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: 1 1974-1858 : -25
. 1978

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-1914 : -26
. 1975 : 1 1952

: 1 1916-1516 : -27
. 1974

. : 2 : -28

. 1960 : : -29

1908-1800 : -30
. 1969 : 2

1910-1875 : -31
. 1981 : 2

: -32
. : -

. 1992 : 1 -

: -33
: -
.1971
: 1 -
. 1968

. : : -34

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. 1985 : : - 35

. 1973 : 1 : - 36

. 1987 : 1 1918-1908 : - 37

: -38
. 1989 : 1

-1922 : -39
. 1982 : 1 1952

: 4 1914-1875 - : -40
. 1991

. 1987 : : -41

: 1956-1882 : -42
. 1956

1882-1856 : - 43
. 1990 : 2

: : -44
. 1951

. 1966 : : -45

: 1 : -46
. 1975

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. 1985 : 1 : -47

1986 : : -48

. 1974 : 5 : -49

: -50
. 1995 : 1

: : -51
. 1938

1 1952-1936 : -52
. 1987 :

. : : -53

: 1 : -54
. 1994
: 1 : -56
. 1953

: 1 1914-1864 : -57
. 1969

1919 : -58
. 1983 :

: 1876-1840 : -59
. 1962

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: - -60
. 1951

. 1978 : : -61

: 2 1899-1867 : -62
. 1957

: -63
. 1988 :

: 1920-1918 : -64
. 1971

: - 65
2 1920 -1860 -
. 1978 :

-
. 1980 : 1

- -
. 1988 :

: -66
. 1973 : 1

. 1980 : 7 : -67

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: -68
. 1978 : 1

: 1 : -69
. 1975
: -70
. 1989 : 2

: : -71
. 1992

: -72
: 1 2 -
. 1949
: 2 -
. 1978

. 1937 : 1 : -73

. 1954 : : -74

: 2 : -75
. 1978

: -76
. 1999 : 1 (1918-1516)

. 1980 : 3 : -77

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: 1 : -78
. 1981

. 1955 : : -79

. 1958 : 1 : -80

: -

: -1
. 1997 : 12 8

. : 3 2 : -2

: 2 : -3
.
: -4

. 1982 : 4 5 -
. 1993 : 1 4 -

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: -

) 1840-1831 : -1
. 1979 (

: -2
. 1998 ( ) 1948-1917

: -

: -1

. 1988
: -2
. 1986

: -3
. 1980 4 1939-1516

. -4
. 1996

. : -5
. 1980 4 1939-1516

: -6
4 1939-1516 1914-1908
. 1980

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: –

: -1
. 1921
753 1931/ – 1 8 -

. 1978 : -2

20 1998/ – 230 20 -
77 1990 / - 141 13 -
77 1986 / - 87 9 -
12 1978 / – 4 1 -

: -3
. 1885 1876

155 1924 / 2 48 -
905 1908 / 2 33 -
63 1896 / 1 20 -
582 1895 / 8 19 -
528 1895/ 7 19 -
675 1895 / 9 19 -
673 1893 / 10 17 -
168 1893 / 2 17 -
65 1886 / 2 11 -
142 1884 / 3 9 -

. 1898 : -4

209-204 1918 / - 28 4 21 -
183 1916 / – 29 3 19 -

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879 1913 / - 30 11 16 -
392 1913 / - 7 5 16 -
478 1909 / - 17 1 12 -
338 1908 / - 29 5 11 -

. 1892 : -5

133 1908 / - 1 4 16 -
331 1905 / – 1 6 13 -
134 1904 / - 1 17 12 -
350 1901 / - 15 12 9 -
114 1900 / /- 15 13 8 -
75 1899 / - 15 18 7 -
166 1899 / - 15 18 7 -
400 1899 / – 15 13 7 -
394 1899 / - 15 19 7 -
83 1895 / - 1 1 4 -
145 1893 / - 17 2 -

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: -

1875 : -1
. 1899

3 1913 / - 6-
4 1911 / - 7-
2 1911 / – 14-
4 1908 / - 25 -
2 1908 / - 25 -
2 1902 / - 12 -
4- 2 1901 / - 12 -
1 1895 / - 28 -
2 1895 / - 4-
2 1895 / - 22 -
1 1894 / – 18-
1 1893 / – 18 -
1 1893 / – 27-
3 1893 / - 8-
1 1887 / – 27-
1 1884 / - 24-

: -2
. 1889
4-1 1908 / – 11-
5 1898 / – 26 -
1 1895/ - 14 -
3 1893 / – 21 -
2 1891 / - 17 -

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1 1890/ - 11-
2 1889 / - 27 -
5-1 1889 / - 19 -
1 1889 / – 12 -
6-1 1889 / - 13 -
6 1889 / – 3-

. 1889 : -3
1 1890 / - 15 -

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: -

1-Gromer, L: Modern Egypt, 2Vol, London, 1908.

2-Husary.kh: Three Reformers, Astudy in Modern Arab Political

Thought. Khayat’s, Beirut, 1966.

3-Kayyali.A.W: Palestine Amodern History, London, Third World

Centre.

4-LawrenceT.E: Seven Pillars of Wisdom, London, Penguin

Books,1973 .

5- Orfalea.G: Before the Flames, Aqust for the History of Arab

Americans, Texas .1989.

6-Salibi.K: The Emergence of the Lebanese. Republice, Berut.Lebanon

Bookshop, 1969

7-Tibawi.A.L: Amodern History of Syria, London, 1969.

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Abstract:

Al Sham region has witnessed an increased immigration movement

to Egypt during the second half of the 19 th century and beginning of
20th century. At tat time, the political, social and economic crisis
prevailed at the region resulted in a state of insecurity and instability,
and the policy of tyranny and suppression that was exercised by the
Othmani "Walis" (leaders). Given also the deterioration of the living
conditions of the people, large numbers of inhabitants of Al Sham
were obliged to decide on immigration in order to seek a better
environment which would offer better living conditions compared
with their place of origin. Thus, immigration movement heading
abroad was activation and the first destination for the Shamis was
Egypt due to their political stability, economical prosperity and
proportional freedom reaches as a consequence of the Reformation
Method of the Khidaiwi State which has advanced in implementing
reformation and modernization plans initiated during the era of
Mohamed Ali Basha and continued throughout especially at the days
of Al Khidaiwi Ismaeel who invited artists and educationalists and all
nationalities to Egypt to contribute in its reformation and
modernization programs aimed at establishing a modern state
similar to the European example in all fields of Administration,
politics, economics and culture.

Egypt has received those immigrants who interacted with the new
environment they settled in. They have integrated in the Egyptian
society of which they had links of mutual historical relationship and
close oriental traditions. This relationship has allowed opportunities
of notable economical success and also political activities in a wider
freedom margin that was not accessible in Al Sham. In addition to
their cultural and intellectual contributions in Egypt which touched
on various spheres of knowledge. They have established newspapers
and magazines, contributed in movement of translation and
Arabization that assimilated global sciences and literature, activated
movement of printing and publications, contributed significantly in
the artistic and theatric movement in Egypt and other fields of
knowledge they took a prospered part within the modern renaissance
witnessed in Egypt during the second half of the 19 th century and
beginning of the 20th century.

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AN-NAJAH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF GRADUATE

STUDIES DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

IMMIGRATION OF ASHWAM TO EGYPT IN THE

SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND
EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY

By
Maher Mohammad Said Darweesh

Supervisior
Dr. Bahjat Sabri

Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of – the Requirements for the Degree of

Master of Arts in History

Nablus-Palestine

159