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com

+1 - ,aw;gpay; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs; - njhFjp - 1

(ruhrhp kw;Wk; ruhrhpf;Ff; fPo; gbf;Fk; khztHfSf;fhf)

1. ,aw;ifapd; mbg;gil tpirfis tpsf;Ff.

<Hg;gpay; tpir:
 mz;lj;jpy; cs;s VNjDk; ,U nghUs;fSf;fpilNa ,t;tpir nray;gLk;.
 ,t;tpir epiwfspd; ngUf;fw;gyDf;F NeHj;jftpYk;> mtw;wpw;fpilg;gl;l njhiytpd;
,Ukbf;F vjpHj;jftpYk; ,Uf;Fk;.
 mbg;gil tpirfspy;> <Hg;gpay; tpirNa kpfTk; typik Fd;wpaJ.
 mz;lj;jpy; neLe;njhiytpw;Fr; nray;glf;$baJ.

kpd;fhe;j tpir:
 vyf;l;uhd;fs; Nghd;w ,U kpd;D}l;lj; Jfs;fSf;fpilNa nray;gLtJ kpd;fhe;j tpirahFk;.
 ,J Ntwpd kpd;D}l;lq;fSf;Ff; ftHr;rp tpirahfTk;> Xhpd kpd;D}l;lq;fSf;F tpyf;F
tpirahfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
 ,t;tpir> vjpHj;jfT ,Ukb tpjpf;F cl;gLfpwJ.
 <Hg;gpay; tpiriatpl typikahdJ.
 ,t;tpir epiykpd;dpay; kw;Wk; fhe;j tpirfspd; njhFg;ghFk;.

typikkpf;f mZf;fU tpir:

 mbg;gil tpirfspy; kpfTk; typikahdJ ,t;tpirahFk;.
 10- 1 5 m vd;w FWe;njhiytpw;F kl;LNk nray;glf;$baJ.
 mZf;fUtpy; GNuhl;lhd;fisAk;> epA+l;uhd;fisAk; xd;wpizj;J itg;gJ ,t;tpirNa.

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typik Fd;wpa mZf;fU tpir:
 β - rpijT Nghd;w rpytif mZf;fU tpidfspy; ,t;tpir Kf;fpakhdjhf cs;sJ.
 <Hg;gpay; tpirastpw;F ,J typik Fd;wpaJ my;y.

2. SI myFfisAk; mtw;wpd; FwpaPLfisAk; gad;gLj;Jjypy; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba tpjpfSk;

kuGfSk; ahit?

1) mwptpay; mwpQHfspd; ngaHfshy; toq;fg;gLk; myFfis rpwpa vOj;jhy; vOj Ntz;Lk;.

2) mwptpay; mwpQHfspd; ngaHfshy; toq;fg;gLk; myFfspd; FwpaPLfis nghpa vOj;jhy;
vOj Ntz;Lk;.
3) Fwpg;gpl;l ngauhy; toq;fg;glhj myFfspy; FwpaPLfis rpwpa vOj;jhy; vOj Ntz;Lk;.
4) myFfspd; FwpaPLfSf;F ,WjpapNyh my;yJ ,ilapNyh epWj;jw;Fwpfs; Nghd;w ve;jf;
FwpfSk; ,lf;$lhJ.
5) myFfspd; FwpaPLfisg; gd;ikapy; vOjf; $lhJ.
6) ntg;gepiyiaf; nfy;tpdpy; Fwpg;gpLk; NghJ bfphpf; Fwp ,lf;$lhJ.
7) xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l rhpTf;NfhLfisg; gad;gLj;jf; $lhJ.
8) vz;zpw;Fk;> myfpd; FwpaPl;bw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,ilntsp tpl Ntz;Lk;.
9) tpir> ce;jk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; ,U $l;L myFfspd; FwpaPLfSf;fpilapy; ,ilntsp tpl
Ntz;Lk;.
10) Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l FwpaPLfis kl;LNk gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
11) ve;jnthU ,aw;gpay; mstpd; vz; kjpg;igAk; mwptpay; Kiwg;gbNa vOj Ntz;Lk;.

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3. ghpkhzq;fspd; Kiwg;gb ,aw;gpay; msT xd;iw xU myfpLk; KiwapypUe;J kw;nwhU
myfpLk; Kiwf;F vt;thW khw;Wtha;?

cgs Kiw SI Kiw

2 -2
dyne cm g

Gd; ghpkhz tha;g;ghL Gd; ghpkhz tha;g;ghL

,q;F>

4. ghpkhzq;fisf; nfhz;L jdp Crypd; miyTf;fhyj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.






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5. ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfis tUtp.
(i) ve;jnthU fzj;jpYk;> nghUspd; KLf;fk; vd;gJ> fhyj;ijr; rhHe;j jpirNtfj;jpd; Kjy;
tiff;nfO MFk;.
 my;yJ


(ii) nghUnshd;wpd; jpirNtfk;> fhyj;ijr; rhHe;j ,lg;ngaHr;rpapd; Kjy; tiff;nfO MFk;.
 my;yJ

 njhifapl>
(iii) nghUspd; KLf;fk; vd;gJ> fhyj;ijr; rhHe;j jpirNtfj;jpd; Kjy; tiff;nfO MFk;.
 my;yJ
 njhifapl>


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6. ntf;lHfspd; tiffis tpsf;Ff.
rk ntf;lHfs;:
 ,it> njhlf;fg; Gs;spfs; vq;fpUg;gpDk;> rk vz; kjpg;Gk; xNu jpirAk; nfhz;l ,U
ntf;lHfs;.
xj;j ntf;lHfs;: ,it> xNu jpirAk;> khWgl;l vz; kjpg;Gk; nfhz;l ,U ntf;lHfs;.
vjpHkiw ntf;lHfs;: ,it> rk vz; kjpg;Gk;> vjpnujpH jpirAk; nfhz;l ,U ntf;lHfs;.
khWgl;l ntf;lHfs;: ,it> khWgl;l vz; kjpg;Gk;> khWgl;l jpirAk; nfhz;l ,U ntf;lHfs;.
XuyF ntf;lH: ,J> XuyF vz; kjpg;Gila ntf;lH.
Rop ntf;lH: ,J> vz; kjpg;G Rop cila ntf;lH.
Kiw ntf;lH: Ropaw;w ntf;lHfs; midj;Jk; Kiw ntf;lHfs;.
rf – njhlf;f ntf;lHfs;: xU Gs;spapypUe;J njhlq;Fk; ntf;lHfs; rf njhlf;f ntf;lHfs;.
xU js ntf;lHfs;: ,it xU jsj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; ntf;lHfs;.

7. ntf;lHfspd; Kf;Nfhz tpjp kw;Wk; ,izfu tpjpiaf; $Wf.

ntf;lHfspd; Kf;Nfhz tpjp:
 vz; kjpg;gpYk; jpirapYk; Fwpf;fg;gl; ,U ntf;lHfs;> thpirg;gb xU Kf;Nfhzj;jpd;
mLj;jLj;jg; gf;fq;fshff; fUjg;gl;lhy;> mtw;wpd; njhFgad;> vjpHthpirapy;> me;j
Kf;Nfhzj;jpd; %ba gf;fkhff; ,Uf;Fk;.


Kf;Nfhzq;fspd; ,izfu tpjp:


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xU Gs;spapy; nray;gLk; ,U ntf;lHfis> ,izfuk; xd;wpd; mLj;jLj;j gf;fq;fshf vz;
kjpg;gpYk;> jpirapYk; Fwpg;gpl;lhy;> mtw;wpd; njhFgad; ,U ntf;lHfspd; nghJthd
thy;gFjp topNar; nry;Yk; %iy tpl;lj;jpdhy; vz; kjpg;gpYk; jpirapYk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;.


8. ce;j moptpd;ik tpjpiaf; $wp tpsf;Ff.

 Gwtpirfspd; jhf;fk; Rop vdpy;> mikg;gpd; nkhj;j ce;jk; khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;. ,JNt ce;j
moptpd;ik tpjpahFk;.

 vdpy;






 NkhjYf;F Kd; nkhj;j ce;jk; NkhjYf;Fg; gpd; nkhj;j ce;jk;

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9. ikaNehf;F KLf;fj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.
 tl;lj;jpd; Muj;jpd; topahf> ikaj;ij Nehf;fpAk; Jfspd; jpirNtfj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhfTk;
Vw;gLk; KLf;fk; ikaNehf;F KLf;fk; vdg;gLk;.
 fpilj;jpirapy; jpirNtf khWghL = 0
 nrq;Fj;Jj; jpirapy; jpirNtf khWghL
 kpfr; rpwpanjdpy;
 /





10. nrq;Fj;J tl;lj;jpy; Rw;wptUk; nghUspd; khWepiyj; jpirNtfj;jpw;fhd Nfhitiag; ngWf.

 nghUspd; kPjhd nkhj;j tpir



 vdpy;

 (A-y; epiyahw;wy; + A-y; ,af;f Mw;wy;) = ( B-y; epiyahw;wy; + B-y; ,af;f Mw;wy;)


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11. xU ghpkhz kPl;rp Nkhjiy tpthp.
 NkhjYf;F Kd; nkhj;j ce;jk; NkhjYf;Fg; gpd; nkhj;j ce;jk;






12. Roy; ,af;fr; rkd;ghLfis tUtp.








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13. jpz;kg; nghUspd; epiykj; jpUg;Gj;jpwd; Roy; ,af;f Mw;wypd; ,uz;L klq;F vdf; fhl;Lf.
 Kjy; Jfspd; ,af;f Mw;wy;
 ,uz;lhtJ Jfspd; ,af;f Mw;wy;
 Roy; ,af;f Mw;wy;
n
 ∑m r i i
2

i =1

 I = epiw x (njhiyT)2

 vdpy;


14. epiykj; jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fs; gw;wpa ,iz mr;Rf;fs; Njw;wj;ijf; $wp tpsf;Ff.

,iz mr;Rf;fs; Njw;wk;:

nghUspd; ve;jnthU mr;irg; gw;wpa epiykj; jpUg;Gj;jpwdhdJ> <Hg;gpd; ikak; topNar;
nry;Yk; ,iz mr;irg; gw;wpa epiykj; jpUg;Gj; jpwd; kw;Wk; nghUspd; epiwiaAk; ,U
mr;Rf;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiytpd; ,UkbiaAk; ngUf;fpdhy; tUk; ngUf;fw;gyd;
Mfpatw;wpd; $LjYf;Fr; rkkhFk;.
nka;g;gpj;jy;:
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

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15. nrq;Fj;J mr;Rf;fs; Njw;wj;ijf; $wp tpsf;Ff.
nrq;Fj;J mr;Rf;fs; Njw;wk;:
xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd %d;W mr;Rf;fs; nghJthd Gs;spapy; ntl;LkhW ,Uf;f> rkjs
nky;ypa gug;Gila nghUspd; jsj;jpw;Fr; nrq;Fj;jhd mr;irg; gw;wpa epiykj; jpUg;Gj;
jpwdhdJ> jsj;jpNyNa mike;j xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,U mr;Rfisg; gw;wpa epiykj;
jpUg;Gj;jpwd;fspd; $LjYf;Fr; rkk;.




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16. RoYk; jpz;kg; nghUspd; Nfhz ce;jj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.
 Kjy; Jfspd; NeHf;Nfhl;L ce;jk;
 Kjy; Jfspd; Nfhz ce;jk;
 ,uz;lhtJ Jfspd; Nfhz ce;jk;
 %d;whtJ Jfspd; Nfhz ce;jk;
 RoYk; jpz;kg; nghUspd; Nfhz ce;jk; = midj;Jj; Jfs;fspd; Nfhz ce;jq;fspd; $Ljy;

n

 ∑m r i i
2

i= 1

17. tpLgL Ntfj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitia tUtp.

tpLgL Ntfk;:
Nfspd; <Hg;gpay; Gyj;;jpypUe;J tpLgl;Lj; jg;gpr; nry;YkhW> nghUs; vwpag;gl
Ntz;ba rpWk Ntfk; tpLgL Ntfk; vdg;gLk;.



www.Padasalai.Net



 vdpy;


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18. Rw;wpaf;fj; jpirNtfj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.
 Nfhspd; gug;gpypUe;J fzf;fplg;gl;l cauj;jpy;> mf;Nfhspid tl;lg;ghijapy; Rw;wptu>
Jizf;Nfhspw;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gLk; fpilf;ifj; jpirNtfk; Rw;wpaf;fj; jpirNtfk; vdg;gLk;.


 ikaNehf;F tpir>

 <Hg;gpay; tpir>

 epiyahd Rw;wpaf;fj;jpw;F>

 vd;f

19. Gtpepiyj; Jizf;Nfhspd; Rw;Wg; ghijapd; Muj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.



 ikaNehf;F tpir>

 <Hg;gpay; tpir>


www.Padasalai.Net
epiyahd Rw;wpaf;fj;jpw;F>




20. Nfhs;fspd; ,af;fk; gw;wpa nfg;shpd; tpjpfis vOJf.

Rw;Wg;ghijfspd; tpjp:
#hpaid xU Ftpakhff; nfhz;L xt;nthU NfhSk; mjid ePs;tl;lg; ghijapy;
Rw;wptUfpwJ.
gug;Gfspd; tpjp:
#hpaidAk; NfhspidAk; ,izf;Fk; NfhL rkfhy ,ilntspfspy; rk gug;Gfis
Vw;gLj;Jk;.
Rw;Wf;fhyq;fspd; tpjp:
#hpaidr; Rw;Wk; Nfhspd; Rw;Wf;fhyj;jpd; ,Ukb> #hpaDf;Fk; mf;Nfhspw;Fk; ,ilNa
cs;s ruhrhpj; njhiytpd; Kk;kbf;F NeHj;jftpy; ,Uf;Fk;.

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21. ghy;top tpz;kPd; jpus; gw;wpf; Fwpg;ngOJf.
tbtKk; msTk;:
 ghy;top tpz;kPd; jpus;> ikaj;jpy; jbj;Jk;> tpspk;Gfspy; nkype;Jk; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
 ,jd; tpl;lk; 105 xsp Mz;Lfs; MFk;.
 ,jd; jbkd; ikaj;jpy; 5000 xsp Mz;Lfs;.
 #hpad; ,Uf;Fk; ,lj;jpy; jbkd; 1000 xsp Mz;Lfs;.
 tpspk;Gfspy; jbkd; 500 xsp Mz;Lfs;.
 jpuspd; ikaj;jpypUe;J #hpad>; 27000 xsp Mz;Lfs; njhiytpy; cs;sJ.
tpz;kPd; CL gUg;nghUs;:
 ghy;top tpz;kPd; jpuspy;> tpz;kPd; CL ntspapy; epuk;gpAs;s GOjpj; Jfs;fSk;
thAf;fSk; tpz;kPd; CL gUg;nghUs;fs; vdg;gLk;.
 ,jpy; RkhH 90% i`bu[d; cs;sJ.
tpz;kPd; nfhj;Jf;fs;:
 ghpkhw;W <Hg;G tpirapd; fhuzkhf> tpz;kPd; jpuspYs;s tpz;kPd;fs; xd;wpize;J
$l;lkhf cs;sij tpz;kPd; nfhj;Jf;fs; vdyhk;.
 jpuspay; tpz;kPd; nfhj;J – 100 Kjy; 1000 tpz;kPd;fs; tiu fhzg;gLk; $l;lk;.
 rpWNfhs; tpz;kPd; nfhj;J – 10000 tpz;kPd;fs; ,Uf;Fk; $l;lk;.
Row;rp:
 ikaj;jpd; topNa nry;Yk; mr;irg; gw;wp tpz;kPd; jpus; Roy;fpwJ.

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 #hpad;> 250 km/s jpirNtfj;jpy; RkhH 220 kpy;ypad; Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw ghy;topj;
jpuspd; ikaj;ijr; Rw;wptUfpwJ.
epiw: ghy;topj; jpuspd; epiw RkhH 3 x 1041 kg vdf; fzf;fplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

22. XuyF epiwAila ,af;fj;jpYs;s ePHkj;jpd; nkhj;j Mw;wYf;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.

mOj;j Mw;wy;:
 mOj;j Mw;wy; vd;gJ ePHkk; jd; mOj;jj;jpdhy; ngw;Ws;s Mw;wyhFk;.



 XuyF epiwAs;s ePHkj;jpd; mOj;j Mw;wy;

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,af;f Mw;wy;:
 ,af;f Mw;wy; vd;gJ ePHkk; jd; ,af;fj;jpdhy; ngw;Ws;s Mw;wyhFk;.
 ePHkj;jpd; ,af;f Mw;wy;

 XuyF epiwAs;s ePHkj;jpd; ,af;f Mw;wy;

epiy Mw;wy;:
 ePHkk; jiu kl;lj;jpypUe;J cs;s cauj;ijg; nghUj;J ngw;wpUf;Fk; Mw;wy; epiyahw;wy;
MFk;.
 ePHkj;jpd; epiyahw;wy;
 XuyF epiwAs;s ePHkj;jpd; epiyahw;wy;
 / XuyF epiwAila ,af;fj;jpYs;s ePHkj;jpd; nkhj;j Mw;wy;

23. ngHndsypj; Njw;wj;ijf; $wp tpsf;Ff.

 ngHndsypj; Njw;wj;jpd;gb> mKf;f ,ayhj> ghFepiyaw;w> XuyF epiwAs;s ePHkj;jpd;
thpr;rPH Xl;lj;jpy;> mOj;j Mw;wy;> ,af;f Mw;wy; kw;Wk; epiy Mw;wy; Mfpatw;wpd; $l;Lj;
njhif xU khwpypahFk;.
 khwpyp.

 xU nehbapy; ePHkj;jpd; mOj;j Mw;wypdhy; nra;ag;gl;l epfu Ntiy
 xU nehbapy; ePHkj;jpd; epiyahw;wypy; mjpfhpg;G
 xU nehbapy; ePHkj;jpd; ,af;f Mw;wypy; mjpfhpg;G

 www.Padasalai.Net
khwpyp.

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+1 - ,aw;gpay; 5 kjpg;ngz; tpdh tpilfs; - njhFjp - 2

(ruhrhp kw;Wk; ruhrhpf;Ff; fPo; gbf;Fk; khztHfSf;fhf)

1. jdpr; rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy; ,lg;ngaHr;rp> jpirNtfk; kw;Wk; KLf;fj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.

 jdpr; rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy; ,lg;ngaHr;rp:
 jdpr; rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy; jpirNtfk;:
 jdpr; rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy; KLf;fk;:
2. fpilj;jsr; RUs;tpy;ypy; ,izf;fg;gl;l epiwapd; miyTf;fhyj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.



3. Nfhzr; rPhpay; miyapaw;wpapd; miyTf; fhyj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.

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
www.Padasalai.Net vdg; gpujpapl;lhy;>

4. ,U RUs;tpy;fs; gf;f ,izg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; miyTf; fhyj;jpw;fhdr; rkd;ghl;ilg;

ngWf.




 vdpy;

 ;

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5. ,U RUs;tpy;fs; njhlhpizg;gpy; ,izf;fg;gl;bUe;jhy; miyTf; fhyj;jpw;fhdr; rkd;ghl;il;g;
ngWf.



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

6. U – tbtf; Fohapy; jputj;jk;gj;jpd; miyTfSf;fhd miyTf; fhyj;jpd; rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.

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www.Padasalai.Net
7. jdp Crypd; miyTf; fhyj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.

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8. jdpr; rPhpir ,af;fj;jpy; Mw;wYf;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.



 ,af;f Mw;wy;:

 epiy Mw;wy;:

 nkhj;j Mw;wy;:

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9. rkjs Kd;NdW miyapd; rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.




10. Kd;NdW miyapd; rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; $Wf.
 Clfj;jpd; xt;nthU JfSk;> mtw;wpd; ikag;Gs;spiag; nghUj;J mjpHTWfpd;wd.
 Clfj;jpd; Jfs;fs;> mtw;wpd; ikag;Gs;spiag; nghUj;J rktPr;Rld; mjpHtilfpd;wd.
 miy guTk; jpirapy; xt;nthU JfSk; mjw;F Kd; cs;s Jfisg; Nghd;w ,af;fj;ijNa
Nkw;nfhs;Sk;. Mdhy; rpwpJ fhyk; fopj;Nj mjpHtilaj; njhlq;Fk;.
 xt;nthU Jfspd; fl;lKk; 0 – tpypUe;J tiu khWk;.
 ve;jj; JfSk; epiyahf Xa;tpy; ,Ug;gjpy;iy.
 xt;nthU mjpHtpd; NghJk; Jfs;fs;> mjpHtpd; ,U ngUkg; Gs;spfspy; fzNeuj;jpw;F
Xa;tpy; ,Uf;Fk;.
 Kd;NdWk; FWf;fiyfs; KfLfs; kw;Wk; mfLfshfTk;> Kd;NdWk; nel;liyfs;
,Wf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; jsHr;rpfshfTk; guTfpd;wd.
 Kd;NdW miy guTk; jpirapy; Clfj;jpd; topNa Mw;wy; khw;wk; nra;ag;gLfpwJ.
 midj;Jj; Jfs;fSk; mtw;wpd; ikag;Gs;spfisf; flf;Fk;NghJ> rk msT ngUkj;

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jpirNtfq;fisg; ngw;wpUf;Fk;.
 m vd;gJ KO vz; vdpy;>
kw;Wk; KLf;fk; rkkhFk;.
njhiyT gphpf;fg;gl;l Jfspd; ,lg;ngaHr;rp> jpirNtfk;

11. %ba MHfd; Foha; kw;Wk; jpwe;j MHfd; Foha; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gil mjpHntz; kw;Wk;
Nkw;Ruj;jpw;fhdf; Nfhitiag; ngWf.
%ba MHfd; Foha; jpwe;j MHfd; Foha;
%ba Kidapy; fZTk; jpwe;j Kidapy; Fohapd; ,U Kidfspy; vjpHfZf;fSk;>
vjpHf;fZTk; cUthFk;. eLtpy; fZTk; cUthFk;.

vd;w Nkw;Ruj;jpd; mjpHntz; vd;w Nkw;Ruj;jpd; mjpHntz;

MFk;. MFk;.

rPHpirfspd; mjpHntz;fspd; jfT 1 : 3 : 5… rPhpirfspd; mjpHntz;fspd; jfT 1 : 2 : 3...

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12. epiyahd miyapd; rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf.
 rktPr;R kw;Wk; rk miyePsk; cila ,U Kd;NdW miyfs;>
 NeHf;Nfhl;by; vjpnujpHj; jpirfspy; nry;Yk;NghJ>
 xd;W kw;nwhd;wpd; kPJ Nkw;nghUe;Jtjhy; epiyahd miyfs; cUthfpd;wd.



13. epiyahd miyfspd; rpwg;gpay;Gfis vOJf.
 miy tbtk; epiyahf ,Uf;Fk;.
 fZf;fSk; vjpHfZf;fSk; khwp khwp cUthfpd;wd.
 ,lg;ngaHr;rp RopahFk; Gs;spfs; fZf;fs; vd;Wk; ,lg;ngaHr;rp ngUkkhFk; Gs;spfs;
vjpHfZf;fs; vd;Wk; $wg;gLk;.
 fZf;fspy; mOj;j khw;wk; ngUkkhfTk; vjpHfZf;fspy; rpWkkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
 fZf;fspy; cs;s Jfs;fistpl kw;w midj;Jj; Jfs;fSk; rk miyTf;fhyj;Jld; jdpr;
rPhpir ,af;fj;ij Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
 xt;nthU Jfspd; tPr;Rk; rkky;y.
 fZf;fspy; Ropahf cs;s Jfs;fspd; jpirNtfk;> mjpfhpj;Jr; nrd;W vjpHf;fZf;fspy;
ngUkkhfpwJ.



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mLj;jLj;j ,U fZf;fs; my;yJ vjpHf;fZf;fSf;F ,ilg;gl;l njhiyT

epiyahd miyapy; Mw;wy; khw;wg;gLtjpy;iy.

 xU gphptpYs;s Jfs;fs; midj;Jk; xj;j fl;lj;jpYk; mLj;jLj;jg; gphptpYs;s Jfs;fs;
vjpnujpH fl;lj;jpYk; mjpHtilfpd;wd.

14. Nkahpd; njhlHigg; ngWf. my;yJ vd epWTf.

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15. fhHdhl; ve;jpuj;jpd; nray;ghl;il tpthp.
 fhHdhl; ve;jpuk; vd;gJ ntg;g Mw;wiy ,ae;jpu Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; xU fUtpahFk;.
 fhHdhl; ve;jpuj;jpd; ghfq;fs;:
1. ntg;g%yk;:
 ,J khwh ntg;gepiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU ntg;gg;gLj;jg;gl;l nghUs;.
 ,J mstpl Kbahj mstpw;F kpFe;j msT ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwidg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 ,jpypUe;J ve;j mstpw;F ntg;gk; vLf;fg;gl;lhYk; ntg;gepiy khwhky; ,Uf;Fk;.
2. ntg;g Vw;gp:
 ,J xU khwhj Fiwe;j ntg;gepiyapy; itf;fg;gl;Ls;s xU FspHr;rpahd nghUshFk;
 ,J mstpl Kbahj mstpw;F kpFe;j msT ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwidg; ngw;Ws;sJ.
 ,jw;F ve;j mstpw;F ntg;gk; nfhLf;fg;gl;lhYk; ,jDila ntg;gepiy mjpfhpf;fhJ.
3. cUis:
 ,J flj;jhg; nghUshyhd RtHfisAk; flj;Jk; mbg;ghfj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
 ey;ypay;G thA xd;W nraw;gL nghUshfr; nray;gLfpwJ.
 flj;jhg; nghUshyhd> cuha;tw;w gp];ld; xd;W cUisAld; nghUj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
4. ntg;gq;flj;jh Nkil:
 ,J ntg;gkhw;wPlw;w nray;ghLfis Vw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
nray;gLk; tpjk;:
 1. rkntg;gepiy tphpT 2. ntg;gkhw;wPlw;w tphpT 3. rkntg;gepiy mKf;fk;

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4. ntg;gkhw;wPlw;w mKf;fk;.
15. epA+l;ldpd; FspHT tpjpiaf; $wp tpsf;Ff.
 epA+l;ldpd; FspHT tpjpg;gb> caH ntg;gepiyapYs;s xU nghUs; ntg;gj;ij ,of;Fk; tPjk;>
 mg;nghUSf;Fk; Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oYf;Fk; ,ilapYs;s ntg;gepiy NtWghl;bw;F NeHj;jftpy;
,Uf;Fk;.
, oe;j ntg g
; k;
 Fsp HT tPj k; =
vL j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; fhyk;

16. vd ep&gpf;fTk; my;yJ Mbr; rkd;ghl;ilg; ngwTk;.


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 ,JNt Mbr; rkd;ghL MFk;.

17. KO mf vjpnuhspg;ig tpthp.

 gphpjsj;jpd; topahf tpyF fjpH nry;YkhW mlHkpF Clfj;jpy; mikAk; gLNfhzk;
khWepiyf; Nfhzk; vdg;gLk;.
 gLNfhzk; NkYk; mjpfhpf;fg;;gl;lhy;> xspf; fjpH tpyfyilahky;> KOtJkhf
vjpnuhspf;fg;gl;L mlHkpF Clfj;jpNyNa nry;Yk; epfo;T KO mf vjpnuhspg;G vdg;gLk;.
 KO mf vjpnuhspg;G Vw;gl>
 xspahdJ mlHkpF Clfj;jpypUe;J mlHFiw Clfj;jpDs; nry;y Ntz;Lk;.


 vdpy;

18. Kg;gl;lfj;jpd; xsptpyfy; vz;zpw;fhdr; rkd;ghl;ilg; ngWf my;yJ vd epWTf.


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
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+ QOR = 1800
QOR = 1800



19. thdtpy; cUthFk; tpjk; gw;wp tpsf;Ff.

 kio nga;Ak; ehs;fspy;> tspkz;lyj;jpYs;s ePHj; Jspfspy; #hpa xsp epwg;gphpif
miltjw;F thdtpy; xH vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
 fhw;wpy; kpjf;Fk; ePHj;Jspfspd;kPJ gLk; #hpa xsp> xsp tpyfy;> KO mf vjpnuhspg;G
kw;Wk; epwg;gphpif milfpwJ. ,jdhy; thdtpy; cUthfpwJ.
 Kjd;ik thdtpy;:
#hpa xsp> xU KO mf vjpnuhspg;gpw;Fk;> ,uz;L tpyfy;fSf;Fk; cl;gl;L rpWkj;
jpirkhw;wk; miltjhy; Kjd;ik thdtpy; cUthfpwJ.

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 Jiz thdtpy;:
#hpa xsp> ,U KO mf vjpnuhspg;GfSf;Fk;> ,U tpyfy;fSf;Fk; cl;gl;L rpWkj;
jpirkhw;wk; miltjhy; Jiz thdtpy; cUthfpwJ.
20. xU fhe;j ,UKidapd; mr;Rf;Nfhl;by; cs;s xU Gs;spapy; fhe;jj; J}z;lYf;fhdf;
Nfhitiag; ngWf.


21. rl;lf; fhe;jj;jpd; eLtiuf;Nfhl;by;; cs;s xU Gs;spapy; fhe;jj; J}z;lYf;fhdf; Nfhitiag;

ngWf.
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

22. lah> ghuh kw;Wk; /ngHNuh fhe;jg; nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfis tifg;gLj;Jf.

fhe;jg; gz;Gfs; lah fhe;jg; nghUs;fs; ghuh fhe;jg; /ngHNuh fhe;jg;
nghUs;fs; nghUs;fs;
1. fhe;j xd;iwtplf; Fiwe;j xd;iwtplf; Fiwe;j xd;iwtpl kpf mjpf
Vw;Gj;jpwd; vjpHf;Fwp kjpg;GilaJ NeHf;Fwp kjpg;GilaJ NeHf;Fwp kjpg;GilaJ
2. ntg;gepiyiag; ntg;gepiyiag;
nghUj;j nghUj;jjy;y.
3. fhe;j xd;iwtplf; FiwT xd;iwtpl mjpfk; xd;iwtpl kpf kpf
cl;GFjpwd; mjpfk;.
4. rPuw;w fhe;jg; Gyj;jpw;F vjpuhd Gyj;jpd; jpirapNyNa Gyj;jpd; jpirapNyNa
Gyj;jpy; jpirapy; fhe;jkilAk; fhe;jkilAk; fhe;jkilAk;
5. rPuhd fhe;jg; Gyj;jpw;F nrq;Fj;J Gyj;jpw;F ,izahf Gyj;jpw;F ,izahf
Gyj;jpy; jpirapy; te;J epw;Fk; te;J epw;Fk; te;J epw;Fk;.

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23. NlQ;n[d;l; tpjpiaf; $wp tpsf;Ff.
NlQ;n[d;l; tpjp:
xd;Wf;nfhd;W NeHf;Fj;jhd ,U fhe;jg; Gyq;fs; nray;gLk Gs;spapy; njhq;ftplg;gl;Ls;s
fhe;j CrpahdJ mt;tpU Gyq;fspd; njhFgad; Gyj;jpd; jpirapy; Xa;T epiyf;F tUk;.


 rkepiyapy;>


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