- this includes the study of social institutions,

LESSON 1 social inequality, social mobility, religious

Anthropology groups, and bureaucracy.
- study of human’s past and present
- goal is to describe and explain human 2. Social Psychology
variation or the observed similarities and - this area focuses on the study of human
differences in people through time and across nature and its emphasis on social processes as
space they affect individual or responses which are
called “social stimuli”.
Sociology
- study of society and social interactions 3. Applied Sociology
taking place - this is concerned with the specific intent of
- origin, evolution, and development of yielding practical applications for human
human society. behavior and organizations
- focused on all kinds of social interactions,
social relationships, and social organization, 4. Population Studies
structure and process. - this area includes size, growth, demographic
characteristics, composition, migration,
changes, and quality vis-a-vis economic,
Political science political, and social systems.
- study of the state and government
- the study of the state according to aristotle 5. Human Ecology
- it pertains to the study of the effects of
BRANCHES OF ANTHROPOLOGY various social organizations (religious
1. Cultural Anthropology organizations, political institutions and etc.) to
- studies human cultures, beliefs, ideas, the population’s behavior
technologies, economies, practices, values,
and other spheres of social and rational 6. Sociological Theory and Research
organization. - it focuses on the discovery of theoretical
tools, methods and techniques
2. Physical Anthropology
- deals with biological and behavioral aspects 7. Social Change
of human beings - it studies factors that cause social
organization and social disorganization like
3. Archeology calamity
- studies both the ancient and recent past of
humans (fossils) SUBDIVISIONS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

4. Linguistics Anthropology 1. Political Theory

- studies the relations between language and Is the oldest field in political science, finding
culture in relation to human biology, human its roots in the ancient theories of Aristotle
reasoning and human language. and Plato, this field integrates the timeless
with timely questions about political
5. Applied Anthropology ideology, fairness, justice, and equity
- deals with the application of anthropological
facts 2. International Relations
- the study of political relations between
BRANCHES OF SOCIOLOGY nation-states. It includes the study of
1. Social Organization diplomacy, military conflict, and conflict
resolution
• Horticultural society
3. Comparative Politics These societies have learned how to raise
- Is the comparative study of other countries, fruits and vegetables grown in the garden
citizens, different political units either in plots that have provided them their main
whole or in part, and analyzes the similarities source of food.
and differences between those political units.
• Agrarian Society
4. Political Methodology - societies which applied agricultural
- focuses on the qualitative methods used in technological advances to cultivate crops over
the study of politics combining statistics, a large area.
mathematics, and formal theory
• Feudal Society
5. Public administration - As an offshoot of increased food chain,
- is the implementation of government policy several groups become wealthy and able to
and also an academic discipline that studies acquire lands and declared these as their own
this implementation and prepares civil domain. It is based on ownership of land.
servants for working in the public service.
B. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
6. Political economy - emerged between the 15th and 16th
- Is the study of production and trade and their centuries began to replace feudalism
relations with law, custom and government; - capitalism
and with the distribution of national income
and wealth. C. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
- dominated by information, services, and
LESSON 2 high technology, surfaced
Society
- is a group of people interacting with each D. MODERN SOCIETIES
other and having a common culture; sharing - characterized by mass production of all
common geographical or territorial domain, essential products such that the subsistence
and having relatively common aspirations. level of food production is now a thing of the
past
TYPES OF SOCIETIES
A. PRE-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
-the main economic activity is food Culture
production carried out through the utilization - “that complex whole which includes
of human and animal labor knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws,
customs and any other capabilities and habits
• Hunting and gathering society acquired by man as a member of society.”
- In these societies main method of food - the way of life, especially the general
production is collection of wild plants and the customs and beliefs, of a particular group of
hunting of wild animals on a daily basis. people at a particular time.”
Human gather and hunt around for foods as - all that man has made for himself through
nomads time, material or non-material still useful or
not anymore, all to provide benefits for his
• Pastoral society society.
- The prevailing method food production
during this period is through pastoralism,
more efficient than the subsistence method.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE • Folkways
• Culture is learned. - are fairly weak forms of norms, whose
• Culture is transmitted. violation is generally not considered serious
• Culture is adaptive. within a particular culture. They are habits,
customs, and repetitive patterns of behavior.
MAIN TYPES OF CULTURE

✓ Material culture
• Ideas - comprise man’s concepts of his
physical, social and cultural world as
- deals with the physical culture including manifested in people’s beliefs and values.
contemporary technology, artifacts relics,
fossils, and other tangible remains of cultural • Knowledge - can be natural, supernatural,
development, past and present. magical or technical. These are the body of
- refers to the tangible and concrete objects facts and beliefs that people accumulate over
produced by main in the process of social time.
development.

✓Non-material culture
LESSON 4
Socialization
- deals with the intangibles including values, - continuing process whereby an individuals
norms, beliefs, traditions, and customs that acquires a personal identity and learns the
collectively hold a society and shape norms, values behaviors and social skills
individuals are they interact within society. appropriate to his and her social position
- important because it teaches us how to
ELEMENTS OF NON-MATERIAL behave and act within the society
CULTURE
2 POINTS OF VIEW OF SOCIALIZATION
• Beliefs 1. Objective Socialization
- are man’s perception about the reality of - refers to the society acting upon the child
things and are shared ideas about how the
world his environment operates. They are 2. Subjective Socialization
reflective of highly valued feelings about the - society transmits its culture from one
world in which they live generation to the next and adapts the
- influenced by emotions, attitudes, values individual to the accepted
ideology and religion. and approved ways of organized social life.

• Values FUNCTIONS
- refer to the broad preferences of person on 1. Personality and Role Development
the appropriate course of action or decisions - through process of socialization we develop
he has to take our sense of identity and belongingness
- sense of right or wrong
2. Skills Development Training
• Norms - are society’s standard of morality, - much needed social skills such as
conduct, propriety, ethics and legality. Norms communication, interpersonal and
vary according to age, gender, religion, occupational qre developed
politics, economics ethnicity or race of the
group. 3. Values Formation
- individuals are influenced and ingulfed by
the prevailing value of social groups and
society
4. Social Integration and Adjustment ROBIN WILLIAM MAJOR VALUE
- socialization process allows us to fit-in an ORIENTATION OF MANY SOCIETY
organized way of life by being accustomed - Achievement and succes
including cultural setting - Activity and work
- Moral orientation
5. Social Control and Stability - Humanitarianism
- integration to society binds individuals to - Efficiency and practicality
the control of mechanisms set forth by
society's norms with regard to acceptable FILIPINO VALUES JAIME BULATAO SJ
social relationship and behavior. - Emotional Closeness and Security in the
Family
IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION - Authority Value
1. Culture - Economic and Social Betterment
2. Personality - Patience, Suffering and Endurance
3. Sex Role Differentiation
Social Status
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION - position an individual occupies in society
- various social groups or institutions that and implies an array of rights and duties
plays a significant role in introducing and
integrating the individual as an accepted and Social role
functioning member of society - patterns of expected behavior in a social
relationship with one or more persons
occupying other statuses
1. Family
2. School SOCIAL STATUSES CAN BE
3. Church CLASSIFIED INTO TWO
4. Peer Group 1. Ascribed Statuses
5. Work Place - those which are assigned to an individual
6. Mass Media from birth
- involves little personal choice like age and
FORMS OF SOCIAL NORMS sex
1. Folkways - carries with it certain expectations of
- customary patterns that specify what is behavior
socially correct and proper in everyday life
- repititive ro typical habits and patterns of 2. Achieved Statuses
expected behavior followed within - acquired by choice, merit or individual
community effort
- made possible through special abilities or
2. Mores talents, performance or opportunities
- define what is morally right or wrong - choice in occupation, marriage, joining a
- folkways with ethical and more significance religious organization are examples
which are strongly held and emphasized
ESSENTIAL IN ROLE PLAYING
3. Laws 1. A definition of the role and and
- norms reinforced formally by a special identification of the self.
political organization 2. Behavior in given situations appropriate to
- component of culture that regulates and the role.
controls the peoples behavior and conduct 3. A background of related acts by other
(counter roles) which serves as cues to guide - deviation from acceptable social norms
specific performances
4. An evaluation by individual and by others FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE
of the performance of the role 1. Deviance serves as an outlet for diverse
forms of expressions
CONFORMITY AND DEVIANCE 2. Deviance serves to define the limits of
acceptable behavior
Conformity 3. Deviance may also promote in-group
- individuals attempt to change his/her solidarity
behavior because of the desire to conform 4. Deviance can serve as a barometer of social
with defined social norm strain

TYPES OF CONFORMITY SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF

1. Compliance (Group Acceptance) DEVIANCE
- individuals accepts influence because he 1. Functionalist Theory
hopes to achieve a favorable reaction from - Emile Durkheim
another person or group • Deviance affirms cultural values and norms
- specific rewards and avoid specific • Responding to deviance clarifies moral
punishment boundary
• Responding to deviance promotes social
2. Internalization (Genuine acceptance of unity
group norms) • Deviance encourages social change.
- individual accepts influence because of the
xontent of induced behavior- the ideas of
actions which it is composed- is intrinsically
rewarding
- adopts induced behavior because its
congruent or consistent with his value system
- deepest level of conformity

3. Identification (Group Membership)

- individual accepts influence because he
wants to establish or maintain satisfying self-
defining relationship to another person or
group
- similar to compliance but does not need
private opinion
- nurse, police

4. Ingratiational
- person confirms to impress or gain favor or
acceptance from other people
- similar to normative influence but is
motivated by the need for social rewards
rather than threat of rejection

Social deviance
- any behavior that differs or diverges from
established social norms