Social Studies

Part 1 Textbook
Semester 1 (SA1)
Last Minute Preparation
Sahana V
 WEIGHTAGE

Sociology
12%

Political Science History

14% 37%

Business
Studies
6%

Economics
6% Geography
25%

SOCIAL
History
The Advent of
Europeans
to India
The Advent of Europeans to India
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs
1-mark questions from :
1. The Fall of Constantinople
2. The Portuguese
3. The English
2-, 3- or 4-mark questions from:
1. Reasons for the advent of Europeans to India.
2. How did Marthanda Varma check the Dutch?
3. The Battle of Plassey.
4. The Battle of Buxar.
The Fall of Constantinople Spice Trade between India
and Europe
• Cardamom Pepper
• Cinnamon Ginger
• Cumin

Monopoly of Trade
Europe: Italian
Merchants
Asia: Arab
Merchants

• Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople. Constantinople

• Increased the Tax • Gateway of European Trade
• Europeans wanted to break the Italian Monopoly • The Centre of International Trade
• Found a new sea route.
The Portuguese

1498 1510
Vasco da Gama Alfonso de Albuquerque
Francisco de Almeida
• Lisbon to Kappadu • Founder
• Blue Water Policy
(Kozhikode/Calicut) • Won Goa from the
• Re-established trade Sultan of Bijapur, 1510
between Europe and India
The English Mughal
1st Factory Emperor
at Surat Jahangir

Queen Elizabeth
• Agra
• Ahmedabad
1639, Fort:
• Broach
St. George,
Chennai (Madras)

Royal Permission

Sir
Thomas
East India Company Roe
1690, Fort:
William, Calcutta
 Presidencies

17th c
Administrative
units

18th c
• Capital Calcutta
• Civil and Criminal Calcutta
Codes
Bombay

East India Madras

Company
Q. Explain how Marthanda Varma checked the Dutch ?

1. Marthanda Varma controlled and occupied pepper-growing areas.

2. Defeated and captured trading centers from the Dutch.
3. Dutch went back to Kochi
4. Sinhalese help to Dutch attack again
5. 10th August 1741 at Kolachal. 24 Dutch officers were imprisoned.
6. Marthanda Varma routed the Dutch from India and established the
trade rights of pepper in Kerala and Tamil Nādu.
7. He also got back the ports which were in the control of the Dutch.
8. On 15th August 1753, a treaty was signed, and the Dutch forces
surrendered their power to the Travancore province.
 The Battle of Plassey 1757
Between Reasons Events Outcomes/ Effects
Result
Siraj- ud- Misuse of Dastak Robert Clive Greed, Mir Jaffar- Victim-
Daulah attracts rich locals immorality, lack Puppet to EIC
of unity
MendingCuthe forts Mir Jaffar- Neutral- Mir Jaffar- Nawab Bengal Treasury -
without Offered –Nawab of of Bengal empty – EIC- greedy
permission Bengal
Robert Black room 23rd June 1757, The Exclusive rights to Mir Jaffar-
Clive Tragedy battle of Plassey trade Inefficient
declared
Robert Clive Siraj – ud- Daulah Mir Jaffar- Mir Jaffar- Mir
arrives with his Captured and killed indemnity- ₹17 Qasim
army crores 70 lakhs
 The Battle of Buxar 1764
Between Reasons Events Outcomes/ Effects
Result
Mir Qasim Misuse Defeated, Ran Diwani Rights Bihar , Bengal ,
Odisha, Awadh
Shah Alam II Duty free Surrendered ₹26 lakh/annum Dual
C Cu Government
Shuja-ud Daulah Competition Failed ₹50 lakh war Land Tax
indemnity
EIC-loss, Oppose Mir Jaffar’s- Son Nawab - Justice
Nawab Pension
Hector Munro Dethroned Mir Administrative
Qasim rights over
Bengal
Declared War
Any Doubts?
The Extension of
the British Rule
The Extension of the British Rule
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs
1, 2-mark questions from :
1. Doctrine of lapse
2. Lord Wellesley’s policy of expansion
3. The treaties from the chapter.
4. Ranjith Singh
3-mark questions from:
1. Features of Subsidiary Alliance
2. The complete 3rd Anglo – Maratha War
Lord Wellesley – Policies of Expansion

Subsidiary War
Alliance against
new states

Administration
over British
states
Lord Wellesley – Subsidiary Alliance

Awadh
Maratha- Gwalior
Cu Maharashtra
Berar

Hyderabad
Lord Wellesley Poona

Mysore Arcot

Tanjore
• Subsidiary alliance in 1798
• Local kings under control
• Nizam of Hyderabad
 Dalhousie – Doctrine of Lapse
• 1848 Governor-general
Jhansi Jaitpur
• Integrate princely states
• Doctrine of Lapse Sambalpur
Udaipur
Cu Policy says:
Nagpur
• “If any Indian ruler died childless,
his adopted children had no legal Satara
Dalhousie right over the throne”
Result:
• First war of Indian Independence
- 1857
 Amritsar

1st Anglo – Maratha War

• Entered the ‘ Salbai Agreement’
to end the war
• Madhava Rao II Treaty of Friendship in 1809 at
Amritsar.
• Peshwa ‘Lahore Agreement’ in 1846.
2nd Anglo – Maratha • British Resident became the de
• Entered Subsidiary alliance with facto ruler of the Punjab.
the ‘Treaty of Bassein’. • Punjab became the dependent
state of the British.
Features of Subsidiary Alliance

British army British permission

Cu

State agreement-
Expenses, wages Governor general

British resident Protection for Indian

states
 3rd Anglo Maratha War (1817-1818)
Between Reasons Events Outcomes/
Result
Marathas Maratha families Tried Appa Saheb of Nagpur British abolished the
to protect and Malhar Rao Holkar Peshwa post.
their Independence
and honour,
PeshwaCuBaji Roa II Tried Suppressed by the Baji Rao II was granted
to free himself from British pension
the clutches of English
British Peshwa attacked the In 1818, Peshwa Baji Installed Pratap Simha-
British Residency in 1817 Rao II fought, and then Satara
surrendered Descendant of Shivaji
Traditional leader of
Marathas
Any Doubts?
The Impact of
the British Rule
in India
The Impact of the British Rule in India
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1, 2-mark questions from :

1. The Councils Act of 1909
2. The Regulating Act

4-mark questions from:

1. Impact of the Land Tax System
2. Impact of the Modern Education in India
3. The Councils Act of 1909.
The Impact of the British Land Tax System
1. A new class of Zamindars who exploited the farmers was
Zamindars
created.
2. The farmers who were subjected to the exploitation of the
Zamindars became landless slowly.
3. Land became a commodity. Loans could be raised by
mortgaging the lands.
4. Many Zamindars also had to mortgage their lands to pay
land taxes.
5. The Agriculture sector became commercialized and had to
grow raw materials needed by industries back in England.
6. The money lenders became strong.
Impact of Modern Education
1. Modernity, Secularism, Democratic attitudes, Rationality, and Nationalistic ideals.
2. Local literature and languages
3. Periodicals
4. Social and Religious Reformation movements
5. Thinkers - J.S. Mill, Rousseau, Montesquieu
6. Freedom struggles that were taking place across the globe
7. British Education System created a new generation
Spread of Education under the British

Warren Hastings: William Bentinck: Lord Dalhousie:

Calcutta Madrasa Governor General Universities

1781 1792 1828 1835 1854

Jonathan Duncan: Macaulay: Report

Sanskrit College, on Modern
Banaras. Education in India
Main features of the Act Regulating Act, 1773
1. Bengal, Madras, and Bombay presidencies were
independent administrative units. Under the Regulating Governor General of
Bengal
Act, the Bengal Presidency gained control over the
Madras and Bombay presidencies.
2. The Governor of Bengal became the Governor General of
all the three presidencies. Bombay Madras
3. The Governor General was authorized to direct, exercise
control, and to supervise over the other two presidencies.
Main features of the Act Regulating Act, 1773
4. Without prior approval of the Governor General of Board of Governor General
Directors of Bengal
Bengal and the Board of Directors of the Company.
The Bombay and Madras presidencies could not :
I. Declare war on anyone
II. Enter into peace agreements.
III. Only during acute emergencies, they act
independently.
Supreme Court,
5. According to this Act, the Supreme Court was Calcutta

established in Calcutta. In this central court, one Chief

Justice and three ordinary judges were officiating.
Chief Justice 3 Judges
The Important Features of Indian Councils Act of 1909:
1. The total number of central legislature members was increased to 60 from 16.
2. The number of council members was also increased in the provinces.
3. The members of the legislature were allowed through election for the first time.
4. In order to provide separate representation for Muslims, a ‘Separate Electorate
College’ was created.

16 60

❖ The Indian Councils Act of 1909 is also called the ‘Minto-Morley Reforms Act’. Lord Minto
was the viceroy of India and Lord Morley was the Secretary of State for India.
This Act was used to divide and rule India.
Any Doubts?
Opposition to
British Rule in
Karnataka and
Wodiyars of
Mysore
Opposition to British Rule in Karnataka and
Wodiyars of Mysore
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1, 2-mark questions from :

1. All the 4 wars and its treaties
2. Treaty of Srirangapatna,1792
3. Rebellion of Surapura
4. 18th c – political instability

3, 4-mark questions from :

1. 3rd and 4th Anglo Mysore War
2. Dondiya Wagh
3. Sangolli Rayanna
4. Krishnaraja Wodiyar IV
5. Chikkadevaraja Wodiyar
6. Bedas of Halagali
Treaties

Treaty of Srirangapatna
Madras treaty Tippu defeated the
in 1769 British – Mangalore
treaty.
Tipu Sultan rejected the
Part, Pay, Pledge,
Subsidiary Alliance.

Release
“18th c - The century of political problems.”
• The death of Chikkadevaraj Wodiyar in 1704
created various political challenges in Mysuru
state.

• His death created the problems of succession

and administration.

• The death of Aurangzeb, the Moghul emperor

in 1707. His death weakened the Moghul
empire.

• As a result, the Moghul lost political control

over South India.
Dondiya Wagh

Rebellion
Grew Built Army Crushed Brave –Tiger

Cavalry soldier in With the unhappy Lord Wellesley

Despite these, he
Hyder Ali’s army, soldiers of Tippu’s When Nizam’s army
continued his
grew to the army attacked Gutti
warfare.
position of a
Marathas attacked
military general. The feudatory
and captured most
rulers who had lost
of his horses,
power.
camels, and arms.
Sangolli Rayanna

Hanged
• With Rani Aimed • The British
Chennamma. encouraged
He was later • looting the Desais who were • He was
released by the treasury and opposing Rani declared the
British. There taluk offices Chennamma. An main
are many oral of the Amaldar named offender and
histories about British. Krishnaraya was hanged
Rayanna. joined hands to death at
with them. Nandagadh
Imprisoned. in 1831.
Traitors
Rebellion of Surapura
Krishna Nana Saheb in
Nayaka
Surapura
Campbell
Peddanayaka
(Dewan of
State)
Reports -
Hyderabad
Meadows Taylor Resident
1857
Venkatappa Reformist
Nayaka
(Education)
Rebellion

Princely state
 3rd Anglo - Mysore War
Between, Reasons Events Result & End
Year
British and Travancore King-with the British-General Meadows- ‘Treaty of Srirangapatna’ in 1792
Tippu Sultan British support-Built fort captured Karwar, Coimbatore,
Kochi -Captured Ayacotta Dindigul.
and Kanganoor forts from
the Dutch.
Clear breach of Mangalore Tippu Sultan entered Tippu was forced to:
treaty Baramahal captured • Part with half of his kingdom,
Sathyamangalam failed to • Pay three crore rupees as a war
capture Thiruchanapalli. damage fee,
Lord Cornwallis –Captured- • Pledge two of his sons as a
Kolar and Hoskote, Bangalore guarantee against the payment.
(destroyed the fort).
Lord Cornwallis- combined • Release the prisoners of war.
army with the Marathas and • The British withdrew the
Nizam of Hyderabad. combined army from
Captured Srirangapatna by Srirangapatna.
capturing in 1792.
 4th Anglo – Mysore War
Between, Reasons Events Outcomes
Year
British and Tippu Tippu took the failure of 3 rd The British destroyed the With the death of Tippu Sultan, the
Sultan in 1799 Anglo-Mysore War strong fort. British were happy.
personally.

British refused-Tippu’s claim Tippu died while fighting the Most of the territories under Tippu’s
over the Malabar region. British in 1799. rule were shared among the British,
the Marathas, and the Nizam of
Hyderabad.
▪ Tippu sought for an ▪ A small territory was handed
alliance with the French. over to the royal representative
▪ This enraged and of Mysore Wodiyars.
threatened the existence ▪ This region came to be known
of the British in India. as Mysore Princely State.
Tippu Sultan – rejected-
Subsidiary Alliance containing
inhuman and impractical
conditions.
Chikkadevaraja Wodiyar (1673-1704)
Invasion Purchase
Administration
• He checked the invasion of
• He started the Council of
Shivaji at Madurai, Ikkeri,
Ministers (Athara Kacheri
and Bijapur.
– 18 departments) to help
• He captured Magadi, in administration.
He purchased
Madhugiri, Koratagere,
Bangalore from • The postal system came
and other places.
the Moghul into being during his time.
military general.
 Titles

He had the titles like Poets in his court

• Karnataka Kavichakravarthi, He was a patron to many
• Aprathima veera, poets like

• Thenkanaraja, • Thirumalarya,

• Navakoti Narayana. • Sanchi Honnamma,

Krishnaraja Wodiyar IV (1894-1940):
Mother Queen Vanivilasa Sannidana Kempa Nanjammanni

The queen regent looked after the administration.

She was helped by the Dewans and the advisory council which led
developmental works.
The first city to be electrified in India was Bangalore.
Krishnaraja Wodiyar IV (1894-1940):
• Krishnaraja Wodiyar assumed power in 1902.

• He was lucky to have the luminary services of

dewans like:

➢ P.N. Krishnamurthy,

➢ V.P. Madhava Rao,

➢ Sir M. Visvesvarayya,

➢ Kantharaja Urs,

➢ Sir Albion Banerjee,

➢ Sir Mirja Ismail

Krishnaraja Wodiyar IV (1894-1940):
Education

He was very much interested in spreading education among his people.

Abolished fees in all primary schools to develop primary education.

Helped girls’ education.

Started the University of Mysore and scholarships for students

continuing education in foreign countries.

In 1905 the Indian Institute of Science was established in Bangalore

with the help of Tata.
Krishnaraja Wodiyar IV (1894-1940):
Other Achievements

• Special attention was given to the development of Irrigation. A

barrage was constructed across Cauvery near Belagola.

• New railway lines were laid.

• Legislative council was formed which was a great step in the

Legislative measures.
Krishnaraja Wodiyar IV (1894-1940):
Small- and large-scale industries

• Iron and Steel Factory,

• Cement Factory,

• Paper mills at Bhadravathi

• Sugar Factory at Mandya.

• Sandal oil factory at Mysore,

• Soap factory in Bangalore.

• Chemical and Fertilisers factory at Belagola.

Krishnaraja Wodiyar IV (1894-1940):

Fine Art and Music

He had much interest in fine arts and encouraged musicians like

Shyama sastry, M. Hiriyanna, Veena Seshanna, Sambayya, Bidaram

Krishnappa, Muttaiah Bhagavatar, Vasudevacharya, T. Chowdaiah,

and others. Mysore became a ‘Model State’ due to his administration.
Mahatma Gandhiji called him Rajashri.
Any Doubts?
Social and Religious
Reform Movements
Social and Religious Reform
Movements
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1, 2, 3 and 4 -mark questions from :

1. 19th c Indian Renaissance
2. Ram Mohan Roy – Brahmo Samaj
3. Dayananda Saraswati – Arya Samaj
4. Aligarh Movement – Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
5. Home Rule Movement- Annie Beasant
6. Ramakrishna Math – Swami Vivekananda
7. Satya Shodhak Samaj – Mahatma Jyotiba Phule
8. Prarthana Samaj – Dr. Atmaram Padurang and M G Ranade
Social and Religious Reform Movements:Overview
Any Doubts?
 WHAT HAVE WE COVERED TILL NOW?
37% of syllabus
Sociology
12%

History
Political Science
37%
14%

Business Studies
6%

Economics
6%
Geography
25%
SOCIAL
Geography
India -
Geographical
Position and
Physical
Features
India - Geographical position and Physical features
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs
1, 2-mark questions from :
1. The Northern Mountains
2. The Northern Plains
3. The Islands
4. Location
3-mark questions from :
1. The Northern Mountains
2. The Ghats
3. The Coastal Plains
4. The Islands
Map Work
Siwalik Range The Himachal
Parallel mountain
ranges

3rd Siwalik Pir Panjal

600-1500 meters Mussoorie
( Lesser height )

India

Himachal

Dunes Siwalik
Famous valleys : Well-known hill stations:
Kangra and Kullu Shimla and Darjeeling

Dunes
Narrow stripes of plains or
valleys called ‘Dunes’.Ex:
Dehradun, Patli, Kotli
Greater Himalayas
6000 – 8000 meters above the sea level

Barala Cha pass of Himachal Pradesh

Gangotri,Glacier, the origin of river Ganga
• Mt. Everest,Highest peak (8848 meters)

Trans Himalayas
• North of the Greater Himalayas
• consists of the Karakoram range and Kailash range
• Godwin Austen or K2 is the highest peak in India (8611 meters).
Northern Great Plain Islands
Islands
• ‘Sutlej-Ganga plains. 247 in India
• Their breadth is around 2,400 1. Lakshadweep 2. Andaman and Nicobar
km whereas the width is 70 Arabian Sea Location Bay of Bengal
km to 500 km.
43 Number 204
• Formed by the deposition of
alluvial soils brought by the Coral Islands Type Volcanic Islands
rivers which rise in the
3. Gulf of Mannar- Coral Islands
Himalayas.

The Eastern Ghats and The Western Ghats in the Nilgiris hills.
In the Eastern Ghats, Armakonda and Mahendragiri are the
highest peaks
Any Doubts?
India - Seasons
India - Seasons
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1, 2-mark questions from :

1. Features of Indian Climate
2. Convectional Rainfalls
3. Retreating Monsoon
4. Most Cold, Hot, and Rainy Places in India
5. Sunrays during Summer and Winter

3, 4-mark questions from :

1. Influence on Climatic Conditions
2. South West Monsoon
3. Retreating Monsoon - Cyclones
4. Gamble with Monsoon
Main features of India’s climate
❖ India has a tropical monsoon-type climate as it lies mostly
Northeast
in the tropical zone (some parts of it in Temperate zone)
and is influenced by the monsoon winds.

Convection Rainfall: Also known as:

Influences on Climatic Conditions
• Andhis - Uttar Pradesh
• Latitude • Kal baisakhi –West Bengal

• Height from the sea level • Mango Showers -Kerala

• Distance from the sea • Coffee blossoms- Karnataka

• Southwest
Direction of the winds

• Mountain ranges

• Ocean currents, etc.

Summer Season
March to May

Equator
00

Sun rays falling directly over the

Northern Hemisphere

• The highest recorded

temperature is 520C at
Ganganagar in Rajasthan.
South-West Monsoon
Rainy Season - June to September

• Since the temperature rises by the end Low-Pressure

of the summer season, a low-pressure

area is developed over central India.
Bay of Bengal
Arabian Sea
On the other hand, there is high
pressure over the Indian Ocean.
Southwest
Indian Ocean
• Hence moisture-laden winds blow from the High-Pressure
southwest towards India. 75% of the
rainfall
Arabian Sea Branch: Bay of Bengal Branch:

• Monsoon winds obstructed- • Bring rain to Myanmar,

Western Ghats- Maximum Bangladesh, Northeast
rains to the west. Rain Indian regions, the Foothills
Shadow
• As the winds proceed to the Region of the Himalayas, and North
east- rain depletes Indian plains.
Arabian Bay of
• Eastern regions of western Sea Bengal • Rain reduces as we move
ghats rain shadow region. Southwest from Northeast to Northwest

Rain Shadows happen when the region lying to the

other side of the highland doesn’t get rainfall.
Retreating Monsoons
• North-East Monsoon – November to December
• Sunrays fall vertically on the Southern Hemisphere which Northeast
leads to a drop in temperature in the Northern Hemisphere. High-Pressure

• Early October temperature decreases

• Low-pressure area is replaced by high pressure over the
land mass.
• A low-pressure area is developed over the Bay of Bengal. Low-Pressure
Bay of Bengal
As a result, the southwest monsoon starts retreating
• The wind now starts blowing from the northeast towards
the sea.
Gamble with Monsoons
• The South-West monsoons control the
agriculture of India which is the main
occupation of Indians.
• Failure of rainfall leads to drought.
• When the monsoons are heavy there are
floods that also cause destruction to life
and property.
• Hence it is said that Indian agriculture is a
“gamble with the monsoons”.
Any Doubts?
India - Soils
India - Soils
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1, 2-mark questions from :

1. Black Soil
2. Laterite Soil

3, 4-mark questions from :

1. Soil Erosion
 Black Soil
Other names:
Black soil is also called ‘Regur soil’ and ‘Black Cotton soil’ as it is best
suited for cotton cultivation.The area of black cotton soil is also
called Deccan Trap.

Uses:
1. Suitable for dry farming:
Soil is more of lime and magnesium carbonates.
2. Capable of retaining water:
The soil is formed from the weathering of igneous rock.
It contains more clay particles, and it is fertile.
 Laterite Soil

Why is Laterite soil red in colour? Why is Laterite soil less fertile?
Laterite soil is found normally in areas The minerals dissolved in the rainwater
receiving more than 200 cm of rainfall. percolate to deeper layers of the soil
Because of heavy rainfall, the minerals of and insoluble oxides of iron and
the soil get washed off leaving behind ferric aluminium are found in the top layers.
oxide and aluminium in the surface soil. Therefore, laterite soil is less fertile
Hence this soil also looks red in colour. and lacks nitrogen and minerals.
Soil Erosion Causes of Soil Erosion
Manmade causes:
Definition:
Natural causes: 1. Deforestation
The transportation 2. Overgrazing
1. Running
of surface soil by 3. Unscientific methods of
water
cultivation.
various natural
2. Winds, and 4. Over irrigation
forces is called soil
3. Sea waves 5. Manufacture of bricks,
erosion.
tiles, and pots uses the top
layer of the soil leaving
behind depleted soil.
Effects of Soil Erosion
Soil erosion leads to many problems. The most important of
them are:
I. Soil erosion leads to the accumulation of silt in the
riverbeds:
• Causing floods.
• Changing the direction of the course of the river.
• The storage capacity of the reservoirs gets reduced.
II. Due to soil erosion, the volume of water percolating
down gets reduced.
III. Due to this, natural springs dry up. As India is mainly
dependent on agriculture, its productivity is reduced.
Soil Management
There are many ways of preventing soil erosion:

I. Counter ploughing.

II. Construction of bunds around the agricultural land.

III. Development of terraced agricultural fields.

IV. Prevention of deforestation

V. Encouragement of afforestation.

VI. Control of livestock grazing.

VII. Planned use of water.

VIII.Construction of check dams etc.

Any Doubts?
India
Forest Resources
India - Forest Resources
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1-mark questions from :

1. Mangrove Forest
2. Tropical Deciduous Forest
3. Desert Forest

2-mark questions from :

1. Conservation of Forest
2. Tropical Evergreen
India is a vast country having various types of natural
environments, and based on the natural vegetation
they can be divided into 6 main types:
1. Evergreen Forests
2. Deciduous Monsoon Forests
3. Tropical Grasslands
4. Mangrove Forests
5. Desert Vegetation
6. Alpine Forests of the Himalayas.
Types Evergreen Deciduous Tropical Mangrove Desert Alpine
of Monsoon Grasslands Vegetation
Forests
More than 75 – 250 cm 60-75 cm Formed due Less than
Trees Found Spread What makes Rain

250 cm to tides 50 cm
Trees are Trees shed Tall grass Deltas, Plants are Trees have
it distinct?

always their leaves and small Coastal deep- pointed

green during the herbs regions, rooted leaves
dry winters. Estuaries
of rivers,
2.6 lakh 65.5% of the 4400km
hectares forest area

Babool, Sundari Thorny Sal, Byra,

Seesum, trees- shrubs Toon, Silver
Sabhai Ganga Spruce,
basin- Laurel
Sunderban.
Distribution of Types of Forests

Index
1. Evergreen Forests
2. Deciduous Monsoon forests
3. Tropical Grasslands
4. Mangrove Forests
5. Desert Vegetation
6. Alpine forests of the Himalayas.
Methods of Conservation:
I. Cutting down dried-up and abrasing trees which causes forest fires.

II. Protecting the forest trees against diseases;

III. Planting saplings;

IV. Sowing seeds;

V. Guarding against illegal cutting of trees;

VI. Avoiding grazing of domestic animals in forests;

VII. Motivating people to plant saplings;

VIII.Creating awareness among people about trees and encouraging them

to protect them;

IX. Implementing the social forestry projects speedily and successfully.

Any Doubts?
India
Water Resources
India - Water Resources
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1-mark questions from :

1. Multipurpose River Valley Projects
2. National Power Grid

2-mark questions from :

1. Types of Irrigation

3-mark questions from :

1. Aims of Multipurpose River Valley Projects
2. Rainwater Harvesting

Map Work
National Power Grid:
• A National Power Grid is established to
supply electricity from excess power states
to any other power deficit state.
Rainwater harvesting is compulsory today. Why?
Suggest ways to reduce the water problem in our country. 3 marks

Ans:
I. Using the water collected from rooftops reduces the dependence on the public water supply.
II. Digging ponds in agricultural areas and collecting water.
III. Building check dams to prevent the flow of water and allow it to percolate to increase the
ground water table. This is called recharging.
IV. Communities can construct bunds or ponds to collect rainwater.
V. In Karnataka, the conservation of rainwater has been in practice since ancient times. Tanks,
lakes, and ponds are all methods of conserving water.
VI. Failure to adopt these transitional methods has resulted in drought conditions and water scarcity.
VII. By protecting and managing properly the water problem in the country can be reduced.
 South
Multi-
purpose Narmada
Hirakud Nagarjuna Tungabhadra
river valley (23 dams) Upper Krishna
(Longest) Sagar
projects

Narmada Mahanadi Krishna Krishna Tungabhadra

Rivers

Sadar Sarovar, Hirakud dam Lal Bahadur Nagarjuna Pampasagara

Reservoir
Dam

Narmada Sagar, Shastri, Sagar

Narmada Upper Basavasagara
Projects
North Gujarat, Orissa, Bijapur, Karnataka,
Benefit

Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Bagalkot, Andra Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh. Raichur,
States

Maharashtra. Gulbarga
Gujrat @ @ Karnataka,
Joint

Madhya Pradesh Alamatti, Nandikonda Andra Pradesh

Bijapur(K) Village(AP)
Title

Sorrow of Orissa
 North
Multi-
purpose Bakra Nangal Damodar
Kosi
river valley (Highest) (First)
projects
Dam Rivers

Sutlej Kosi Damodar

Reservoir

Govinda Sagar @ Hanumanagar

Delhi, Both West Bengal and

Benefit

Himachal Pradesh Jharkhand

States

Punjab India and West Bengal

Joint

Haryana Nepal(Country) Bihar

Rajasthan
Title

Sorrow of Bihar Sorrow of Bengal

The main aims of Multi-purpose river valley projects:

1. Providing irrigation facility; 5. Providing water for domestic

2. Production of hydro-electric
and industrial use;
power;
6. Preventing soil erosion;
3. Prevention of floods;
4. Creating a facility for water 7. Developing fisheries;
transportation;
8. Enhancing forest wealth.
 Irrigation

Types of irrigation

Well Canal Tank

Open Tube/Bore Flood Perennial

Well Well Canal Canal
Any Doubts?
Map Work
 821/2 0 East
PYQP

Draw an Outline map of India and

mark the following:
1. 821/2 0 E Longitude
Tropic of Cancer
2. 231/2 0 N Latitude or
231/2 0 N
[April 2016, April 2017, April 2018, April
2023]
 PYQP
N
Map Work 1 mark each
1. River Narmada
[Sept 2020][April 2016]
2. River Kaveri 1.River

[April 2022][March 2019] Narmada

Tungabhadra
3. Nagarjuna Sagar
4.
[April 2015][April 2018][June 2018] 3. Nagarjuna Sagar

4. Tungabhadra
2. River Kaveri
[June 2017]
 PYQP
N

Map Work 1 mark each

1. Govinda Sagar
[April 2020]
1. Bhakra Nangal Project
[Sept 2020][June 2022][March 2019][April 2022]
Any Doubts?
 WHAT HAVE WE COVERED TILL NOW?
Sociology 62% OF SYLLABUS
12%

Political Science History

14% 37%

Business Studies
6%

Economics
6% Geography
25%
SOCIAL
Economics
Economy and
Government
Economy and Government
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1,2 -mark questions from :

1. NITI AYOG
2. Green Revolution
3. Pre – Harvest
4. Post – Harvest
5. Economic Planning

3,4 -mark questions from :

1. Five Year Plan: Achievements, Objectives

Who is the ‘Father of Indian
Economic Planning’?

Bharat Ratna Sir M.Visvesvaraya. In 1934, he

published a book titled ‘Planned Economy for India’
in which he stressed the need for planning to achieve
economic development in India. Hence, he is
regarded as ‘Father of Economic Planning in India’.

Photo Courtesy By India Post,

Government of India
The achievements of five-year plans.
1. Self-sufficiency has been 2. Employment opportunities have
achieved in the production of increased with the expansion of
food grains. industry and service sector.
• The production has increased • Attempts have been made to
five times during the plan provide employment opportunities
period and reached 257.4 to the rural poor through poverty
million tonnes in 2011-12. alleviation and employment-
generation programmes.

3. Services of our engineers are

being exported to foreign
countries. The exports of
manufacturing and
engineering products have
increased to a great extent.
Who is the Present Chairman of NITI Aayog?
It is headed by the Prime NITI Aayog
Minister of the Country,
Mr.Narendra Modi, day to day
National Institute for
administration is looked after Transforming India
by the vice - chairman. National Institution for Transforming
India was started on 1st Jan 2015 to
replace planning commission.
Photo Courtesy: Creative
Commons

NITI Aayog uses bottom-up

approach. Its objectives include
a 15 years road map, 7 years
vision, strategy and action plan.
Green Revolution
Where did it all start?

The Green Revolution was the consequence of using ‘high yielding seeds’.
In the beginning of 1960, Dr.Norman Borlaug a German agricultural
scientist conducted many experiments in Mexico, the result of which was
the discovery of high-yielding wheat grains. Mexico and Taiwan made use
of this grain and achieved immense success in the production of wheat.

The father of Green

Revolution
The role of Dr. M.S.Swaminathan, agricultural scientist
in implementing the improved technology in Indian
agriculture is significant.
What is ‘Pre-Harvest What is ‘Post-Harvest
Technology’? Technology’?
• Growing crops using high- The improved technology that is used to procure,
process and market agricultural produce is called
yielding grain,
‘Post-Harvest Technology’.
Providing specific nutrients, • In order to ensure a good price for the
farmers’ products agri-markets were improved.
Regulated supply of water, • Surplus produce had to be processed and used
for manufacturing a variety of products.
• Protection from diseases, • It became necessary to construct granaries and
cold-storage warehouses to store the surplus
produce.
The use of chemical fertilizers • The latest technology had to be implemented
for providing all these facilities.
and pesticides,

Irrigation facilities
‘The Second Green Revolution’or
‘Perpetual Green Revolution
The nature friendly, organic, natural farming, zero-
investment farming techniques of productions is the
need of the hour. This process is being referred to as
‘the Second Green Revolution’ or ‘Perpetual Green
Revolution’.
Any Doubts?
 WHAT HAVE WE COVERED TILL NOW?
Sociology 68% of syllabus
12%

Political Science History

14% 37%

Business Studies
6%
Economics
6%
Geography
25%
SOCIAL
Business
Studies
Bank transactions
Bank transactions
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1-mark questions from :

1. Reserve Bank
2. Types of Bank Accounts

2-mark questions from :

1. Types of Bank Accounts

3-mark questions from :

1. Types of Bank Accounts
2. Postal Bank Service
3. Bank: Functions, Services and Advantages
Reserve Bank of India - RBI

• All the banking transactions in India are controlled

by The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) which is known
as the Mother of Banks or Bankers Bank or Central
Bank of India.
• RBI formulates the monetary policy which should be
followed by all banks.
Services offered by banks Postal Bank Services
1. Credit Cards Post Office Savings
2. Personal Loans Bank, National Savings
3. Home and Vehicle Loans Certificate,

4. Mutual Funds Kissan Vikas Patra,

5. Business Loans Monthly Recurring deposits,

6. Safe Deposit Lockers
Postal Life Insurance,
7. Debit Cards
Pension payment,
8. Trust Services
9. Signature Guarantees Money Transfer
 Savings Current Recurring Deposit Term Deposit

1. Salaried 1. Businessmen 1. Deposits made 1. Opened for a fixed

Types persons 2. Large number of monthly period
2. Fixed regular transactions. 2. Save for future 2. Particular sum of
regular 3. No interests requirements money deposited
income 4. Service Charges

To save It includes deposits, To save for a To save for a future

Purpose money and withdrawals, and future date date
pool their contra transactions.
savings.
1.Cheque Withdraw and Total amount with 1. Cannot be
Withdrawal 2.Withdrawal deposit many times interest repaid withdrawn before the
slip a day. after the fixed expiry of the term.
time. 2. Rate of interest is
more based on the
term.
Any Doubts?
 WHAT HAVE WE COVERED TILL NOW?
Sociology 74% of syllabus
12%

Political Science History

14% 37%

Business Studies
6%

Economics
6%
Geography
25%
SOCIAL
Social Studies
Textbook – Part 1
Semester 1 (SA1)
Political Science and Sociology
Padmashree M
 WHAT HAVE WE COVERED TILL NOW?
Sociology 74% of syllabus
12%

Political Science History

14% 37%

Business Studies
6%

Economics
6%
Geography
25%
SOCIAL
Political
Science
Challenges of
India and their
remedies
Challenges of India and their remedies
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1-mark questions from :

1. Lokayukta - Corruption
2. Nanjundappa Commission – Regionalism
3. 42nd Constitutional Amendment- Communalism

2-mark questions from :

1. Corruption
2. Regionalism
3. Communalism

3,4-mark questions from :

1. Status of Woman
2. Measures to Remove Illiteracy
 Let us Recall
Challenges of India and their remedies
Challenge Meaning Reasons Remedies
Corruption Corruption - At an individual level. - Political leadership,
means an - At the level of - Sound bureaucracy
inducement to administration. - Lokpal and Lok Ayukta
do wrong by - Punitive measures
bribery or - Educational
other unlawful Institutions, and Social
means. leaders
 Let us Recall
Challenges of India and their remedies
Challenge What? Lead to Remedies
Communalism Split based - Propagates hate - Healthy media
on religion philosophy. - Uniform legal system
- Economic antagonism - The practice of Secularism
and political rivalry - Strong nationalistic ideology
- Disrupt the unity and - Administrative fairness
integrity of our nation - Political determination
- Social groupism.
- Social Unrest. (HUTSAP)
(PEDSS)
Regionalism Intense and - Linguistic fanaticism - Committees to curb
blind favour - Glorification of regionalism
of the local parochialism - Unity and diversity
area in - Re-organisation of India
which one (LG) - Preamble
lives - Single National Citizenship
(CURPS)
The Government has taken many steps to improve the status of women:

1. Women and Children 2. Empowerment of women. 3. ‘Stree Shakti’ programme

Development

Through this health, education Women’s education, Prohibition • Development of rural women.It
and social status of women are of Child Marriage Act, Dowry provides, loan and subsidy for
improved. Prohibition Act women self-employment.

4. Progress of women 5. Reservation for women 6. Women Commission at

National and State level

Mahila Mandalas , Yuvathi There is an effort to have the Constituted to enquire into the
Mandalas, Stree Shakti Reservation for women from cases of women and impart
Organisations, Self-help groups Panchayat to Parliament. In justice to them.
and Women Co-operatives Karnataka 33% reservation
implemented for women in local
governments. Even in government
jobs women reservation has been
provided.
What are the reasons for illiteracy?
The Government has taken many steps to eradicate Illiteracy.

1. Sarva Shiksha Abhyan 3. Recently through Article

21A of our Constitution
It was launched in 2001 to education is made as a
provide free education for fundamental right. Right
children of 6-14 years. It to education 2009 has
provides education to girls, and been guaranteed. Free
the physically challenged and and compulsory
Priority for women’s awareness. education has been
implemented for children
between 6 and 14 years.
2. National literacy mission
In 1988 ‘National Literacy
Mission’ was established by the
Government of India to make
illiterates literate.
Any Doubts?
India’s relationship
with other countries
India’s relationship with other countries
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1,2-mark questions from :

1. India – Pakistan
2. India – China

3,4-mark questions from :

1. India- China
2. India- Russia
3. India- USA
 Let us Recall
India’s Relationship with Other Countries
Pakistan China
I. 1947- Partition I. 1949-first to recognize-the Chinese
Similarities

II. History Communist Government.

III. Geo Nearness II. Long History
IV. Culture III. Big Neighbour-Northern part

I. Military dictatorships I. Border (LAC)

II. Political instability II. Nuclear threats,
III. Kashmir’s III. Foreign trade challenges;
problem(1/3rd) IV. Military advancements in border
Strain

IV. Terrorism V. Tibet

V. Indo-Pak wars 1947-48, VI. 1962- Chinese Aggression
1965, VII. Arunachal Pradesh
1971 VIII.Naxalism
1999 (Kargil war).
Treaty

I. Panchsheel’
II. Hindi-Chinee Bhayi-Bhayi
 Let us Recall
India’s Relationship with Other Countries
USA Russia
I. Foreign trade, science and technology, I. 1961 - liberation of Goa
space, and education. II. Steel plants at Bhilai and
II. Helped us financially for our five- year Bokoro.
plans. III. Aid for growth of our
industry and commerce
Support

Similarities IV. Permanent seat in the

Security Council of UNO.
I. Curbing terrorism.
V. 1962- Condemned China’s
II. World peace and support for U.N.O.
aggression
III. Both are bigger nations with a
democratic system.

I. Extended help to Pakistan in the Indo- I. 1966 - Tashkent

Pak wars and favoured in foreign Agreement

Treaty
Strain

policies at India’s disadvantage. II. 1971 - 20 years Treaty of

Peace, Friendship and
cooperation.
 WHAT HAVE WE COVERED TILL NOW?
88% of syllabus
Sociology
12%

History
Political Science 37%
14%

Business Studies
6%

Economics
6%

Geography
25%
SOCIAL
Any Doubts?
Sociology
 Social
Stratification
Social Stratification
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1-mark questions from :

1. Prejudice

3,4-mark questions from :

1. Constitutional Remedies to Eradicate
Untouchability.
Let us Recall
 Work and
Economic Life
Work and economic life
Topics repeatedly asked in PYQPs

1.2-mark questions from :

1. Labour without pay
2. Division of Labour

3,4-mark questions from :

1. Unemployment: Causes, Effects and Remedies
2. Organized and Unorganized Sector
 Unpaid Labour

• Activities that give mental satisfaction, work

done due to love, self-motivation, or by
force without payment.
• Ex: an artist painting a picture for his own
satisfaction. etc., But in the caste and race
system, black and lower caste people were
forcefully working without pay.
 2. Division of Labour

Interests Tastes Abilities Age Expertise Skills Gender

Age
Tastes

Skill

Specializations
 8. Unemployment and its problems

Causes
Over-population, mechanization, too much of a
division of labour, Social inequality, insufficient
capital, and illiteracy are the causes of
unemployment.
Problems
Unemployment leads to poverty, ill health,
crimes, corruption, family disintegration,
cheating, deception, robbery, and prostitution.
 Remedies for
unemployment:
Five-year
plans
Development • Encouragement • Generating
• Rural
to vocational employment
development
education opportunities
• Cottage • Employment-
industries • Population
guarantee
• Agricultural control programs.
Sector Educational IT
• Industrial reforms
Sector
 PYQP

Differentiate between the labourers from organised sector and unorganised sector.
3 marks[April 2015][April 2020]

Organised Sector Unorganised Sector

Ans. :
— Legal provisions No legal provisions
— Specific work No specific work
— Employment security No employment security
— Fixed wages and allowances No fixed wages and allowances
— Fixed time duration No fixed time duration
— Mandatory to pay taxes No tax provisions
— Medical facilities No medical facilities
— Paid leave — No paid leave
Any Doubts?
 WHAT HAVE WE COVERED TILL NOW?
100%
Sociology
12%

History
Political Science 37%
14%

Business Studies
6%

Economics
6%

Geography
25%
SOCIAL
Thank You