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Home (/) › Archives (/taxonomy/term/2) › difference between iterative and

recursive dns query › difference between iterative and recursive dns query

difference between iterative and

recursive dns query
Submitted by Sarath Pillai on Sat, 01/12/2013 - 16:02

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DNS is the most critical infrastructure, that's publicly available for
use to everybody out there. You can infact say that, its a single
point of failure, that can take down the world wide web.

I have tried to explain the working of DNS in one of my post.

However, its impossible to conclude the entire topic, in one or
even multiple posts for that matter. So i will be posting, different
topics related to DNS, separately for giving a better
understanding to the reader.

Read: How Does DNS Work (http://slashroot.in/how-dns-works)

In this post, we will walk through different types of queries that a

client uses to get different types of information from the DNS
server.

What are the different types of DNS

queries?
DNS queries can be classified according the manner in which a
complete request is processed. Generally queries can be
classified as follows.

1. recursive query
2. iterative query OR Nonrecursive query
3. Inverse queries

What is a recursive query?

A recursive query is a kind of query, in which the DNS server,
who received your query will do all the job of fetching the
answer, and giving it back to you. During this process, the DNS
server might also query other DNS server's in the internet on
your behalf, for the answer.

Lets understand the entire process of recursive queries by the

following steps.

Suppose you want to browse www.example.com, and your

resolve.conf file has got the following entry.
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 [root@myvm ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 172.16.200.30
nameserver 172.16.200.31

The above resolve conf entry means that,Your DNS servers are
172.16.200.30 & 31. Whatever application you use, the
operating system will send DNS queries to those two DNS
servers.
STEP 1: You enter www.example.com in the browser. So the
operating system's resolver will send a DNS query for the A
record to the DNS server 172.16.200.30 .

STEP2: The DNS server 172.16.200.30 on receiving the query,

will look through its tables(cache) to find the IP address(A
record) for the domain www.example.com. But it does not have
the entry.

STEP 3: As the answer for the query is not available with the
DNS server 172.16.200.30, this server sends a query to one of
the DNS root server,for the answer. Now an important fact to
note here is that root server's are always iterative servers.

Related: DNS root servers and their Locations

(http://www.slashroot.in/dns-root-servers-most-critical-infrastructure-internet)

STEP 4: The dns root server's will reply with a list of server's
(referral) that are responsible for handling the .COM gTLD's.

STEP 5: Our DNS server 172.16.200.30 will select one of the

.COM gTLD server from the list given by the root server, to query
the answer for "www.example.com"

STEP 6: Similar to the root server's , the gTLD server's are also
iterative in nature, so it replies back to our DNS server
172.16.200.30 with the list of IP addresses of the DNS server's
responsible for the domain(authoritative name server for the
domain) www.example.com.

Related: DNS Zone File And Its Contents

Send Me Article Updates Via E-mail SignUp
(http://www.slashroot.in/what-dns-zone-file-complete-tutorial-zone-file-and-its- 
contents)

STEP 7: This time also our DNS server will select one of the IP
from the given list of authoritative name servers, and queries the
A record for www.example.com. The authoritative name server
queried, will reply back with the A record as below.

www.example.com = <XXX:XX:XX:XX> (Some IP address)

STEP 8: Our DNS server 172.16.200.30 will reply us back with

the ip domain pair(and any other resource if available). Now the
browser will send request to the ip given, for the web page
www.example.com.

Below shown diagram might make the concept clear.

As you can see from the above figure. Our DNS

server(172.16.200.30) queries through other dns server's on
behalf of us.
Note: The above explained scenario of recursive query
happened, only because, our DNS server 172.16.200.30 was
configured as a recursive name server. You can also disable this
feature for your DNS server.

How does the name server select one from the given list of
servers to query?

In the above case, you might have seen that our DNS server
172.16.200.30, had to select one server, from the given list of
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For example there are 13 root servers(Well when i say 13 root
servers, 13 is the number of addresses that is universal. There
are Hundreds of servers at different locations in the world. These
13 root server addresses are anycasted addresses.), which root
server will be queried, for an answer?

Related: What is IP Anycast, and how it works?

(http://www.slashroot.in/what-anycast-and-how-it-works)

Almost all DNS server's uses an algorithm, to select one from

the list, in order to distribute the load and response time.

The most Famous DNS server software BIND uses a technique

called as rtt metric(Round Trip Time metric). Using this
technique, the server tracks the RTT of each root server, and
selects the one,with lower RTT.

What is an iterative or Non-recursive query?

Before beginning the explanation for iterative query. An

important thing to note is that, all DNS server's must support
iterative(non-recursive)query.

In an iterative query, the name server, will not go and fetch the
complete answer for your query, but will give back a referral to
other DNS server's, which might have the answer. In our
previous example our DNS server 172.16.200.30, went to fetch
the answer on behalf of our resolver, and provided us with the
final answer.

But if our DNS server 172.16.200.30 is not a recursive name

server(which means its iterative), it will give us the answer if it
has in its records. Otherwise will give us the referral to the root
servers(it will not query the root server's and other servers by
itself.).

Now its the job of our resolver to query the root server, .COM
TLD servers, and authoritative name server's, for the answer.

Lets go through
Send Me the steps
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STEP 1: You enter www.example.com in the browser. So the
operating system's resolver will send a DNS query for the A
record to the DNS server 172.16.200.30 .

STEP 2: The DNS server 172.16.200.30 on receiving the query,

will look through its tables(cache) to find the IP address(A
record) for the domain www.example.com. But it does not have
the entry.

STEP 3: Now instead of querying the root server's, our DNS

server will reply us back with a referral to root servers. Now our
operating system resolver, will query the root servers for the
answer.

Now the rest of the steps are all the same. The only difference in
iterative query is that

if the DNS server does not have the answer, it will not
query any other server for the answer, but rather it will
reply with the referral to DNS root server's
But if the DNS server has the answer, it will give back the
answer(which is same in both iterative and recursive
queries)
in an iterative query, the job of finding the answer(from the
given referral), lies to the local operating system resolver.

It can be clearly noted from the above figure, that in an iterative

query, a DNS server queried will never go and fetch the answer
for you(but will give you the answer if it already has the answer).

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But will give your resolver a referral to other DNS server's(root
server in our case).

We will be discussing inverse queries in another post. Hope this

post was helpful in understanding iterative(non-recursive) &
recursive DNS queries.

Rate this article:

Average: 3.1 (1145 votes)

5 Comments Sort by Top

Add a comment...

Puni Henry · Kingsway high school kitende

This is very helpful
Like · Reply · 20w

Dillip Biswal · Principal Memeber of Technical Staff in ORACLE (R&D) at

Oracle Communications
excellent and helpful topic
Like · Reply · 17w

Emran Khan · Dhaka, Bangladesh

this is very helpful ............. today learn new things
thank you so much
Like · Reply · 5w

AAdil HusSayn · Street Poet at Raba guma nu meRi khushiyan naL bhar de
ye kaRam menu meRe naAl kaRde..... own poetry
Awesome
Like · Reply · 3w

Muhammad Sohail · Program Assistant at Pakistan Railways

thanks.... made my concept clear
Like · Reply · 13h

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Comments

DNS Queries (/comment/65#comment-65)

Permalink (/comment/65#comment-65) Submitted

by Sameer Gawde on Tue, 04/30/2013 - 14:56

Very good artical explaning minute details

regarding DNS queries and clearling all doubts .

Thanks a ton

reply (/comment/reply/79/65)

Nice and sleek Explanation

(/comment/103#comment-103)

Permalink (/comment/103#comment-103)
Submitted by Ankit Gupta on Mon, 07/01/2013 -
16:50

Very good and nicely explained article on DNS

queries with proper steps and diagrams made my
day.

Thanks a lot.

reply (/comment/reply/79/103)

Qustion for resolver

(/comment/104#comment-104)

Permalink (/comment/104#comment-104)
Submitted by bbo on Mon, 07/01/2013 - 19:39

It is a very good article. Bu tell me examples for

resolvers under debian. I mean the last diagram
where the resolver get a list of DNS and tries to
query the DNS by yourself.
Is it a service? How can I find if it is running on my
system?

reply (/comment/reply/79/104)

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 Hi bbo, (/comment/105#comment-105)

Permalink (/comment/105#comment-105)
Submitted by Sarath Pillai on Mon, 07/01/2013
- 21:44

Hi bbo,

We are happy to know that you liked the

article. Resolver libraries in Linux are almost
the same across distributions.
However udns library is the most commonly
used while running commands such as "host"
(the udns library is aviailable online for
download.)

Regards
Sarath

reply (/comment/reply/79/105)

Its!!! Very good article

(/comment/109#comment-109)

Permalink (/comment/109#comment-109)
Submitted by ravi on Wed, 07/10/2013 - 15:17

Very good article about DNS, thnx

reply (/comment/reply/79/109)

Great work!!!!!! (/comment/115#comment-

115)

Permalink (/comment/115#comment-115)
Submitted by Aziz on Thu, 07/25/2013 - 13:25

Great work!!!!!!

reply (/comment/reply/79/115)

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 advantage & disadvantage of both
queries (/comment/117#comment-117)

Permalink (/comment/117#comment-117)
Submitted by Rupesh on Fri, 08/02/2013 - 18:17

Hi Sir,
Very good documentation. what is advantage &
disadvantage of both queries,which is one best
&why? will iterative queries decrease load of DNS
server? I am confuse. Both queries gives surely
answer then what is advantages &
disadvantages?

reply (/comment/reply/79/117)

Hi Rupesh, (/comment/118#comment-
118)

Permalink (/comment/118#comment-118)
Submitted by Sarath Pillai on Sat, 08/03/2013
- 00:34

Hi Rupesh, Good to know that you liked the

article. And a warm welcome to slashroot!!
Lets get back to your question ! Recursive
queries: these kind of queries are used most
commonly when we set up an internal DNS
server for a domain, or say for example a
company. The client computers or say normal
desktops that the employees are using in the
company on a day to day basis generate huge
amount of DNS requests. So those servers
are mostly configured in recursive manner(
because the question is asked by desktops
which are normal internal clients ) and we
need to provide our clients with an exact
answer to the query correct. Another important
fact to note about recursive queries is that you
need to very carefully restrict which
clients/subnets that are allowed to do a
recursive query. You know why ? Because
there is a dangerous risk involved if you
configure publicly available DNS servers in a
recursive model. Now lets say we have
around 1 lakh DNS servers in the world which
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 are available publicly and are able to do
recursive queries, an attacker can change the
source address to the target of his desire, and
send junk DNS requests to those publicly
available DNS servers which will cause the
target server to be under attack ( because
these 1 lakh servers will sit and reply to that
incorrect source address, which the attacker
forged to make it the target ). Such kind of an
attack is called as DNS reflection attack !!! All
authoritative name servers, root name
servers, TLD servers are always iterative in
nature ( ofcourse these servers are not made
to go and fetch the answer for a query correct
! ) Hope that explains. Thanks & regards
Sarath

reply (/comment/reply/79/118)

This is the simplest way to

(/comment/169#comment-169)

Permalink (/comment/169#comment-169)
Submitted by Ashrafi Afzal on Tue, 11/05/2013 -
16:32

This is the simplest way to explain the differences

of DNS query were as i have read the others post
and their is lots of confusion to understand the
actual concepts of DNS query hows it resolves but
you have explain it thorougly which is very useful.

Thanks a lot for the nice post.

Regards,

Afzal Ashrafi.

System Administrator.

reply (/comment/reply/79/169)

Hi Afzal Ashrafi,
(/comment/170#comment-170)

Permalink (/comment/170#comment-170)
Send Me ArticleSubmitted
Updates Via E-mail Pillai SignUp
by Sarath on Tue, 11/05/2013 
 - 18:11

Hi Afzal Ashrafi,

Thanks for your comment....And welcome to

slashroot.

reply (/comment/reply/79/170)

Very good (/comment/490#comment-490)

Permalink (/comment/490#comment-490)
Submitted by Nikhil Rupanwar on Wed,
11/27/2013 - 23:33

Greate explanation I was confused about iterative

and recursive queries it helped me alot. thanks

reply (/comment/reply/79/490)

named and linux resolver

(/comment/533#comment-533)

Permalink (/comment/533#comment-533)
Submitted by sysadmin@avz.org.ua on Wed,
01/15/2014 - 14:57

One of our clients requests that we have a local

DNS server on our linux host and this DNS server
should be iterative, not recursive. So I left in the
resolv.conf the only single string "nameserver
127.0.0.1" and insttalled bind. In the options
section of named.cond I have "allow-recursion {
127.0.0.1; };" and in this case all works fine. But
when I disable recursion completely (according to
client's requierements) by removing "allow-
recursion { 127.0.0.1; };" and adding instead
"recursion no;" all the applications on the host
cannot resolve anything, saying "unknown host"
(not surprisingly though).

So the question is how to switch properly named

from recursive to iterative mode and to preserve
the linux resolver's ability of resolving any
hostnames from local applications?
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 reply (/comment/reply/79/533)

Hi,So you are trying to

(/comment/537#comment-537)

Permalink (/comment/537#comment-537)
Submitted by Sarath Pillai on Mon, 01/20/2014
- 05:29

Hi,

So you are trying to disable recursion

completely and still enable your local LAN
servers to successfully resolve requests.
Unfortunately fullfilling your requirement with
any BIND name server package later than
version 9.5+ is not possible. This is because
bind version later to 9.5+ are now not replying
with a referral to DNS root servers for queries
which it does not have an answer.

(even when recursion no; was

specified) would return a referral to the
root servers (since these would, most
likely, be available in the cache). Since
BIND 9.5+ such queries are now failed
with REFUSED status

So try using an older version of bind (probably

9.4 or something) if you really need that
feature.

I would like to make one more point here. Why

dont you allow recursion for your local intranet
or say trusted hosts with an argument like
allow-recursion. Basically the idea behind
disabling recursion is due to the following
reasons.

Dos attacks (publicly available dns

servers can be targeted by attackers
with huge amounts of requests to
consume resources)
DNS amplification attacks(if there are
hundreds of publicly available dns
servers, which accepts recursive
Send Me Article Updates Via E-mail
queries, an attackerSignUp
can use all of them 
 to amplify traffic their specified target by
sending forged requests to all of them)
And cache poisoning.

But yeah if your dns server is not a publicly

available one, then these threats are not on
your radar. But yeah its better to make your
dns server do recursive queries for your
trusted subnets. Hope that answers your
question.

Regards

Sarath

reply (/comment/reply/79/537)

great post (/comment/539#comment-539)

Permalink (/comment/539#comment-539)
Submitted by imanuel on Tue, 01/21/2014 - 12:34

very clear and concise. Thank you

reply (/comment/reply/79/539)

Easy to understand
(/comment/541#comment-541)

Permalink (/comment/541#comment-541)
Submitted by Kumpon on Wed, 01/22/2014 - 10:12

It's very very great to see your post because i

doubt the recursive and the iterative dns for long
time. Thank you

reply (/comment/reply/79/541)

Perfect Explanation of Recursive and

Iterative DNS Query :)
(/comment/551#comment-551)

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 Permalink (/comment/551#comment-551)
Submitted by Amit Rao on Sun, 02/02/2014 -
15:11

Perfect explanation. Thank you so much for

providing such a nice explanation. :)

reply (/comment/reply/79/551)

kalakiteenga thala
(/comment/564#comment-564)

Permalink (/comment/564#comment-564)
Submitted by saravanan subra... on Wed,
02/12/2014 - 12:45

I would like to thank you for serving the people

who are all in the complicated
situation in understanding the concepts in depth.
this helps not only me but for all the basic
networking learners, because DNS is very
important for every thing.

Thank you
Saravanan

reply (/comment/reply/79/564)

thanks (/comment/604#comment-604)

Permalink (/comment/604#comment-604)
Submitted by vijay pratap singh on Tue,
03/25/2014 - 17:00

thanks sir.... wonderful answer.......

reply (/comment/reply/79/604)

Question: Iterative lookup

(/comment/690#comment-690)

Permalink (/comment/690#comment-690)
Send Me Article Updates
Submitted Via E-mail
by tokol SignUp - 05:16
on Mon, 04/21/2014 
 First, thanks for this great article!

A question regarding iterative lookup: How will our

configured (iterative) DNS server populate its
cache if the resolver is responsible for doing the
queries against the root DNS servers, TLD servers
and the authoritative name servers?

From the article it seems like our iterative DNS

server never "sees" the A records returned from
the authoritative name servers, since the resolver
does the query itself. Any help/clarification is
highly appreciated.

reply (/comment/reply/79/690)

DNS (/comment/695#comment-695)

Permalink (/comment/695#comment-695)
Submitted by gt on Fri, 04/25/2014 - 11:52

awesome explanation which is in very easy terms

..which can be understand by a newbie

reply (/comment/reply/79/695)

too good :) (/comment/707#comment-707)

Permalink (/comment/707#comment-707)
Submitted by sri on Fri, 05/09/2014 - 19:54

understood clearly :) keep the good work going :)

:)

reply (/comment/reply/79/707)

awesome explanation, very

(/comment/785#comment-785)

Permalink (/comment/785#comment-785)
Submitted by chandu on Sun, 07/13/2014 - 03:09

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 awesome explanation, very useful and easy to
understand for beginners

reply (/comment/reply/79/785)

Very useful, easy to

(/comment/788#comment-788)

Permalink (/comment/788#comment-788)
Submitted by suresh s on Tue, 07/15/2014 - 13:24

Very useful, easy to understand thanks a lot.

reply (/comment/reply/79/788)

what is Inverse queries

(/comment/795#comment-795)

Permalink (/comment/795#comment-795)
Submitted by shinu on Thu, 07/17/2014 - 13:04

Very nice post to understand the DNS cencept

thanks sarath

could you explaine about Inverse queries as well

reply (/comment/reply/79/795)

Query Types and excellant answer

(/comment/1037#comment-1037)

Permalink (/comment/1037#comment-1037)
Submitted by Laxman S Mandloi on Tue,
01/27/2015 - 14:34

Hi,

Big Thanks Bro.. for excellent write up..

reply (/comment/reply/79/1037)

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 using forwaders
(/comment/1047#comment-1047)

Permalink (/comment/1047#comment-1047)
Submitted by george on Sat, 02/14/2015 - 06:54

Excellent article, I just have one question. If I am

using a chain of DNS forwarders are those
requests considered recursive? Say my client
machine's primary DNS server is a domain
controller configured to forward DNS requests to
my ISP's DNS severs which in turn forwards
requests to Google's public DNS recursors. Are
the requests between those three DNS servers
considered recursive?

reply (/comment/reply/79/1047)

re: using forwarders

(/comment/1048#comment-1048)

Permalink (/comment/1048#comment-1048)
Submitted by george on Mon, 02/16/2015 -
03:24

To clarify if forwarded requests are considered

recursive then would one expect the response
to traverse backwards in the chain?

Client > Primary DNS > ISP DNS > Google

DNS (found in cache) > ISP DNS > Primary
DNS > Client.

However if forwarded requests are iterative,

the request goes up the chain and when an
answer is found it would go directly back to my
client.

Client > Primary DNS > ISP DNS > Google

DNS (found in cache) > Client

reply (/comment/reply/79/1048)

Great Work!! (/comment/1124#comment-

1124)
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 Permalink (/comment/1124#comment-1124)
Submitted by Karthik on Mon, 06/29/2015 - 11:24

Thanks a lot!!

reply (/comment/reply/79/1124)

Very Useful...!!! (/comment/1147#comment-

1147)

Permalink (/comment/1147#comment-1147)
Submitted by Shubham Shah on Fri, 07/31/2015 -
11:47

Thanks a lott...

Please come up with the new articles on all the

types of VPN fundamentals, Protocols and
Firewall fundamentals with packet capture

reply (/comment/reply/79/1147)

Awesome explanation.
(/comment/1155#comment-1155)

Permalink (/comment/1155#comment-1155)
Submitted by Vishesh on Sun, 08/09/2015 - 18:30

Awesome explanation.

reply (/comment/reply/79/1155)

excellent article
(/comment/1187#comment-1187)

Permalink (/comment/1187#comment-1187)
Submitted by azmat shaikh on Wed, 09/09/2015 -
12:39

Thanks for writing this article. Very good

explanation.

Send Me Article
replyUpdates Via E-mail
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 Wow dude, (/comment/1192#comment-
1192)

Permalink (/comment/1192#comment-1192)
Submitted by bajay j. on Fri, 09/18/2015 - 18:02

Wow dude,
this is amazing - for the first time I clearly
understand the machinery behind dns in very
simple terms.

reply (/comment/reply/79/1192)

DNS- Type of Query

(/comment/1205#comment-1205)

Permalink (/comment/1205#comment-1205)
Submitted by Shahnwaz on Thu, 10/08/2015 -
12:44

Thanks a lot for this easy and simple explanation

of DNS. Really great.

reply (/comment/reply/79/1205)

Good explanation
(/comment/1227#comment-1227)

Permalink (/comment/1227#comment-1227)
Submitted by Anonymous on Tue, 11/03/2015 -
20:21

Good explanation.. Directly on the point .....

reply (/comment/reply/79/1227)

Nyc Explanation
(/comment/2267#comment-2267)
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 Permalink (/comment/2267#comment-2267)
Submitted by Atul Girishkumar on Tue, 05/17/2016
- 10:46

Thanks a lot for this easy and simple explanation

of DNS. Really awesome.

reply (/comment/reply/79/2267)

Good Explanation
(/comment/2373#comment-2373)

Permalink (/comment/2373#comment-2373)
Submitted by Vinodh on Wed, 09/21/2016 - 17:09

Good One. Can I get a similar kind of explanations

on what exactly happens when you type
google.com in browser and apply all the concept
of ARP,TCP handshake,DNS. In each layer how
the packet is carrier.

Kindly send to my mail

vinodh.purushothaman@yahoo.com
(mailto:vinodh.purushothaman@yahoo.com)

reply (/comment/reply/79/2373)

good explanat (/comment/2399#comment-

2399)

Permalink (/comment/2399#comment-2399)
Submitted by Anonymous on Sun, 10/09/2016 -
17:59

good explanationn

reply (/comment/reply/79/2399)

Excellent explanation
(/comment/2459#comment-2459)

Permalink (/comment/2459#comment-2459)
Send Me Article Updates
Submitted Via E-mail
by Neeraj SignUp - 08:54
on Tue, 11/29/2016 
 Excellent explanation

reply (/comment/reply/79/2459)

Easy, simple and great explantion

(/comment/2550#comment-2550)

Permalink (/comment/2550#comment-2550)
Submitted by Ibrahim N. Almahfooz on Tue,
02/07/2017 - 14:18

One of the best DNS queries explanations I've

ever came through.

Well done.

reply (/comment/reply/79/2550)

Good (/comment/2612#comment-2612)

Permalink (/comment/2612#comment-2612)
Submitted by Ajay sharma on Fri, 04/14/2017 -
00:10

Good Explanation of Recursive and iterative query

reply (/comment/reply/79/2612)

JAVA code (/comment/2624#comment-

2624)

Permalink (/comment/2624#comment-2624)
Submitted by Abdul Rehman on Tue, 05/02/2017 -
22:28

please Give JAVA Code Examples particularly

Iterative lookup

reply (/comment/reply/79/2624)

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 diffrence b/n recursive and iterative
query (/comment/2641#comment-2641)

Permalink (/comment/2641#comment-2641)
Submitted by Gebre on Sat, 05/13/2017 - 12:33

wonderful explanation with good example! it is

relay what am looking for

Thanks

reply (/comment/reply/79/2641)

DNS server (/comment/2778#comment-

2778)

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Submitted by Puni Henry on Thu, 11/16/2017 -
19:10

its very helpful info

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