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NCERT
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Chemistry
Class
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 Chapter – 4
Carbon and its Compounds

Questions:
Q. 1 What would be the electron-dot structure of carbon dioxide which
has the formula CO2?
Answer: The electron-dot structure of carbon dioxide (CO2) is:

Q. 2 What would be the electron-dot structure of a molecule of sulphur

which is made up of eight atoms of sulphur? (Hint. The eight atoms of
sulphur are joined together in the form of a ring).
Answer: The electron- dot structure of Sulphur (S) is:

Questions:

Q.1 How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane?
Answer: Three structural isomers are possible for pentane (C5H12).
These are-
Q. 2 What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge
number of carbon compounds we see around us?
Answer: The two properties of carbon which lead to the formation of
large number of carbon compounds are as follows:
(i) Catenation: It is ability to form bonds with other atoms of carbon.
(ii) Tetravalency: Since carbon has a valency of four, it is capable of
bonding with four other atoms.

Q. 3 What will be the formula and electron-dot structure of

cyclopentane?
Answer: The molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5H10.
The electron-dot structure of cyclopentane is:
Q. 4 Draw the structures for the following compounds:
(i) Ethanoic acid (ii) Bromopentane
(iii) Butanone (iv) Hexanal
Are structural isomers possible for bromopentane?
Answer: (i) The structure of ethanoic acid:

(ii) Structure of Bromopentane:

(iii) Structure of butanone:

(iv) Structure of hexanal:

Yes, there are many structural isomers are possible for bromopentane.
Among them, the structure of three isomers are given below:
Q. 5 How would you name the following compounds?

Answer:

Answer:
(i) The compound ( ) contains 2 carbon atoms which
means the parent hydrocarbon is ethane. It also contains a bromo group
attached to one of the carbon atoms. Thus, the nomenclature of the
compound is bromoethane.

(ii) The compound ( ) contains 1 carbon atom which means the

parent hydrocarbon is methane. It also contains a functional group

called aldehyde group which is represented by the adding a

suffix 'al' at the end of name of the compound. Now, the name of carbon
chain is modified by deleting the last 'e' of methane and adding the
suffix 'al'. Thus, the nomenclature of the compound is 'methanal'.
(iii) The compound contains 6 carbon atoms which

means the parent hydrocarbon is hexane. It also

contains a triple bond (−𝐶 ≡ 𝐶−) in it which is
represented by adding a suffix ‘yne’. Now, replacing the ‘ane’ of
hexane by ‘yne’, the name of above compound becomes ‘hexyne’.

Questions:

Q. 1 Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation

reaction?
Answer: The addition of oxygen to a substance is called oxidation. The
conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid is as follows:

Since, in this reaction, one oxygen is added to ethanol, hence it is an

oxidation reaction.

Q. 2 A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell
why a mixture of ethyne and air is not used?
Answer: A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because
when ethyne is burnt in air, it gives a sooty flame due to incomplete
combustion which is not enough to melt metals for welding.
Questions:

Q. 1 How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol

and a carboxylic acid?
Answer: Take the samples of alcohol and carboxylic acid in different
test tubes and add some sodium hydrogen carbonated in both the tubes.
Carboxylic acid reacts with sodium hydrogen carbonate to give brisk
effervescence of carbon dioxide gas but alcohol does not react with
sodium hydrogen carbonate.
𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 → 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 + 𝐻2𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2
𝐶2𝐻5 + 𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂3 → 𝑁𝑜 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

Q. 2 What are oxidising agents?

Answer: An oxidising agent is one which oxidises other substances by
providing oxygen or removing hydrogen. Alkaline potassium
permanganate and acidified potassium dichromate can be used as
oxidising agents.
For example: Alkaline potassium permanganate or acidified potassium
dichromate are oxidising alcohols to acids, that is, adding oxygen to the
starting material.

Questions

Q.1 Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent?

Answer: Detergent gives lather with hard and soft water both, while a
soap gives lather with soft water only. Thus, it is not possible to check
the hardness of water by using a detergent.
Q. 2 People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after
adding the soap, they beat the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a
paddle, scrub with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing
machine. Why is agitation necessary to get clean clothes?
Answer: It is necessary to agitate to get clean clothes because the soap
micelles which entrap oily dirt on the surface of dirty cloth have to be
removed from its surface. When the dirty clothes are agitated in soap
solution, the oily dirt particles entrapped by soap micelles get dispersed
in water and the clothes get cleaned.

Exercise
Questions:

Q.1 Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has:

A. 6 covalent bonds
B. 7 covalent bonds
C. 8 covalent bonds
D. 9 covalent bonds
Answer: The number of covalent bonds in ethane (C2H6) is 7. Ethane
is a saturated hydrocarbon in which all the carbon atoms are connected
by only single bonds.

Q. 2 Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group:

A. carboxylic acid
B. aldehyde
C. ketone
D. alcohol
Answer: Acetone (CH3CH2COCH3) is an organic compound which
contains a ketone as functional group.

Q. 3 While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on

the outside, it means that:
A. the food is not cooked completely
B. the fuel is not burning completely
C. the fuel is wet
D. the fuel is burning completely
Answer: While cooking, if the bottom of the cooking utensil is getting
blackened on the outside, it means that the fuel is not burning
completely.

Q. 4 Explain the nature of the covalent bond by using the bond

formation in CH3Cl.
Answer: Carbon has four electron in its outermost shell and needs to
gain or loss four electrons to attain noble gas configuration. To
overcome this, carbon shares each of the four electrons with each of the
three hydrogen atoms and one chloride atom. The bond that are formed
by sharing electrons are known as covalent bond.
Q. 5 Draw the electron-dot structures for:

(a) Ethanoic acid

(b) H2S
(c) Propanone
(d) F2
Answer: (a) The electron – dot structure for ethanoic acid
(CH3COOH):

(b) The electron-dot structure for hydrogen sulphide (H2S):

(c) The electron-dot structure for propane (CH3COCH3):

(d) The electron-dot structure for fluorine (F2):

Q. 6 What is a homologous series? Explain with an example.

Answer: A series of organic compounds in which hydrogen in a carbon
chain is replaced by the same functional group, is called homologous
series. Any two adjacent homologues differ by (-CH2) in their
molecular formulae.
All the compounds of a homologous series show similar chemical
properties.
Example of homologous series: Alkynes.
All the members of homologous series of alkynes have similar structure
and similar chemical properties, so they can be grouped together into
the homologous series. The general formula of homologous series of
alkynes is CnH2n-2. Where, n is the number of carbon atoms in alkyne
molecule. The members of alkyne homologous series are:
● Ethyne (C2H2)-First member of alkyne homologous series.
● Propyne (C3H4)-Second member of alkyne homologous series.
● Butyne (C4H6)-Third member of alkyne homologous series.
● Pentyne (C5H8)-Four member of alkyne homologous series.
● Hexyne (C6H10)-Five member of alkyne homologous series.

Q. 7 How can ethanol and ethanoic acid be differentiated on the basis

of their physical and chemical properties?
Answer: (a) Differences in physical properties:
(i) Ethanol has a pleasant smell whereas ethanoic acid has the smell of
vinegar.
(ii) Ethanol has a burning taste whereas ethanoic acid has a sour taste.
(iii) The boiling point of ethanol is low (351 K) whereas that of ethanoic
acid is comparatively high (391 K).
(b) Differences in chemical properties:
(i) Ethanol has no action on any litmus paper but ethanoic acid turns
blue litmus to red.
(ii) Ethanol has no reaction with sodium hydrogencarbonate but
ethanoic acid gives brisk effervescence of carbon dioxide with sodium
hydrogencarbonate.
Q. 8 Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to
water? Will a micelle be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also?
Answer: A soap is a sodium or potassium salt of long chain fatty acids.
It has one polar end and one non-polar end. Polar end is hydrophilic in
nature whereas non-polar end is hydrophobic. When soap is added to
water, it forms a colloidal suspension in water in which the soap
molecules cluster together to form spherical aggregates called micelles.
In a soap micelle, soap molecules are arranged radially with
hydrocarbon ends directed towards the center and ionic ends directed
outwards.
No, micelle will not be formed in other solvents such as ethanol.

Q. 9 Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most
applications?
Answer: Carbon and its compounds are used as fuels because they
give a lot of heat and light when burnt in air.
(i) When carbon is burned in air, it produces carbon dioxide gas and
releases a lot of heat:

𝐵𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐶 + 𝑂2 →−−−−−→ 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛
(𝑐𝑜𝑎𝑙) (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑖𝑟) 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒
(ii) When a carbon compound methane is burned in air, it produces
carbon dioxide and water vapour, and releases a lot of
heat:
𝐵𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 →−−−−−→ 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 (𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
(𝑁𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠) (𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎𝑖𝑟) 𝑑𝑖𝑜𝑥𝑖𝑑𝑒 )

Q. 10 Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with

soap.
Answer: Soap does not work properly when hard water is used. Hard
water contains salt of calcium and magnesium. When soap is added
with hard water, a large amount of soap in water reacts with the calcium
and magnesium ions of hard water to form an insoluble precipitate
called scum. This makes the cleaning of clothes difficult.

Q. 11 What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper
(red and blue)?
Answer: Since soap is basic in nature, it will turn red litmus paper blue.
However, blue litmus paper will remain blue when tested with soap
solution.

Q. 12 What is hydrogenation? What is its industrial application?

Answer: The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon in
the presence of nickel (or palladium) catalyst to obtain a saturated
hydrocarbon is called hydrogenation.

This reaction is commonly used in hydrogenation of vegetable oil into

vegetable ghee (solid fat).
Q. 13 Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition
reactions?
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Answer: Unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes and alkynes) will give
addition reactions. Being unsaturated hydrocarbons, C3H6 (alkene) and
C2H2(alkyne)will give addition reactions.

Q. 14 Give a test that can be used to differentiate between saturated and

unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Answer: Saturated Hydrocarbons do not react with Bromine water
whereas unsaturated hydrocarbons change the color of Bromine water.

Q. 15 Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soap.

Answer: Soaps are molecules in which the two ends have differing
properties, one is hydrophilic, that is, it dissolves in water, while the
other end is hydrophobic, that is, it dissolves in hydrocarbons. When
soap is at the surface of water, the hydrophobic ‘tail’ of soap will not
be soluble in water and the soap will align along the surface of water
with the ionic end in water and the hydrocarbon ‘tail’ protruding out of
water.
Inside water, these molecules have a unique orientation that keeps the
hydrocarbon portion out of the water. This is achieved by forming
clusters of molecules in which the hydrophobic tails are in the interior
of the cluster and the ionic ends are on the surface of the cluster. This
formation is called a micelle. Soap in the form of a micelle is able to
clean, since the oily dirt will be collected in the center of the micelle.
The ionic ends in the micelles remain attached to water. When the dirty
clothes are agitated in soap solution, the oily dirt particles entrapped by
soap micelles get dispersed in water and the clothes get cleaned.
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