Arrays and Strings

Md. Ariful Islam Khandaker

Assistant Professor
IICT, KUET
 Array
An array is a group of related data items that share a
common name.
For instance, we can define array name salary to represent
a set of salary of a group of employees.
int salary [ 5 ];

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4]

salary 1000 50000 5000 7000

salary [ 0 ] = 1000;
salary [ 1 ] = 50000;
salary [ 2 ] = 5000;
salary [ 3 ] = salary [ 0 ] + salary [ 2 ] + 1000;
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Initialization of Arrays
The general form of initialization of arrays is:

static type array-name [size] = {list of values};

Eg: 1) static int number[3] = { 20, 25 };

number

[0] 20

[1] 30

[2] 0

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 Initialization of Arrays(Continue)

static int number[3] = {0,0};

If the number of values in the list is less than the number of

elements, then only that many elements will be initialized.

The remaining elements will be set to zero automatically.

Initialization of arrays in C suffers two drawbacks :

❑ There is no convenient way to initialize only selected elements.

❑ There is no shortcut method for initializing a large number of array
elements like the one available in FORTRAN

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A simple Array Program
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h> 10
int main ( ) [0]
n =5
{
int i , a[5] , n; [1] 20
a [ 0 ] = 10;
clrscr ( );
printf ( “ How many numbers\n”); a [ 1 ] = 20; [2] 30
scanf ( “ %d”, & n);
a [ 2 ] = 30;
for ( i = 0; i< n; i ++ )
{ a [ 3 ] = 40; [3] 40
scanf ( “ %d “, & a[ i ]);
a [ 4 ] = 50;
} 50
[4]
printf ( “ Reverse order of the numbers\n” );

for ( i = n -1; i >=0 ; i - - ) i=5–1=4

a
{
printf ( “ %d “, a [ i ] ); Output
}
getch ( ); 50 40 30 20 10
return 0; a[4] a[3] a[2] 5 a[1] a[0]
}
 Array Program
Write a program which will sum a list of values given by the user.

[0] [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

x 10 20 30 40 50 60

sum 100
150
210
100
30
60 = sum 100
150
100
30
60 + X [ 543201 ] 60
10
40
50
20
30

sum = 0;

for ( i =0; i<=5; i++)

{
sum = sum + x [ i ];
}

printf ( “ Total = %d”, sum) ;

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Example Program
int main()
{ OUTPUT
int i; Enter 10 real numbers:
float x[10],value, total; 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9
printf(“Enter 10 real numbers:\n”); 10.10
x[1] = 1.10
for(i =0; i < 10; i++) x[2] = 2.20
{ x[3] = 3.30
scanf(“%f”,&value); x[4] = 4.40
x[i] = value; x[5] = 5.50
} x[6] = 6.60
total = 0.0; x[7] = 7.70
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) { x[8] = 8.80
total = total + x[i] * x[i]; } x[9] = 9.90
printf(“\n”); x[10] = 10.10
Total = 446.86
for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
printf(“x[%d] = %5.2f \n”,i+1,x[i]);
}
printf(“\nTotal = %.2f\n” ,total);
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return 0;
}
TWO-DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS
Two-dimensional arrays are declared as follows

type array-name[row_size][column_size];

Eg: product[i][j] = row * column;

Two-dimensional arrays example “Multiplication Table” as follows

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Multiplication Table Program
#define ROWS 5
#define COLUMNS 5
void main() {
int row, column, product[ROWS][COLUMNS], i, j ;
printf(“Multiplication table\n\n:”) ;
for(j = 1; j <= COLUMNS; j++)
printf(“%4d”, j);
printf(“\n”);

for(i = 0; i < ROWS; i++) {

row = i + 1;
printf(“%2d|”, row);
for(j =1; j <= COLUMNS; j++)
{
column = j;
product[i][j] = row * column;
printf(“%4d”, product[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”); 9
}
}
MULTIDIMENSIONAL ARRAY
C allows arrays of three or more dimensions. The exact limit is determined
by the compiler.

The general form of a multidimensional array is

type array_name[s1][s2][s3]…s[m];

Eg:

1. int survey[3][5][12];

2. float table[5][4][5][3];

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 Passing Arrays to Functions

• Array elements can be passed to a function by calling the function by

value, or by reference
• In the call by value we pass values of array elements to the function
• In the call by reference we pass addresses of array elements to the
function
• As we did not see call by reference yet, we will see that later

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Passing Arrays to Functions

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Output

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Passing Arrays to Functions

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Output

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 String
A string is a array of characters.

Any group of characters(except the double quote sign) defined between double
quotation marks is a constant string.

Eg: 1) “Man is obviously made to think”

Eg: printf(“\”well done!\””);

NOTE: String must end with NULL (‘\0’)character.

Operation on String
The operations that are performed on character strings are

Ø Reading and writing strings.

Ø Combining strings together.

Ø Copying one string to another.

Ø Comparing strings for equality.

Ø Extracting a portion of a string.

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DECLARING AND INITIALIZING STRING
VARIABLES
A string variable is any valid C variable name and is always declared as an array.

The general form of declaration of a string variable is

char string_name[size];
Eg: char city[10];

static char city[9] = “NEW YORK”;

static char city[9] = {‘N’, ‘E’, ‘W’, ‘ ‘, ‘Y’, ‘O’, ‘R’, ‘K’, ‘\0’};

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 Reading Words
The familiar input function scanf can be used with %s format specification to
read in a string of characters.

main()
OUTPUT
{
char word1[40], word2[40], word3[40], word4[40];
Enter text:
printf(“Enter text:\n”);
scanf(“%s %s”,word1, word2);
Oxford Road, London M17ED
scanf(“%s”, word3);
scanf(“%s”,word4);
Word1 = Oxford
printf(“\n”);
Word2 = Road
printf(“word1 = %s \n word2 = %s \n”,word1, word2);
Word3 = London
printf(“word3 = %s \n word4 = %s \n”,word3, word4);
Word4 = M17ED
}

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 Reading a Line of Text
It is not possible to use scanf function to read a line containing more than one
word.
main()
{
char line[81],character;
int c;
c = 0;
OUTPUT
printf(“Enter text. Press<Return>at end
\n”);
Enter text. Press<Return>at end
do
{
Programming in C is interesting
character = getchar();
line[c] = character;
Programming in C is interesting
c++;
}while(character != ‘\n’);
c = c-1;
line[c] = ‘\0’;
printf(“\n %s \n”,line);
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}
About String
The C library supports a function that converts a string of digits into their integer
values. The function takes the form

x = atoi(string)

Just as we cannot assign one string to another directly, we cannot join two
strings together by the simple arithmetic addition. That is, the statements such as
string3 = string1 + string2;
string2 = string1 + “hello”;

are not valid.

C does not permit the comparison of two strings directly.

if(name1 == name2)
if(name == “ABC”);
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are not permitted.

STRING - HANDLING FUNCTIONS
C library supports a large number of string-handling functions that can be used to
carry out many of the string manipulation activities.

Another string handling function is available, i.e

strrev( ) Reverse any String

For using these functions we have to include string.h header file

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 strcat( ) Function
The strcat function joins two strings together. It takes the following form

strcat( string1, string2);

Eg: strcat(part1, “GOOD”);

strcat(strcat(string1,string2),string3);

Here three strings are concatenated and the result is stored in string1.

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 strcpy( ) Function
This function works almost like a string assignment operator. It takes the
form

strcpy(string1,string2);

This assigns the content of string2 to string1.

Eg: 1) strcpy(city, “DELHI”);

2) strcpy(city1,city2);

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 strlen( ) Function
This function counts and returns the number of characters in a string.

n = strlen(string);

Example:

int x;

x = strlen(“KUET”);

The value of x will be 4

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strcmp( ) Function
It is used to compare two strings identified by the arguments and has a value 0

if they are equal. It takes the form:

strcmp(string1,string2);

Eg: 1) strcmp(name1,name2);
2) strcmp(name1,”john”;
3) strcmp(“ram”, “rom”);

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Using gets( )
Limitation of scanf( ) : scanf( ) function can not able to
take space as input.
Example of gets ( )
#include <stdio.h>
int main () {
char str[50];
printf("Enter a string : ");
gets(str);
printf("You entered: %s", str);
return(0);
} 28
Concatenation without strcat( )
#include<stdio.h>
int main(){
char str1[25],str2[25];
int i=0,j=0;
printf("\nEnter First String:");
gets(str1);
printf("\nEnter Second String:");
gets(str2);
while(str1[i]!='\0')
i++;
while(str2[j]!='\0') {
str1[i]=str2[j];
j++;
i++; }
str1[i]='\0';
printf("\nConcatenated String is %s",str1); return 0;} 29
 Program
#include<string.h> OUTPUT
main( ) {
char s1[20],s2[20],s3[20]; Enter two string constants
int x, l1, l2, l3; New York
printf(“Enter two string constants \n”); Strings are not equal
scanf(“%s %s”, s1, s2); s1 = New York length = 7
x = strcmp(s1, s2); characters
if(x != 0) { s2 = York length = 4 characters
printf(“Strings are not equal \n”); s3 = New York length = 7
strcat(s1, s2); } characters
else{
printf(“Strings are equal \n”); } Enter two string constants
strcpy(s3,s1); London London
l1 = strlen(s1); Strings are equal
l2 = strlen(s2); s1 = London length = 6
l3 = strlen(s3); characters
printf(“\ns1 = %s \t length = %d characters \n”,s1, l1); s2 = London length = 6
printf(“\ns2= %s \t length = %d characters \n”,s2, l2); characters
printf(“\ns3 = %s \t length = %d characters \n”,s3, l3); s3 = London length = 6
} characters

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Thank you

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