Gramin Technical and Management

Campus Vishnupuri, Nanded

Program Code: CE5I

Subject & Subject Code: 22504
Academic Year: 2021-22
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF
TECHNICAL EDUCATION, MUMBAI
(MSBTE)

Micro PROJECT
“Simple Water Filter”

Submitted By
Name of Student Roll No Enrolment Number
Suhesh Sahebrao Shelke 553 1900690221
Vishal Sanjay jamdade 583 1911070005
Santosh Timma Kusalkar 562 1915030001
Sayaji Ramrao Pisal 549 1900690217

Guidance By –
Deshmukh Vina. S Mam
Content
 Introduction

 Simple Water Filter

 Materials Require

 Instructions

 Testing Variables

 How the Filter Works

 Reference
 Introduction
We all know that access to clean, fresh water is fundamental to our
health and wellbeing, and filtering our water ensures that this is chieved.
Most water filters remove harmful chemicals and bacteria, which if
consumed can cause diseases and general ill-health. There are many
other benefits of filtered water, including a better taste, and being more
cost effective and environmentally-friendly when compared to buying
bottled water.
water purification, process by which undesired chemical compounds,
organic and inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are
removed from water. That process also includes distillation (the
conversion of a liquid into vapour to condense it back to liquid form)
and deionization (ion removal through the extraction of dissolved salts).
One major purpose of water purification is to provide clean drinking
water. Water purification also meets the needs of medical,
pharmacological, chemical, and industrial applications for clean and
potable water. The purification procedure reduces the concentration of
contaminants such as suspended particles,
parasites, bacteria, algae, viruses, and fungi. Water purification takes
place on scales from the large (e.g., for an entire city) to the small (e.g.,
for individual households).
Most communities rely on natural bodies of water as intake sources for
water purification and for day-to-day use. In general, these resources can
be classified as groundwater or surface water and commonly include
underground aquifers, creeks, streams, rivers, and lakes. With recent
technological advancements, oceans and saltwater seas have also been
used as alternative water sources for drinking and domestic use.
Determining water quality
In modern times, the quality to which water must be purified is
typically set by government agencies. Whether set locally, nationally, or
internationally, government standards typically set maximum
concentrations of harmful contaminants that can be allowed in safe
water. Since it is nearly impossible to examine water simply on the basis
of appearance, multiple processes, such as physical, chemical, or
biological analyses, have been developed to test contamination levels.
Levels of organic and inorganic chemicals, such as
chloride, copper, manganese, sulfates, and zinc, microbial pathogens,
radioactive materials, and dissolved and suspended solids, as well as pH,
odour, colour, and taste, are some of the common parameters analyzed
to assess water quality and contamination levels.
Regular household methods such as boiling water or using an
activated-carbon filter can remove some water contaminants. Although
those methods are popular because they can be used widely and
inexpensively, they often do not remove more dangerous contaminants.
For example, natural spring water from artesian wells was historically
considered clean for all practical purposes, but it came under scrutiny
during the first decade of the 21st century because of worries
over pesticides, fertilizers, and other chemicals from the surface entering
wells. As a result, artesian wells were subjected to treatment and
batteries of tests, including tests for the parasite Cryptosporidium.
Not all people have access to safe drinking water. According to a 2017
report by the United Nations (UN) World Health Organization (WHO),
2.1 billion people lack access to a safe and reliable drinking water
supply at home. Eighty-eight percent of the four billion annual cases
of diarrhea reported worldwide have been attributed to a lack of sanitary
drinking water. Each year approximately 525,000 children under age
five die from diarrhea, the second leading cause of death, and 1.7 million
 are sickened by diarrheal diseases caused by unsafe water, coupled with
inadequate sanitation and hygiene.

Process
Most water used in industrialized countries is treated at water treatment
plants. Although the methods those plants use in pretreatment depend on
their size and the severity of the contamination, those practices have
been standardized to ensure general compliance with national and
international regulations. The majority of water is purified after it has
been pumped from its natural source or directed via pipelines into
holding tanks. After the water has been transported to a central location,
the process of purification begins

Pretreatment
In pretreatment, biological contaminants, chemicals, and other
materials are removed from water. The first step in that process is
screening, which removes large debris such as sticks and trash from the
water to be treated. Screening is generally used when purifying surface
water such as that from lakes and rivers. Surface water presents a greater
risk of having been polluted with large amounts of contaminants.
Pretreatment may include the addition of chemicals to control the
growth of bacteria in pipes and tanks (prechlorination) and a stage that
incorporates sand filtration, which helps suspended solids settle to the
bottom of a storage tank.
Preconditioning, in which water with high mineral content (hard
water) is treated with sodium carbonate (soda ash), is also part of the
pretreatment process. During that step, sodium carbonate is added to the
water to force out calcium carbonate, which is one of the main
components in shells of marine life and is an active ingredient in
agricultural lime. Preconditioning ensures that hard water, which leaves
 mineral deposits behind that can clog pipes, is altered to achieve the
same consistency as soft water.
Prechlorination, which is often the final step of pretreatment and a
standard practice in many parts of the world, has been questioned by
scientists. During the prechlorination process, chlorine is applied to raw
water that may contain high concentrations of natural organic matter.
This organic matter reacts with chlorine during the disinfection process
and can result in the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), such
as trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, chlorite, and bromate. Exposure to
DBPs in drinking water can lead to health issues. Worries stem from the
practice’s possible association with stomach and bladder cancer and the
hazards of releasing chlorine into the environment.

Other purification steps

After pretreatment, chemical treatment and refinement can occur.
That process includes coagulation, a step in which chemicals are added
that cause small particles suspended in the water to clump
together. Flocculation follows, which mixes the water with large paddles
so that coagulated particles can be brought together into larger clumps
(or “floc”) that slowly settle on the bottom of the tank or basin.
After the majority of the suspended particles have settled, water exits the
flocculation basin and then enters a sedimentation basin. Sedimentation
basins move treated waters along through the purification process while
allowing remaining particles to settle. Sludge forms that appear on the
floor of the tank are removed and treated. From that basin, water is
moved to the next step, filtration, which removes the remaining
suspended particles and unsettled floc in addition to many
microorganisms and algae.
Disinfection is the final step in water purification. During that step,
harmful microbes, such as bacteria, viruses, and protozoa, are killed
through the addition of disinfectant chemicals. Disinfection usually
involves a form of chlorine, especially chloramines or chlorine dioxide.
 Chlorine is a toxic gas, resulting in some danger from release associated
with its use. To avoid those risks, some water treatment plants
use ozone, ultraviolet radiation, or hydrogen peroxide disinfection
instead of chlorine. Other purification methodologies include
ultrafiltration for specific dissolved substances, ion exchange to remove
metal ions, and fluoridation to prevent tooth decay.
In certain areas of the world that do not have access to water treatment
plants, alternative methods of purification must be used. Those methods
include boiling, granular activated-carbon filtering, distillation,
reverse osmosis, and direct contact membrane distillation.
Industrial water purification
In addition to drinking and domestic uses, industries also consume
significant amounts of water. Chemical, petroleum, food processing,
and textile industries, for example, require water for manufacturing,
processing, heating, cooling, washing, rinsing, and other applications.
Such industrial systems require treated water, and the lack of appropriate
purification can lead to issues such as scaling, corrosion, deposition,
bacterial growth within piping or processing equipment, and poor
product quality. In addition to conventional water treatment processes,
industrial water purification may also involve specialized techniques
such as electrodeionization, ion exchange, membrane
systems, ozone treatment, evaporation, and ultraviolet irradiation.
Technologies selection depends upon the raw water quality and the
intended industrial use.
Saline water purification
The vast majority of communities rely on freshwater resources for
drinking and domestic water supplies. However, with shrinking
freshwater reserves and rising water demands complicated by natural
factors such as droughts, floods, and climate change impacts, several
countries have begun to utilize oceans and inland seas as alternative
water sources. Desalination technologies that remove salts and minerals
from seawater are emerging to produce potable water suitable for
drinking and domestic purposes.

Simple Water Filter

You can easily make a water filter
with children using recycled
materials found at home. This
project is best for children in
grades three through six, but it
will work for all ages. Construction
of the homemade water
filter will take about an hour to
build. Testing of the water filter can
take anywhere from an hour to
several hours depending on how
fast the water drips. By using
natural materials that
mimic the water cycle of the Earth,
children can learn how the
process of infiltration works
and create a water filter that
works.
 Simple Water Filter
Materials Required

1. Plastic soda or juice bottle

2. Two water container 10 litre or 7 litre Capacity

3. Gravel or small stones

4. Clean Sand

5. Activated Charcoal
6. Cotton balls, small cloth or filter Paper

7. Water

8. Scissors or Paper Cutter

Instructions
1. Make Hole bottom or Top an old plastic soda or juice bottle using
scissors or a Paper Cutter.
2. Place filter paper cloth or cotton inside the bottle as the first layer.
3. The first layer should be about one to two inches thick.
4. Add an inch of activated charcoal as the second layer on top of the
cotton layer.
5. Over the charcoal, Add about three to four inches of clean sand on
charcoal Layer
6. add about two inches of gravel or small stones as the Forth layer.
7. Fix the bottle down side into the big Container and up side bottom
of small container
8. Make Shore the bottle is water tight sill.
 9. The Water Filter is ready to use.
10. Pour the glass of muddy water on top of the water filter and watch
the water drip clean into the glass below.

Testing Variables
Many of the materials used to make a Simple water filter can be
found around the house and recycled for the purpose of this project. A
small washcloth, chamois cloth or filter Paper can be used instead of
cotton balls. If gravel is not available, small pebbles or stones can be
used. If a plastic soda bottle cannot be recycled, a large funnel can also
be used instead.
As part of the experiment, different materials to determine which
materials produce the cleanest water. Instead of using sand and gravel,
children could try rice and sponges. Kids can build several water filters
using different materials to determine which materials filter "dirty"
water into clean water.

How the Filter Works

 Each layer of the homemade water filter has a purpose. Gravel or
small stones are used to filter out large sediments, like leaves or insects,
whereas sand is used to remove fine impurities. Finally, the activated
charcoal removes contaminants and impurities through chemical
absorption.

Reference
 Google
 science.lovetoknow.com
 Videos
o Make a simple water filter experiment
o Homemade Water Filter How to make water purifier at
home