in contrast, on
the contrary
EMPHASIS EMPHASIS EMPHASIS EMPHASIS
a İ
indeed, in fact, of course,
certainly
PLACE PLACE
T PLACE PLACE
z
where, wherever
TIME TIME TIME TIME

lt K
m
after, before, when, while,
since, as, until, as soon as,
by the time, once
first, second, next, then,
finally, previously, now,
presently, next, still,
meanwhile, subsequently,
afterward
a E
la
Examples:
• She couldn’t walk long distances because she was too old.
oğ N
since
ı
as
seeing that / as
for
inasmuch as
because of the fact
R
due to the fact that

owing to the fact that
as a result / consequence of the fact that
in view of the fact that
on account of the fact that
thanks to the fact that
Ö
Ç
• Because of her age, she couldn’t walk long distances.

On account of
Due to
Owing to
Thanks to
As a result of
As a consequence of
In view of
107
YDT 12 / 02
• She was too old; therefore , she couldn’t walk long distances.
as a result
as a consequence
as a result of this
as a consequence of this
consequently
because of this
thus
hence
accordingly
• Her not being able to walk long distances is the result of her being old.
is the consequence of
R
results from
stems from
due to
a İ
• Her being old causes her not being able to walk long distances.
results in
is the reason for
is responsible for
T
z
leads to
• Although I tried hard, I failed in all my exams this semester. (unexpected result)
lt K
Though
Much as
Despite the fact that
In spite of the fact that
m
a E
la
• Northern parts of Turkey has a cool climate whereas southern parts are warm. (direct contrast)
while
whilst
oğ N
• In spite of my failure in the exams, my parents are sending me to Europe. (unexpected result)
Despite
Notwithstanding
No matter + question word / however + adjective / adverb:

R
• No matter how hard I tried, I failed in all my exams this semester.

• However hard I tried, I failed in all my exams this semester.
• I was ill. However , I went to the course.

Ö
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
Ç
Even so
All the same
Notwithstanding
• I was ill, but I went to the course anyway.

but I still went to the course.
yet I still went to the course.
. Still, I went to the course.
108
YDT 12 / 02
• I can’t decide between two alternatives: On the one hand, I want to study in a private university. On the other
hand, I know that I have difficulty in paying the tuition.
• Pamela is a rather lazy girl. In contrast , her brother is quite industrious.

On the contrary
• In contrast to her brother, Pamela is a rather lazy girl.

Contrary to
REDUCTION OF ADVERBIAL CLAUSES

• After I had finished the project, I submitted it to the boss.
having finished the project, I submitted it to the boss.
finishing the project, I submitted it to the boss.
R
• After he was promoted, he went for a holiday.
having been promoted, he went for a holiday.
being promoted, he went for a holiday.
a İ
• Before I went out, I called Sue.
going out, I called Sue.
T
z
• Before she was chosen as a candidate, she took the support of her friends.
being chosen as a candidate, she took the support of her friends.
• When I completed my thesis, I graduated from the university.

lt K
Upon / On completing my thesis, I graduated from the university. m
• When she was a young teacher, she made quite a few mistakes.
When a young teacher, she made quite a few mistakes.
• While she was walking in the street, she had an accident.
While walking / Walking in the street, she had an accident.
a E
la
• When it is used in large amounts, this drug …
Until (used in large amounts), this drug …
Unless
oğ N
Although
ı
Whether
Though
As if
• Until I went to İstanbul, I hadn’t seen such a crowded city.

Until going to İstanbul, I hadn’t seen such a crowded city.
R
• Because I’m ill today, I can’t take care of you.

Being ill today, I can’t take care of you.
• As I broke my ankle yesterday, I can’t play in the games today.
Having broken my ankle yesterday, I can’t play in the games today.
Ö
• Since I don’t know her address, I can’t visit her.

Ç
Not knowing her address, I can’t visit her.

• Because she is so enthusiastic to join in the competition, she has been preparing for it for months.
Being so enthusiastic to join in the competition, she has been preparing for it for months.
Enthusiastic to join in the competition, she has been preparing for it for months.
• Since I graduated from the university, I have lived in Ankara.
Since graduating from the university, I have lived in Ankara.
• As the weather was rainy, we stayed at home.
The weather being rainy, we stayed at home.
109
YDT 12 / 02
CONJUNCTIONS & TRANSITIONS TEST 01
6. An infection in the middle ear tends to be very

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi painful, ---- it puts a lot of pressure on the
bulunuz. eardrum, often until it breaks.
A) as
1. ---- it is true that both glaciers and ice floes are B) thus
large masses of ice that can be found in arctic C) yet
regions, there is a major difference between
D) nor
them.
E) or
A) Since
B) Provided
C) While
7. ---- the improvements in global employment,
D) Unless
R
youth unemployment still remains a pressing
E) In case issue in many regions of the world.
A) Contrary to
2. Scottish pearl mussels have been in decline ---- B) On account of
the 18th century due to threats such as illegal
a İ
C) With a view to
pearl fishing and habitat damage.
D) On behalf of
A) during
T
E) In spite of
B) before
z
C) until
D) when
8. Mussels live in one place ---- birds may migrate
lt K
E) since thousands of kilometres from where they breed.
3. There has been plenty of talk about reforming

and strengthening local government, ---- very
little has been achieved so far.
A) if m
B) unless
C) because
D) so
a E
la
A) so B) as
E) whereas
C) or D) but
E) for
oğ N
9. Numerous animal groups, ---- primitive ----

4. A vast majority of India still relies heavily on
advanced, support or protect their bodies by
fossil fuels, mainly coal, ---- several nations
the growth of mineralized tissues.
across the globe are curbing their use.
A) such / as
A) once
B) as / as
R
B) until
C) rather / than
C) as long as
D) whether / or
D) as though
E) neither / nor
E) although
Ö
10. The European Union has decided to promote

5. ---- being one of the few established democracies
biofuels ---- decrease the emissions of
Ç
in the region, Ghana also has the fastest-growing

greenhouse gas and the importation of
economy.
non-renewable energy.
A) Besides
A) so as to
B) Rather than
B) in addition to
C) In spite of
C) in spite of
D) In case of
D) in order that
E) Contrary to
E) in case of
110
YDT 12 / 02
11. Imaginative play ---- aids intellectual 16. ---- exhaustive attempts to identify the suspects,
development ---- improves children’s social their identities remain unknown to this day.
skills and their creativity.
A) Thanks to
A) more / than B) On the behalf of
B) not just / but also C) In addition to
C) rather / than D) Despite
D) as / as E) Apart from
E) whether / or
17. ---- the economy is showing signs of

12. Trafficking in migrants has become a major improvement, businesses of all sizes are
R
concern in all regions, ---- many countries still trying to initiate growth and expansion.
lack legislation making it a criminal offence.
A) Because of
A) unlike B) Since
B) but C) As opposed to
a İ
C) or D) Despite the fact that
D) that E) In opposition to
E) so
T
z
18. ---- cancer of the breast is the most commonly
13. ---- challenging or demanding your challenges occurring cancer in women, so is cancer of the
lt K
seem to you, you shouldn’t stop confronting prostate for men.
them.
A) Despite
m
A) While
B) Because
B) Since C) Much as
C) However D) Even if
a E
la
D) Because of E) Just as
E) Although
oğ N
14. As a homeowner, it is always wise to put 19. ---- a sudden drop in global oil prices, Saudi
some emergency money aside ---- something Arabia, whose main source of income comes
unexpected happens. from oil, is facing financial difficulties.
A) although A) Despite
B) in case B) In case of
R
C) after C) Contrary to
D) whereas D) Owing to
E) so that E) In place of
Ö
15. ---- in other communities in the United States, 20. ---- the price of commodities such as oil and
the immigrant population in the Central electricity increases, a business finds its own
Ç
Arkansas area has grown rapidly in recent costs of production rise.

years.
A) However
A) Whereas
B) Until
B) In case
C) When
C) Similarly
D) In that
D) Notwithstanding
E) In case
E) Just as
111
YDT 12 / 02
6. Some items present a danger to the

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi environment ---- they contain hazardous
bulunuz. substances, such as lead and mercury.
A) even if
1. ---- the number of sugar factories is increasing B) because
at a fast rate in India, it still continues to import C) unless
sugar from other countries.
D) as if
A) Because E) so that
B) As though
C) Even though
D) Now that 7. ---- much of the country is mountainous, there
are over 1.5 million hectares of agricultural
R
E) However
land, both for crop growing and livestock
rearing.
2. Citizens of other countries who want to study in A) Despite
Canada must obtain a study permit ---- they can B) Now that
be admitted to the country.
a İ
C) Although
A) even D) However
T
B) though E) Instead of
z
C) before
D) unless
E) after 8. Little is known about other causes of bad
lt K
breath apart from bacteria in the oral cavity, ----
it has long been thought that it might also have
3. Blind tuners were numerous in the early 1900s,
---- since then most of the schools for the blind
where the trade was taught have been closed.
A) so
B) as
m
a genetic cause.
a E
A) for B) but
la
C) nor
C) so D) or D) for
E) nor E) yet
oğ N
4. Several phases of environmental investigations

have been conducted at the site ---- the mid-1970s, 9. ---- what you do to improve your own situation
when fuel oil was discovered on the groundwater. in life, there are always going to be challenges.
A) during A) However
B) As long as
R
B) before
C) until C) Although
D) when D) No matter
E) since E) Unless
Ö
5. We always support our teammates with various 10. The university introduced two new English
Ç
training opportunities ---- they can improve courses ---- enhancing students’ proficiency in
themselves and plan their careers. the language.
A) whereas A) so that
B) so that B) in addition to
C) thus C) with a view to
D) notwithstanding D) due to
E) even though E) despite
112
YDT 12 / 02
11. Some prescription drugs have ---- many 16. Wolves are one of the best animals over
side effects ---- it is not possible to use them the world with the strong character of strict
continuously. order and discipline. ----, they are good at
communications and teamwork.
A) so / that B) not only / and
C) either / or D) neither / nor A) What’s more
E) both / and B) However
C) Nevertheless
D) Even so
12. Oil-base house paint is ---- easy to work with
---- quick to clean up, but it is often preferred to E) Otherwise
latex paint because of its durability.
A) not only / but also 17. ---- the Battle of the Somme ended, more than
R
B) no matter / how three million soldiers on both sides had fought
in the battle, and more than one million had
C) so much / that
been killed or wounded.
D) whether / or
A) Once
E) neither / nor
a İ
B) By the time
C) After
13. ---- vertebrates which have internal skeletons,
insects have a hard outer covering called
T D) As soon as
z
an exoskeleton, which protects the insect’s E) While
internal organs.
A) Unlike 18. Feminism is one of the most recent ideologies
lt K
B) Whereas to emerge, ---- its origins can be traced far back
into history.
C) No matter
D) Since
m
A) because
E) In addition to B) in case
C) as soon as
a E
la
D) until
14. Our technicians do not aim to shut up the
aged parents in a gilded cage and increase E) even though
their dependency. ----, their aim is to give them
oğ N
greater autonomy and enable social contact.

19. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are similar
A) However ---- they both provide energy for the cell.
B) As a result A) so that
C) Nonetheless B) though
D) In contrast to
R
C) in that
E) On the contrary D) just as
E) whereas
15. The project schedule needs to be continuously
updated at reasonably short time intervals.
Ö
20. Russia must find ways to reorient its economy

----, they will not reflect the most current
towards developing the domestic market, ----
information about the actual progression of
Ç
supplying energy to the West.

work on the project.
A) because of
A) However
B) unlike
B) On the contrary
C) despite
C) On the other hand
D) contrary to
D) Otherwise
E) rather than
E) Moreover
113
YDT 12 / 02
6. Due to the advances in farming techniques

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi and technologies, ---- the development of seed
bulunuz. varieties that are pest resistant and require less
water, the yields per acre on cotton farms are
much higher than they were in the past.
1. ---- they contain various hazardous materials,
including heavy metals and acids, batteries A) despite
can cause serious environmental harm if not B) pertaining to
discarded properly. C) unlike
A) Once D) as well as
B) As if E) contrary to
C) Even though
D) In that
R
7. Electrical outlets in a house maintain a steady
E) Due to the fact that
voltage ---- the amount of resistance on them
changes.
2. China is a country well known for producing the A) despite B) even when
a İ
cheapest electronics items, but ---- it comes to C) as far as D) such as
quality, it lacks a good reputation.
E) due to
T
A) unless B) while
z
C) when D) although
E) since 8. ---- the differences between management and
leadership in terms of roles and functions, both
are recognised as important to the attainment
lt K
3. According to research, people who regularly of organisational goals and objectives.
get a good night’s sleep are happier and more
content, ---- insomniacs have a higher rate of
depression, alcoholism and suicide.
m
A) On behalf of
B) With a view to
C) Regardless of
A) whereas
a E
la
D) In place of
B) because
E) Similar to
C) in case
D) until
oğ N
E) so that 9. Excessive alcohol consumption ---- leads to poor

health conditions ---- significantly increases
your likelihood of an accident or injury.
4. The unknown is always more terrifying than the
known, ---- how unsatisfactory the present may be. A) as / as
B) not only / but also
R
A) no sooner
C) more / than
B) while
D) no sooner / than
C) even though
E) scarcely / when
D) apart from
E) no matter
Ö
10. You need to understand why your users do

Ç
what they do ---- you can improve your product

5. Many separatist movements in Europe have
to meet your business goals.
resorted to various violent terrorist acts ---- the
second half of the twentieth century. A) now that
A) before B) while B) in order that
C) until D) during C) as
E) since D) in case
E) although
114
YDT 12 / 02
11. Doctors usually try to limit using long-term 16. The muzzle is distinctly different from other
steroids in children ---- they can interfere with a kangaroo species ---- it is covered with much
child’s normal growth. finer hair.
A) because A) whereas
B) yet B) in that
C) in order to C) although
D) as if D) as if
E) so that E) in case
17. ---- having to conform to the religion of the

12. A big advantage of biotechnology is that, ---- majority, children who belong to specific
R
increasing carbon sequestration, it can also minorities often face discrimination.
help to improve the productivity of crop plants.
A) Apart from
A) in addition to
B) Because of
B) as long as
C) Despite
a İ
C) so as to
D) Owing to
D) on behalf of
E) As opposed to
E) according to
T
z
18. ---- urban dwellers, who depend on wage
income and trade to make a living, rural people
13. ---- freshwater fish cannot survive for long depend on cultivation, hunting and fishing.
lt K
in the ocean, land-based organisms cannot
tolerate ocean water in their soil. A) Whereas
A) Unlike
m
B) Even if
B) The more C) Though
C) As if D) While
a E
la
D) Just as E) Unlike
E) Unless
19. ---- Latin America has been experiencing fast
oğ N
14. ---- hard work and determination, we have economic growth over the last decade, progress
reached an important milestone and have in the Caribbean subregion has been a bit slower.
achieved sufficient progress. A) Because
A) Despite B) While
B) However C) Unlike
R
C) Thanks to D) Given that

D) As a result E) Now that
E) Much as
20. The Iliad by Homer was composed around

Ö
15. We must contribute to the maintenance and 750-700 BC, ---- its origins lie at least some
improvement of the self-recovery capabilities of five centuries earlier, deep in the Mycenaean
Ç
the Earth ---- conserve the global environment. Bronze Age.

A) in addition to A) for
B) in case of B) so
C) rather than C) but
D) as opposed to D) nor
E) in order to E) because
115
YDT 12 / 02
6. All around the globe, we have been able to

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi greatly reduce the prevalence of infectious
bulunuz. diseases ---- better hygiene and sanitation
efforts.
1. In the early fifteenth century, every workshop in A) due to

Europe must have made drawings, ---- very few B) in spite of
of them have been preserved so far. C) in case of
A) so B) but D) rather than
C) or D) for E) besides
E) nor
7. ---- the origins of Mariachi music go back
R
2. ---- expectations, most of the government hundreds of years, in the form we know it the
supported irrigation schemes have failed to Mariachi began in the nineteenth century in the
meet the expectations of both government and Mexican state of Jalisco.
farmers. A) Because
A) On behalf of B) In case
a İ
B) In place of C) Unless
C) In case of D) Providing that
D) Contrary to
T E) Although
z
E) In addition to
8. ---- causing widespread damage to shorelines,
the increasing sea levels may also spell the end
lt K
3. Unnecessary antibiotic use is a major public
health concern ---- it reduces the effectiveness for some coastal species of birds and turtles.
of these medicines for everyone.
A) because
B) unless
m
A) As opposed to
B) Rather than
C) In addition to
a E
la
C) so that D) Despite
D) as soon as E) With a view to
E) although
oğ N
9. Clay needs to be improved ---- it can be used in

ı
4. We regularly analyse the raw materials to get road construction, dams, slurry walls, airports
their nutritional values ---- we can ensure the and waste landfills.
optimal use of them. A) before
A) whereas B) unless B) after
R
C) whether D) so that C) when

E) even though D) as long as
E) as soon as
5. ---- impartial one may try to become, it is
impossible to get rid of the prejudices instilled 10. ---- omnivores can focus on eating better meat,
Ö
in one’s mind through the rules and norms of so can vegetarians focus on eating better
the society.
Ç
sources of protein.
A) Even if A) Because
B) However B) In case
C) Whichever C) Once
D) As soon as D) Just as
E) The more E) Unless
116
YDT 12 / 02
11. Herbs are one of the most frustrating foods to 16. Working in a construction site can be a
buy, ---- only a very small amount is needed at a dangerous profession ---- all the safety
time, and the rest often goes bad. precautions most companies implement.
A) although A) in spite of B) in addition to
B) because C) because of D) with a view to
C) in case E) in case of
D) so that
E) unless 17. Benign tumours are not cancerous and will not
invade surrounding tissue or spread elsewhere;
----, they can cause serious problems when they
12. ---- the problems related to uraemia, patients on
grow near vital organs, press on a nerve, or
dialysis are also exposed to problems that are
restrict blood flow.
R
peculiar to the mode of dialysis.
A) on the contrary
A) On behalf of
B) rather
B) As of
C) otherwise
C) In case of
D) moreover
a İ
D) As regards
E) even so
E) Apart from
T 18. The strong rise in sugar prices in 1974 was
z
13. ---- the risks involved in investing in financial
mainly ---- the fact that for the fourth successive
markets generally, the mining sector is subject
year, total world consumption exceeded world
to additional risks including government
production.
restriction, interference and legislation.
lt K
A) regardless of
A) In spite of
B) Besides
m
B) due to
C) despite
C) Owing to
D) irrespective of
D) With a view to
a E
la
E) pertaining to
E) Rather than
19. According to a new study, vitamin D deficiency

14. Iron was ---- durable ---- it became the preferred
---- leads to a decrease in calcium absorption
oğ N
metal for tools and equipment until displaced

ı
---- to a decrease in fat breakdown and an

by steel after 1860.
increase in the rate of synthesis, which can
A) so / that lead to obesity.
B) as / as A) hardly / when
C) more / than B) whether / or
R
D) neither / nor C) rather / than

E) not just / but also D) not only / but also
E) so / that
15. ---- the exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is
still unknown, researchers have discovered that
Ö
20. You can define twilight simply as the time of

genetic as well as environmental factors can
day between daylight and darkness, ---- that is
Ç
contribute to the onset of the disease.

after sunset ---- before sunrise.
A) In addition to
A) so / that
B) Provided that
B) no sooner / than
C) Unless
C) whether / or
D) In case
D) not only / but also
E) Even though
E) neither / nor
117
11 DETERMINERS & QUANTIFIERS YDT 12 / 02
QUANTIFIERS USED WITH OR WITHOUT “OF”
“Of” edatı ile birlikte kullanılanlar a lot of / lots of / plenty of / a (large) number of /
a couple of / a (great) amount of / a great deal of /
a good deal of / a large quantity of / the majority of /
none of
“Of” edatı almayanlar no / every / a great many / a good many / whole
Genel bir isimle kullanıldığında “of” edatı ile some / any / much / many / a few / few / a little / little /
kullanılmayan ancak belirli (specific) bir isim ile several / either / neither / each / enough
kullanıldığında “of” edatı alanlar
R
Belirli bir isimle kullanıldığında hem “of” edatı ile hem de all (of) / both (of) / half (of)
“of” edatı almadan kullanılabilenler
a İ
QUANTIFIERS USED WITH COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Quantifiers used with singular
T
Quantifiers used with plural countable Quantifiers used with uncountable
z
countable nouns nouns nouns
each some some

lt K
every any any
either no no
neither
many
a
a lot of / lots of
plenty of
enough
m a lot of
plenty of
enough
all all
a E
la
most most
none none
half half
a large / vast quantity of a large / vast quantity of
oğ N
many much
ı
a few / few a little / little

a large / great number of a large / great amount of
a great / good many a great / good deal of
a number of
several
R
a couple of
a / the majority of
both
half
neither of
either of
Ö
each of
every
Ç
one of
Examples:
• Each (student) is given a task. / Each of the students is given a task.
Every student is given a task. / Every one of the students is given a task.
118
YDT 12 / 02
11 DETERMINERS & QUANTIFIERS
Almost, nearly, practically + every:

• Almost every teacher at school gives low marks to him.
• A small / great / large number of students are at school today.
• The number of students in this class is twenty.
• Both (of the) girls are my friends.

• Either / Neither girl is my friend.
• Either of the girls is / are my friend.
• All people are equal by law.

• All of them approved of our proposal.
R
• He ate all of it.
• I ate a whole chicken.
• I finished the whole test.
• Yesterday, I spent the whole day / all day swimming in the club.
a İ
• None of these toys are / is suitable for a baby.
• - How much money do you have?
T
z
- None. (No money.)
• Many (of the) films I have watched this year haven’t satisfied me.
lt K
m
• Many a romantic comedy movie (many romantic comedy movies are) is based on the great love of couples.
• Some (of the) books sold here are rather expensive.

• There is some milk left in the refrigerator.
a E
la
• I have some (approximately) two hundred liras.
• There is some (one) man at the door.
oğ N
A large / a great / a small amount of

+ UNCOUNTABLE
A large / a small quantity of
(There is a large quantity of money in the drawer.)
A good / a great deal of
But: Several quantities of vessels were sunk in the ocean.

R
There were several trees in the garden. (always countable)

• I have a few friends in İstanbul.
• There are few / very few / only a few libraries in this town.
• We have a little milk in the kitchen.
Ö
• There is little / very little / only a little milk in the kitchen.

• We can’t make a cake.
Ç
• I’m not interested in pop music anymore / any longer.

• I’m no longer interested in pop music.
No more + noun:
• We have no more food for today.
119
YDT 12 / 02
DETERMINERS & QUANTIFIERS TEST 01
6. Innovation has been slow to come in part

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi because ---- of the companies that have been
bulunuz. around for many years are still being run by
their founders, ---- of whom are reluctant to
invest in new things.
1. There are ---- potential treatments for insomnia
but not ---- of them will prove effective all of the A) all / a little
time. B) any / a lot
A) a great deal of / each C) many / much
B) plenty / many D) some / most
C) a lot of / much E) a great deal / plenty
D) a vast amount of / any
R
E) many / all 7. There are ---- therapeutic ways to control pain
and disability, but almost ---- of them provides
definitive treatment.
2. There are ---- online sources for the preparation
of the certification exam, but only ---- of them A) several / none
are trustworthy. B) a few / many
a İ
A) plenty / few C) some / most
B) many / a few D) plenty of / some
C) several / much
T E) a lot of / all
z
D) a great many / a little
E) a number of / each 8. While there is ---- information on the toxicity
and lethal doses of plant pesticides, very ----
lt K
literature is available on their mode of action.
3. ---- people gathered at a special ceremony on
Saturday to commemorate ---- those in the
UK oil and gas industry who lost their lives
offshore.
m
A) a lot of / few
B) none / much
C) much / little
a E
la
A) Many / most B) A lot of / some D) little / many
C) Several / a few D) Scores of / all E) plenty of / a few
E) Large numbers of / every
oğ N
9. India started moving towards its digital future

ı
4. Contrary to what ---- say, the number of the ---- decades ago, but it has accelerated at a very
poor is rising in America because there is ---- fast rate in the last ---- years only.
evidence to suggest the otherwise. A) a few / many
A) some / no B) all / any B) many / most
R
C) both / few D) either / little C) a lot of / a little

E) neither / much D) a great deal / a few
E) several / few
5. Over 95 per cent of the Earth’s atmosphere is
made up of nitrogen and oxygen, ---- of which 10. There are ---- canine ophthalmologists who
Ö
can absorb infrared light and ---- of which are believe that lack of adequate nutrition is the
very poor greenhouse gases.
Ç
cause of ---- age-related vision deterioration in

A) all / none dogs.
B) both / either A) several / many
C) most / few B) some / most
D) some / neither C) a great many / plenty
E) neither / both D) much / some
E) scores of / large numbers of
120
YDT 12 / 02
11. ---- of the money donated to political candidates, 16. According to the report, due to ---- reasons
parties, and interest organizations comes from such as misbehaviour, not ---- the participants
Americans, ---- of whom are at the top of the followed the instructions as they would
economic ladder. normally have done.
A) Much / every A) several / many
B) Most / all B) any / every
C) Some / each C) no / both
D) Few / many D) some / all
E) A little / either E) none / enough
17. In today’s highly globalised world, there are still
R
12. In Philadelphia, ---- residents lack access to ---- ---- countries which have ---- intention to move
nutritious food to maintain a healthy lifestyle. closer to the values of the free democracy.
A) many / a few A) no / a number of

B) some / enough B) several / no
C) any / some
a İ
C) most / scores of
D) none / any D) most / several
E) any / most
T E) many / a few
z
13. Mr. Woods has ---- experience in ---- fields 18. ---- clinical trials for stroke have failed over the
of biology such as high content screening, past several decades, largely because ---- of
them has been able to regenerate enough new
lt K
molecular and cellular biology, and protein
interaction. neurons to replenish the lost neurons.
m
A) a great many / some A) Most / each
B) much / none B) A lot / some
C) scores of / a few C) No / every
a E
la
D) plenty / many D) Many / none
E) a lot of / several E) Plenty / all
oğ N
19. During the research, in order to minimize their

ı
14. Ethylene oxide appears to be an ideal sterilant

for ---- heat-sensitive items, but it also has ---- ability to think, the participants were given ----
disadvantages which require caution. time to complete ---- the tasks.
A) many / a number of A) several / most

B) a great deal of / a few B) no / a few
R
C) a number of / a little C) little / all

D) much / many D) much / any
E) several / none E) a few / both
20. Average income, consumption and wealth are

Ö
15. At present, there are ---- energy centres in

Europe, ---- of which is managed by national ---- meaningful statistics, but they do not tell ----
Ç
regulators. story about living standards.
A) most / any A) both / the whole

B) a vast quantity of / one B) all / many
C) several / each C) no / all the
D) much / many D) none / each
E) a few / every E) every / several
121
YDT 12 / 02
6. There are ---- disabled people employed

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi within the fitness and leisure industry, and not
bulunuz. ---- of them are willing to participate in these
activities.
1. Participle clauses are used mainly in written A) all / several

English, and ---- one of them allows us to B) some / much
convey ---- information in a shorter form. C) no / some
A) each / scores of D) few / many
B) some / much E) none / any
C) every / a great deal of
D) all / a lot of
R
E) most / little 7. During World War II, the Nazis planned to drop
---- counterfeit money over Britain to disrupt
its economy, but it did ---- serious harm to the
2. Although there has been ---- progress in
British economy.
their production, there is still ---- controversy
regarding the safety and risks of pesticides. A) scores of / much
a İ
A) much / a lot of B) a few / little
B) a few / little C) lots of / any
C) some / a number of
T D) many / a little
z
D) several / a little E) a large amount of / no
E) a little / none
lt K
8. There seems to be ---- evidence to suggest that
---- the three men were involved in the robbery.
3. Leaders must ensure that ---- member of their
team clearly understands their specific roles
and fulfils ---- their responsibilities.
m
A) a lot of / both
B) quite a few / some
A) every / some C) enough / all
a E
la
B) either / most D) many / most
C) all / a few E) several / every
D) neither / any
oğ N
E) each / all 9. From start to finish, ---- process will take less
than a minute once you have done it ---- times.
4. Officials on ---- sides of the river are working to A) the whole / a few
foster continued development, with ---- projects B) all / a little
underway, including a transportation initiative.
C) some / no
R
A) either / several D) all the / every

B) most / much E) most / both
C) neither / plenty of
D) both / many 10. The book, In Vogue: An Illustrated History, epic
Ö
E) many / a lot in ---- weight and volume, dedicates almost ----

of its content to the work of its present editor,
Ç
Anna Wintour.
5. The organization is determined to provide
---- resident of the state with access to health A) either / all
insurance at ---- cost. B) all / some
A) most / all B) every / no C) both / half
C) all / any D) each / every D) neither / much
E) many / much E) some / a lot
122
YDT 12 / 02
11. ---- nations agree that air travel is essential to 16. ---- effort has been put into solving the problem
international commerce, but not ---- country is of plastic waste, but ---- of the methods tried so
capable of producing its own aircrafts. far has proved successful.
A) Most / all A) A few / either
B) The whole / each B) Each / some
C) Several / many C) Most / few
D) Plenty / either D) Much / none
E) All / every E) Every / no
17. ---- scholars argue that the history of the Jews

12. As ---- scholar in the field will agree, automated of Iran is one of the most important chapters of
R
measurements are easier, and certainly faster, Jewish history, yet it is also the most obscure,
than manual methods, but ---- produces usable because ---- of it has been published.
results. A) Some / any
A) most / no B) A little / none
B) any / either C) Most / little
a İ
C) every / all D) Much / several
D) each / both
T E) A large number of / many
z
E) some / none
18. Physical activity includes ---- kind of body
13. From Greek statues to Roman baths, marble movement including doing household chores,
gardening, and walking.
lt K
has been used for ---- centuries in almost ----
possible interior and exterior application. A) all
m
A) many / all B) any
B) a few / some C) most
C) a lot / each D) some
a E
la
D) several / every E) several
E) much / no
19. When your vessels are narrowed or blocked,
oğ N
your muscles do not get ---- blood, which

ı
14. Companies often use ---- methods to evaluate

a project’s cash flows, and ---- of them has its causes ---- of the symptoms of peripheral artery
benefits and disadvantages. disease.
A) scores of / every A) much / every

B) a vast amount of / most B) many / none
R
C) quite a few / all C) some / each

D) large numbers of / some D) enough / many
E) a great many / each E) any / a little
20. Elite soccer players must be able to kick the

Ö
15. There are ---- people complaining about the

future, but comparatively ---- are doing anything ball with ---- foot to meet at least ---- of the
Ç
about it. demands of the professional environment.
A) plenty of / very few A) either / some

B) whole / some B) neither / most
C) several / only each C) both / a few
D) a number of / all D) none / several
E) all / most E) all / many
123
YDT 12 / 02
6. One of the great paradoxes of modern America

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi is that ---- of food is wasted while ---- people do
bulunuz. not have enough access to quality food.
A) many / much
1. There are ---- companies offering car hire at B) all / several
Barcelona airport, but only ---- of them have C) a little / a number of
facilities inside the building.
D) much / some
A) some / a little E) a vast amount / scores of
B) a few / all
C) a number of / many
D) much / few 7. Although Charles II had several children, ---- of
them could claim the throne since ---- of them
R
E) many / a few
were illegitimate.
A) every / many
2. Since we are ---- one human species, ----
B) none / all
language in the world is related either directly
or indirectly to some other language. C) each / no
a İ
D) some / every
A) all / every B) most / several
E) several / little
T
C) some / a little D) much / each
z
E) both / all
8. Since ---- plants are grown in containers, you
3. Virtually ---- language in the world uses ---- can plant them at ---- time throughout the year.
lt K
words that are borrowed from other languages. A) many / all
A) any / a vast quantity of
B) each / a great deal of
C) every / several
m
B) much / both
C) a great deal of / much
D) most / any
a E
la
D) most / much E) plenty / little
E) all / some
9. In some rural areas, there is ---- or no choice

oğ N
4. ---- elderly people that live in nursing homes

ı
of schools while in Madrid and the other major

suffer from chronic pain and almost ---- of them cities there are usually ---- possibilities.
are affected by cognitive impairment.
A) few / every
A) Most / every
B) some / each
B) Quite a few / half
C) little / a number of
R
C) Some / much
D) many / a vast quantity of
D) A few / a large amount
E) much / a good deal of
E) All / each
Ö
5. Although ---- American state has a two-party 10. Only ---- of the ---- species at risk of extinction
system where Democrats and Republicans actually make it to the endangered lists and
Ç
share power, there are ---- variations in the obtain legal protection.
nature of these party systems. A) one / several
A) each / lots of B) both / neither
B) every / little C) none / a few
C) all / a few D) some / most
D) most / several E) a few / many
E) some / quite a few
124
YDT 12 / 02
11. Nearly ---- of the Army and Air Forces students 16. Communicable diseases present a great
are married, and ---- of them have been able to challenge to the developing world, where ----
arrange accommodations for their families near the 100 million children born ---- year need
the schools. to be vaccinated through carefully planned
immunization campaigns.
A) all / most
B) some / every A) every one of / each
C) a few / no B) each of / many
D) most / each C) some / most
E) each / either D) all / some
E) both / every
12. Not ---- is known about the blast so far, but the
R
area has dealt with ---- unrest in recent months. 17. Although ---- other country in the world rivals
America’s agriculture industry, its farmers also
A) many / some face ---- obstacles in today’s global economy.
B) some / scores of
A) none / a number of
C) much / a large amount of
a İ
B) most / plenty of
D) all / a great many
C) no / many
E) a few / several
T D) several / a lot of
z
E) a few / most
13. Nottingham has the second-highest proportion
of student housing in the ---- country – one in
18. During the battle, the health of the troops was
lt K
---- fourteen properties in the city is a student
home. not good – there were some dysentery, and ----
m
yellow fever, but ---- of the trouble was from a
A) quite a few / some severe form of malarial fever.
B) whole / every
A) a few / much B) some / many
C) much / a little
C) many / every D) most / no
a E
la
D) some / a vast amount of
E) a little / most
E) several / many
oğ N
19. ---- of the information on the Internet is

ı
14. ---- linguists believe that ---- of the languages valuable, but it also allows rapid and
of Central, Northern, and Eastern Asia form a widespread distribution of ---- false and
single Altaic language family. misleading information.
A) A number of / many A) Many / a little
B) Some / every B) Much / a great deal of
R
C) Most / a little C) Several / some

D) Several / the whole D) A few / much
E) Plenty / both E) All / many
Ö
15. Beetles represent almost ---- of the insects, 20. ---- kinds of bacteria growing inside your mouth
Ç
and nearly a quarter of ---- the animals living on can contribute to gum disease and dental
Earth today. decay, ---- of which can cause pain.
A) all / many A) Both / all
B) half / all B) Every / some
C) some / every C) Either / most
D) many / each D) Several / both
E) several / both E) Neither / a few
125
YDT 12 / 02
6. ---- new films have been realised during the last

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi month, but unfortunately, only ---- of them are
bulunuz. worth watching.
A) Some / each
1. ---- techniques have been proposed, but ---- has B) Several / every
proved consistently accurate. C) Most / all
A) A good deal of / either D) Enough / many
B) Any / each E) A number of / a few
C) Some / every
D) A large number of / none
E) Several / no 7. Our bodies are amazing machines and can
R
overcome ---- incredible obstacles and with
2. ---- animals are eukaryotic, multicellular ---- determination, anything is possible.
organisms, and ---- of them have complex tissue
A) a few / many
structure with differentiated and specialized
tissue. B) lots of / a little
a İ
C) every / little
A) Some / no
D) each / some
B) Many / neither
T
E) a great deal of / plenty of
C) All / most
z
D) Several / either
E) A number of / each
8. Although there are ---- alternative energy
lt K
3. During Pleistocene Epoch, the northern part sources, ---- of them turned out to be an
economical way to replace petroleum products.
of the United States was invaded by ----
successive ice sheets or glaciers, ---- of which
reached to and in some places beyond the
Missouri and Kansas River Valleys.
m
A) much / a few
B) some / no
C) several / much
a E
la
A) several / some
D) a lot of / none
B) many / every
E) a few / a little
C) a little / most
oğ N
D) a good deal of / a lot

ı
9. ---- candidates have a long record of democratic

E) much / any accomplishments and ---- of them is capable of
serving our city well.
4. ---- of the day was spent trying to fix the issue;
and after ---- effort, there was success – they A) Either / all
were able to restart the printer. B) Every / several
R
A) Most / a number of B) A few / some C) All / most

C) All / several D) Any / most D) None / many
E) Much / a great deal of E) Both / either
Ö
5. Social dialogue is not a foreign practice for 10. There is so ---- information on the web that a
Asian regions, and almost ---- nation in Asia person who does not invest ---- time cannot
Ç
has already participated in social dialogue to really digest what is really important.
accomplish ---- goals. A) much / plenty of
A) each / a great deal of B) many / several
B) all / many C) few / much
C) most / some D) little / many
D) every / several E) a lot of / any
E) some / any
126
YDT 12 / 02
11. Matthew has spent his ---- career in the health 16. Eating ---- salty food can contribute to the
care industry and the last ---- years in long-term development of hypertension or high blood
care. pressure, which is a key risk factor for ----
heart-related diseases.
A) all / either
B) some / no A) many / most
C) whole / few B) lots of / many
D) most / neither C) a few / several
E) several / a few D) the whole / much
E) enough / every
12. There are ---- volcanoes, which erupt about 17. During World War II, while ---- of Europe was
R
---- four years and can interfere with flights to ravaged, neutral Andorra, ---- of whose citizens
anywhere in the world. speak French, Spanish and Catalan, prospered
as a crossroads and a sanctuary.
A) several / all
A) all / none
B) many / every
B) any / a few
a İ
C) a lot of / most
C) many / some
D) plenty of / each
D) most / a great deal
E) a number of / a few
T E) much / most
z
18. ---- colour has a unique effect on individuals
13. The company is looking for someone with
and stimulates ---- different responses.
lt K
---- experience to run ---- of its operations
overseas. A) Every / several
A) a lot of / a little
m
B) Most / many
B) several / some C) All / a number of
C) many / any D) Each / much
a E
la
D) a few / much E) Either / every
E) a vast amount of / most
19. After ---- hard work, two possible routes for the
oğ N
channel have been mapped so far, but ---- of

ı
14. ---- organ of the body is thought to have its own

them has been declared the official route.
brand of stem cells that generate ---- organ’s
specialized cell types. A) much / both
A) Every / many B) many / either
B) Either / several C) a great deal of / neither
R
C) Each / all the D) a few / most

D) Neither / a number of E) several / a little
E) None / the whole
20. Although asbestos has been banned for use
on ---- dwelling, there are still ---- places that
Ö
15. A couples counsellor must listen to ---- sides of

contain this harmful toxin.
the story and not take ---- partner’s side.
Ç
A) many / scores of
A) both / either
B) most / a good deal of
B) every / any
C) some / a little
C) all / most
D) any / many
D) each / many
E) several / quite a few
E) either / much
127
YDT 12 / 02
PREPOSITIONS TEST 01
6. Today, most of the world’s habitats are

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi changing faster than most species can adapt
bulunuz. ---- such changes ---- natural selection.
A) to / through
1. Childhood obesity is associated ---- a number B) by / for
of adverse complications, ranging from serious C) in / of
physiological conditions ---- psychological
D) at / on
stress caused by negative self image or poor
performance in physical activities. E) from / into
A) with / to B) at / of
7. A photographer may take a picture of a
C) on / for D) during / by
thunderstorm or tornado ---- the hope that a
E) over / in
R
textbook or encyclopaedia uses it to illustrate
an article ---- weather.
2. Pregnant women who eat large amounts ---- A) in / about
sugar may be more likely to have children ----
B) beyond / over
allergies.
C) by / within
a İ
A) in / for
D) of / into
B) of / with
T
E) with / during
C) through / on
z
D) at / by
8. Allergic asthma is the most common form
E) over / to ---- asthma, and involves allergens provoking
the immune system ---- causing breathing
lt K
3. Depending ---- size, location, and timing, problems.
structural changes ---- chromosomes can lead
to birth defects, syndromes or even cancer.
A) upon / with
m
A) about / on
B) with / in
C) at / by
a E
B) about / across
la
D) of / into
C) for / by E) for / during
D) on / in
E) to / for
oğ N
9. Acute poisoning is likely to occur ---- the oral

ı
route whereas chronic poisoning is mainly ----

4. States that are relatively weak ---- terms of inhalation or skin contact.
material power are more vulnerable ---- security A) for / at
threats than strong states.
B) through / from
A) by / towards B) at / for
R
C) with / upon
C) in / to D) into / out of D) at / around
E) of / over E) against / for
5. The amount of forest area designated ---- 10. There are not many unexplored places left ----
Ö
biodiversity conservation has expanded ---- the planet, and most of those that remain are
almost one-third since 1990.
Ç
far ---- its surface.

A) with / in A) across / in
B) over / across B) by / for
C) for / by C) around / by
D) about / on D) on / beneath
E) along / to E) at / with
128
YDT 12 / 02
11. Although dams can provide us ---- a variety of 16. Because very little of its land is suitable ----
economic goods and services, they also have farming, Alaska imports about 90 per cent of its
detrimental effects ---- riverine ecosystems. food ---- other states.
A) with / on A) for / from
B) for / back B) to / on
C) to / at C) with / upon
D) by / for D) at / around
E) over / across E) of / in
17. Ancient Egyptians were adept ---- the practice

12. Although an influenza epidemic can occur of embalming, the act ---- preserving the
R
---- any time of year, flu season in temperate remains of the dead.
regions usually begins ---- the coming of winter. A) into / by
A) in / from B) from / into
B) at / with C) at / of
a İ
C) for / within D) down / with
D) over / towards E) away / on
E) along / by
T
z
18. The African elephant, whose oldest ancestor,
13. Even if fertilizers are essential ---- modern the mammoth, appeared ---- prehistoric times,
agriculture, their overuse can have harmful is one of the oldest surviving animal species
---- our planet.
lt K
effects ---- plants, crops and soil quality.
A) since / from
A) in / against
B) at / with
m
B) with / to
C) by / for C) during / on
D) for / about D) over / in
a E
la
E) to / on E) by / at
14. Mountaineers need to be ---- excellent physical 19. The cheetah, has vanished ---- over seventy
oğ N
seven percent of its historical range on the

ı
shape, so they train themselves ---- mountain

climbing by running, hiking, and bicycling. African continent and seems to be slowly
heading ---- extinction.
A) about / of
A) into / in
B) at / with
B) to / on
C) in / for
R
C) by / into
D) on / over
D) from / to
E) by / from
E) across / along
15. Gases that erupt ---- volcanoes are mostly

20. Hot springs play an important role in the
Ö
a mixture of water vapour, carbon dioxide,

sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen, ---- almost no formation ---- deposits that are rich ---- copper,
Ç
oxygen. nickel, cadmium, chromium, and uranium.
A) in / to A) along / from
B) from / with B) by / to
C) over / through C) of / in
D) of / into D) with / across
E) above / without E) at / around
129
YDT 12 / 02
6. The heat energy of the Sun, which is absorbed

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi ---- the Sun by the solar cells, is converted ----
bulunuz. electrical energy.
A) by / along
1. Overconsumption of pasta and rice can result B) through / across
---- extra fat in the body, so these materials C) in / towards
must be consumed ---- ultimate care.
D) for / within
A) from / across B) of / about E) from / into
C) by / along D) in / with
E) at / down 7. Researchers have succeeded ---- reconstructing
the evolutionary relationship ---- a two million
R
2. The ruins of the ancient city Petra, which were year old giant primate and the living orangutan.
discovered in 1810 by a Swiss explorer, are ---- A) by / during
danger ---- being destroyed by tourism.
B) with / over
A) in / of B) at / back C) for / across
C) on / across D) for / without
a İ
D) in / between
E) with / by E) to / of
3. Many scientists fear that the ozone layer may
T
z
8. Living in a more polluted area is associated
have been ---- repair by the time any effective ---- a greater likelihood ---- having glaucoma,
measure has been taken to take them ---- a debilitating eye condition that can cause
control. blindness.
lt K
A) in / over A) to / from
B) out of / down
C) into / across
D) by / from
m
B) with / of
C) by / under
D) on / out
a E
la
E) beyond / under E) through / around
4. Indigenous Mozambican women eat the leaves 9. New work reveals how one kind of bacteria
when they are short ---- milk ---- nursing as
oğ N
“eats” electricity ---- pulling in electrons

ı
they are believed to increase the milk supply of straight ---- an electrode source.
lactating women.
A) by / from
A) in / across
B) with / across
B) of / during
C) on / around
C) with / out of
R
D) in / to
D) at / over
E) through / for
E) into / by
10. Climate change is reshaping communities

5. As they are more often than not the major ---- fish and other sea life, according to a
Ö
targets, women are advised ---- carrying a hand pioneering study ---- how ocean warming is
or shoulder bag, for there has been a rise ----
Ç
affecting the mix of species.

mugging incidents lately.
A) in / onto
A) to / into
B) of / on
B) with / around
C) around / about
C) against / in
D) between / over
D) for / by
E) across / into
E) back / from
130
YDT 12 / 02
11. Many parts of your body are grouped ---- 16. There has been a ban ---- cigarette smoking in
systems, and these systems interact ---- one public transport, but taxi drivers themselves
another to keep you alive and healthy. still care little ---- this ban.
A) for / towards A) of / through
B) from / by B) for / by
C) into / with C) to / down
D) around / through D) on / about
E) across / to E) with / off
12. All sorts of medicine must be kept away ---- the

17. Endangered monkeys living ---- the wild are
reach of children, and parents should warn
intelligently adapting their lifestyle to fit ----
R
their children ---- the risks of medicine.
their human neighbours.
A) of / for
A) in / with
B) in / about
B) on / down
C) out of / across
C) for / of
a İ
D) from / against
D) with / around
E) within / over
E) off / into
T
z
13. A radio station sends electrical signals ----
wires ---- a tall tower that is called a broadcast 18. Health campaigns ---- social media aimed ----
antenna. increasing human papillomavirus vaccination
may see greater success, according to
lt K
A) to / over
researchers.
m
B) with / along
C) back / from A) in / to
D) out of / for B) on / at
E) through / to C) at / for
a E
la
D) through / against
14. People are continuously warned ---- the E) by / down

hazards of smoking by the media; however,
oğ N
no noticeable fall ---- cigarette sales has taken

ı
place so far. 19. More people are being diagnosed ---- mental
illnesses than ever before, and multiple factors
A) about / in can be attributed ---- this rise.
B) over / by A) by / out of
C) for / of B) among / for
R
D) against / into C) with / to

E) with / about D) at / in
E) across / through
15. ---- excavations in the historical site, which
have been ---- progress since last May,
Ö
thousands of precious pieces have been 20. It has long been known that when humans go
Ç
unearthed. ---- big changes in life, their personality traits

A) By / around can change, but a new study has revealed this
also happens with dogs, and ---- a surprisingly
B) With / off
large degree.
C) Through / in
A) to / into B) for / across
D) During / of
C) with / over D) in / by
E) On / from
E) through / to
131
YDT 12 / 02
6. Most women who have been diagnosed

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi ---- breast cancer will undergo some form of
bulunuz. treatment ---- the disease.
A) off / in
1. ---- many of us, when we think back to B) from / through
childhood summers or seemingly endless days C) by / down
spent in the classroom, these periods of time
D) with / for
feel as though they stretched ---- forever.
E) to / into
A) To / under B) With / down
C) For / on D) Among / by
7. The company misled its customers ---- thinking
E) Across / in certain fruits and vegetables were produced
R
on Australian farms, when they were in fact ----
2. Cellular phone networks exist ---- nearly every overseas.
metropolitan area ---- the world. A) by / down
A) over / from B) with / off
B) across / with C) into / from
a İ
C) over / by D) for / on
D) around / for
T
E) to / at
E) in / throughout
z
8. The economic downturn has exerted tremendous
3. Lions are ---- serious jeopardy of being financial pressure both ---- society ---- large and
the government.
lt K
completely erased ---- the environment in
Africa. A) in / around
A) out / across
B) into / through
m
B) for / by
C) to / with
C) off / by D) on / at
a E
la
D) in / from E) by / off
E) to / with
9. New York prosecutors announced an
oğ N
investigation ---- whether Exxon Mobil misled

ı
4. Greeks are believed to have adopted the zodiac

signs ---- the Babylonians and then passed the public and investors ---- the risks of climate
them ---- to other ancient civilizations. change.
A) with / among A) into / about

B) in / towards B) on / through
R
C) from / onto C) to / in
D) by / across D) for / with
E) to / along E) by / around
10. Information must be rehearsed repeatedly in

Ö
5. A new policy has regulated the use ---- cell

phones in hospital facilities, taking technical, order to be transferred ---- short-term memory
Ç
ethical and practical issues ---- consideration. ---- long-term memory, otherwise it will be
forgotten.
A) of / into
A) into / of
B) in / down
B) by / out of
C) with / across
C) with / through
D) by / over
D) from / to
E) out of / from
E) across / over
132
YDT 12 / 02
11. Known for its primary focus being ---- celebrity 16. Children look ---- whenever they hear an aircraft
news, gossip, and at times crime, the National and are usually captivated ---- this big, shiny
Enquirer is a tabloid paper that is criticized ---- object moving in the sky.
exaggerating the truth.
A) at / on
A) upon / from B) for / through
B) to / in C) up / by
C) on / for D) after / to
D) with / by E) down / with
E) down / into
17. The postal abbreviations were originally
12. Miro Cardona resigned ---- the council in 1963 intended only ---- mailing addresses including
R
and accused the United States ---- betraying its zip codes, but ---- time they have become more
promise to the Cuban people. widely used.
A) to / down A) by / off
B) from / of B) for / over
C) with / through C) with / in
a İ
D) by / for D) to / on
E) at / on
T E) across / during
z
13. A carburettor is a mechanical device that 18. Teachers need to be able to apply technological
regulates the amount of fuel drawn ---- the innovations ---- the teaching and learning
airstream based ---- the speed and pressure of process to prepare their students ---- their
lt K
airflow entering the engine. future careers.
m
A) out of / back A) to / for
B) towards / in B) with / by
C) through / at C) by / down
a E
la
D) with / by D) at / off
E) into / upon E) on / of
oğ N
14. Exposure ---- pets, such as cats, dogs, guinea 19. The demonstrations ---- the prospect of a war
ı
pigs, horses, rabbits or mice at home or work with Syria saw broad participation ---- a wide
can result ---- allergic reactions in some people. range of non-governmental organizations.
A) by / of A) for / down
B) with / from B) against / from
R
C) through / off C) at / back

D) to / in D) to / of
E) into / for E) over / with
15. Sanskrit exerted a great deal of influence 20. Transportation, from planes in the air to the
Ö
---- all languages and cultures ---- the Indian trains that travel ---- land via the railway system,
Ç
subcontinent and beyond. is one human factor that has had a significant
impact ---- our environment.
A) in / with
B) over / by A) at / down
C) to / across B) in / with
D) towards / around C) across / by
E) on / of D) over / on
E) to / upon
133
YDT 12 / 02
6. Health disparities ---- a population are ---- the

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi most profound indicators of social inequalities
bulunuz. that can be found.
A) in / along
1. Postgraduate education gives a researcher B) during / by
insight ---- knowledge and skills gained ---- C) across / among
individuals in undergraduate education.
D) about / of
A) in / towards E) down / with
B) of / around
C) to / off
7. Dedication ---- one’s field of expertise has
D) into / by always played a fundamental role ---- ensuring
R
E) at / with customer satisfaction and overall success.
A) by / towards
2. There is a ban ---- the use of cell phones in B) with / back
hospitals and airplanes, because their
electromagnetic transmissions can interfere C) for / down
a İ
---- sensitive electrical devices. D) at / from
A) for / across B) of / down E) to / in
C) by / into D) at / in
T
z
E) on / with 8. Guidelines ---- appropriate use of the symbol
are being developed and will be made
accessible when access ---- the symbol is
lt K
3. In the second stage of the research project,
granted.
the participants were classified ---- four types
according to their interaction ---- the university
environment.
A) through / in
m
A) into / off
B) in / from
C) for / by
a E
B) down / of D) on / to
la
C) into / with E) through / with
D) by / to
E) at / for 9. A diamond is a precious stone that is formed
oğ N
---- a combination of intense heat and pressure

4. Spending ---- education can be seen as an from deep ---- the Earth.
investment activity with both costs and A) with / over
benefits, and thus subject ---- a cost-benefit
B) through / within
analysis.
R
C) by / across
A) in / across B) at / down
D) along / in
C) with / by D) for / in
E) among / on
E) on / to
Ö
5. Having been diagnosed ---- Asperger’s 10. It is now well established that dyslexia, a
syndrome, she finds it difficult to make learning disorder characterized ---- difficulty
Ç
sense ---- the world and has problems with reading, is a neurological and cognitive
communication and social interaction. disorder ---- a hereditary origin.
A) to / into A) by / with
B) with / of B) for / into
C) for / towards C) in / off
D) about / on D) on / out of
E) over / in E) from / of
134
YDT 12 / 02
11. Haiti is approaching the third anniversary of 16. Corporate governance is ---- significant
a devastating earthquake which left ---- two importance ---- those Americans who work for
hundred thousand people dead and about two corporations or are affected by their decisions.
million homeless when it struck the area ----
A) of / for
January 12, 2010.
B) with / on
A) to / from
C) by / into
B) by / during
D) through / against
C) for / at
E) to / across
D) over / on
E) from / in
17. Adult children, irrespective ---- their gender, are
also entitled to compensation from insurance
R
12. ---- light of the recent economic crisis that companies ---- the event of death of parents in
swept ---- the globe, hundreds of thousands of road accidents.
people were made redundant. A) by / on
A) To / off B) with / to
C) for / towards
a İ
B) On / by
C) Among / with D) of / in
D) In / across
T E) from / off
z
E) For / around
18. Russia’s compulsory military service practices
have come ---- attack ---- a variety of reasons,
13. Pupils are expected to be obedient and mindful including the issues of economic inefficiency.
lt K
of staff instructions both ---- the school and
when ---- the supervision of staff outside of the A) under / for
school.
m
B) across / of
A) at / from C) with / by
B) out / to D) from / to
a E
la
C) out of / across E) through / on
D) into / over
E) within / under 19. One of the most notable changes in the world
oğ N
economy ---- the past three decades has been

ı
the diverging trends ---- the growth of the

14. As the name implies, people ---- a specific developing countries.
phobia generally have an irrational fear ----
A) over / across
specific objects or situations.
B) during / in
A) for / on B) from / in
R
C) for / of
C) with / of D) off / into
D) within / from
E) by / to
E) along / off
15. Some referees are capable of making instant 20. Oil is a finite source of energy, which will
Ö
decisions whilst others do not like making run ---- or just become way too expensive ----
important decisions ---- having first weighed ----
Ç
people to use.
all the relevant information in their minds.
A) in / among
A) by / back B) out of / from
B) without / up C) into / by
C) on / down D) out / for
D) to / off E) with / of
E) for / of
135
YDT 12 / 02
GENERAL REVISION TEST 01
6. If foreign companies ---- to pay the same tax

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi rate as domestic companies, they ---- local
bulunuz. subsidiaries.
A) have wanted / have set up
1. The goal of the program is to enable children B) wanted / had set up
with diabetes to meet and share ---- experiences C) want / have to set up
with ----.
D) would want / could set up
A) them / themselves B) theirs / each other E) might want / would have set up
C) each other / their own D) their / one another
E) one another / them
7. ---- more is done to improve opportunities in
R
2. Cascais, “The Town of Kings and Fishes”, ---- a
holiday destination since the beginning of the education and training for everyone, there is a
19th century, when the king of Portugal ---- it as growing risk of an increasingly divided society.
his summer retreat. A) On condition that
A) was / has chosen B) If
a İ
B) had been / has been choosing C) Whether
C) is / was choosing D) Unless
D) has been / chose
T E) As long as
z
E) will have been / chooses
3. By the time the World War II ---- in 1939, many

lt K
of the British Museum’s most valued objects ---- 8. National and local authorities are said ---- tight
measures to force affected families ---- lodging
to safe locations across the UK.
A) had broken out / were already evacuated
B) was breaking out / have already been
m
for fear of a large scale eruption.
A) to be taken / moving
evacuated B) having taken / to be moving
a E
la
C) has broken out / were already being evacuated C) to have been taken / to be moved
D) had been breaking out / are already being D) being taken / having moved
evacuated E) to have taken / to move
oğ N
E) broke out / had already been evacuated
4. In the 1930s, almost 90 percent of the

9. An organization diversifies when it aims ---- its
eelgrasses around Britain ---- from a wasting
sales by ---- new products into new markets.
disease, which ---- by a fungus.
A) increasing / being introduced
R
A) died / may have been caused

B) to increase / introducing
B) have died / must have been caused
C) to have increased / having introduced
C) were dying / had to be caused
D) to be increased / to introduce
D) have been dying / could have been caused
E) being increased / to be introduced
E) had been dying / might be caused
Ö
Ç
5. ---- by a saucepan left on the hob, the fire quickly

---- to the attic and other rooms in the house.
10. Scientists are trying to figure out ---- big a
A) Having caused / has spread reserve might have to be in order to protect as
B) To have caused / was spreading many of the species that live in a rain forest.
C) Having been caused / spread A) how long B) which
D) To be caused / is spreading C) where D) what
E) Being caused / had been spreading E) how
136
YDT 12 / 02
11. Scientists say they can predict ---- a person 16. The reefs constitute an important resource for
can expect to live longer or die sooner than fishing, tourism and recreation, ---- providing
average, just by looking at their DNA. protection to vulnerable shores against
potentially damaging waves.
A) that
B) when A) despite
C) whether B) as well as
D) how often C) unlike
E) how many D) in place of
E) with a view to
12. Allergic asthma is ---- form of asthma, and

17. ---- can smoke discolour your household
R
involves allergens provoking the immune
system into causing breathing problems. items, ---- it can also cause all kinds of health
problems.
A) more common
A) Neither / nor
B) the most common
B) Just / as
C) as common
a İ
C) Whether / or
D) such common
D) Either / or
E) too common
T E) Not only / but
z
13. Preliminary programs are one-year programs
18. Crash test dummies simulate human weight,
for those ---- to specialize and ---- need a year of
lt K
height and dimensions and collect data that
internal medicine training.
would ---- be impossible to gather.
A) wished / that
B) being wished / whose
m
A) however
B) therefore
C) to wish / whom
C) otherwise
a E
la
D) having wished / with whom
D) for instance
E) wishing / who
E) moreover
oğ N
14. The owner of an estate ---- water runs, whether 19. Nearly ---- of the teenagers surveyed reported
it originates there or passes from lands above, having consumed alcohol at least ---- times in
may make use of it while it runs over his lands. their lives.
A) through which A) half / a few
B) when B) all / a little
R
C) that C) most / both

D) of which D) none / much
E) which E) plenty / neither
Ö
15. ---- they pose no threat to humans, Asian 20. Africa is urgently ---- need of answers and
Ç
hornets have wiped out bee populations in solutions to the myriad of problems and
parts of Europe, putting the insect under threat. challenges that it is faced ----.
A) Because A) at / for
B) If B) under / by
C) Even if C) in / with
D) Although D) into / out
E) As if E) on / to
137
YDT 12 / 02
6. If it ---- untreated, melanoma, which develops

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi from the pigment-containing cells known as
bulunuz. melanocytes, ---- rapidly to other parts of the
body.
1. ---- she did, she did perfectly, and ---- we did A) left / would spread
was ever good enough. B) will be left / spreads
A) Nowhere / everywhere C) leaves / will have spread
B) Somebody / anything D) had been left / may have spread
C) Anything / somewhere E) is left / can spread
D) Everything / nothing
E) Nobody / something
R
7. It is possible to achieve spectacular results
2. With climate change, plants of the future ---- more with a very abbreviated program ---- one pays
water than in the present day, ---- to less water attention to details.
available for people living in North America and
A) as long as B) unless
Eurasia.
a İ
C) in case D) as if
A) will have consumed / being led
E) even if
B) would consume / having been led
C) consumed / led
T
z
D) have consumed / having led
E) will consume / leading 8. Aging is a natural process, though it is possible
---- its effects by ---- various habits such as
lt K
monitoring diet, exercise, stress, and sleep.
3. According to regulations, the nuclear wastes ----
in sites where groundwater ---- easily reach them.
A) have to be stored / could not
m
A) to have lessened / being adopted
B) lessening / to have adopted
C) being lessened / to be adopting
B) had to be stored / may not
a E
la
D) to lessen / adopting
C) must be stored / cannot
E) to be lessened / having adopted
D) should have been stored / might not
E) would rather be stored / should not
oğ N
4. Before ---- a drug, it is important for the doctor 9. When trying ---- with both an addiction and a
---- the patient properly and review the result of mental health disorder it is hard ---- where one
previous treatment. ends and the other begins.
A) having prescribed / diagnosing A) to deal / to know
R
B) prescribing / to diagnose B) being dealt / being known

C) being prescribed / to be diagnosed C) dealing / knowing
D) prescribed / having diagnosed D) to have dealt / to be known
E) having been prescribed / to have diagnosed E) to be dealt / to have known
Ö
5. The attacks on 11 September 2001, which ---- the

Ç
US into that decade of war, ---- about a number

10. Health experts are of the opinion ---- excessive
of changes in its national security outlook.
noise can also lead to neurosis and nervous
A) have launched / are bringing breakdown.
B) launched / brought A) when B) whether
C) had launched / have brought C) that D) how
D) were launching / would have brought E) why
E) would launch / had brought
138
YDT 12 / 02
11. One disturbing thing is ---- neither fishermen 16. Only a small portion of the Egyptian population
nor divers seem to understand ---- important is known to have used hieroglyphs ---- they
the Mediterranean seals are for the ecological were too difficult to learn.
balance of seas.
A) so that
A) whether / how much B) unless
B) why / that C) in case
C) the fact that / why D) although
D) that / how E) because
E) which / whether
17. A number of steganographic systems have
R
12. Some people cannot get enough Vitamin B12 been developed in past years, most of which,
supply from their diet ---- because they absorb ----, are confined to the laboratory conditions.
vitamin B12 poorly ---- because their diet is
A) however
deficient.
B) therefore
A) the more / the more
a İ
C) otherwise
B) neither / nor
D) accordingly
C) as / as
D) either / or
T E) in other words
z
E) so / that
18. In response to the demand, companies hire

lt K
13. The best way ---- your mind and body is to do more people ---- they can increase their output.
something ---- you have never done before. m
A) so that
A) to regenerate / that
B) even though
B) to be regenerated / which
C) just as
C) regenerating / whom
D) whereas
a E
la
D) being regenerated / who
E) besides
E) to have regenerated / whose
oğ N
14. Bowling is an indoor game ---- players roll balls

19. Drinking water treatment is subject to ----
along a runway ---- a lane, attempting to knock
demands, and today, ---- of the challenges it
down ten pins.
faces are becoming increasingly complex.
A) when / being called
A) plenty / some
B) in which / called
B) much / most
R
C) which / to call
C) a great deal of / a few
D) where / calling
D) many / all
E) that / to be called
E) several / none
Ö
15. The number of cigarette smokers in

20. It is possible to measure the speed ---- which
underdeveloped countries does not seem to
the human body reacts to the stimulus of touch
Ç
diminish ---- all its harmful consequences.

---- nothing more than a stop watch.
A) because of
A) in / for
B) rather than
B) during / of
C) in addition to
C) at / with
D) despite
D) over / by
E) in place of
E) on / down
139
YDT 12 / 02
6. If we ---- a larger number of participants at the

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi beginning, we ---- more statistical power.
bulunuz. A) would enrol / had had
B) had enrolled / would have had
1. Many people experience a change in ---- mood C) have enrolled / may have had
or energy levels when they find ---- deprived of
D) will enrol / can have
natural daylight.
E) enrolled / should have had
A) them / by themselves
B) theirs / each other
C) themselves / one another
7. ---- they can increase their yields, there is no
D) their / themselves way a poor country like Bangladesh can resolve
R
E) themselves / of their own poverty.
A) Provided
2. Recent research studies ---- that feeling gratitude B) Unless
---- people happy.
C) So long as
a İ
A) find / made D) Provided
B) are finding / has made E) In case
T
C) have been finding / would make
z
D) found / will make
E) have found / makes 8. We were eager ---- the tour, but we needed
---- whether it included a lot of walking and
lt K
3. There’s a hole in information on how women climbing.
---- the changes they ---- both physically and
mentally.
A) are supposed to cope with / have experienced
m
A) to have booked / to be known
B) booking / having known
C) to be booked / knowing
B) can cope with / had experienced D) having booked / to have known
a E
la
C) had to cope with / are experiencing E) to book / to know
D) must have coped with / will experience
E) should cope with / were experiencing
oğ N
9. It’s normal ---- a little bit of anxiety about ---- on

4. Durians ---- a very good source of nutrients, a first date.
but they are also high in calories and
A) feeling / to go
carbohydrates and thus ---- in moderation.
B) being felt / having gone
A) should be / would rather be consumed
C) to feel / going
R
B) must have been / had to be consumed

D) having felt / to have gone
C) may be / must be consumed
E) to be felt / having been gone
D) might have been / could have been consumed
E) had to be / can be consumed
Ö
10. ---- is important in terms of rituals is not ---- the

5. A Maltese man ---- after ---- unconscious in a
Ç
action is rational for an outsider’s perspective.

prison cell at the Corradino Prisons.
A) How / why
A) died / finding
B) Who / whose
B) would die / having found
C) Which / whom
C) is dying / found
D) Whose / how
D) had died / being found
E) What / whether
E) died / having been found
140
YDT 12 / 02
11. Researchers from across the university have 16. Sicily has the lowest female life expectancy
banded together to understand ---- our brains ---- male life expectancy figures are somewhat
learn. higher than average.
A) how A) since
B) whereby B) whereas
C) which C) in that
D) whom D) in case
E) that E) now that
17. Some drugs must not be taken during

12. Most international seminars have ---- a tight
pregnancy ---- they may cause problems for the
R
schedule ---- it is often impossible to visit the
fetus.
city where they are held.
A) until
A) so / that
B) while
B) either / or
C) just as
a İ
C) both / and
D) as
D) neither / nor
E) though
E) such / that
T
z
18. ---- birds are common victims of cats, outdoor
13. Every independent state is divided into many cats may fall victim to coyotes and raccoons.
lt K
different orders and societies, ---- has its own
particular powers, privileges, and immunities. A) Just as
m
B) However
A) whose
C) Although
B) each of which
D) Despite
C) in which
a E
la
E) Unlike
D) which
E) by which
19. There are ---- types of people who are
oğ N
14. There are numerous reasons ---- people ---- overconfident, and there are ---- reasons that
would like to visit a therapist do not have the someone might act this way.
opportunity to do so.
A) a few / a little
A) that / whom B) some / plenty
B) which / whose C) a number of / too much
R
C) for which / of which D) most / none

D) why / who E) several / many
E) whereby / that
Ö
15. Aviation festival will be open to the public, 20. The structure of the skin varies ---- some extent
therefore, it will attract ---- the inhabitants of the among species but is mainly composed ---- two
Ç
city ---- the guests. layers: the epidermis and the dermis.
A) so / that A) with / by
B) not just / but also B) for / in
C) as well / as C) at / down
D) neither / not D) to / of
E) only / but E) up / into
141
YDT 12 / 02
6. If the thermal blanketing of the natural

yerlere uygun düşen sözcük veya ifadeyi greenhouse effect ----, the Earth’s climate ----
bulunuz. about 33 Celsius degrees cooler.
A) had not existed / will have been
1. In order to solve the problems in ---- relationship, B) has not existed / was
men and women need to speak to ---- more. C) does not exist / has been
A) them / others D) did not exist / would be
B) theirs / the other E) will not exist / would be
C) their / one another
D) theirs / the others
7. Parts of North Korea are expected to run out
E) their / other
of food in less than two months due to a poor
R
harvest ---- foreign donors agree to provide
2. Our predictions on climate change ---- on physical assistance.
theories, and we ---- these theories by applying
them to past climates. A) even if
B) in case
A) depend / can test
a İ
C) otherwise
B) depended / may test
D) as if
T
C) have depended / should have tested
E) provided
D) would depend / might have tested
z
E) will depend / could have tested
8. It is important for teachers and parents ---- that
lt K
3. Heat waves ---- more frequent in recent decades, maturation of the brain influences readiness
and scientists predict that climate change and for ----.
the growth of cities, which trap heat, ---- to more
deaths.
A) have become / will lead
m
A) understanding / being learnt
B) having understood / to be learnt
C) to be understood / having learnt
a E
B) had become / were leading

la
D) to have understood / to have learnt
C) became / would lead
E) to understand / learning
D) were becoming / led
E) have been becoming / have led
oğ N
9. They must seize the opportunity ---- the

4. The Cochranes are known ---- an important role productivity by ---- more in the electronics.
during the Napoleonic Wars, which ---- Europe A) to have accelerated / being invested
between 1792 and 1815.
B) being accelerated / to invest
A) to have been played / were sweeping C) to accelerate / investing
R
B) having played / had swept D) accelerating / to be invested

C) to be playing / would sweep E) to be accelerated / having invested
D) to have played / swept
E) being played / had been sweeping
Ö
10. One reason that personality is such an

important psychological concept is because
5. Lately, researchers ---- three new species of
Ç
of ---- it tells us about the kind of lives we are

insects enclosed in Cambay amber ---- from
likely to lead.
over 54 million years ago.
A) that
A) identified / to have dated
B) whether
B) are identifying / being dated
C) how many
C) will have identified / dated
D) what
D) identify / having dated
E) where
E) have identified / dating
142
YDT 12 / 02
11. We all know ---- important self-esteem is to our 16. Animals and humans can only go up and down,
happiness, and we know ---- we need to like and side to side ---- sea creatures have no
ourselves and have faith in ourselves. movement restrictions.
A) how / that A) in that
B) what / whether B) whereas
C) which / why C) provided
D) how much / where D) unless
E) how often / when E) whereby
12. At high latitudes, the ocean’s surface waters 17. High doses of saffron have been found to
are cooled by frigid temperatures and become reduce immunoglobulin in healthy men
R
---- dense ---- they sink a few thousand meters temporarily and to reduce inflammation ----.
into the ocean’s gulf.
A) thus
A) more / than B) as a result
B) so / as C) since
C) so / that
a İ
D) yet
D) such / that E) already
E) the most / as
T
z
18. Monopolies are widely regarded to be harmful
13. Chernobyl is a nuclear power plant in North for business because they ---- hinder healthy
Central Ukraine one of ---- reactors went out of competition and new ideas ---- raise the basic
control in 1986. costs of doing business.
lt K
A) which A) but / as well
B) whose
m
B) neither / nor
C) whom C) so / that
D) by which D) both / and
a E
la
E) where E) more / than
14. Unlike oil, ---- has long been considered an 19. ---- health authorities around the world advise
oğ N
element of civilization and modernity for people either to consume ---- oily fish or to take
ı
centuries, the flowing water is renewable, ---- supplements.

means that it will not run out.
A) A great deal of / lots of
A) that / whose B) A lot / a few
B) who / whom C) Many / plenty of
R
C) in which / where D) Much / several

D) where / when E) None / some
E) which / which
20. Fifty years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled
15. Organizing health care services in sparsely miscegenation laws, which prevent people
Ö
populated areas is challenging ---- the ---- different races and ethnicities ---- getting
Ç
resources are limited and geographical married to one another, unconstitutional.

distances are long.
A) off / to
A) because B) among / for
B) so that C) of / from
C) in case D) between / into
D) although E) at / about
E) just as
143
EQFMTQVCMJTIJOHDPN EFTUFL!EQFMTQVCMJTIJOHDPN
@dpelspublishing dpelspublishing
.F̄SVUJZFU$BE,ÚLł̄)BO

/P,BU,[MBZ"OLBSB

12 Grammar QB Deniz Pınar Premium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

12 Grammar QB Deniz Pınar Premium

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

12 Grammar QB Deniz Pınar Premium

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Yazar

Genel Yayın Yönetmeni

(0312) 419 419 0

Bu kitap T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı’nın bandrolü ile satılmaktadır.

Gerçek başarı başkalarını başarılı kılmaktır.

By myself = on my own (alone): I did the whole work by myself / on my own.

One Ball Another Ball

Other Balls Another The Other Balls The Other Ball

6. She recently started chemotherapy and started

9. Of course, everyone feels better about ---- when

B) nobody / somebody C) theirs / another

17. You do not need to perform every job ----, and

14. When this manuscript was first catalogued

C) anyone / itself C) nothing / them

15. The society arranges reunions and ---- social

events, enabling people to keep in touch with

6. Sleep training, also known as sleep teaching, is

2. Snakes can absorb heat from the ground, from A) other

3. The members of the Italian coalition were eager

9. Draw a web on the board and ask kids what are

B) theirs / everyone C) by themselves / anyone

10. Jupiter is the fastest spinning planet in ----

12. ---- that wishes to publish a weblog can start a

A) everybody / by himself A) the others

C) nobody / himself C) each other

5. Russia and China have reiterated ---- readiness

2. Very often, novel and innovative projects end E) the others

T compare two things which are similar to ---- in

8. ---- lives ---- near the North Pole, which is the

than one causative factor for ----.

E) the others / theirs

4. Current brain science and psychology have

care about ---- is one of the best predictors of

B) yours / yourself C) anybody / themselves

20. People tend to maintain an optimistic view,

15. Learners can view ---- as part of a vast network

6. The location really has ---- to offer for ---- who

9. He was so into his car that he spent more time

B) our / each other C) everybody / nothing

5. Martin Luther King, Jr. was the leader of the

12. We do not have the power to change ---- in the

C) them / somewhere C) their / hers

TENSE FORM USE TIME EXPRESSIONS

• Habits and routines:

• Laws of nature and generalizations: hardly ever, never etc.

• With stative verbs:

• For an action happening at the moment of speaking:

already, ever, just,

• Actions which started in the past and still going on

TENSE FORM USE TIME EXPRESSIONS

• Actions completed in the past at a definite time, or

yesterday, 2 days ago,

• Actions taking place in the middle of another action:

I was watching television yesterday at 3 o'clock.

already, by the time,

N: He had not time in the past: never, not yet, until

• It is the continuous form of the Past Perfect Tense

swimming. when I graduated from the university.

swimming. action: year, all year etc.

swimming? they met.