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Phy 2

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CONTENTS

FOREWORD iii
RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOKS v

CHAPTER ONE
ELECTRIC CHARGES AND FIELDS
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electric Charge 1
1.3 Conductors and Insulators 3
1.4 Basic Properties of Electric Charge 4
1.5 Coulomb’s Law 6
1.6 Forces between Multiple Charges 11
1.7 Electric Field 14
1.8 Electric Field Lines 19
1.9 Electric Flux 21
1.10 Electric Dipole 23
1.11 Dipole in a Uniform External Field 27
1.12 Continuous Charge Distribution 28
1.13 Gauss’s Law 29
1.14 Applications of Gauss’s Law 33

CHAPTER TWO
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL AND CAPACITANCE
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Electrostatic Potential 47
2.3 Potential due to a Point Charge 48
2.4 Potential due to an Electric Dipole 49
2.5 Potential due to a System of Charges 51
2.6 Equipotential Surfaces 54
2.7 Potential Energy of a System of Charges 55
2.8 Potential Energy in an External Field 58
2.9 Electrostatics of Conductors 61
2.10 Dielectrics and Polarisation 65
2.11 Capacitors and Capacitance 67
2.12 The Parallel Plate Capacitor 68
2.13 Effect of Dielectric on Capacitance 69
2.14 Combination of Capacitors 71
2.15 Energy Stored in a Capacitor 73

2024-25
CHAPTER THREE
CURRENT ELECTRICITY
3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Electric Current 81
3.3 Electric Currents in Conductors 82
3.4 Ohm’s law 83
3.5 Drift of Electrons and the Origin of Resistivity 85
3.6 Limitations of Ohm’s Law 89
3.7 Resistivity of Various Materials 89
3.8 Temperature Dependence of Resistivity 90
3.9 Electrical Energy, Power 92
3.10 Cells, emf, Internal Resistance 93
3.11 Cells in Series and in Parallel 95
3.12 Kirchhoff’s Rules 97
3.13 Wheatstone Bridge 100

CHAPTER FOUR
MOVING CHARGES AND MAGNETISM
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Magnetic Force 108
4.3 Motion in a Magnetic Field 112
4.4 Magnetic Field due to a Current Element, Biot-Savart Law 113
4.5 Magnetic Field on the Axis of a Circular Current Loop 115
4.6 Ampere’s Circuital Law 117
4.7 The Solenoid 121
4.8 Force between Two Parallel Currents, the Ampere 122
4.9 Torque on Current Loop, Magnetic Dipole 124
4.10 The Moving Coil Galvanometer 129

CHAPTER FIVE
MAGNETISM AND MATTER
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 The Bar Magnet 137
5.3 Magnetism and Gauss’s Law 142
5.4 Magnetisation and Magnetic Intensity 145
5.5 Magnetic Properties of Materials 147

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2024-25
CHAPTER SIX
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
6.1 Introduction 154
6.2 The Experiments of Faraday and Henry 155
6.3 Magnetic Flux 156
6.4 Faraday’s Law of Induction 157
6.5 Lenz’s Law and Conservation of Energy 160
6.6 Motional Electromotive Force 162
6.7 Inductance 165
6.8 AC Generator 170

CHAPTER SEVEN
ALTERNATING CURRENT
7.1 Introduction 177
7.2 AC Voltage Applied to a Resistor 178
7.3 Representation of AC Current and Voltage by
Rotating Vectors — Phasors 181
7.4 AC Voltage Applied to an Inductor 181
7.5 AC Voltage Applied to a Capacitor 184
7.6 AC Voltage Applied to a Series LCR Circuit 186
7.7 Power in AC Circuit: The Power Factor 190
7.8 Transformers 194

CHAPTER EIGHT
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 Displacement Current 202
8.3 Electromagnetic Waves 205
8.4 Electromagnetic Spectrum 208

ANSWERS 215

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2024-25

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