IT Skills For Employement Final

Dr. P.
ZAHIR HUSSAIN
Theory Question & Answers (English version) :
Name :
Roll. No. :
Class : II B. Com.,
Sub. Name : IT Skills for Employment
Sub. Code : 22NME3C
Prepared by
Dr. P. ZAHIR HUSSAIN M.Com., M.Phil., Ph.D
Assistant Professor of Commerce
PG & Research Department of Commerce

Dr. Zakir Husain College – Ilayangudi
IT Skills for Employment

Dr. P. ZAHIR HUSSAIN
UNIT – 1
 Introduction to computer:
 Explanations;
A computer is described as an electronic device because; it is made up of electronic
components and uses electric energy (such as electricity) to operate.
A computer has an internal memory, which stores data & instructions temporarily
awaiting processing, and even holds the intermediate result (information) before it is
communicated to the recipients through the Output devices.
It works on the data using the instructions issued, means that, the computer cannot
do any useful job on its own. It can only work as per the set of instructions issued.
A computer will accept data in one form and produce it in another form. The data is
normally held within the computer as it is being processed.
 Types of computers:
 Supercomputers
 Mainframe computers
 Minicomputers
 Personal computers (PCs) or microcomputers
Supercomputers;
Supercomputer – a powerful computer that can process large amounts of data and do a
great amount of computation very quickly.

Supercomputers are used for areas related to:

 Science
 Engineering
 Education
 Defense
 Aerospace
Supercomputers are useful for applications involving very large databases or that require
a great amount of computation.
Supercomputers are used for complex tasks, such as:

 Weather forecasting
 Climate research
 Scientific simulation
 Oil and gas exploration
 Quantum mechanics
 Cryptanalysis
Mainframe computers
Mainframe computer – a high-performance computer used for large information

processing jobs.
Mainframe computers are primarily used in :

 Institutions
 Research
 Academics
 Health care
 Libraries
 Large businesses
 Financial institutions
 Stock brokerage firms
 Insurance agencies
Mainframe computers are useful for tasks related to:

 Census taking
 Industry and consumer statistics
 Enterprise resource planning
 Transaction processing
 e-business and e-commerce

Minicomputers
Minicomputer – a mid-range computer that is intermediate in size, power, speed, storage

capacity, etc., between a mainframe and a microcomputer.
Minicomputers are used by small organizations.
“Minicomputer” is a term that is no longer used much. In recent years, minicomputers

are often referred to as small or midsize servers (a server is a central computer that
provides information to other computers).
Personal computers
Personal computer (PC) – a small computer designed for use by a single user at a time.
A PC or microcomputer uses a single chip (microprocessor) for its central processing unit
(CPU).
“Microcomputer” is now primarily used to mean a PC, but it can refer to any kind of
small computer, such as a desktop computer, laptop computer, tablet, smartphone, or
wearable.
Types of personal computers
 Desktop computer – a personal computer that is designed to stay at one location and
fits on or under a desk. It typically has a monitor, keyboard, mouse, and a tower
(system unit).

 Laptop computer (or notebook) – A portable personal computer that is small enough
to rest on the user’s lap and can be powered by a battery. It includes a flip down
screen and a keyboard with a touchpad.
 Tablet – A wireless touchscreen PC that is slightly smaller and weighs less than the
average laptop.
 Smartphone – A mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a personal

computer.

Hardware:
 A computer's hardware consists of its physical parts, including its internal pieces and
connected external devices.
 Hardware components perform a computer's tasks like calculating data, storing
information, processing input, and providing output.
 All hardware devices, whether internal or external, include chips on a circuit board
to perform a function.
 Internal Components.
Internal hardware parts may also be called "components." These consist of everything
inside a computer's case, including the following examples:
 A CPU is the brain of a computer that processes instructions and controls the rest
of the hardware.
 Memory, or RAM, temporarily stores information for the CPU to process.
 External hardware:
External hardware devices, meanwhile, are usually called "peripherals." These include
everything that connects to a computer by one of its ports or plugs, including these
common examples:
 Monitors display the output of a computer's video card to provide a graphical user
interface that someone can use to monitor and control the computer.
 Keyboards and mice accept input from the person operating the computer,
allowing them to enter text, issue commands, and manipulate objects displayed
on the screen.
 Speakers and headphones play the sounds generated by a computer.
 Motherboard;
 A motherboard (also called mainboard, main circuit
board, MB, mboard, backplane board, base board, system board, mobo; or in
Apple computers logic board) is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-
purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows
communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system,
such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory, and provides connectors
for other peripherals. Unlike a backplane, a motherboard usually contains
significant sub-systems, such as the central processor,

the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and

other components integrated for general use.
 Motherboard means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name

suggests, this board is often referred to as the "mother" of all components attached
to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and daughterboards: sound
cards, video cards, network cards, host bus adapters, TV tuner cards, IEEE
1394 cards, and a variety of other custom components.
 Processor (computing);
In this article on ‘what is processor’, we will discuss about this circuit, its components,
types and examples.
What is Processor in Computer?
 Processor or Central Processing Unit (CPU) refers to logic circuitry that responds
to and processes basic instructions that drive computers.
For any operation to perform on a computer, the processor is required to interpret

the operating system. A processor consists of arithmetical logic and a control unit (CU)
that measures capability in terms of:
 Maximum number of bits/instructions

 Relative clock speed
 The ability of processing instruction at a given time.
 Components of a Processor;
A processor has four components, including a floating point unit (FPU), an arithmetic
logic unit (ALU), registers, and cache memories.
1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU);ALU is the main component in a processor that
performs various arithmetic and logic operations. It is an integrated circuit within the
CPU/GPU, due to which it is also known as an integer unit (IU).
2. Floating-Point Unit (FPU);It is part of the computer system that is used for carrying
out operations on floating-point numbers.
3. Registers; Registers are types of computer memory that accept, transfer, and store
data as well as instructions that are being used.
4. Cache; Cache is the smaller yet faster memory that is located close to the core of
the processor. There are three levels of cache: L1, L2 and L3 cache.

 What is RAM?[ Random Access Memory]
 RAM, which stands for Random Access Memory, is a hardware device generally
located on the motherboard of a computer and acts as an internal memory of the
CPU.
 It allows CPU store data, program, and program results when you switch on the
computer.
 It is the read and write memory of a computer, which means the information can
be written to it as well as read from it.
A computer's performance mainly depends on the size or storage capacity of the RAM.
If it does not have sufficient RAM (random access memory) to run the OS and software
programs, it will result in slower performance.
 What is ROM [Read-only memory]?
 ROM, which stands for read only memory, is a memory device or storage medium
that stores information permanently.
 It is also the primary memory unit of a computer along with the random access
memory (RAM). It is called read only memory as we can only read the programs
and data stored on it but cannot write on it. It is restricted to reading words that
are permanently stored within the unit.
 A simple example of ROM is the cartridge used in video game consoles that allows
the system to run many games. The data which is stored permanently on personal
computers and other electronic devices like smartphones, tablets, TV, AC, etc. is
also an example of ROM.
 SMPS: Switched-Mode Power Supply/ Switching Mode Power Supply;

 SMPS stands for Switched-Mode Power Supply. It is an electronic power supply
that uses a switching regulator to convert electrical power efficiently. It is also
known as Switching Mode Power Supply. It is power supply unit (PSU)
generally used in computers to convert the voltage into the computer acceptable
range.

 This device has the power handling electronic components that converts
electrical power efficiently. Switched Mode Power Supply uses a great power
conversion technique to reduce overall power loss.
 Graphics card;

A graphics card (also called a video card, display card, graphics adapter, VGA
card/VGA, video adapter, display adapter, or colloquially GPU) is
a computer expansion card that generates a feed of graphics output to a display
device such as a monitor.
 Graphics cards are sometimes called discrete or dedicated graphics cards to
emphasize their distinction to integrated graphics processor on
the motherboard or the CPU.
 A graphics processing unit (GPU) that performs the necessary computations is the
main component in a graphics card, but the acronym "GPU" is sometimes also
used to refer to the graphics card as a whole.
 What is a storage device?
 A storage device is a kind of hardware, which is also known as storage, storage

medium, digital storage, or storage media that has the ability to store information
either temporarily or permanently.
 Generally, it is used to hold, port, and extract data files. It can be used either internally
or externally to a computer system, server or any comparable computing device to
hold information.
 A storage device is available in various form factors; for case, a computer device
includes different storage media such as hard disk, RAM, cache.
 They also have optical disk drives and externally connected USB drives. Two types of
storage devices, primary and secondary are available there to store data.

 Hard disk definition and function;
Definition of hard disk; A hard disk is also known as a hard drive or fixed disk. It is said
to be rigid magnetic disc that stores data. It is located within a drive unit. Hard disk is a
non-volatile storage device that contains platters and magnetic disks rotating at high
speeds. Non-volatile means the data retains when the computer shuts down.It is installed
internally in our computer systems. Hard disk is located within a drive unit on the
computer's motherboard and comprises one or more platters packed in an air-sealed
casing.
Function of Hard disk;The hard disk is a secondary storage device, which is designed to
store data permanently. The secondary storage devices include a large storage capacity
as compared to the primary storage devices. The data stored in a hard disk is retained
when our computer system shuts down. The data stored in the hard disk can be of many
types such as the operating system, installed software, documents, and other files of
computer.
 What is SSD?
SSD is a non-volatile storage device, which stands for Solid State Drive. SSD stores the
data on flash memory chips and maintains the data in a permanent state, even when the
power is off. Unlike traditional hard disk drives (HDDs) that rely on rotating disks and
mechanical components for data storage and retrieval.
 DVD: Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc;
DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc. It is commonly known as Digital Video Disc. It is
a digital optical disc storage format used to store high-capacity data like high-quality
videos and movies. It is also used to store the operating system. It was invented and
developed by four companies named Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995.
DVDs provide higher storage capacity than CDs(compact discs) and can be played in
multiple types of players like DVD players.

DVD Storage Capacity
On the basis of storage capacity, DVDs can be divided into four types.
No. Type Storage capacity
1) Single-sided, Single layer 4.7 GB
2) Single-sided, Double layer 8.5 GB to 8.7 GB
3) Double-sided, Single layer 9.4 GB
4) Double-sided, Double layer 17.08 GB
 What is a CD ?
CDs are used to store data, which can be executed in the future. Thus, you can load
software programs in the compact disc that can be moved onto the computer.
Even, Windows files are also stored in the CD, which can be installed onto the computer.
Furthermore, the stored files on the compact disc can be transferred to other computers,
through which you can make a backup of all file.
What is Pen Drive: Pen drives are commonly known as USB flash drive it is a portable
device which means they can be easily transferred from one location to another due to
their compact design it looks like a pen shape and therefore it is named pen drive.
Pen drives are used in a wide range of the world.
They have easily replaced CDs, and Floppy Disk due to their huge data storing capacity
and faster data transferring speed.
Pen drives and USB flash drives are connected to USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port which
is available on computer motherboards they are used without any additional power
supply they receive the power directly from the USB port itself and hence are playing a
dominant role in the PC world.
Pen drives, USB Flash drives, thumb drives come in huge data storage capacity from 2
GB to 128 GB.
 Input and Output Devices;
Input and output devices allow the computer system to interact with the outside world
by moving data into and out of the system. An input device is used to bring data into the
system. Some input devices are:

 Keyboard
 Mouse
 Microphone
 Bar code reader
 Graphics tablet
An output device is used to send data out of the system. Some output devices are:
 Monitor
 Printer
 Speaker
Input/output devices are usually called I/O devices. They are directly connected to an
electronic module inside the systems unit called a device controller. For example, the
speakers of a multimedia computer system are directly connected to a device controller
called an audio card (such as a Soundblaster), which in turn is connected to the rest of the
system.
 What is Keyboard?
 A keyboard is one of the primary input devices that allows users to input text into
a computer or any other electronic machinery. It is a peripheral device that is the
most basic way for the user to communicate with a computer.
 It consists of multiple buttons, which create numbers, symbols, and letters, and
special keys like the Windows and Alt key, including performing other functions.
 The design of the keyboard comes from the typewriter keyboards, and numbers
and letters are arranged on the keyboard in that way, which helps to type quickly.

 Types of keyboards;
1. Flexible keyboard:
2. Ergonomic Keyboard:
3. Wireless Keyboard:
4. Mechanical Keyboard:
5. Projection Keyboard:
 What is Mouse?
 A mouse is a small hardware input device used by hand. It controls the movement of
the cursor on the computer screen and allows users to move and select folders, text,
files, and icons on a computer. It is an object, which needs to put on a hard-flat surface
to use.
 When the users move the mouse, the cursor moves in the same direction on the
display screen. The name mouse is derived from its size as it is a small, corded, and
elliptical shape device that looks a bit like a mouse. A connecting wire of a mouse is
imaginable to be the mouse's tail.
 What is a Microphone?
A microphone is an input device that was developed by Emile Berliner in 1877. It is used
to convert sound waves into electric waves or input the audio into computers. It captures
audio by converting sound waves into an electrical signal, which may be a digital or
analog signal. This process can be implemented by a computer or other digital audio
devices. The first electronic microphone was based on a liquid mechanism, which used a
diaphragm that was connected to a current- charged needle in a diluted sulfuric acid
solution. It was not able to reproduce the intelligible speech.

 What is a Monitor?
A monitor is an electronic output device that is also known as a video display

terminal (VDT) or a video display unit (VDU). It is used to display images, text, video,
and graphics information generated by a connected computer via a computer's video
card. Although it is almost like a TV, its resolution is much higher than a TV. The first
computer monitor was introduced on 1 March 1973, which was part of the Xerox Alto
computer system.
Older monitors were built by using a fluorescent screen and Cathode Ray Tube (CRT),
which made them heavy and large in size and thus causing them to cover more space on
the desk. Nowadays, all monitors are made up by using flat-panel display technology,
commonly backlit with LEDs. These modern monitors take less space on the desk as
compared to older CRT displays.
 What is a webcam or camera?
A webcam is a small digital video camera that connects to a computer. It is also known
as a web camera that can capture pictures or motion video. These cameras come with
software that needs to be installed on the computer that helps transmit its video on
the Internet in real-time. It has the ability to take pictures, including HD videos, but its
video quality can be lower as compared to other camera models.
 Types of printers
• Laser Printers • Solid Ink Printers • LED Printers • Business Inkjet Printers • Home
Inkjet Printers • Multifunction Printers • Dot Matrix Printers • 3D Printers.
 LASER PRINTERS ; The laser prInter was developed by Xerox in the 1960s when the
idea of using a laser to draw images onto a copier drum was first considered. Laser
printers are still widely used in large offices as they are traditionally more efficient
than inkjet printers.
Advantages: ● More cost effective than inkjet printers ● Increases productivity

Disadvantages: ● May require short ‘warm-up times’ ● Larger footprint.
 SOLID LINK PRINTER'S:
Solid ink printers utilise a unique form of ink technology, designed to save space and
money on packaging. The printers melt solid ink sticks during the printing process – a
method that can help produce more vibrant tones.

Advantages:
● More cost effective than inkjet printers
● Increases productivity
Disadvantages:
● May require short ‘warm-up times’
● Larger footprint
 LED PRINTERS:
LED printers are similar to laser printers but use a light emitting diode rather than a laser
to create images on the print drum or belt. Due to their fewer moving parts – LED
printers are often considered more efficient and reliable than laser printers. Our most
popular LED printers are produced by OKI.
Advantages:
● Reliable and efficient
● Cheaper to manufacture than laser printers
 BUSINESS INKJET PRINTERS:
Utilizing inkjet technology on a large scale to accommodate the needs of a busy office
with heavy reliance on printed output, inkjet printers are enduringly popular due to their
reliability and robust nature.
Advantages:
● Capable of producing highly detailed and photo-realistic prints
● Limited warm-up time required
● Small footprint
Disadvantages:
● Higher cost-per-page than most laser printers
● Wet prints
● Can be less reliable than laser printers

 INKJET:
Inkjet printers are one of the most common types of printers used in both professional
and domestic settings. Developed in the 1950s, inkjet printing technology is still hugely
popular today due to its numerous advantages and minimal drawbacks.
Advantages:
● Capable of producing photo-realistic prints
● Practically no warm-up time
● Small footprint
Disadvantages:
● Higher cost-per-page than most laser printers
● Wet prints.
 Scanner;
An image scanner—often abbreviated to just scanner—is a device that optically scans
images, printed text, handwriting or an object and converts it to a digital image.
Commonly used in offices are variations of the desktop flatbed scanner where the
document is placed on a glass window for scanning. Hand-held scanners, where the
device is moved by hand, have evolved from text scanning "wands" to 3D
scanners used for industrial design, reverse engineering, test and
measurement, orthotics, gaming and other applications. Mechanically driven
scanners that move the document are typically used for large-format documents,
where a flatbed design would be impractical.
There are three types of scanners available: drum scanner, flatbed, and handheld
scanners. The publishing industry primarily uses drum scanners to print high-quality
images, while flatbed scanners are generally used in schools and offices. On the other
hand, libraries and shopping malls make use of handheld scanners.
Types of Scanners ;
• Feed-in or Sheet-fed Scanners:
These are simple scanners that have the limitation of scanning paper documents only as
they have a feeder tray that takes in the paper kept in the tray. Thus, scanning anything
in book form is not possible here. However, few advanced models do have the option of
scanning several pages in sequence.

• Flatbed Scanner:
This is very commonly used and available in the markets readily. These have a flat surface
for screening with a cover that must be lifted to place the material that has to be scanned.
This model is viable for scanning books like magazines, educational content that is bound
to be bulky.
• Handheld scanners:
These are essentially used to scan barcodes, thus useful for business transactions and
general use. Other scanners like the overhead scanner, the big format scanner, slide or
negative scanners are also available in the market.
 Projector.
projector or image projector is an optical device that projects an image (or moving
images) onto a surface, commonly a projection screen. Most projectors create an image
by shining a light through a small transparent lens, but some newer types of projectors
can project the image directly, by using lasers. A virtual retinal display, or retinal
projector, is a projector that projects an image directly on the retina instead of using an
external projection screen.
• The most common type of projector used today is called a video projector. Video
projectors are digital replacements for earlier types of projectors such as slide
projectors and overhead projectors. These earlier types of projectors were mostly
replaced with digital video projectors throughout the 1990s and early 2000s,but old
analog projectors are still used at some places. The newest types of projectors
are handheld projectors that use lasers or LEDs to project images.4k Projector
• LED Projector
• Laser Projector
• Light Projector
• Projector TV
• Video Projector
• Movie Projector
• Classroom Projector
• Mini Projector and much more.
 Basics of Computer Networking;
Computer Networking is the practice of connecting computers together to enable

communication and data exchange between them. In general, Computer Network is a
collection of two or more computers. It helps users to communicate more easily. In this

article, we are going to discuss the basics which everyone must know before going deep
into Computer Networking.
Basic Terminologies of Computer Networks ;
1.Network
2.Nodes
3.Protocol
4.IP address
5.DNS
Types of Enterprise Computer Network ;
1.LAN: A Local Area Network (LAN
2.WAN: A Wide Area Network (WAN)
3.cloud Networks:
 MODEM
A modem is a hardware which connects to a computer, broadband network or
wireless router. Modem converts information between analogue and digital formats
in real time making seamless two-way network communication. The full form of
Modem or modem stands for modulator–demodulator. Modulations is performed to
extend the frequency of the signal for propagation at production purpose, whereas
demodulation is performed at receiving purpose to bring down the signal to its
original level.
Types of Modem in Computer Network

Modems in Computer Networks can be of different types as described below.
*External Modem *Internal Modem
*Wireless Modem *Satellite Modem
*Half-Duplex Modem *Full Duplex Modem
*Four-Wire Modem *Two-Wire Modem.
 HUBS
Hubs. A hub is a physical layer networking device which is used to connect multiple
devices in a network. They are generally used to connect computers in a LAN. A hub has
many ports in it. A computer which intends to be connected to the network is plugged in
to one of these ports. The three types are active, passive and intelligent.
1.Active hubs:
Active hubs amplifiy the incoming electrical signal
2. Passive hubs:
Where as passive hubs do not amplify the Electrical signal

3.intelligent hubs:
Intelligent hubs are kind of active hubs.
 Switch
A network switch connects devices in a network to each other, enabling them to talk by
exchanging data packets. Switches can be hardware devices that manage physical
networks or software-based virtual devices. A network switch operates on the data-link
layer, or Layer 2, of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
Functions of switch:
The function of switch in an electric circuit is to either make or break the electric circuit.
A switch is used to turn current to an electrical appliance either on or off.
Types of switch:
There are four main types of switches— single pole single throw, single pole double
throw, double pole single throw, or double pole double throw.
 Bridge;
A bridge in a computer network is a device used to connect multiple LANs together with
a larger Local Area Network (LAN). The mechanism of network aggregation is known as
bridging. The bridge is a physical or hardware device but operates at the OSI model’s
data link layer and is also known as a layer of two switches.
The primary responsibility of a switch is to examine the incoming traffic and determine
whether to filter or forward it.
Types of Bridges:
There are three types of bridges in computer networks, which are as follows:
• Transparent bridge
• Source routing bridge
• Translational bridge.
Functions of Bridges in the Network:
• The bridge is used to divide LANs into multiple segments.
• To control the traffic in the network.
• It can interconnect two LANs with a similar protocols.
• It can filter the data based on destination/MAC address.

 ROUTER
A router is a device that connects two or more packet-switched networks or subnetworks.

It serves two primary functions: managing traffic between these networks by forwarding
data packets to their intended IP addresses, and allowing multiple devices to use the
same Internet connection
Types of Routing
• Static Routing.
• Default Routing.
• Dynamic Routing.
Wired routers share data over cables and create wired local area networks (LANs), while
wireless routers use antennas to share data and create wireless local area networks
(WLANs). This is a wired or wireless router that distributes data packets between one or
more networks but not within a network.
 WI FI
Wi fi stands for wireless fidelity
A Wi-Fi network is simply an internet connection that's shared with multiple devices
in a home or business via a wireless router. The router is connected directly to your
internet modem and acts as a hub to broadcast the internet signal to all your Wi-Fi
enabled devices.Wi-Fi is a wireless networking technology that allows devices such
as computers (laptops and desktops), mobile devices (smart phones and wearables),
and other equipment (printers and video cameras) to interface with the Internet.
Types of Wireless Network Connections
In addition to a LAN, there are a few other types of common wireless

networks: personal-area network (PAN), metropolitan-area network (MAN), and
wide-area network (WAN).
Features of Wi-Fi include:

 Wireless Connectivity
 High Speed
 Easy Setup
 Security
 Multiple Device Connectivity:
 Range
 Interference
 Compatibility.

 BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a short-range wireless technology standard that is used for exchanging
data between fixed and mobile devices over short distances and building personal
area networks (PANs).
It is mainly used as an alternative to wire connections, to exchange files between
nearby portable devices and connect cell phones and music players with wireless
headphones.
Architecture Bluetooth defines two types of networks:
*piconet and scatternet
Piconets A Bluetooth network is called a piconet, or a small net. A piconet can have up to
eight stations, one of which is called the primary; the rest are called secondaries.
Applications:
• It can be used in laptops, and in wireless PCs, printers.
• It can be used in wireless headsets, wireless PANs, and LANs.
• It can connect a digital camera wirelessly to a mobile phone.
• It can transfer data in terms of videos, songs, photographs, or files from one cell
phone to another cell phone or computer.
 Introduction to free and open source software
Free and open-source software (FOSS) is a term used to refer to groups of software
consisting of both free software and open-source software where anyone is freely
licensed to use, copy, study, and change the software in any way, and the source code is
openly shared so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the
software. This is in contrast to proprietary software, where the software is under
restrictive copyright licensing and the source code is usually hidden from the users
FOSS maintains the software user's civil liberty rights (see the Four Essential Freedoms,
below). Other benefits of using FOSS can include decreased software costs,
increased security and stability (especially in regard to malware), protecting privacy,
education, and giving users more control over their own hardware. Free and open-source
operating systems such as Linux and descendants of BSD are widely utilized today,
powering millions of servers, desktops, smartphones (e.g., Android), and other
devices. Free-software licenses and open-source licenses are used by many software
packages.

 Need of open source software :
Open source fosters ingenuity; programmers can use pre-existing code to improve the
software and even come up with their own innovations. Open source comes with a built-
in community that continuously modifies and improves the source code. Open
source provides great learning opportunities for new programmers.
 Advantages of open-source software?
#1 Absolute transparency
What you see is what you get: the point of open-source software is the transparency of
its code. As a matter of fact, many other open-source advantages stem from the absolute
visibility of its code.
Since users of open-source software can see the code, they are inclined to trust the
software provider more. Furthermore, since the code is publicly available, it gives its
users a sense of stability: it can be used for long-term projects since the software won’t
simply be discontinued.
#2 Flexibility
Open-source software is flexible in a way that allows developers to see how the code
works and make changes to it. Therefore, they can adapt the software to their or their
company’s needs. Moreover, they can make changes to problematic aspects of the app,
which makes it one of the greatest advantages of this kind of software.
Flexibility is one of the biggest open-source software advantages since being free from
vendor lock-in and the ability to scale and change the app could also be seen as flexibility
factors.
#3 Agility
Ah, agility: the much-beloved word in the business dictionary. Today, companies must
be agile in order to beat their competitors. Open-source software fits in the need for
agility perfectly since it allows for multiple ways to solve a single problem.#4 Enhanced
security
Many open-source enthusiasts say that open-source software is more secure than its
proprietary counterpart. However, open-source software is not inherently more secure.
Rather, the security is increased for several reasons.

Attracting talent
Using open-source software allows organizations to attract better talent. Also, it gives a
lot of opportunities for developers to learn and advance in their careers.
 COPYRIGHT;
copyright is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the exclusive right to copy,
distribute, adapt, display, and perform a creative work, usually for a limited time.The
creative work may be in a literary, artistic, educational, or musical form. Copyright is
intended to protect the original expression of an idea in the form of a creative work, but
not the idea itself.A copyright is subject to limitations based on public interest
considerations, such as the fair use doctrine in the United States.
Some jurisdictions require "fixing" copyrighted works in a tangible form. It is often shared
among multiple authors, each of whom holds a set of rights to use or license the work,
and who are commonly referred to as rights holders][better source needed] These rights
frequently include reproduction, control over derivative works, distribution, public
performance, and moral rights such as attribution.
 SOFTWARE PIRACY
Software piracy is the act of stealing software that is legally protected. This stealing
includes copying, distributing, modifying or selling the software.
Copyright laws were originally put into place so that the people who develop software
(programmers, writers, graphic artists, etc.) would get the proper credit and
compensation for their work. When software piracy occurs, compensation is stolen from
these copyright holders.
Types of Software Piracy
There are five main types of software piracy. This variety of pirating techniques explains
how some individuals purposely pirate software while others may unknowingly be an
accomplice.
1.Softlifting
2.Hard disk loading
3.Client-server overuse
4.Counterfeiting
5.Online Piracy

The Dangers of Software Piracy ::

• Increased chances that the software will malfunction or fail
• Forfeited access to support for the program such as training, upgrades, customer
support and bug fixes
• No warranty and the software can’t be updated
• Increased risk of infecting your PC with malware, viruses or adware
• Slowed down PC
• Legal repercussions due to copyright infringement.
XXXXXXXX

UNIT – 2
 Basic of Operating System;
 Operating System can be defined as an interface between user and the hardware.
It provides an environment to the user so that, the user can perform its task in
convenient and efficient way.
 The Operating System Tutorial is divided into various parts based on its functions
such as Process Management, Process Synchronization, Deadlocks and File
Management.
 Operating System Definition and Function.
 An Operating System can be defined as an interface between user and hardware.

It is responsible for the execution of all the processes, Resource
Allocation, CPU management, File Management and many other tasks.
 The purpose of an operating system is to provide an environment in which a user
can execute programs in convenient and efficient manner.
Structure of a Computer System;
A Computer System consists of:

o Users (people who are using the computer)
o Application Programs (Compilers, Databases, Games, Video player, Browsers,
etc.)
o System Programs (Shells, Editors, Compilers, etc.)
o Operating System ( A special program which acts as an interface between user and
hardware )
o Hardware ( CPU, Disks, Memory, etc)
What does an Operating system do?

1. Process Management
2. Process Synchronization
3. Memory Management
4. CPU Scheduling
5. File Management & 6.Security.

o Difference Between Windows 8 and Windows 10

 Windows 8 ;
 Since Windows 8 and Windows 10 are two recent operating systems developed by
Microsoft, one should know the difference between Windows 8 and Windows 10 and
the new features introduced before switching on to the new operating system.
Windows 8 was not a commercially successful operating system like Windows 7.
Windows 8 was specially designed to work effectively with touch-optimized devices,
but it was not widely accepted by other users, as it contained drastic changes.
 Windows 10 is the latest operating system which is still in the development stage and
its technical review version was released on October 01,2014.Windows 10 which is the
latest operating system in its technical preview stage, is considered to be a blend of
different characteristics of several operating systems of Microsoft family. It is
expected to wipe off the adverse features of Windows 8.
 Windows 8 vs Windows 10;
• Traditional start menu is removed in Windows 8, whereas a modified traditional start

menu with Metro UI is available on Windows 10.
• Multiple desktops are not available in Windows 8, whereas Windows 10 facilitates
users to work with multiple virtual desktop environments.
• Windows 10 has a different kind of user interfaces for different devices with different
sizes, but Window 8 does not have several user interfaces.
• Apps from Windows Store are opened in the desktop as desktop apps in Windows 10,
but Windows 8 does not work with apps in this way.
• Task bar in Windows 10 is modified to have a new task view button, which was not
there in Windows 8. Alt+Tab key combination which is used to switch between windows
is back with Windows 8.
• Windows 10 has improved performance in searching, copying, pasting and deleting
files rather than Windows 8
 Copy, move, delete, and rename files/folders;
Copy Files or Folders

Method 1: Right-click
1. Click File Explorer icon.

2. Go to the location where stores your file or folder (hard drive, USB, etc.).
3. Click the name of the file or folder you wish to copy.

4. Right-click the highlighted file or folder and click Copy.
5. Go to the destination folder, right-click the destination folder and click Paste.
Method 2: Ribbon toolbar commands;

3. Click the name of the file or folder you wish to copy.
4. Click the Home tab at the top (on the ribbon).
5. Click the Copy button.

6. Go to the destination location, click the Home tab.
7. Click the Paste button.
Move Files or Folders;

Method 1

3. Click the name of the file or folder you wish to move.
4. Click the Home tab at the top (on the ribbon).
5. Click the Move to button.
6. Click Choose Location (if you don’t find the right spot on the drop-down menu).
7. Go to the location you want to move for this folder.
8. Click Move.

Method 2
1.Click File Explorer icon.

2.Go to the location where stores your file or folder.
3.Click the name of the file or folder you wish to move.
4.Hold down the right mouse button and drag the file or folder to the location you
wish to move.
Difference between copying and moving files / folders;
 Copying – make a duplicate of the selected file or folder and place it in another
location.
 Moving – move the original files or folder from one place to another (change the
destination).
 The move deletes the original file or folder, while copy creates a duplicate.
Delete and Rename Files or Folders;
1.Click File Explorer icon.

2.Go to the location where stores your file or folder.
3.Click the name of the file or folder you wish to delete.
4.Press the delete key (on the keyboard) or right click the file or folder and
click Delete.
Recover a deleted file or folder;
1. Go to Desktop and click the Recycle Bin.
2. Right-click the name of the file or folder (that you wish to recover). …
3. Click Restore. (The file or the folder will be restored to its original location.)
Rename files or folders;

2. Go to the location where stores your file or folder.
3. Right click the name of the file or folder you wish to rename.
4. Click Rename (on the menu that opens up).
5. Type a new name for the file and press Enter.
Note:
 If a file is in use, Windows will not allow you to rename the file.
 Do not change the file extension of a file when renaming the file (file extensions
often indicate the file type, file format, etc.).
 USES OF PENDRIVE:
 PENDRIVE:

The pen drive has a USB ( Universal Serial Bus ) port so that you can connect the pen
drive to any laptop or desktop computer. Due to the USB port in the pen drive, you can
connect and disconnect it from any device such as - a mobile phone, tablet
PC, Laptop, desktop computer, Digital Camera, etc.
USB pen drive is capable of storing more data than a compact disc and is also smaller in
size than a pen drive compact disc.
There are various uses of pen drives, which are given below.
• Personal data transport
• Updating motherboard firmware
• Booting operating systems
• Operating system installation
• Backup • Store Digital Data
1. Personal Data Transport
Pen drives are also used to transfer data, this is one of the most common uses of pen
drives. Through pen drive, you can transfer any type of data such as video, audio, photos,
document files, etc. to any of your friends or family members.
2. Updating Motherboard Firmware
Pen drives are also used to update the firmware of the motherboard. By connecting a USB
pen drive to the motherboard, the firmware software of the motherboard is updated very
easily. 3. Booting Operating Systems
Pen drive is also used for booting any operating system. In simple words, when the
operating system is not open, then the operating system is run by making a live boot in
the pen drive.
4.Operating System Installation
Pen drive is used to install any operating system on the computer. Today most people
use a USB pen drive to install the operating system. A pen drive is an important hardware
component to format the computer or install the operating system in it.
5. Backup
Pen drive is also used for making a backup. If for some reason you have to format any
device, then first you have to make a data backup of that device. So that the data can be
recovered after being formatted, then people make their backup pen drives. It is very easy
to make a backup in the pen drive, which you can use anytime in the future.
6.Store Digital Data
With the use of a pen drive, you can store any type of digital data permanently. Digital
data such as audio, video, pictures, documents, etc., are all forms of digital data. The data
is stored permanently in the pen drive so that you can use that data anytime in the future.
 CD AND DVD BURNING :
When you copy music, pictures, and videos from your PC to a blank CD or DVD, it's
called "burning." When you copy music, pictures, and videos from a CD or DVD to your
PC, it's called "ripping." You can use Windows Media Player to do both. CD's and DVD's

come in two types: R and RW. While you can use either type of CD or DVD for any
backup, each type has special purposes for which it is designed. In simplest terms:
• CD-R and DVD-R discs are primarily used to backup data or music a single time. For
the most reliable data backup discs, use CD-R or DVD-R.
• CD-RW and DVD-RW discs are primarily used when you want to burn data or music
and at a later time erase the CD or DVD and burn updated or new files to it. CD-RW discs
can be erased and burned as many as a thousand times, DVD-RW perhaps a hundred.
 WINDOW TOOLS AND FEATURES:
WINDOW TOOLS:
Windows Tools is a folder in the Windows 11 Control Panel. Administrative Tools is a
folder in the Windows 10 Control Panel. These folders contain tools for system
administrators and advanced users
WINDOW FEATURES:
Major features include- start menu, task manager, taskbar, Cortana, file explorer, MS
Paint, Browser, control panel etc. The advantages of the windows Operating system are-
the majority of the users use windows, it has programming and gaming support, clean
and lucid GUI and Microsoft office support.
• START MENU :part where the user starts his actions, after turning on the computer.
The start menu contains a list of all the applications, pinned applications, and recently
used applications. We can search various files and applications using the search bar.
There is also an option of switching the user and turning off/restart/sleep mode options.
So start basically is a place where user can begin their work by choosing the desired place
to start their task.
• File Explorer- In real life, we keep all our documents in one place and segregate them
according to their use and need. In windows, the same work is done by the file explorer.
It saves all our files in one place, according to the location that we provide. All the
locations are displayed here along with the removable disks and pen drives that we
insert. We can also manage various files and perform operations on them like- inserting,
creating shortcuts, renaming, deleting, grouping files, etc. It makes searching for files
easier using the search function. We can also find the recent files that we have used in file
explorer.
• Control Panel- As the name suggests, it controls and configures the resources and apps
on our computer. There are a lot of functions that can be performed according to the
user's needs. Right from system administration to set the time, everything can be done
here. If we want to interface our computer with hardware, the settings can be changed
here and various network-related settings can be changed too. In this way, the user can
use and change system settings according to his discretion.
• Cortana- In windows, we have been provided with a voice assistant who helps us with
things that we are unable to do and are stuck at. It is an important feature of the windows
operating system which is an AI-operated voice assistant that acts according to our

commands and helps us to perform actions like opening a document, playing music, etc.
Its concept resembles that of Google Assistant, Siri, etc.
• Browser (Edge)- The default browser of windows is Microsoft Edge. We can search for
information and surf the internet using the browser. Windows come in with a pre-
installed browser. Earlier the default browser was Internet Explorer but later it was
changed to Edge. It renders results of search faster and has security features like malware
protection, phishing protection, and detection of insecure website
• MS Paint- This is a feature from the 1st version of Windows itself. As the name suggests,
it is used to paint, i.e., create drawings, paintings, colourings, etc. A blank canvas along
with various inks, pens, and shapes. Now an improvised version of MS Paint that is
known as Paint-3D comes with more and improved features.
 DISK SPACE MANAGEMENT:
You need to manage your disk space to ensure adequate storage space for your system
and all temporary partitions. Managing your disk space involves maintaining separate
file systems, providing sufficient disk space, using shared devices for storage, managing
temporary files.
Moreover, they perform functions like partitioning devices, manage drives, disk
checking, disk formatting, etc. Furthermore, there are various types of disk management
tools like disk checkers, disk cleaners, and disk analyzers. We also call these tools as disk
utility.
TYPES:
• Hard Drives.
• Floppy Drives.
• CD-ROM. CD-R. CD-RW.
• DVD-ROM. DVD-R. DVD+R. DVD-RW.
• Blue Ray.
• Removable Drives.
FUNCTIONS:
top and a bottom:
• The top section contains a list of all the partitions, formatted or not, that Windows
recognizes.
• The bottom section contains a graphical representation of the physical drives installed
in the computer.
 DISK CLEAN UP MANAGING RECYLCE BIN;
DISK CLEAN UP:
To delete temporary files: In the search box on the taskbar, type disk cleanup, and select
Disk Cleanup from the list of results. Select the drive you want to clean up, and then
select OK. Under Files to delete, select the file types to get rid of. To get a description of
the file type, select it.

PURPOSE OF DISK CLEAN UP:

Disk Cleanup helps free up space on your hard disk, creating improved system
performance. Disk Cleanup searches your disk and then shows you temporary files,
Internet cache files, and unnecessary program files that you can safely delete. You can
direct Disk Cleanup to delete some or all of those files
Recycle Bin in Disk Cleanup ;
The Recycle Bin is the temporary storage for files that have been deleted in a file manager
by the user but not yet permanently erased from the file system.
 DISK DEFRAGMENTATION:
Defragmentation, also known as defragging or defrag, is the process of rearranging the
data on a storage medium, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), for efficient storage and
access.
Defragmenting a hard drive can improve a computer's or laptop's performance and
speed. To reduce fragmentation, a disk optimization tool typically uses compaction to
free up larger areas of space. Certain disk defragmentation tools might try to keep smaller
files together, especially if they're often accessed sequentially.
The benefits of Defragentation :
• Files stay organized. Over time, adding and deleting files from a hard drive can make
the data scattered, especially if it's running low on storage space. Defragmentation
organizes the individual files, resulting in improved hard drive speed.
• Unused space is freed. Any unused space on a hard drive can be maximized by
defragmentation. Sometimes, it can also create more usable space if bits of data are left
over from deleted files.
• The HDD life is extended. With regular defragmentation, the files on a hard drive stay
organized. This means the mechanical and spinning components of a hard drive aren't
used as extensively, which in turn extends the life span of a hard drive.
 How to Remove Programs?
1. Open the Control Panel
2. Under the Programs section, click Uninstall a program.
3. A window like the one shown below should appear with a list of all the programs
on your computer.

4. From the Programs and Features section of Windows, you can uninstall a
program, adjust Windows features, and view installed updates.
 How to open Add Programs ?
1. Open the Control Panel

2. Double-click Add or Remove Programs.
3. A window like the one below should appear with a list of all the programs on your
computer.To remove a program, select it on the list and then click
the Change/Remove button.
xxxxxxxxxx

UNIT-3
Introduction of the basics of word processing, here are the steps for
creating, opening, and closing documents:
1. Creating a Document:
Open your word processing application (e.g.,
Microsoft Word, Google Docs).
Click on "File" or a similar option in the top left
corner.
Select "New" or "Create New Document."
Begin typing your content in the blank document
that appears.
2. Opening a Document:
Open the word processing application.
Click on "File" or an equivalent option.
Choose "Open" or "Open Document."
Navigate to the location where your document is
saved.
Select the document and click "Open."
3. Closing a Document:
Make sure you've saved any changes you want to
keep.
Click on "File" or a similar option.
Select "Close" or "Close Document."
Basic overview of operating a word processing
application for creating, opening, and closing
documents.
Creating Documents:
1. Launch the Application: Open your word processing
software (e.g., Microsoft Word, Google Docs).
2. Start a New Document: Look for an option like "New"
or "Create" to begin a new document.
3. Select a Template: Some applications offer templates
that provide predefined layouts for various types of
documents.
4. Add Content: Begin typing your text. You can use
formatting tools to adjust font, size, style, and
alignment.
5. Insert Elements: Add images, tables, headers, footers,
and other elements using the respective tools.
Opening Documents:
1. Launch the Application:Open the word processing
software.
2. Open Existing Document: Look for an option like
"Open" or "Load" to access previously saved documents.
3. Navigate to File: Browse through your computer's
directories to find the file you want to open.
4. Select the File: Click on the desired file and hit "Open"
to load it into the application.
Closing Documents:
1. Save Changes: Before closing, it's a good practice to
save your changes. Use "Save" or "Save As" to store
your work.
2. Close Document: Look for an option like "Close" to
exit the document you're currently working on.
3. Confirm Changes: If you've made changes since the
last save, the application might prompt you to save
those changes before closing.
4. Exit the Application: Once your document is closed,
you can exit the application by clicking "Exit" or the
appropriate option.
Important Points:
- File Formats: Documents are usually saved in formats
like .docx (Microsoft Word) or .odt (OpenDocument
Text).
- Auto-Save: Some applications offer auto-save
features, helping prevent data loss in case of a crash.
- Keyboard Shortcuts: Learn useful keyboard shortcuts
for tasks like saving, copying, pasting, and formatting to
speed up your work.
- Collaboration: Many word processing apps allow real-
time collaboration, where multiple users can edit a
document simultaneously.
- Cloud Integration: Some applications sync with cloud
storage services, allowing you to access and edit
documents across devices.
Basic word processing operations:

1)To create a new document, usually you can go to
"File" and then select "New" or use the shortcut Ctrl + N
(on Windows) or Command + N (on Mac).
2)To open an existing document, go to "File" and
choose "Open" or use Ctrl + O (Windows) or Command
+ O (Mac).
3)To close a document, click the "X" button at the top
right corner or use Ctrl + W (Windows) or Command +
W (Mac).
Shortcuts can save you time! Here are some common ones:
➡️ Ctrl + S (Windows) / Command + S (Mac): Save
➡️ Ctrl + C (Windows) / Command + C (Mac): Copy
➡️ Ctrl + X (Windows) / Command + X (Mac): Cut
➡️ Ctrl + V (Windows) / Command + V (Mac): Paste
➡️ Ctrl + Z (Windows) / Command + Z (Mac): Undo
➡️ Ctrl + Y (Windows) / Command + Y (Mac): Redo
➡️ Ctrl + F (Windows) / Command + F (Mac): Find
➡️ Ctrl + P (Windows) / Command + P (Mac): Print
Creating and editing text in a word processing document is fundamental.

To create and edit text:
1. Creating Text:
Click at the desired location in the document and
start typing.
Alternatively, you can use the keyboard shortcut
Ctrl + N (Windows) or Command + N (Mac) to create a
new document and then start typing.
2. Editing Text:
To select text, click at the beginning of the desired
text, hold down the mouse button, and drag to the end
of the text.
You can also use the Shift key in combination with
arrow keys to select text.
After selecting text, you can delete it by pressing
the Delete key or the Backspace key.
To insert text at a specific point, click at that point
and start typing.
Use shortcuts like Ctrl + C (copy), Ctrl + X (cut), and Ctrl
+ V (paste) to manage text.
Formatting the text :
To create a new document in a word processing application, go

to the "File" menu, select "New," and choose a blank document.
To open an existing document, go to "File," select "Open," and
locate the file on your device. To close a document, click the
"X" button in the top-right corner or go to "File" and choose
"Close."
To format text, select the text you want to format and use the
formatting options in the toolbar. You can change fonts, font
sizes, styles (bold, italic, underline), alignment, and more. Most
word processors also allow you to adjust line spacing, apply
bullet points or numbering, and insert images or other objects.
To find and replace text in a word processing document:
1. Open the document in your word processing application.

2. Look for the "Edit" menu at the top of the screen.
3. In the "Edit" menu, you should find an option called "Find"
or "Find and Replace." Click on it.
4. A search box or a dialog box will appear. Enter the text you
want to find in this box.
5. After entering the text, there should be an option to "Find
Next" or "Find." Click on it to search for the text.
6. If the text is found, it will be highlighted in the document.
Now, you'll likely see an option like "Replace" or "Replace
with." Use this option to replace the found text with the new
text.
7. If you want to replace all occurrences of the found text, there
might be an option like "Replace All" or "Replace All
Occurrences." Click on it to replace all instances at once.
Remember to use this feature carefully, especially if you're

replacing text throughout a long document, as you might
accidentally replace something you didn't intend to.
After you're done finding and replacing, you can close the
"Find and Replace" dialog box, and your changes will be
applied to the document.
Creating a table in a word processing document involves the following

steps:
1. Open the document in your word processing application.

2. Look for the "Table" menu at the top of the screen or a
toolbar icon that represents a table.
3. Click on "Table" or the table icon to open a dropdown menu
or dialog box.
4. In the dropdown menu or dialog box, you'll likely find
options to "Insert Table" or "Draw Table." Choose the
appropriate option based on your preference.
5. If you select "Insert Table," you'll be asked to specify the
number of rows and columns you want for your table. Enter the
desired values and click "OK" or "Insert."
6. If you choose "Draw Table," you'll typically switch to a mode
where you can use your cursor to draw a table grid on the
document. Click and drag to create rows and columns.
7. After creating the table, you can click inside each cell to enter
text or other content.
To adjust the appearance of the table, such as borders, shading,

and cell dimensions, you can usually right-click on the table or
use options in the table properties menu. Once you're done
creating and formatting the table.
Page layout in a word processing document involves several key steps:
1.Margins: Open the document and access the "Page Layout"

or "Layout" menu. From here, you can adjust the margins,
which define the space between the content and the edges of
the page.
2.Orientation: In the same "Page Layout" or "Layout" menu,

you can select the page orientation. Choose between "Portrait"
(vertical) or "Landscape" (horizontal) orientation based on your
needs.
3.Page Size: Within the "Page Layout" or "Layout" menu, locate

the option to set the page size. Common options include letter,
legal, A4, and more. Select the appropriate size for your
document.
4.Columns: If you want to create a multi-column layout, you
can find the "Columns" option in the "Page Layout" or "Layout"
menu. Configure the number of columns and the spacing
between them.
5.Headers and Footers: To add headers and footers to your

pages, navigate to the "Insert" menu. From there, you can
insert text, page numbers, date, and other elements that
appear at the top and bottom of each page.
6.Page Breaks: To control where a new page begins, place your

cursor where you want the page break and go to the "Insert"
menu. Choose "Page Break" to start a new page at that point.
7.Page Numbers: You can add page numbers by going to the

"Insert" menu and selecting "Page Numbers." Customize the
positioning and formatting of the page numbers as needed.
8.Backgrounds and Watermarks: Some applications allow you

to insert backgrounds or watermarks into your pages. Check
for options related to this feature in the "Page Layout" or
"Layout" menu.
Headers and footers in a word processing document:
**Headers:**
1.Open Document: Start by opening the document you want to

add a header to.
2.Access Header: Look for the "Insert" menu or tab at the top
of the screen. Within this menu, you'll find an option for
"Header" or "Header & Footer." Click on it.
3.Choose Header Style: Depending on the application, you

might have different header styles to choose from. Common
options include a blank header, pre-designed headers, or a
default style.
4.Add Content: Once you've selected a header style, you can

now add text, images, page numbers, dates, and other
elements. Click within the header area to start adding content.
5.Formatting: Use the formatting tools available in the header

area to style your content. You can change fonts, sizes, styles,
alignment, and more.
**Footers:**
1.Open Document: Open the document you want to add a

footer to.
2.Access Footer: Go to the same "Insert" menu or tab as before,

and look for "Footer" or "Header & Footer." Click on it.
3.Select Footer Style: Similar to headers, you'll have various

footer styles to choose from. Pick the one that suits your needs.
4.Add Content: Click within the footer area to insert text, page
numbers, dates, and other elements. You can add different
content than what's in the header.
5.Formatting: Format the footer content using the available
formatting tools.
**Editing Headers and Footers:**
- To edit a header or footer, simply double-click within the

header or footer area of the page, or navigate to the "Header
& Footer" options again from the "Insert" menu.
**Different First Page:**
- If you want different headers/footers for the first page, many

word processors offer a "Different First Page" option within the
header/footer settings.
**Closing Headers and Footers:**
- After you're done editing the header or footer, you can

typically click outside the header/footer area to return to the
main document content.
How to set up page numbers in a word processing document:
1.Open Document: Start by opening the document you want to

add page numbers to.
2.Access Insert Menu: Look for the "Insert" menu or tab at the
top of the screen. Click on it to access various insertion options.
3.Insert Page Numbers: Within the "Insert" menu, there should
be an option called "Page Number" or "Page Numbers." Click
on it.
4.Choose Placement: A dropdown menu or list will likely appear,

offering different options for placing the page numbers.
Common choices include "Top of Page," "Bottom of Page,"
"Header," or "Footer." Select the placement that suits your
document.
5.Select Format: Once you've chosen the placement, you might

be presented with different formats for the page numbers.
Choose the format you prefer.
6.Customize Style: Depending on your word processing

software, you may have the option to customize the
appearance of the page numbers. This could include adjusting
the font, size, alignment, and more.
7.Apply to Whole Document: The page numbers will typically

be added to the selected pages automatically. The software
should take care of numbering subsequent pages as well.
8.Different First Page: If you want the first page to have a

different page number style (e.g., no number or a Roman
numeral), check if your software supports the "Different First
Page" option in the page numbering settings.
9.Preview and Adjust:Once you've added page numbers, you

can preview your document to ensure they are appearing
where you want them. If needed, go back to the page
numbering settings to make adjustments.
10.Save Your Document: After setting up the page numbers as

desired, remember to save your document to preserve these
changes.
Creating simple applications like resume builders, letter generators, and

job application templates can be done using programming languages and
tools:
1.Resume Builder:
Choose a programming language and framework:
Languages like Python, JavaScript, or even web-based
frameworks like React can be used.
Design the user interface: Create a user-friendly interface
where users can input their personal information, work
experience, education, skills, etc.
Organize the data: Store the user's input in a structured
format (e.g., JSON or a database) to generate the resume later.
Generate the resume: Use the stored data to populate a
pre-designed resume template. You might use HTML/CSS for
the template and dynamically insert the user's data.
Allow customization: Implement options to choose
different resume styles or layouts.
Export and save: Provide a way for users to download
their generated resume in common formats like PDF or Word.
2.Letter Writing Application:

Choose a programming language and framework.
Create an interface: Design a form where users can input
their information and the recipient's information.
Template selection: Offer users a choice of letter
templates (business, personal, cover letters, etc.).
Generate the letter: Use the input data and selected
template to create the letter content. You can use string
formatting or templates for this.
Allow customization: Provide options to customize the
content or formatting.
Export and save: Allow users to download the generated
letter in formats like PDF or Word.
3.Job Application Template:

Choose a programming language and framework.
Develop an interface: Create a form where users can input
their information, job details, and any other required sections.
Design the template: Offer different templates for job
applications, each with specific fields.
Populate the template: Use the input data to fill in the
template fields.
Customization: Allow users to tweak the content as
needed.
Export and save: Give users the option to save or
download the completed application in various formats.
Printing a document from your computer involves a few simple steps:
1.Open the Document: Open the document you want to print

using the appropriate software (word processor, PDF reader,
etc.).
2.Access the Print Menu: Go to the "File" menu at the top-left
corner of the screen.
3.Choose Print: In the "File" menu, select the "Print" option.

You can often do this by clicking on "Print" or pressing the
keyboard shortcut "Ctrl + P" (or "Command + P" on a Mac).
4.Print Dialog Box: A print dialog box will appear, allowing you
to customize your print settings.
5.Printer Selection: If you have multiple printers connected,

choose the printer you want to use from the dropdown menu.
6.Number of Copies: Specify the number of copies you want to

print.
7.Page Range: You can choose to print all pages, specific pages
(e.g., 1-5), or a range of pages.
8.Print Options: Depending on the software and printer, you

might have additional options, such as paper size, orientation,
color settings, and quality. Adjust these settings as needed.
9.Preview (Optional): Some applications offer a print preview,

allowing you to see how the printed document will look. This
can help you catch any formatting issues before printing.
10.Print: Once you're satisfied with the settings, click the "Print"
button in the dialog box. Your document will be sent to the
printer.
11.Collect Your Printout: Wait for the printer to finish printing.
Your printout will be delivered to the printer's output tray.
Basic of excel worksheet :
1.Data Organization and Storage:

- Excel provides a structured grid format for storing data,
making it easy to organize and categorize information.
2.Calculations and Formulas:

- Excel's formula capabilities allow for complex calculations
and mathematical operations.
- Functions can quickly analyze and summarize data, saving
time compared to manual calculations.
3.Data Analysis:
- Excel offers tools like charts, graphs, and pivot tables that
help visualize and analyze data trends and patterns.
4.Financial Management:
- Excel is widely used for budgeting, expense tracking, and
financial planning due to its ability to perform financial
calculations.
5. Project Management:
- Excel can be used to create project timelines, track tasks,
allocate resources, and manage project budgets.
6.Inventory and Stock Control:

- Many businesses use Excel to manage inventory levels,
track stock movements, and predict restocking needs.
7.Reporting:
- Excel allows you to generate customizable reports with
various formatting options to present data effectively.
8.Data Validation:
- You can set up data validation rules to ensure data accuracy
and consistency.
9.Collaboration:
- Excel files can be shared with others, allowing for
collaborative work on a single document.
10.Import and Export Data:

- Excel supports importing data from various sources and
exporting data to different formats, facilitating data exchange.
11.Scenario Analysis:
- You can use Excel to perform "What-If" analysis by
changing input values and observing how they affect outcomes.
12.Educational Use:
- Excel is commonly used in educational settings to teach
data analysis, mathematics, and basic programming concepts.
13.Small Business Management:

- Many small businesses use Excel for tasks like invoicing,
expense tracking, and customer databases.
14.Data Cleaning:
- Excel's features like find and replace, text-to-columns, and
data sorting help clean and prepare datasets.
15.Decision-Making:
- The ability to quickly manipulate and visualize data in
Excel aids in making informed decisions.
Importance of Excel worksheets:
1. Data Management and Organization:

- Excel provides a structured grid format for efficiently
managing and organizing data, making it easy to input, view,
and edit information.
2.Calculations and Formulas:

- Excel's built-in formulas and functions enable users
to perform complex calculations and automate repetitive tasks,
reducing errors and saving time.
3.Data Analysis and Visualization:

- Users can create charts, graphs, and pivot tables to
analyze and visualize data trends, patterns, and relationships,
aiding decision-making.
4.Financial Planning and Analysis:

- Excel is widely used for budgeting, forecasting,
financial modeling, and analyzing financial data due to its
advanced formula capabilities.
5. Statistical Analysis:
- Professionals in fields such as science, research, and
social sciences use Excel for statistical analysis and hypothesis
testing.
6.Reporting and Presentations:

- Excel allows users to generate customizable reports
and dashboards, presenting data in a structured and visually
appealing manner.
7.Inventory and Project Management:

- Excel is utilized to manage inventory levels, track
stock movement, plan projects, and allocate resources
efficiently.
8. Scenario Planning and What-If Analysis:

- Users can create multiple scenarios by changing
input values and observing their impact, aiding in strategic
planning.
9. Data Validation and Cleaning:

- Excel offers data validation tools to ensure data
accuracy and consistency, and functions for cleaning and
transforming datasets.
10.Educational and Learning Tool:

- Excel is widely used in educational institutions to
teach concepts like mathematics, data analysis, and problem-
solving.
11.Small Business Operations:

- Many small businesses use Excel for tasks such as
invoicing, expense tracking, employee schedules, and
customer databases.
12. Collaboration and Sharing:

- Excel files can be shared among team members,
allowing real-time collaboration on data analysis and reporting.
13. Import and Export Data:

- Excel supports data import from various sources and
export to different formats, facilitating data exchange.
14.Automating Tasks with Macros:

- Advanced users can use macros to automate
repetitive tasks and create custom functions.
15.Customization and Adaptability:

- Excel can be tailored to suit specific needs through
customized templates, cell formatting, and add-ins.
Creating a simple worksheet :
1.Open Excel:
- Open Microsoft Excel on your computer. You can
typically find it in the Start menu (Windows) or the Applications
folder (macOS).
2.Blank Workbook:
- Once Excel is open, you'll see a blank workbook with
columns labeled by letters (A, B, C, etc.) and rows labeled by
numbers (1, 2, 3, etc.).
3.Entering Data:
- Click on a cell (intersection of a column and a row) to
select it.
- Start typing your data. For example, type "Name" in
cell A1, "Age" in B1, and "Country" in C1.
4.Autofill:
- Drag the small square (autofill handle) at the bottom
right corner of a cell down to copy data or create a sequence.
For instance, drag the handle down from A2 to A5 to autofill
names.
5.Formatting:
- Highlight cells and use the toolbar or right-click to
apply formatting, such as font, color, alignment, and borders.
6.Headers:
- To make your top row stand out as headers, you can
apply bold formatting or change the background color.
7.Simple Formula:
- In D2 (for example), you can calculate the year of
birth by entering the formula `=YEAR(TODAY())-B2` if age is in
column B.
8.Saving:
- Click on the "File" menu and select "Save As."
- Choose a location to save your worksheet, give it a
name, and select the file format (Excel Workbook *.xlsx* is the
default).
9.Closing:
- Close Excel or the workbook when you're done.
Creating simple formulas in an Excel worksheet :
1.Open Excel:
- Open Microsoft Excel and create a new blank
workbook.
2.Entering Data:
- Enter your data into the cells. For example, you can
have numbers in cells A1, A2, and A3.
3.Performing Basic Arithmetic:

- Click on the cell where you want the result of your
calculation. Let's say you want to add the numbers in cells A1,
A2, and A3.
- Type `=A1+A2+A3` in the cell where you want the
result.
- Press Enter. The cell will display the sum of the
numbers.
4.Using Functions:
- Excel has built-in functions for common calculations.
- Click on the cell where you want the result.
- Start typing the function name, like `=SUM(`. A
tooltip will appear with function suggestions.
- Select the function from the tooltip or type it out. For
example, select `SUM` from the tooltip.
- Enter the range of cells you want to sum, like `A1:A3`,
and close the parenthesis.
- Press Enter. The cell will display the sum of the
selected range.
5. Copying Formulas:
- After entering a formula, you can copy it to other cells.
- Click on the cell with the formula.
- Drag the small square in the bottom-right corner
(autofill handle) down or across to copy the formula to
adjacent cells.
6.Absolute References:
- Sometimes you want to refer to a fixed cell while
copying a formula. Use the `$` symbol before the column
and/or row number. For example, `$A$1` would stay fixed while
copied.
7.Common Functions:
- Apart from `SUM`, Excel offers functions like
`AVERAGE`, `MAX`, `MIN`, `COUNT`, and more. Begin typing a
function name to see suggestions.
8.Editing Formulas:
- Double-click a cell with a formula to edit it directly.
- You can also edit formulas in the formula bar at the
top of the Excel window.
9.Saving and Closing:

- Save your worksheet and close Excel when you're
done.
Conditional formatting :
1.Open Excel:
workbook.
2.Entering Data:
- Enter your data into the cells. For example, let's say
you have a list of numbers in cells A1 to A5.
3.Select Cells:
- Click on the cell range you want to apply conditional
formatting to. In this example, select cells A1 to A5.
4.Access Conditional Formatting:

- Go to the "Home" tab in the Excel ribbon.
- Look for the "Conditional Formatting" button. Click
on it to open a dropdown menu.
5.Choose Condition:
- In the dropdown menu, you'll find various pre-
defined conditions. For this example, let's select "Highlight
Cells Rules" and then "Greater Than..."
6.Set Threshold:
- A dialog box will appear. Enter a value, such as 10,
and choose a formatting style (color). This will highlight cells
with values greater than 10.
7.Apply Formatting:
- Click the "OK" button in the dialog box.
- Cells with values greater than 10 will now be
highlighted according to the formatting style you selected.
8.Copying Formatting:
- You can use the Format Painter tool (a little
paintbrush icon) to copy the conditional formatting to other
cell ranges.
9.Editing or Removing Formatting:

- To edit or remove conditional formatting, select the
cell range, go back to the "Conditional Formatting" button, and
choose the appropriate option.

done.
Creating a simple worksheet with sorting, filtering, and a basic chart

in Excel can help you organize and visualize our data :
1.Open Excel:
workbook.
2.Entering Data:
- Enter your data into the cells. For example, let's say
you have a list of names in column A (A1 to A5) and
corresponding scores in column B (B1 to B5).
3.Sorting Data:
- Click on any cell within your data range.
- Go to the "Data" tab in the Excel ribbon.
- Click the "Sort A to Z" button to sort your data in
ascending order based on the selected column. Click "Sort Z to
A" to sort in descending order.
4.Filtering Data:
- Go to the "Data" tab again.
- Click the "Filter" button. Small filter icons will appear
in the header cells of your data.
- Click on the filter icon in the column you want to filter
by.
- Choose the specific values you want to display, or use
"Filter by Color," "Text Filters," etc.
5.Creating a Basic Chart:

- Select the data range you want to visualize. For this
example, select cells A1 to B5.
- Go to the "Insert" tab in the Excel ribbon.
- Choose the chart type you want to create (e.g.,
"Column Chart").
- A basic chart will be generated based on your data.
6.Customizing the Chart:

- Click on the chart to select it.
- The "Chart Tools" will appear in the ribbon with
"Design," "Format," and "Chart Elements" tabs.
- Use these tabs to customize the chart's appearance,
labels, titles, and more.

done.
Introduction of power point :
Microsoft PowerPoint is a powerful presentation

software used for creating dynamic and visually appealing
slideshows. It's widely used in business, education, and other
fields to communicate ideas, information, and concepts
effectively.
**Features and Functions:**
1.Slides: PowerPoint presentations are composed of

individual slides, each serving as a canvas for content like text,
images, graphs, and multimedia.
2.Design Themes: PowerPoint offers a variety of design

themes and templates that determine the look and feel of your
presentation. Themes include font styles, color schemes, and
slide layouts.
3.Text and Formatting: You can add and format text on

slides, adjusting font type, size, color, alignment, and more.
4.Images and Multimedia: Insert images, videos, audio

clips, and other multimedia elements to enhance your
presentation.
5.Transitions: Apply transition effects between slides to
create smooth animations when moving from one slide to the
next.
6.Animations: Add animations to individual elements

within a slide to make them appear, disappear, or move in
various ways during the presentation.
7.Charts and Graphs: Create visual representations of

data using built-in chart and graph tools.
8.Presenter View: PowerPoint offers a "Presenter View"

that shows the current slide, notes for the presenter, and
upcoming slides, allowing you to navigate and manage the
presentation seamlessly.
9.Slide Master: Customize the overall design of your

presentation by modifying the Slide Master, which affects all
slides uniformly.
10.Notes and Comments: Add notes to your slides for

your reference, and use comments to collaborate with others
on the presentation.
11.Printing and Sharing: PowerPoint presentations can

be printed as handouts, notes, or slides. You can also save
presentations in various formats for sharing, including PDF,
PPTX, and more.
**Creating a Basic Presentation:**

1.Open PowerPoint: Launch Microsoft PowerPoint on
your computer.
2.Choose a Design: Select a design theme or template for

your presentation. This sets the overall look and layout.
3.Add Slides: Click the "New Slide" button to add

additional slides to your presentation. Choose from different
slide layouts depending on your content.
4.Add Content: Enter text, insert images, and add other

elements to each slide as needed.
5.Apply Transitions: Go to the "Transitions" tab to apply

transition effects between slides.
6.Preview and Rehearse: Use the "Slide Show" tab to

preview your presentation and rehearse timings.
7.Save and Share: Click the "File" tab to save your

presentation. You can save it locally or to cloud services. Share
the presentation with others by sending them the file or using
collaboration tools.
Microsoft PowerPoint's versatility makes it a valuable

tool for creating engaging presentations that convey
information, persuade audiences, and communicate ideas
effectively.
1. various views and features of Microsoft PowerPoint that you

mentioned:
1. **Views:**
Normal View: This is the default view where you

create and edit slides. It displays the slide pane on the left, the
slide thumbnails in the center, and the notes pane below.
Slide Sorter View: This view displays all slides as

thumbnails, allowing you to rearrange them easily. You can
also apply changes to multiple slides simultaneously.
Reading View: This view is used for rehearsing your

presentation. It displays your slides in full-screen mode,
providing a preview of how they will appear to your audience.
Slide Show View: This view shows your presentation

in full-screen mode, just like how your audience will see it
during a live presentation.
Presenter View: When you connect your computer

to a projector or external display, this view shows your current
slide, speaker notes, and upcoming slides. It helps you manage
your presentation while showing only the current slide to the
audience.
2. **Animations:**
Entrance Animations: These animations control

how elements appear on a slide. For example, you can make
text fly in or fade in as you move to a new slide.
Exit Animations: These animations control how
elements disappear from a slide. For instance, you can make an
image shrink or fade out when moving to the next slide.
Emphasis Animations: These animations make

elements stand out on a slide. For instance, you can make text
pulse or an image grow and shrink.
Motion Paths: You can define a path that an

element follows on the slide, creating more complex
animations.
3. **Transitions:**
Transitions control how one slide transitions to the

next during a slideshow.
You can choose effects like fade, slide, zoom, etc.,
to make the transition visually appealing.
4. **Headers and Footers:**
Headers: These are pieces of text or graphics that

appear at the top of each slide. They often include titles or
logos.
Footers: These are similar to headers but appear at

the bottom of each slide. They typically include slide numbers,
dates, or copyright information.
5. **Slide Master:**
The Slide Master is a feature that allows you to set
the overall design and formatting for your entire presentation.
Changes made in the Slide Master will be applied to
all slides consistently, ensuring a cohesive look.
These features in Microsoft PowerPoint enhance your

ability to create engaging and dynamic presentations. You can
use different views to edit, rehearse, and present your slides
effectively. Animations and transitions add visual interest,
while headers, footers, and the Slide Master contribute to a
professional and organized presentation design.
UNIT- 4
❖ Internet (explanation):
The Internet is a vast network that connects computers all over the world. Through the
Internet, people can share information and communicate from anywhere with an Internet
connection.
Internet is a network of networks and has different types of internet. It consists of public,
private, academic, business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked
by a comprehensive arrangement of electronic, wireless, and optical networking
technologies.
❖ ISP:
An internet service provider (ISP) is a company that provides access to the internet.
ISP provides access to the internet often through cable, digital subscriber line (DSL),
fiber, or satellite connections.
Examples of ISPs are: Comcast. AT&T. Time Warner Cable.
You can follow the below steps to know “who is my ISP”: Open your browser. Visit
www.ipcheck.org or IP Lookup Tool. Your ISP will be displayed below your IP Address.
❖ World Wide Web (www):
The World Wide Web is abbreviated as WWW and is commonly known as the web. The
WWW was initiated by CERN (European library for Nuclear Research) in 1989.
WWW can be defined as the collection of different websites around the world, containing
different information shared via local servers(or computers).
● History:
It is a project created, by Timothy Berner Lee in 1989, for researchers to work together
effectively at CERN. is an organization, named the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C),
which was developed for further development of the web. This organization is directed
by Tim Berner’s Lee, aka the father of the web.
● System Architecture:
From the user’s point of view, the web consists of a vast, worldwide connection of
documents or web pages. Each page may contain links to other pages anywhere in the
world. The pages can be retrieved and viewed by using browsers of which internet
explorer, Netscape Navigator, Google Chrome, etc are the popular ones. The browser
fetches the page requested interprets the text and formatting commands on it, and
displays the page, properly formatted, on the screen.
● Working of WWW:
The World Wide Web is based on several different technologies: Web browsers,
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
A Web browser is used to access web pages. Web browsers can be defined as
programs which display text, data, pictures, animation and video on the Internet.
Hyperlinked resources on the World Wide Web can be accessed using software
interfaces provided by Web browsers. Initially, Web browsers were used only for surfing
the Web but now they have become more universal. Web browsers can be used for
several tasks including conducting searches, mailing, transferring files, and much more.
Some of the commonly used browsers are Internet Explorer, Opera Mini, and Google
Chrome.
➔ Features of WWW:
● HyperText Information System

● Cross-Platform
● Distributed
● Open Standards and Open Source
● Uses Web Browsers to provide a single interface for many services
● Dynamic, Interactive and Evolving.
● “Web 2.0”
➔ Components of the Web: There are 3 components of the web:
● Uniform Resource Locator (URL): serves as a system for resources on the web.
● HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP): specifies communication of browser and server.
● Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML): defines the structure, organisation and content of
a webpage.
❖ Web browser:
When we need any kind of information most of the time we get help from the Internet,
and we get information. The Internet provides us with useful information easily; we use
mobile phones, computers, and tablets. We searched for a lot of things in our daily life,
so we get information about all over the world, but we can not get information by just
only getting connected to the Internet. We need a platform where we can search for our
questions. The platform that provides such kinds of services is called a web browser,
without a web browser internet will not be able to provide information.
How does a Web Browser Work?

A web browser helps us find information anywhere on the internet. It is installed on the
client computer and requests information from the web server such a type of working
model is called a client-server model.
● Some Popular Web Browsers:
1. Google Chrome. :
Developed by Google, Chrome is one of the most widely-used

web browsers in the world, known for its speed and simplicity.
2. Mozilla Firefox:
Developed by the Mozilla Foundation, Firefox is an open-source

browser that is known for its privacy features and customization
options.
3. Apple Safari:
Developed by Apple, Safari is the default browser on Mac and

iOS devices and is known for its speed and integration with other
Apple products.
4. Microsoft Edge:
Developed by Microsoft, Edge is the default browser on

Windows 10 and is known for its integration with other Microsoft
products and services.
5. Opera:
Developed by Opera Software, Opera is a web browser that is

known for its speed and built-in VPN feature.
❖What is a Search Engines ?

Each day we are searching for tons of information on the Internet. Sometimes the results
are not what we are looking for and sometimes just the opposite. But how does the
Internet know what we want? The answer is Search Engines.You must have words like
Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc. All these are search engines that curate top results for the
queries that we enter. Let us dive deeper to understand what is a search engine
● Search Engine Definition:
"A search engine is a software that is accessed on the internet to assist a user to search
its query on the world wide web. The search engine is helpful as it carries out a
systematic search on the web and displays the results that best match the user’s query."
The results are usually retrieved in the form of a list often referred to as SERPs or
Search Engine Result Pages. These results or information may be links to web pages, or
a mix of images and videos, research papers, newspaper articles, etc.
There are various search engines available, google being the most popular of all. All
these search engines are capable of searching so quickly due to the web crawler. Let us
learn about what a search engine is in detail.
● How does a Search Engine work?
The search engine follows three steps to execute the query of the user
1. Crawling
2. Indexing
3. Ranking
The search engine follows these steps to provide relevant results to the user.
● Crawling:
Discovering new web pages on the internet starts with crawling. All search engines use these
bots called web crawlers or spider bots that follow links to the new webpages present in the
known ones.
They get the information by crawling from site to site. Once the information is collected it is
indexed. While indexing is going on the spider keeps going with discovering new pages. Once a
certain amount of time is spent or based on the amount of data collected, the spider stops
crawling.
● Indexing:
Once the data is crawled it is sent for indexing-saving data on the database of the search
engine called the index.
It is the job of the index to find information related to the query as soon as possible. This
process can be performed quickly by adopting any of these steps-
1. Stripping out the stop words.
2. Listing links to other pages.
3. Listing information about images or embedded media on the page.
Any website has to be indexed to get listed on search results. Sometimes when a query is
entered, the index results are obtained quickly because it has already stored a few website links
containing the keywords.
● Ranking:
The last step is to rank the results on the SERP. The search engines have their criteria based
on which the search results are listed. These signals or criteria are hidden from the public. It is
the work of the ranking to determine the order of the web links on the results page.
One of the most common doubts is – do all search engines give the same results? And the
answer is, not necessarily. Each search engine has its algorithm, based on which it performs
the search on the web.
These searches are also based on the factors like your location, what was the preference of
other users for the same keyword, what have been your past searches, etc. Therefore, all the
search engines tend to give different search results.
❖ Creating and using an email account like Gmail

or any other:
● What is Email?
Email (electronic mail) is the exchange of computer-stored messages from one user to
one or more recipients via the internet. Emails are a fast, inexpensive and accessible way to
communicate for business or personal use. Users can send emails from anywhere as long as
they have an internet connection, which is typically provided by an internet service provider.
Typically, an email message consists of two main components: header and body.
How to creat an Email account ?

● Visit a website that offers an email service. Notable ones are yahoo.com,
google.com, and outlook.com, all of which are free forever.
● Find where to sign up. Usually, there is a small link image or text that says
"register" or "sign up," although you may have to go to the login page to find this.
Type in "free email account" and the website of your choice into a search engine. Click on the
appropriate link, hopefully bringing you to the setup page for the desired email account.
● Follow all the instructions on the page, filling out all the needed details. In some
cases, you may feel uncomfortable letting out certain information. Don't worry,
most of the time email accounts do not need information such as telephone and
street address, and you can skip these completely.
● Read over the service agreement and click the box saying that you agree to
abide by the email system's rules. Once completed, click on the Submit or Enter
button at the bottom of the screen.
● Congratulations! You have now created an email address. Continue on to import
your contacts, message with friends, or write emails, plus much more.
How to use Email?
Email has become the premier way to communicate in the computer era. If you're not hooked
up to email, you may never hear from anyone you know. Email is a little more complicated than
sending a letter in the mail, but it's the same idea. You'll be on your way to sending letters via
your computer in no time.
Step 1:
Open up your internet browser and pick an email program to use. The big ones are Gmail,
Yahoo! and MSN Hotmail. Go to one of these websites and sign up for an email account. This
usually involves picking a personal email address, choosing a password and entering some
other information like your name or zip code.
Step 2:
Gather email addresses of people you know and put them in your contacts list. Each email
program should have a "Contacts" section, so click on that and start typing in email addresses.
Having all your contacts in your email account will make it easier to write emails later--you won't
have to manually type in the person's email address every time!
Step 3:
To start using email, sign in with your email address and password from your email program's
website. You can go to each email program's home page and then click "Email" or save the
email sign-in webpage to your bookmarks. Once you've signed in, you'll see your inbox. This is
where you'll see emails that people send you.
Step 4:
To write an email, click the "Compose Mail" or "Write an Email" link. You'll see a page with a
bunch of empty boxes on it. In the first box "To:" you'll put the person's email address you're
sending the email to. Then choose a subject, and finally, write your email in the big box. When
you're done, click send.
Step 5:
You might want to send a mass email to all your contacts letting them know of your new email
address. Each email program is slightly different in sending emails to multiple people. There
should be a link to your contacts near the "To" box (Yahoo has a link called "Insert addresses.")
You'll check a box next to each contact's name to add them to an email.
Step 6:
In order to read emails that are sent to you, all you have to do is click on the email subject. If
you want to send an email you received to someone else, this function is called "Forward." All
you have to do is click the "Forward" button for most email programs and then click "Send."
Step 7:
You'll also see a "Trash" link in your email inbox. This is where you can put emails that you don't
want to look at anymore. It's like the Trash option on your computer where you can delete files.
Put emails you don't need anymore in the Trash, and empty the Trash when it gets too full.
❖How to check Emails ?

These days, smartphones are powerful enough to perform most of the basic functions
that a person would need from a computer. This includes being a convenient and simple tool to
check your email, especially when you’re on the move.
Popular phone brands will generally come with a built-in mail client, such as Gmail or
generic “Email” apps on Android phones and Apple Email on iPhones. However, the process to
access your emails on your smartphone is relatively similar regardless of the client it comes
with.
● How To Get My Email On My Android Email App?

Generic Android email apps will generally follow the following setup to access your
emails:
1. Open the email app on your phone

2. .Select your email provider from those listed (Gmail, Yahoo, Hotmail/Outlook, etc) or the
“Other” option. Email services from website hosts or businesses will generally be
“Other.”
3. Enter your email account information as directed on the screen.
● How Do I Open My Email Via The Gmail App?

For those people looking to access their business emails via the Gmail app on their
smartphone, you simply have to add that account to an existing Gmail account.
1. Open the Gmail app on your smartphone.

2. Tap the letter/profile picture in the top right corner.
3. Tap “Add another account.”
4. Select from the list of email providers (Gmail, Outlook/Hotmail, Yahoo, etc) or select
“Other.” Email services from website hosts or businesses will generally be “Other.”
5. Follow the on-screen instructions.
● How Do I Check My Email on My iPhone?

For Apple users, the process is a little different. Rather than adding your email account
to an email app, you have to add it as an account via the phone settings.
1. Open “Settings” on your phone.

2. Tap the “Mail” option and then “Accounts."
3. Tap “Add Account.”
4. Select from the list of email providers (Gmail, Outlook/Hotmail, Yahoo, etc.) or select
“Other.” Email services from website hosts or businesses will generally be “Other.”
5. Follow the on-screen instructions, keeping in mind that you can add the Mail account
separately to the Calendars and Contacts associated with that email account on iPhones
at the end of that process.
● How to Check Emails on a Desktop?

Just like with your smartphone, your computer is likely to have a built-in desktop email
client with which you can check your email. If you are using Windows 10, this ships with
a built-in app called “Mail.” Apple users also get an in-built app called “Mail,” but these
are not the same program.
● However You Access Your Email, Make it as Easy as Possible with These 4 Rules
Whether you’re checking your emails on your smartphone, desktop, browser, tablet, or
watch, there are a few tips and tricks to make your email experience smoother than
ever. Let’s take a look at four rules that you can start using today.
● Organize Your Inbox

Don’t just have all of your emails going to a single, giant folder. Spike offers Priority
Email Inbox, which pushes all your unimportant mail (such as newsletters, promotional
offers, and receipts) to an “Other” folder, leaving you with only the messages that need
your attention.
Spike also offers the ability to sort your email in three different automated ways: Subject
Mode, which groups emails by subject; People Mode, which groups messages according
to the contact who sent them; and Inbox Mode, which is like your traditional email inbox.
● Snooze the Messages that Can Wait
You should only have important emails in your inbox, which means if it doesn’t need
your attention for another week, get rid of it! But, of course, you can’t simply delete it or mark it
as read – you might forget! That’s why Spike enables you to snooze an email for later the same
day, tomorrow, next week, or any time and day that suits you!
● Create Templates for Common Emails
To streamline your email workflow, you should create and save templates for the types
of messages you find yourself sending often. If you frequently get service inquiries, for example,
have a template ready to go that outlines what they are. Just make sure that you don’t end up
sounding like a robot by following the basic dos and don’ts of email templates.
● Take Tasks Out of Your Inbox
It can be tempting to leave an email in your inbox if it contains a task you need to get
done. However, this creates clutter and confusion and will ultimately hinder your work. Instead,
transfer the content to your task management system as soon as an email comes in with an
actionable task.
Spike offers Tasks & To-Do Lists directly in your inbox, so you don’t have to mess around
opening and closing other apps. In addition, it allows you to track the progress of each task
without needing to keep opening the email, as well as the ability to add and collaborate with
other team members.
❖ How to compose Email?

1. Compose a new email message.
2. Type in the recipient's email address.
3. Add a subject line.
4. Write the message.
5. Add an inline or attached image.
6. Attach a file or link to it within the message.
7. Send your message.
❖How to Attach a Document in Email?

See the below steps and understand how to write an email with an attachment sample:
1. Finalise what files you wish to send :
Before you write the email, make sure you know what file you require sending with the mail and
its location on your computer. This makes it easy to promptly locate and attach them to the
email. This step not only saves time but also helps ensure you attach the correct files. It can
also help you reference the file correctly in the email's body.
2. Add the email's subject line:
The subject line is very important, as it is the first thing the receiver notices about the email.
Relevant and concise subject lines are usually more effective. It is important to mention the fact
that the email contains attachments or talks about their contents. For example, if you are
attaching event photographs, you may write the subject line as 'Event photographs from
02.02.2022'.
3. Compose the email's body:
The next step in the email writing process is to write the email's body. The length of it depends
on the purpose of the email. For instance, if your email only requires the attachments to be sent,
the body can be short. But if the attachments are supporting files of the email, they require a
mention in the email body along with a brief description of the contents. It is essential for an
email that contains attachments with supporting content in the email body, otherwise, recipients
may confuse such emails for spam.
4. Attach the files:
Once you are content with the email's body, it is time to attach the files to the mail. You can take
this step at any point in the email writing process. Attaching the files before writing the email's
body ensures that you include the correct files and can add or remove files after composing the
email body, if required. Consider sending different emails for different files if the attachments are
unrelated.
5. Review and send the email:

Once the above steps are complete, go through the email's subject line and body for any errors.
Ensure that you have attached the right files to avoid any miscommunication. The last step is to
email the recipients. It is essential to re-check the recipients' email addresses as well so that
you email the correct recipients.
❖CC and BCC in email: Meanings and how to

use them:
● What do CC and BCC stand for in an email?
CC stands for "carbon copy." BCC stands for "blind carbon copy."
● What does CC mean in email?
If you enter an email address into the CC (Carbon Copy) field, that account will receive a
copy of your email. They will also see all of the other recipients in both the address field
and the CC field and will be able to see that they are in the CC field.
● What does BCC mean in email?
BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) is similar to CC, but it works slightly differently. Recipients in
the BCC field will still receive a copy of the email, but they won't be visible to anyone
else. They will also not receive replies to that email thread unless their address is re-
entered in the BCC field or moved to the CC field.
● When should I use CC in email?
The best way to use the CC field is to expand an email conversation to colleagues who
can make a genuine contribution to it. However, if you are not the originator of an email
thread, you should ask permission before adding new recipients, because the number of
people in the email exchange can quickly become unmanageable if you don't. Adding
new recipients without first asking can also lead to accidentally leaking private or
proprietary information.
While it might seem like an email with the whole team in the CC field would be the best
way to do this, it's not. A better approach is to designate one team member who can
collect important information into a single email update.
● When should I use bcc in email?
When it comes to using the BCC field, there is a simple rule to follow: use it carefully.
You should always ensure that you use your email system in a way that protects the
privacy of your recipients, and BCC is a helpful tool in that regard.
Another issue to be aware of when using the BCC field is accidentally breaking the
privacy laws that apply in your region. Most data privacy laws now in place—from
Europe’s GDPR to the PIPEDA in Canada or the HIPAA —contain explicit provisions on
how you can store and share personal contact information such as email addresses.
Using the BCC field can be interpreted as sharing this information without the consent of
the main recipient, and could lead to you being fined in countries with strict censorship
laws.
❖ IP Address:(Internet Protocol address)

What is an IP Address?
IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data
sent via the internet or local network. In essence, IP addresses are the identifier that
allows information to be sent between devices on a network: they contain location
information and make devices accessible for communication.
An IP address is represented by a series of numbers segregated by periods(.). They are

expressed in the form of four pairs - an example address might be 255.255. 255.255
wherein each set can range from 0 to 255. IP addresses are not produced randomly.
● How do IP Addresses Work?

An IP address allows computers to send and receive data over the internet. Most IP
addresses are purely numerical, but as internet usage grows, letters have been added to
some addresses.
There are four different types of IP addresses: public, private, static, and dynamic. While
the public and private are indicative of the location of the network—private being used
inside a network while the public is used outside of a network—static and dynamic
indicate permanency.
A static IP address is one that was manually created, as opposed to having been
assigned. A static address also does not change, whereas a dynamic IP address has
been assigned by a (DHCP) server and is subject to change. Dynamic IP addresses are
the most common type of internet protocol addresses. Dynamic IP addresses are only
active for a certain amount of time, after which they expire. The computer will either
automatically request a new lease, or the computer may receive a new IP address.
An IP address can be compared to a Social Security Number (SSN) since each one is
completely unique to the computer or user it is assigned to. The creation of these
numbers allows routers to identify where they are sending information on the internet.
They also make sure that the correct devices are receiving what is being sent. Much like
the post office needs a mailing address to deliver a package, a router needs an IP
address to deliver to the web address requested.
❖What is Google Drive example?

Google Drive is a cloud storage service, and like all cloud services, its primary function is
to take some load off your hard drive. Cloud storage works by uploading your files to its own
remote servers — or the “cloud” — freeing up space on your computer.
● How Do I Save a Document to Google Drive on a Desktop?

First, how do you save a document to Google Drive from a Desktop computer like a PC
or a MacBook? This section also shows you how to save documents in Google Drive if
you have several files.
1. Open the Drive tab in Chrome (preferable) by signing in to your Google account and
selecting Drive from the grid menu (nine dots in a 3x3 pattern.)
2. Next, click the + symbol (New) or click the tiny arrow next to My Drive above the
document pane (not the folder on the left.)
3. Once you see the menu options, select Upload Files. This will trigger your desktop to
open a File Explorer or Finder window, from which you can select a file for upload. To
upload multiple files, just select all of them. You can also upload an entire folder by
choosing the Upload Folder menu item instead of the Upload Files option. However,
please note that multiple file uploads and folder uploads may not work smoothly if you’re
not using the Chrome browser. In some cases, you’ll be taken to a separate file uploader
tool for this purpose.
4. Once your file, files, or folder has been selected, confirm the selection in the dialog
box to start uploading. The files and folders will appear in the main file list as they are
successfully uploaded to the cloud.
Although this process is simple enough, you can make it even simpler by simply having
a Drive folder open on your browser, and then dragging files and folders from their local
drive locations and dropping them into the browser tab. This will automatically trigger the
upload process. This also works with the Drive for Desktop client, but the difference is
that you can do it even when you’re offline. As mentioned earlier, once you’re online
again, it will sync to your main Drive account.
● How Do I Save Documents Directly to Google Drive on a Mobile Device?
If you have an iOS or Android phone, or an iPad running iPadOS, the process is
slightly different from the desktop process. You will need to make sure that the
corresponding Google account has been added to the device and that you are
signed in. After that, follow the steps here. Please note that two methods have
been outlined below:
Upload from the Drive App

1. After installing and launching the Drive app for iOS or Android, tap the +
symbol and select Upload from the options provided.
2. Use the local file manager to select a file.
3. Tap the Upload button.
Upload from Another App

Most apps that handle documents and other files will have a Share option.
Alternatively, you can use the Share option in your native file manager app.
Here’s how to use it:
1. Click Share when the document is open in the app. You can also select the
document/file from the list of files and use the generic Share option.
2. You will see Save to Drive as one of the share options. Tap that.
3. Next, if Drive prompts to for access to files and other content on your device,
tap Allow in the pop-up notification.
4. You can now change the file’s name if you need to before you tap Save.
● How to Retrieve a file through Google drive?
1. On a computer, go to drive.google.com/drive/trash. Tip: You can sort your

trashed files by trashed date to find the oldest or newest files trashed.
2. Right-click the file you want to recover.
3. Click Restore.
4. You can find restored files in their original location.
● How to Share Files on Google Drive?
Sharing Files on a PC:

The Google Drive desktop app for PC follows the same functionality as the Mac. After
installing the app and connecting it to your Google account, a Google Drive folder
becomes part of File Explorer.
● Open the Google Drive Folder

Sharing your files from a PC works almost the same way as it does on a Mac. From File
Explorer, open your Google Drive folder. Open “my drive” and select the file you want to
Share with others.
● Open the “share” Icon

Right-click the file and click “share with Google Drive.” If you do not see this from the
menu, click “show more options.”
● Share Your File

In the gray “add people and groups” box, enter the necessary email address(es) to share
your file.
● How to Share a File or Folder With Google Drive Mobile App?

Google Drive for mobile devices allows you to create, update and share files and folders
while on the go. The process works similarly to the desktop app and the Google Drive
website. The first step is to download the app from your app store. Once done, log in
with your Google account.
● Open the Google Drive Mobile App
Once in the Google Drive mobile app, navigate to the file or folder you want to share.
● Click the Three-Dot Menu

On the folder page, or the file, click the three dots to expand the menu. Select the
“share” icon.
● Share Your Folder

On the “share” option, you can add as many email addresses as you need in the “add
people or groups” section.
❖ Google translator:
Google Translate is a free tool developed by Google that enables you to translate
sentences, documents and even websites from one language into another in a matter of
seconds. Google Translate offers translations in 109 languages as of April 2021 and
translates a total of over 100 billion words daily.
How to Use Google Translate to Transcribe Voice to Text

Google Translate is one of the best tools to transcribe audio to text. With the Google
Translate voice to text feature, you can speak in up to 10 languages, and the app will
transcribe your words.
However, not everyone knows exactly how to transcribe using Google Translate. This
section covers how to use Google Translate to transcribe voice to text.
To use the Google Translate app on Android, first install it. If you have installed it
already, then ensure it’s updated. Follow the steps below to use the Google Translate
voice to text feature on Android:
● Step 1: Open the Google Translate app on your Android device.
● Step 2: On the home screen of the Google Translate app, click on the transcribe icon.
● Step 3: Google will inform you that using the Google Translate voice-to-text feature will
allow Google to send the audio and transcription data to its servers. Click on ‘OK’ to
proceed.
● Step 4: The app will prompt you to select the source language from the dropdown
menu on the left. Select the language you will speak, as the Google Translate app won’t
automatically detect the language.
● Step 5: Select the language you would like the text to appear in from the dropdown
menu on the right.
● Step 6: Record the audio you’d like to transcribe and the app will convert it to text.
Can Google Translate from text to voice?
Google Translate includes the text-to-speech functionality that converts text into voice.
The text-to-speech service is available for 30 languages. You can listen to the original
text or its translation.
Under "Text-to-Speech," select Customize Voice Settings. Customize your Select-to-

speak voice: Change the language and preferred voice: Under “Speech," choose the
language and type of voice you want to hear. Change natural voice: To use a more
realistic, lifelike voice, select Use natural voice when device is online.
❖Google Meet:
Google Meet is a video conferencing service that enables you to join virtual
meetings via audio, video, chat, and screen sharing with up to 100 people with
no time limits.
● Learn what basic Meet features are available:

Whether you have the Consumer or Workspace edition, these basic Meet features are
available:
● Start or schedule a video meeting: Create meetings for now or later.
● Join Meet meetings: Take part in meetings created by others.
● Meet in Docs Editors and Jamboard on web: Join a Google Meet call from Google Docs,
Sheets, Slides, and Jamboard.
● Meeting participant limit: You can have a maximum of 100 participants in a meeting.
Certain Workspace editions may have a higher meeting participant limit.
● Meeting length limits:
If your meeting is one-on-one, it has a time limit of 24 hours.
If your meeting has 3 or more participants, it has a time limit of one hour.
Certain Workspace editions can have longer meetings.
● Whiteboarding: During a call, you can leverage the whiteboard feature through
Jamboard.
● Join breakout rooms: You can enter a breakout room. However, breakout rooms can
only be created by certain Workspace editions.
● Hand raising: You can get the moderator's attention.
● Reactions: You can send emoji reactions.
● Safety controls: Hosts have the ability to end a call and turn off chat, screen sharing,
camera, and microphone for participants.
❖ Zoom: (explanation)
Zoom is a video conferencing platform that can be used through a computer desktop or mobile
app, and allows users to connect online for video conference meetings, webinars and live chat.
During the Covid19 crisis, Zoom has seen a surge in popularity, with millions of people using it
to stay in touch with others.
The app is available to download for free, and Zoom users can choose to sign up to the free
service, or for a number of paid plans. The free services allows users to create unlimited
meetings with up to 100 participants, although the time limit for group meetings is 40 minutes.
❖Social Media:
Social media is a computer technology that lets people share ideas, opinions, and
information through online networks and communities. People use web-based software
or apps on a computer, tablet, or phone to use social media. Social media on the
Internet make it easy to quickly and electronically share personal information,
documents, movies, and photos. Even though people use social media a lot in the U.S.
and Europe, the countries that use it the most are in Asia, like Indonesia
Social media facilitates the sharing of ideas and information through virtual networks.
From Facebook and Instagram to Twitter and YouTube, social media covers a broad
universe of apps and platforms that allow users to share content, interact online, and
build communities. More than 4.7 billion people use social media, equal to roughly 60%
of the world’s population.
Social media plays a key role in businesses' marketing strategies given the sheer
amount of time individuals spend each day on social platforms and apps. At the same
time, social media is an ever-changing field. New apps such as TikTok, Signal, and
Clubhouse have joined the ranks of established social networks like Facebook,
YouTube, Twitter, and Instagram.
● Advantages and disadvantage of social Media:
❖Online Education:
Online Education is also called distance education, e-learning, and online learning, form
of education in which the main elements include physical separation of teachers and
students during instruction and the use of various technologies to facilitate student-
teacher and student-student communication.
Online education is a procedure of gaining skills and knowledge through electronic

devices like computers, mobiles, laptops, etc using the internet. Online education makes
it possible for tutors or mentors to reach all the students more flexibly and teach them
the relevant skills more efficiently.
● Moocs:
What Is a MOOC?
A massive open online course (MOOC) is a model for delivering learning content online
to any person who wants to take a course, with no limit on attendance.
MOOCs are online courses available to anyone with a computer and Internet
connection. They offer students a way to learn in a setting similar to an online class, but
are usually loosely structured and can be accessed without paying tuition or committing
to an academic program. Whether a student should sign up for a MOOC will depend on
his or her academic and professional goals. To learn just for fun or to get a certificate for
a small fee, MOOCs are ideal.
1. MOOCs are free.

2. MOOCs have unlimited class size.
3. Anyone can enroll in a specific MOOC, even if they're not “qualified” to take it.
4. Students can start and stop the course at any time, without any formal consequences.
5. Upon completion of the course, a student will not have a tangible or formally recognized
degree, certificate or transcript of completion.
● NPTEL:
The National Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (NPTEL) is an Indian e-
learning platform for university-level science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
(STEM) subjects. It is jointly developed by Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) and
Indian Institute of Science
What are the features of NPTEL?

In addition to the online courses, NPTEL also provides additional resources such as e-
books, quizzes and assignments, and transcripts of lectures. These resources can be
used to supplement the online courses and to provide additional materials for students to
study.
● Swayam Central:
SWAYAM is an Indian government Massive open online course (MOOC) platform
providing educational opportunities for a vast number of university and college learners.
SWAYAM (meaning 'Self' in Sanskrit) is an acronym that stands for "Study Webs of
Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds".
The full form of SWAYAM is Study Webs of Active-Learning for Young Aspiring Minds.
The SWAYAM portal is launched to achieve three education principles – access, equity,
and quality. The Ministry of Education (formerly the Ministry of Human Resource &
Development) launched the SWAYAM program on 9th July 2017. It aims to provide
millions of students with a quality education through e-learning courses.
There are a total of 755 courses under 5 different categories being offered through the
Swayam portal at www.swayam.gov.in. The learners can choose any of the courses as
per their requirements, interests or profile. The courses can be accessed online by doing
registration on Swayam portal.
● Spoken Tutorial:
The aim of spoken tutorials is to popularize E-learning. It is coordinated through ICT
based system. Spoken Tutorial is an audio-video educational content platform. Here one
can learn various Free and Open Source Software all by oneself.
The Spoken Tutorial project (at IIT Bombay) is an initiative funded by the National
Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (ICT),
launched by the Ministry of Human Resources and Development, Government of India.
Spoken Tutorial is a multi-award winning educational content portal. Here one can learn
various Free and Open Source Software all by oneself. Our self-paced, multi-lingual
courses ensure that anybody with a computer and a desire for learning, can learn from
any place, at any time and in a language of their choice.
The cost is Rs.500+GST/per course for Faculty/Teachers and Rs.200+GST/per course

for students (except school students).
● Video Tutorials:
Instructional videos are a powerful tool for anyone looking to teach colleagues,
employees, and students. Whether you're an employer, an educator, or a content
creator, videos are an effective way to engage your audience and deliver information in
a way that's easy to follow along and understand.
A tutorial video is a type of video that provides step-by-step instructions on how to do

something. They can be helpful for learning new skills or completing complex tasks.
Tutorial videos usually range from short, quick guides to longer, more in-depth lessons.
Whether you are training employees or teaching school-age students, you want them to
retain as much of the information you present as possible. Some people are more visual
learners and benefit from seeing demonstrations, while others are more audio-centric
and learn better with verbal explanations.Video tutorials, whether recorded or live, are
important to students because they add another dimension to learning that makes a
student's educational experience more effective, helping with retention, explains video
training solutions provider Panopto.
The videos allow a classroom setting to come to life, offering different perspectives and
tools that students might not normally be able to take advantage of in their learning. This
improves student engagement.
❖Government Portal:
❖ Steps to use government portal:
● india.gov.in is the Indian government’s web portal for citizens. It presents information
resources and online services from government sources, accessible from a single point.
It is also known as the National Portal of India.
● This is the official portal of the Indian Government, designed, developed and hosted by
National Informatics Centre (NIC), an S&T Organisation of the government of India
under the aegis of the Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Ministry of
Communications & Information Technology.
● The portal has been developed as a Mission Mode Project under the National E-
Governance Plan of the government. The objective is to provide a single window access
to the information and services such as passport, driving licenses, company registration
etc. being provided by the Indian government for the citizens and other stakeholders
● India.gov.in has sections for people living abroad, business persons, government
employees, senior citizens and children. The portal is also useful to foreign citizen and
researchers searching for information on India. It provides details of the people
occupying high offices in India, the work completed by ministries, press releases,
demographics, tourism, and cultural heritage.
● India.gov.in links to Union, State, District and local level official websites and is the most
comprehensive portal about the government of India with links to 6,700 government
websites. The website also has a feature that customizes the content displayed, based
on a user’s individual profile and preferences. It is accessible by disabled people and
users of handheld devices.
● The portal has an average of around eight lakh (8,00,000) website visitors per month.
While most of these visitors are from India, around 28 per cent come from outside India.
❖Election commission website:

1. EC takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and control of elections from the
announcement of elections to the declaration of results. 2. It implements the Code of
Conduct and punishes any candidate or party that violates it.
The Election Commission performs following functions: a) The superintendence,

direction & control of elections. b) To conduct elections of various bodies. c) To advice
the President or Governor of a State for disqualification of any member.
States Election Commission in India are responsible for the following: Conducting
elections for Municipal Corporations in State. Conducting elections for Municipal
panchayats in State. Model code of conduct implemented in elections for local bodies.
❖ E-service:(tn.gov)
Vision & Mission:
● Vision
To fulfill the vision of Good Governance using the tools that information technology
provides, such that working within Government becomes transparent and efficient, with
concomitant transparency and efficiency in delivery of services to our Citizens.
● Mission
The mission of TNeGA is to improve the quality of life of our Citizens through efficient
delivery of Government Services using the tools of Information Technology, and to
create cost effective, scalable solutions for Governance, making full use of Emerging
Technologies like Blockchain, AI/ML, IoT, Drones, Data Analytics, AR/VR, etc.
● Objectives
1. To be the Chief Technology and Innovation Organization for the Government of Tamil
Nadu.
2. To transform Governance in every Government institution of Tamil Nadu, such that
these institutions become paperless, hassle free, transparent and free of physical touch
points.
3. Transformation of the business of Government to make the experience quick and
pleasant for all stakeholders.
4. Act as a ‘force multiplier’ by building the soft infrastructure for smart Governance,
improving competitiveness of the State economy and making the State future ready.
5. Handholding and supporting Government Departments and Agencies in meeting their
Information Technology needs.
6. Identifying the common service needs of various Government Departments and
providing a cost effective and efficient solution.
7. Proactively engaging with Government Departments, NGOs and International
Organizations and institutions engaged in program and objectives similar to TNeGA, in
developing a shared vision of Governance.
8. Creating a vibrant ecosystem of academic institutions, research organizations, startups,
funding agencies and eminent individuals, to innovate, design and implement solutions
for pressing Governance issues.
9. Capacity Building of all Government employees at all levels in Information Technology to
enable efficiency in Governance.
10. Organize workshops, seminars, conferences on e-Governance.
11. Publish research papers, journals, workshop proceedings, newsletters etc., at National
and International forums.
❖Job Portal:
What is job portal(job portals meaning)
A job portal, also known as a Job Website, Job Board, or Employment Website, is a
website that allows companies to promote jobs and help job seekers to find the most
suitable job that matches their skills. The job portal plays an important role in every
hiring procedure.
Using it efficiently helps recruiters find the most qualified candidate for their vacant job
position at a low cost. Job Portal made it easier for the unemployed to secure the most
exciting opportunities. Read on how the job portal is useful for government agencies,
nonprofit organizations, colleges & universities, private businesses, and coaching
institutes.
How Does Job Portal Benefits Government Organization?

Job Portal Development Company for Government organizations allows both the Central
Government and State Government to post the government jobs for the candidates
aspiring for government jobs. This allows the candidates to get all the job details like the
number of vacancies, job profile, eligibility, and more. Also, recruiters can find qualified
candidates suitable for vacant job positions.
Importance of creating Job Portals for Recruiter:

Well, to search for a good talented candidate for your organization with all the skills and
knowledge is something you need to go beyond just social media. With all the human
resources being at the top for all the business expenses, it is important to start
prioritizing your recruitment process. Creating job portals will help you with settling down
to all your needs, priorities, and problems.
There are various reasons you need to know that further leads your organization to grow
more. The candidate can also go to Job Portals India to find the job according to the
degree and experience they have. For seeing all these criteria, the Job portal is best to
use.
❖Online bill payment:
What is online bill pay
Online bill pay is an electronic payment service offered by many banks, credit unions
and bill-pay services. It allows consumers to make one-time or recurring bill payments
through a website or app. Consumers may also be able to schedule future payments.
With recurring bills, consumers can set up automatic payments for each month (or
however frequently the bill is charged). There’s typically no limit to the number of bills
that can enrolled in online bill pay, meaning that credit card bills, rent payments and
utility bills can be viewed and paid all in one place.
Usually, online bill-pay services work by having a linked checking account where the
funds are withdrawn from. Some banks refer to the account that pays the bill as the “pay
from” account, while the business or individual who receives the bill payment is
designated as the “pay to” account.
Because online bill pay bypasses the need for paper statements, it is an environmentally
friendly alternative to paper bills. It also can help consumers keep their bills organized
and not have to worry about a paper statement getting lost or accidentally thrown away.
● Pros and cons of online bill pay

Pros:
1. All bills are in one place: You’ll be able to easily access each upcoming or past bill, as
well as payment history, from the bank website or bill-pay app.
2. Payments can be automated: Setting up automatic payments makes it less likely that a
bill will be forgotten. The day that it’s due, it’s automatically withdrawn from your
account.
3. It’s environmentally friendly: No more paper statements means less paper going to
waste.
4. Online bill payments are secure: Mailing checks comes with the risk of a check getting
stolen or lost in the mail. Though there’s still a risk of cybercrime, online bank accounts
have measures in place to protect transfers of funds.
Cons:
1. There’s a risk of overdrawing your account: If you don’t keep track of your account
balance, there’s a chance that recurring bill payments might withdraw more funds from
the account than what’s available, which could result in lofty overdraft fees.
2. Fraudulent charges might be missed: It’s easier to miss scam charges when payments
are automatic and online. Make sure to review statements and look out for any unusual
charges.
3. It may take several days for the online payment to process: If you don’t give enough time
to make a bill payment before its due date, the online payment processing might take
longer than anticipated and incur a late payment fee. Bank of America recommends
scheduling payments for at least five days before the bill is due.
❖Online fund transfer using UPI gate way:

❖ What is UPI?
UPI is a payment platform that allows bank accountholders to carry out low-value
transactions up to Rs. 2 lakh. One can use UPI to transfer funds, make instant
payments or request for money from any person. It is accessible through a
smartphone or a feature phone.
The structure of UPI address is just like your email id and can be taken as your
financial address. Similar to your bank account, this remains unique to every
individual and will help you to transfer and receive funds instantly.
You do not need to transfer funds intrabank using old methods like NEFT, RTGS,
and cheque. You can now send or receive money instantly throughout the day
and even on holidays.
● Features of UPI:
UPI has enabled us to replace fund transfer up to Rs. 2 lakh through this
platform. Following transactions and services can be performed through the UPI:
1. Pay mobile bills, shopping bills, restaurant bills, etc.
2. You can also use it online in utility apps to make payments or set it as a default
payment method for payments.
3. E-commerce giants have also started providing UPI payment options through
BHIM app (Bharat Interface for Money).
4. You can also use this app to transfer funds from one account of yours to the
other.
5. You can use this app to request money from others.
● Transfer Money Through UPI:
1. Open the UPI-based app where you have registered on your smartphone.
2. Log in to the app using the m-PIN or UPI PIN
3. Select the “Transfer/Send Money” option
4. Enter the beneficiary’s VPA/account details/mobile number
5. Enter the amount to be transferred
6. Enter the UPI PIN to confirm the payment
7. Money is transferred instantly and a confirmation message is sent to the user’s
mobile number.
● Request Money through UPI
1. Open the UPI-based app where you have registered on your smartphone
2. Log in to the app using the m-PIN or UPI PIN
3. Select the “Request Money” option
4. Enter the payee’s VPA/Select the payee’s VPA from the existing list
5. Enter your UPI PIN to generate a request
6. A payment request will be sent directly to the payee
7. The payee can make the payment directly by clicking “Approve” and entering his
UPI PIN
8. Users can also split bills using the BHIM app

IT Skills For Employement Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

IT Skills For Employement Final

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

IT Skills For Employement Final

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Dr. P.

Theory Question & Answers (English version) :

Sub. Name : IT Skills for Employment

Sub. Code : 22NME3C

Dr. P. ZAHIR HUSSAIN M.Com., M.Phil., Ph.D

Assistant Professor of Commerce

PG & Research Department of Commerce

IT Skills for Employment

IT Skills for Employment

Supercomputers are used for areas related to:

Supercomputers are used for complex tasks, such as:

Mainframe computer – a high-performance computer used for large information

Mainframe computers are primarily used in :

Mainframe computers are useful for tasks related to:

IT Skills for Employment

Minicomputer – a mid-range computer that is intermediate in size, power, speed, storage

Minicomputers are used by small organizations.

“Minicomputer” is a term that is no longer used much. In recent years, minicomputers

Types of personal computers

IT Skills for Employment

 Smartphone – A mobile phone that performs many of the functions of a personal

IT Skills for Employment

 Memory, or RAM, temporarily stores information for the CPU to process.

IT Skills for Employment

the chipset's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and

 Motherboard means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name

What is Processor in Computer?

For any operation to perform on a computer, the processor is required to interpret

 Maximum number of bits/instructions

IT Skills for Employment

 What is RAM?[ Random Access Memory]

 What is ROM [Read-only memory]?

 SMPS: Switched-Mode Power Supply/ Switching Mode Power Supply;

IT Skills for Employment

 A storage device is a kind of hardware, which is also known as storage, storage

IT Skills for Employment

 Hard disk definition and function;

 DVD: Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc;

IT Skills for Employment

DVD Storage Capacity

No. Type Storage capacity

1) Single-sided, Single layer 4.7 GB

2) Single-sided, Double layer 8.5 GB to 8.7 GB

3) Double-sided, Single layer 9.4 GB

4) Double-sided, Double layer 17.08 GB

Pen drives are used in a wide range of the world.

 Input and Output Devices;

IT Skills for Employment

IT Skills for Employment

IT Skills for Employment

A monitor is an electronic output device that is also known as a video display

 What is a webcam or camera?

Advantages: ● More cost effective than inkjet printers ● Increases productivity

 SOLID LINK PRINTER'S:

IT Skills for Employment

● More cost effective than inkjet printers

● May require short ‘warm-up times’

● Reliable and efficient

● Cheaper to manufacture than laser printers