NANDHA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of
Computer Science and Engineering

V
o
l
u
m
e
9

TECHNICAL MAGAZINE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2021-2022

ISSUE-2
 ABOUT DEPARTMENT
Volume: 9

The department of CSE was started in the year 2008 and offers B.E degree programme. The

department hasvarious laboratories and well-qualified and experienced faculty. The department has signed

the MoU withleading companies. Computer Science and Engineering is a worldwide accepted educational

instrument designed toincrease the effectiveness and efficiency of the educational system. Computers are

mainly used to improvethe learning system. Online learning and remote training are among new education

forms.

With a right combination of theory, practical, projects (hands-on) and industrial training in the areas

such as Data science, Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning, Cloud essentials, Full stack

development, this programme has well placed itself as a well-known preference for the students.
 VISION

• To be a centre of excellence in the field of Computer Science with Global standards of Academic and
Research for the need of Society and Industry.

MISSION
• To provide value based Computer Science education and produce innovative, competent and high
quality Computer Engineers for the growing demand of Society and Industry.
• To facilitate the students for enhancing the technical skills to involve in research activities through
lifelong learning.

PROGRAM OUTCOMES POs:

Engineering Graduates will be able to:

PO1: Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering

fundamentals and an engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO2: Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex
engineering problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO3: Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and
design system components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration
for the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

PO4: Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research
methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the
information to provide valid conclusions.

PO5: Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an
understanding of the limitations.

PO6: The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess
societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.
PO7: Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions
in societal and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.

PO8: Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms
of the engineering practice.

PO9: Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in
diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10: Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the

engineering community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective
reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.

PO11: Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering
and management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO12: Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs) – REGULATION 2017

PEO1: To enable graduates to pursue higher education and research, or have a successful career in
industries
associated with Computer Science and Engineering, or as entrepreneurs.
PEO2: To ensure that graduates will have the ability and attitude to adapt to emerging technological
changes.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES (PSOs) – REGULATION 2017

PSO1: To analyze, design and develop computing solutions by applying foundational concepts of
Computer Science and Engineering.
PSO2: To apply software engineering principles and practices for developing quality software for
scientific and business applications.
PSO3: To adapt to emerging Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to innovate ideas
and solutions to existing/novel problems.
 STUDENT’S ARTICLES

EXPLORING EDGE COMPUTING: BENEFITS AND

USE CASES

In an era where data generation is at an all-time high, traditional cloud computing

architectures are increasingly facing challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and
security. Enter edge computing, a paradigm shift that brings computation and data
storage closer to the source of data generation. By decentralizing processing, edge
computing significantly reduces latency and bandwidth usage, allowing for real-time
data analysis and quicker decision-making.

Edge computing refers to a distributed computing model that processes data near
the edge of the network, rather than relying solely on centralized data centers. This
proximity to data sources offers several key benefits. First, reduced latency is crucial
for applications that require real-time responses, such as autonomous vehicles and
industrial automation.
 By processing data closer to where it’s generated, edge computing minimizes the
time it takes for data to travel to a centralized server and back. Additionally, it enhances
bandwidth efficiency by minimizing the amount of data that needs to be sent over the
network. Instead of transmitting all raw data to the cloud, only the essential information
is sent, thereby reducing bandwidth consumption and associated costs.

Security is another significant advantage. With data processed locally, edge

computing limits the amount of sensitive information transmitted over the network,
which can help mitigate risks. Moreover, localized data compliance with regulations,
such as GDPR, becomes more manageable. Reliability is also improved, as edge
devices can operate independently of centralized servers, ensuring continuity during
network failures—an essential feature for mission-critical applications in sectors like
healthcare and manufacturing. Furthermore, edge computing offers scalability;
organizations can efficiently deploy new edge devices to accommodate increasing data
loads without overhauling their existing infrastructure.
Various industries are harnessing the power of edge computing. In autonomous
vehicles, real-time data processing from sensors and cameras allows for immediate
decision-making, enhancing safety and performance. Smart city initiatives leverage
edge computing to process data from traffic cameras, environmental sensors, and
public transport systems, leading to improved traffic management, energy
consumption, and public safety. In healthcare, wearable devices benefit from edge
computing by analyzing health data on-site, enabling quick alerts for medical
professionals and patients during emergencies. The manufacturing sector utilizes edge
computing to monitor machinery and processes in real time, allowing for anomaly
detection and optimized production efficiency. Retailers are also using this technology
to enhance customer experiences through personalized marketing and inventory
management, with data from in-store sensors processed locally.
In conclusion, edge computing represents a significant advancement in how we
process and manage data in a rapidly evolving digital landscape. By bringing
computation closer to the data source, it addresses many challenges associated with
traditional cloud computing, offering improved latency, bandwidth efficiency,
security, and reliability. As industries continue to embrace the Internet of Things (IoT)
and smart technologies, edge computing will undoubtedly play a critical role in shaping
the future of computing. Its transformative potential across various applications makes
it an essential topic for computer science engineers to explore and understand.

SURYA M
III-CSE
 WORKSHOP ON
WEB DEVELOPMENT
USING REACT JS
ETHICAL ISSUES IN DATA PRIVACY AND PROTECTION

In today’s digital age, data has become a cornerstone of business operations,

influencing decisions from marketing strategies to product development. However, as
organizations collect vast amounts of personal information, ethical concerns regarding
data privacy and protection have emerged as critical issues. This article delves into the
ethical dilemmas surrounding data privacy, examining the balance between
technological advancement and the fundamental rights of individuals.

At the heart of the ethical debate is the concept of informed consent. Individuals
often provide their data without fully understanding how it will be used, stored, or
shared. Companies frequently utilize lengthy privacy policies that are difficult for the
average user to comprehend, leading to a lack of genuine informed consent. This raises
the question: are individuals truly giving permission when they are not fully aware of
the implications? Ethical data practices demand transparency and clarity, ensuring that
users are informed and empowered to make educated decisions about their data.

Another significant ethical issue involves the potential for data misuse. When
organizations fail to protect user data adequately, who is responsible for the
consequences? Victims of data breaches can suffer severe repercussions, including
identity theft and financial loss. Organizations must implement robust security
measures and be held accountable for protecting sensitive information.
 For instance, if a data set reflects historical biases, algorithms may inadvertently
disadvantage certain groups. This highlights the ethical responsibility of organizations
to ensure that data collection methods and algorithms are fair and unbiased, promoting
equity and justice rather than exacerbating discrimination.

Furthermore, the concept of data ownership poses ethical dilemmas. Who truly
owns the data generated by individuals? Many users believe that their data is inherently
theirs, yet organizations often claim ownership when users engage with their platforms.
This conflict raises ethical questions about the rights of individuals to control their
personal information. A fair approach to data ownership should prioritize user rights,
allowing individuals to access, modify, and delete their data as they see fit.

Regulatory frameworks, such as the General Data Protection Regulation

(GDPR) in Europe, have been established to address some of these ethical concerns,
yet challenges remain. While regulations aim to enhance data protection and privacy,
enforcement can be inconsistent, and not all organizations complyEthical practices
must evolve alongside technology, emphasizing proactive measures rather than
reactive compliance.

Finally, the ethical implications of emerging technologies, such as artificial

intelligence (AI) and machine learning, complicate the data privacy landscape further.
As these technologies become more integrated into decision-making processes,
ensuring ethical data practices becomes even more critical. Developers and
organizations must prioritize ethical considerations during the design phase, ensuring
that data privacy is embedded into the technology rather than tacked on as an
afterthought.

In conclusion, the ethical issues surrounding data privacy and protection are
complex and multifaceted. As organizations continue to harness the power of data, they
must prioritize transparency, accountability, fairness, and user rights. Striking a
balance between innovation and ethical responsibility is essential for fostering trust and
safeguarding individuals’ privacy in an increasingly data-driven world. As computer
science professionals, it is imperative to advocate for ethical practices that respect and
protect individual rights, ensuring that technology serves society positively.

ALOK C
III-CSE
 SEMINAR
ON
RECENT TRENDS INDUSTRY
 GAME DEVELOPMENT
In an era where data generation is at an all-time high, traditional cloud computing
architectures are increasingly facing challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and
security. Enter edge computing, a paradigm shift that brings computation and data
storage closer to the source of data generation. By decentralizing processing, edge
computing significantly reduces latency and bandwidth usage, allowing for real-time
data analysis and quicker decision-making.

Edge computing refers to a distributed computing model that processes data near
the edge of the network, rather than relying solely on centralized data centers. This
proximity to data sources offers several key benefits. First, reduced latency is crucial
for applications that require real-time responses, such as autonomous vehicles and
industrial automation. By processing data closer to where it’s generated, edge
computing minimizes the time it takes for data to travel to a centralized server and
back. Additionally, it enhances bandwidth efficiency by minimizing the amount of
data that needs to be sent over the network. Instead of transmitting all raw data to the
cloud, only the essential information is sent, thereby reducing bandwidth
consumption and associated costs.

Security is another significant advantage. With data processed locally, edge

computing limits the amount of sensitive information transmitted over the network,
which can help mitigate risks. Moreover, localized data compliance with regulations,
such as GDPR, becomes more manageable.
 Reliability is also improved, as edge devices can operate independently of
centralized servers, ensuring continuity during network failures—an essential feature
for mission-critical applications in sectors like healthcare and manufacturing.
Furthermore, edge computing offers scalability; organizations can efficiently deploy
new edge devices to accommodate increasing data loads without overhauling their
existing infrastructure.

Various industries are harnessing the power of edge computing. In autonomous

vehicles, real-time data processing from sensors and cameras allows for immediate
decision-making, enhancing safety and performance. Smart city initiatives leverage
edge computing to process data from traffic cameras, environmental sensors, and
public transport systems, leading to improved traffic management, energy
consumption, and public safety. In healthcare, wearable devices benefit from edge
computing by analyzing health data on-site, enabling quick alerts for medical
professionals and patients during emergencies. The manufacturing sector utilizes
edge computing to monitor machinery and processes in real time, allowing for
anomaly detection and optimized production efficiency. Retailers are also using this
technology to enhance customer experiences through personalized marketing and
inventory management, with data from in-store sensors processed locally.

In conclusion, edge computing represents a significant advancement in how we

process and manage data in a rapidly evolving digital landscape. By bringing
computation closer to the data source, it addresses many challenges associated with
traditional cloud computing, offering improved latency, bandwidth efficiency,
security, and reliability. As industries continue to embrace the Internet of Things (IoT)
and smart technologies, edge computing will undoubtedly play a critical role in
shaping the future of computing. Its transformative potential across various
applications makes it an essential topic for computer science engineers to explore and
understand.

GAYATHRI V
III-CSE
 EXPLORING THE DARK WEB
The internet is often visualized as a vast ocean of information, with the surface
comprising the websites we commonly visit, such as social media platforms, news
sites, and e-commerce stores. However, beneath this surface lies a much deeper layer
known as the "dark web." This article explores what the dark web is, its
characteristics, and the risks and implications associated with its use.

What is the Dark Web?

The dark web refers to a part of the internet that is not indexed by traditional
search engines like Google or Bing. It requires specific software, configurations, or
authorization to access. The most well-known tool for navigating the dark web is Tor
(The Onion Router), which anonymizes users by routing their internet traffic through
a series of servers, effectively masking their IP addresses. While often conflated with
illegal activities, the dark web also hosts legitimate content, including forums,
privacy-focused services, and communication platforms for activists and journalists
operating in oppressive regimes.
Characteristics of the Dark Web
One of the defining features of the dark web is its emphasis on anonymity and
privacy. Users can interact without revealing their identities, which has both positive
and negative implications. For instance, this anonymity can protect whistleblowers
and activists who may face persecution for expressing dissenting views. However, it
also facilitates criminal activities, including drug trafficking, weapons sales, and the
distribution of stolen data.

The dark web is also home to various marketplaces that operate similarly to e-
commerce sites, allowing users to buy and sell goods and services anonymously.
These marketplaces often utilize cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, to facilitate
transactions while keeping the identities of buyers and sellers hidden. While some of
these platforms sell illegal items, others focus on privacy-enhancing technologies,
such as VPNs and encrypted messaging apps.

Risks Associated with the Dark Web

Despite its allure, navigating the dark web carries significant risks. First and
foremost is the potential for exposure to illegal activities. While browsing, users may
inadvertently stumble upon content that is not only morally questionable but also
illegal, leading to potential legal consequences. Law enforcement agencies actively
monitor dark web activities, and individuals can be prosecuted for participating in or
even just accessing certain sites.
 Another pressing concern is the psychological impact of engaging with the dark
web. Exposure to disturbing content, including illegal pornography and hate speech,
can lead to significant emotional distress. The environment is often unregulated and
chaotic, which can exacerbate feelings of anxiety and paranoia among users.

Implications for Society

The dark web presents complex implications for society. On one hand, it serves
as a sanctuary for those seeking privacy and freedom of expression. Journalists and
activists can communicate and share information without fear of censorship or
retribution. This facet highlights the importance of maintaining digital privacy rights
and freedom of speech in an increasingly surveilled world.
On the other hand, the dark web's association with criminal activity poses
significant challenges for law enforcement and policymakers. Balancing the need for
security with the protection of civil liberties remains a contentious issue. As the dark
web continues to evolve, authorities must develop strategies to combat illicit activities
without infringing on individual rights.

Conclusion
Exploring the dark web reveals a complex landscape filled with both
opportunities and dangers. While it offers a platform for anonymity and free
expression, it also harbors significant risks associated with illegal activities, scams,
and psychological distress. Understanding the nature of the dark web is essential for
users who wish to navigate its depths responsibly. As society grapples with the
implications of this hidden part of the internet, ongoing dialogue about digital rights,
privacy, and security will be crucial in shaping a safer online environment for all.

RAHUL KUMAR S
III-CSE
 THE BASICS OF CRYPTOCURRENCY &
HOW BLOCKCHAIN WORKS

Cryptocurrency has revolutionized the way we think about money,

transactions, and digital ownership. At the heart of this transformation lies
blockchain technology, the underlying framework that powers most
cryptocurrencies. Understanding how blockchain works is essential for anyone
interested in the world of digital currencies. This article will break down the
fundamental concepts of blockchain, its mechanisms, and its significance in the
cryptocurrency ecosystem.
What is Blockchain?
Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger technology that records
transactions across a network of computers. Unlike traditional databases controlled
by a single entity, a blockchain is maintained by a network of participants (often
called nodes) that collectively validate and store the transaction data. This
decentralized nature enhances security, transparency, and trust.
A blockchain is composed of a series of blocks, each containing a list of
transactions. Once a block is filled with transaction data, it is cryptographically
linked to the previous block, forming a chain. This structure ensures that all
transactions are chronological and tamper-proof, as altering any block would
require changing all subsequent blocks—a virtually impossible task due to the
computational power required.
How Does Blockchain Work?

1. Transaction Initiation: When a user initiates a transaction (for example,

sending cryptocurrency to another user), the transaction is broadcasted to the
network. This transaction includes details such as the sender's and receiver's
wallet addresses and the amount being transferred.

2. Validation: Once the transaction is broadcasted, network participants

(nodes) validate it. They check whether the sender has sufficient funds and
whether the transaction adheres to the rules of the network. This process
often involves complex mathematical computations.

3. Creating a Block: Validated transactions are grouped together into a block.

Each block contains a cryptographic hash of the previous block, a timestamp,
and a unique identifier. This creates a secure link between blocks, ensuring
that they cannot be altered without consensus from the network.

4. Consensus Mechanisms: To add the new block to the blockchain, the

network must reach consensus. Different cryptocurrencies use various
consensus mechanisms. The most common is Proof of Work (PoW), where
miners compete to solve complex mathematical puzzles. The first to solve
the puzzle adds the block to the chain and is rewarded with new
cryptocurrency. Other mechanisms include Proof of Stake (PoS), where
validators are chosen based on the number of coins they hold and are willing
to "stake" as collateral.

5. Updating the Ledger: Once consensus is achieved, the new block is added to
the blockchain, and the updated ledger is distributed to all nodes in the
network. This ensures that all participants have the same version of the
blockchain, maintaining transparency and trust.

Key Features of Blockchain

• Decentralization: No single entity controls the blockchain, reducing the risk
of fraud and manipulation.
• Transparency: All transactions are visible to participants, creating a level of
accountability that is difficult to achieve in traditional financial systems.
• Immutability: Once a block is added to the blockchain, it cannot be altered
or deleted, ensuring a permanent and verifiable record of transactions.
• Security: The use of cryptographic techniques protects the data stored in the
blockchain, making it resistant to tampering and cyberattacks.
The Role of Blockchain in Cryptocurrency

Blockchain technology is the backbone of cryptocurrency, enabling secure peer-to-

peer transactions without the need for intermediaries like banks. It allows users to
transfer value directly to one another while maintaining control over their digital
assets. This decentralization not only empowers individuals but also opens up new
opportunities for financial inclusion, particularly in underserved regions.
Moreover, blockchain is not limited to cryptocurrency. Its applications extend to
various sectors, including supply chain management, healthcare, voting systems,
and more, demonstrating its versatility and potential to transform industries beyond
finance.

Conclusion
Understanding how blockchain works is crucial for grasping the fundamentals of
cryptocurrency. This innovative technology enables secure, transparent, and
decentralized transactions, revolutionizing our approach to money and digital
ownership. As the world increasingly embraces digital currencies and blockchain
solutions, familiarity with these concepts will become essential for navigating the
future of finance. Whether you’re an investor, developer, or enthusiast, the
potential of blockchain and cryptocurrency is vast, promising to reshape our
economic landscape in profound ways.

SHARMILA N
III-CSE
 THE FUTURE OF ROBOTICS

The field of robotics is undergoing a significant transformation, driven largely

by advancements in artificial intelligence (AI). As robots become more capable and
intelligent, their applications are expanding across various sectors, from manufacturing
and healthcare to agriculture and everyday life. This article explores the latest trends
and innovations in AI-driven robotics and examines what the future may hold for this
dynamic field.

The Rise of Autonomous Robotics

One of the most notable trends in robotics is the increasing autonomy of

machines. Traditional robots often operated in structured environments with limited
decision-making capabilities. However, AI advancements are enabling robots to
navigate complex, unstructured environments with minimal human intervention.
Autonomous robots can perceive their surroundings, make decisions based on real-time
data, and adapt to changing conditions.

Examples include self-driving vehicles, which utilize AI for navigation and

obstacle avoidance, and drones capable of performing tasks such as delivery or
surveillance without human oversight. As autonomous robotics become more reliable,
we can expect to see broader adoption across industries, enhancing efficiency and
safety.

Human-Robot Collaboration

Another emerging trend is the focus on human-robot collaboration. Cobots, or

collaborative robots, are designed to work alongside humans, enhancing productivity
while ensuring safety.
 These robots are equipped with advanced sensors and AI algorithms that allow
them to understand human intentions, react to their movements, and perform tasks in a
shared workspace.

In sectors like manufacturing, cobots are increasingly used to assist workers with
repetitive tasks, reducing strain and allowing human employees to focus on more
complex activities. This collaboration is not limited to industrial settings; healthcare
robots are also emerging to assist nurses and doctors in patient care, thereby improving
service delivery.

Enhanced Perception and Sensing

The development of advanced sensors and perception systems is a game-changer

for robotics. Modern robots are equipped with AI-powered vision systems, LiDAR, and
other sensing technologies that enable them to understand and interpret their
environments in real time. This enhanced perception allows robots to perform tasks
such as object recognition, navigation, and manipulation with greater accuracy.

For example, in agriculture, drones equipped with advanced imaging technology

can monitor crop health, identify pests, and optimize irrigation. These innovations not
only improve operational efficiency but also contribute to more sustainable practices.

Natural Language Processing and Human-Robot Interaction

As AI continues to evolve, robots are becoming more adept at understanding and

processing human language. Natural Language Processing (NLP) allows robots to
interpret spoken commands, engage in conversations, and respond appropriately. This
development enhances human-robot interaction, making robots more accessible and
user-friendly.

In customer service, for instance, AI-powered chatbots and virtual assistants are
increasingly handling inquiries and providing support, streamlining operations for
businesses. As these technologies advance, we can expect robots to engage in more
complex dialogues and understand context, further enhancing their utility.

Ethical Considerations and Regulations

As the capabilities of robotics and AI expand, so too do the ethical considerations

and regulatory challenges. Issues related to job displacement, privacy, and safety are at
the forefront of discussions about the future of robotics. Policymakers and industry
leaders must work together to develop frameworks that address these concerns while
promoting innovation.
 For example, as robots take on more tasks traditionally performed by humans,
there is a growing need to reskill the workforce and ensure that workers are prepared
for new roles in a robotic society. Additionally, ethical considerations around data
privacy and the use of AI in decision-making must be addressed to foster public trust.

The Future Landscape of Robotics

Looking ahead, the future of robotics promises exciting advancements. We can

expect greater integration of AI technologies, leading to more intelligent, adaptable,
and autonomous robots. Innovations such as swarm robotics, where multiple robots
collaborate to perform tasks, and advancements in soft robotics, which mimic
biological organisms, will likely open new frontiers in various fields.

Moreover, as technology becomes more accessible, we may see a surge in DIY

robotics and community-driven innovations, empowering individuals and small
businesses to create solutions tailored to their needs.

Conclusion

The intersection of robotics and AI is reshaping industries and redefining the

future of work and daily life. With advancements in autonomy, collaboration,
perception, and human interaction, robots are poised to become integral parts of our
society. However, as we embrace these innovations, it is essential to address the ethical
implications and ensure that the benefits of robotics are shared equitably. The future of
robotics holds immense potential, and with thoughtful development and responsible
implementation, we can look forward to a world where humans and robots coexist
harmoniously, enhancing our capabilities and quality of life.

VIMALRAJ G
III-CSE
 PENCIL ARTS

Art BY: REVATHI N

Art by: SHANKAR M

"Every artist was first an amateur."