Iot Sem 5

NAME : DANIYA SUBJECT : IOT CLASS : TY.
SD
---------------------- UNIT 1 : IOT ----------------------

WHAT IS IOT !
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or “things”
embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and connected them with
internet, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data. IoT allows
objects to be sensed and controlled remotely providing direct integration
between the physical world and computer-based systems, and resulting in
improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit.
❏ “Things” in IoT sense, devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip
transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles
with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen
monitoring or field operation devices that assist fire-fighters in search and
rescue operations. These devices collect useful data with the help of various
existing technologies and then autonomously flows the data between other
devices.
ABCD’s of IOT :
IoT Stack (SaCIIU)

The IoT stack, represented by the acronym SaCIIU, consists of various
components that work together to form an integrated Internet of Things (IoT)
system. Here’s a brief overview of each component:
1. Sensors:
NAME : DANIYA SUBJECT : IOT CLASS : TY.SD
o Sensors are embedded devices that collect data from the

environment, converting physical inputs (e.g., temperature,
motion, pressure) into electrical signals (analog or digital).
o They are critical for measuring various parameters and integrating
with microcontrollers. Examples include temperature sensors in
logistics, smoke detectors in buildings, and motion sensors in
security systems.
o The effectiveness of sensors is determined by their type, quality,
accuracy, and the specific needs of the application.
2. Actuators:
o Actuators are components that perform actions based on signals
received from controllers (the "brain") after sensors detect
environmental changes.
o They convert electrical or hydraulic energy into mechanical force
to create physical movement, turning devices on or off. For
instance, actuators may open a valve or adjust the position of
machinery.
o While sensors gather data, actuators execute actions to control
devices or systems.
3. Connectivity and Gateway:
o Gateways connect sensors and actuators, ensuring seamless
communication within the IoT ecosystem. They manage data
traffic, provide security through encryption, and preprocess data
to minimize its size.
o Various protocols are utilized for connectivity, including cellular
networks, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and LoRaWAN, depending on the
required medium and range.
4. IoT Cloud:
o The IoT cloud serves as the central hub for processing and storing
data collected from devices. It facilitates real-time data analysis
and management to inform decision-making.
o While cloud computing is essential, edge computing can also be

used for local data processing to reduce latency and enhance
performance in real-time applications.
5. Data Analytics and Management:
o This component focuses on converting raw data into actionable
insights through data extraction, aggregation, and classification.
o Advanced analytics techniques, including deep learning, are
employed for predictive analytics, ensuring effective management
of IoT data. The storage capacity and intelligent computation
capabilities are vital for processing large datasets.
6. User Interface:
o The user interface allows users to monitor and control IoT devices.
It can provide notifications, alerts, and live feeds of data.
o Users can also send commands back to field devices, facilitating
real-time interaction and control over the IoT system.
COMPONENTS / IOT STACK ( SaCIIU)

1. SENSORS : (touch , temperature , flow , position , load , sound , speed ,
gas )
It’s a mechanism embedded in a physical device to collect data from its

surrounding environment and transfer the gathered data to other devices
or systems over internet .
 The effectiveness of these sensors depends upon its type and quality .
 It measures physical input from the surroundings and convert it into
electrical signal (Analog or Digital).
 Integration with microprocesssor/microcontroller embedded system. Eg.
Smartphones - GPS, Fingerprint, Tilt, Camera, etc.
 The size of sensors is very compact due to advancements in technology.
 The choice of sensors is based on accuracy, precision, level of
intelligence and the needs of the application.
1. Temperature Sensors
Temperature sensors detect heat in the surroundings and can monitor temperature changes in
various applications. For example, in a logistics setting, temperature sensors ensure that
perishable goods, such as pharmaceuticals or food products, remain within a specified
temperature range during transport to prevent spoilage.
2. Biomedical Sensors
Biomedical sensors monitor and measure physiological and biological parameters within the
human body for healthcare applications. For instance, wearable fitness trackers use
biomedical sensors to continuously monitor heart rate and oxygen levels, providing users
with real-time health data.
3. Smoke Sensors
Smoke sensors detect the presence of smoke or harmful gases and trigger alarms to warn
individuals of potential fire hazards. For example, in residential buildings, smoke detectors
use optical or ionization technology to alert occupants to smoke or fire, ensuring timely
evacuation and response.
4. Motion Sensors
Motion sensors detect physical movement in an area and send signals to a controlling device.
For example, in security systems, motion sensors can identify intruders by sensing movement
and automatically trigger alarms or notify homeowners via mobile alerts.
5. Pressure Sensors
Pressure sensors detect variations in pressure against a standard range and send data as
electrical signals when changes are detected. For example, in hydraulic systems, pressure
sensors monitor pressure levels to ensure machinery operates within safe limits, preventing
failures or accidents.
ACTUATORS : An IoT device is made up of a Physical object ("thing") +

Controller ("brain") + Sensors + Actuators + Networks (Internet). An actuator is
a machine component or system that moves or controls the mechanism of the
system. Sensors in the device sense the environment, then control signals are
generated for the actuators according to the actions needed to perform.
Actuators help achieve physical movements in a device by converting electrical,
air or hydraulic energy into mechanical force.
 While sensors sense; actuators act.
 Cause an action to control the situation.
 To make something happen based on the trigger, actuators are used
 Control signal could be analog or digital.
 To turn ON or OFF, actuators are used.
CONNECTIVITY AND GATEWAY :

Plays a crucial role in connecting sensors and actuators in IOT ecosystem .
Based on medium and range , various protocals are available . eg cellular ,
Bluetooth , wifi , LoRaWAN , ettc
Role of a Gateway
 Ensures seamless communication

 Easy management of data traffic.
 Offers security
 Latest encryption practices
 Data Preprocessing
 Minimizing the large data
 Intelligent IoT gateways
IOT CLOUD :
Role:
 Data needs to be processed
 To make or break a deal. (Based on processed data)
 Latency cannot be compromised. (For The real-time applications)
 IoT Cloud is The brain of the loT ecosystem
 Cloud is optional
 Edge computing (It is used for local processing)
DATA ANALYTICS AND MANAGEMENT :
 Data is the fuel for IoT Applications.

 Converting raw data into useful insights
 Data extraction, data aggregation, data classification are major tasks of
loT Analytics and data management.
 Deep learning (It can be for data prediction for some applications)
 Storage power and intelligent computation are key parameters of loT
Analytics and data management.
USER INTERFACE :
 Task is to monitor and control field device for the user

 Types of notifications (message , email , alerts , alarms )
 Can also send back commands to the field devices
 It might provide the user with and actual live feed or show trends
evolving .
ATVANTAGES OF IOT :
Efficient resource utilization: If we know the functionality and the way
that how each device work we definitely increase the efficient resource
utilization as well as monitor natural resources.
Minimize human effort : devices of loT interact and communicate with

each other and do lot of task for us, then they minimize the human effort.
Save time: As it reduces the human effort then it definitely saves out
time. Time is the primary factor which can save through lot platform
Enhance Data Collection: An IoT device data collection system boosts

productivity by automating sensor data gathering, eliminating the need
for manual collection. IoT data collection enables real-time monitoring
and prompt issue resolution for businesses. Better decision-making.
Improve security: Now, if we have a system that all these things are
interconnected then we can make the system more secure and efficient.
DISADVANTAGES OF IOT :
Security: As the loT systems are interconnected and communicate over

networks. The system offers little control despite any security measures, various
kinds of network attacks can happen.
Privacy: Even without the active participation on the user, the loT system
provides substantial personal data in maximum detail.
Complexity: The designing, developing, and maintaining and enabling the large
technology to loT system is quite complicated.
IOT CHARACTERISTICS OR FEATURES :

CONNECTIVITY : explains the interconnection of loT devices. Uninterrupted
connection anytime, anywhere, and with any loT device. E.g. Connection of lot
devices with the internet, Connection of loT devices with Gateway.
Sensing and Perception: loT devices are equipped with sensors, actuators, and
embedded system. Sensors-They sense the physical entity in real-time.
Actuators-It gives physical response to give real-time feedback.
Dynamic & Self-Adapting: Adaptability to changing context, here context can
be:
Operating Conditions , User's Context , Sensed Environment.
Surveillance System: (Day and Night mode, Capture Motion with movement)
Self-Configuring: It means the ability to change operating parameters based on

the ongoing situation. Configure themselves, with respect to the situation.
Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT can support various

communication protocols. IoT operates at different communication protocols at
different levels. Protocol conversion mechanism, makes application operation
smooth. Eg Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ethernet, Ipv4, TCP, UDP, HTTP, etc.
Unique Identity: Each loT device has a Unique Identifier (IP/URL). IoT
devices has intelligent interfaces in the loT ecosystem. Using a Unique Identity,
the following issues can be resolved: Query the devices , Monitor their Status ,
Control them remotely.
Heterogeneity: It explains differences between various loT devices and

platform. lot devices are based on different hardware platforms and networks.
lot architecture should support direct connectivity between heterogeneous
networks. Key loT architecture requirements are scalability, modularity,
extensibility and interoperability.
Integrated into Information Network: loT devices are integrated into the
information network. They can be dynamically discovered in the network.
Interconnection of loT devices makes the loT system smarter. Rapid growth in
the number of interconnected devices makes loT systems more accurate.
Scalability: The loT ecosystem is witnessing a rapid growth in the number of

interconnected devices. As a result, a loT infrastructure must possess the
capacity to accommodate this substantial expansion. Additionally, the volume
of data generated within this context is vast, necessitating appr data
management strategies.
Security and Privacy: IoT security and privacy are the paramount issue.
Encryption, authentication and regular updates are essential with respect to
time.
Automation and Control: IoT automation and control make industries

efficient and provide intelligent management. Due to automation, loT can
autonomously perform tasks, optimize processes and respond to changing
conditions without human intervention. Automation enhances productivity,
reduces operational costs, and streamlines workflows.
IOT STANDARDS :
IPv6 is an open standard defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). This standard enables any low-power radio to communicate to the
internet . Bluetooth Low Energy and Z-Wave for home automation. This
standard is also used in industrial monitoring and agriculture.
Zigbee is a low-power, low-data rate wireless network used mainly in home and
industrial settings. ZigBee is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The ZigBee
Alliance created Dotdot, the universal language for lot that enables smart
objects to work securely on any network and understand each other.
Data Distribution Service (DDS) was developed by the Object Management

Group and is an industrial IoT (IIoT) standard for real-time, scalable and high-
performance machine- to-machine (M2M) communication
IOT PROTOCALS :
IoT standards often use specific protocols for device communication. A

chosen protocol dictates how loT device data is transmitted and
received. Some example :
Constrained Application Protocol. CoAP is a protocol designed by the

IETF that specifies how low-power, compute-constrained devices can
operate in IoT.
Advanced Message Queuing Protocol. AMQP enables encrypted and

interoperable messaging between organizations and applications. The
protocol is used in client-server messaging and in IoT device
management
Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). This protocol for WANs

is designed to support huge networks, such as smart cities, with millions
of low-power devices.
MQ Telemetry Transport. MQTT is a lightweight protocol that's used for

control and remote monitoring applications. It's suitable for devices with
limited resources
IOT FRAMEWORKS :
Amazon Web Services (AWS) : released by Amazon. This framework
is designed to enable smart devices to easily connect and securely
interact with the AWS cloud and other connected devices.
Arm Mbed loT is an open source platform to develop apps for loT based
on Arm microcontrollers. Aim is to provide a scalable, connected and
secure environment for loT devices by integrating Mbed tools and
services.
Microsoft Azure IoT Suite platform is a set of services that let users
interact with and receive data from their loT devices, as well as perform
various operations over data, such as multidimensional analysis,
transformation and aggregation, and visualize those operations in a way
that's suitable for business.
Calvin is an open source IoT platform designed for building and

managing distributed applications that let devices talk to each other.
Includes a development framework for application developers, as well as

a runtime environment for handling the running application.
Comparing IOT architectures (The IoT World Forum(IoTWF) Standardized

Architecture & The oneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture) :
Architectural standards and frameworks have emerged to address the
challenge of designing massive-scale IoT networks.
The foundational concept in all these architectures is supporting data, process,
and the functions that endpoint devices perform.
The IoT World Forum(IoTWF) Standardized Architecture

• In 2014 the IoTWF architectural committee (led by Cisco, IBM, Rockwell
Automation, and others) published a seven-layer IoT architectural reference
model.
• While various IoT reference models exist, the one put forth by the IoT World
Forum offers a clean, simplified perspective on IoT and includes edge
computing, data storage, and access.
• It provides a succinct way of visualizing IoT from a technical perspective.
• Each of the seven layers is broken down into specific functions, and security
encompasses the entire model.
1. Physical Devices and Controllers Layer

 Function: This is the foundational layer, where physical sensors,
actuators, and devices exist. These devices collect data from the
environment (e.g., temperature, motion, humidity) or perform actions
based on commands (e.g., turning on lights). Components: IoT sensors,
actuators, and embedded systems.
2. Connectivity Layer
 Function: The connectivity layer deals with networking protocols and the
transmission of data from IoT devices to a central system or platform. It
ensures data flows securely and efficiently. Components: Wireless and
wired communication technologies (Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 5G, LoRa, Zigbee,
etc.).
3. Edge Computing Layer
 Function: This layer introduces intelligence at the edge of the network,
reducing latency and bandwidth by processing data closer to where it is
generated. It allows for real-time decision-making at the local level.
Components: Edge gateways, local data storage, and processing units.
4. Data Accumulation Layer

 Function: The data accumulation layer collects and stores data sent from
edge devices and gateways. This layer may also perform some
lightweight data processing, such as aggregation and filtering.
Components: Databases, cloud storage systems, and data lakes.
5. Data Abstraction Layer
 Function: At this layer, raw data is transformed into a usable format for
further processing. It is responsible for ensuring that data is
standardized, organized, and made accessible for analytics.
Components: APIs, middleware, and data brokers.
6. Application Layer
 Function: The application layer provides the interface through which
users or external systems interact with the IoT system. This is where
business logic and user interaction occur, leveraging the data from IoT
devices to offer meaningful insights or services. Components: User
interfaces, mobile apps, web applications, and enterprise systems.
7. Collaboration and Processes Layer
 Function: This is the highest layer, focusing on business workflows,
decision-making, and process automation. It integrates the insights
gained from IoT data into business operations and decision-making
frameworks. Components: Business intelligence (BI) systems, enterprise
resource planning (ERP) systems, and workflow automation tools.
The oneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture
One M2M architenture is a global initiative to create a standardized

framework for the Internet of Things (IoT), ensuring interoperability between
IoT devices and platforms across different industries. The architecture defines
a set of layers to streamline communication and enable seamless data
exchange between IoT systems.
Here’s a brief overview of the layers in the oneM2M architecture:
1. Application Layer
 This layer consists of IoT applications that use the oneM2M platform to
provide services. These applications interact with devices and sensors to
collect data and perform actions. It includes business logic and user
interfaces for specific IoT services like smart homes or smart cities.
2. Common Services Layer (CSL)
 The Common Services Layer is the core of the oneM2M architecture. It
provides reusable functionalities such as data storage, security, device
management, and communication between applications and network

services. It serves as a middleware between the Application Layer and
the Network Layer.
3. Network Services Layer
 This layer provides the necessary network connectivity and
communication infrastructure, ensuring that IoT devices can exchange
data over different communication networks. It handles transport
protocols, connectivity, and QoS (Quality of Service) requirements,
facilitating communication between the Common Services Layer and
underlying networks.
Simplified IoT Architecture
The Core IoT Functional Stack is structured into three key layers that represent
the essential components for IoT systems: Sensors/Things, Communication,
and Applications/Analytics.
Layer 1: “Things” - Sensors and Actuators Layer

This layer includes IoT devices, such as sensors and actuators, that interact
with the physical world. Devices are categorized based on:
 Battery-powered or power-connected: Devices either carry their own

energy source (battery-powered) or receive continuous power (externally
connected). Battery-powered devices offer mobility but are constrained by
energy consumption.
 Mobile or static: Devices may either stay in a fixed location (static) or move
with objects (mobile), influencing their power needs and reporting capabilities.
 Low or high reporting frequency: This refers to how often devices report
data. Low frequency (e.g., once a month) consumes less power, while high
frequency (e.g., multiple times per second) increases energy consumption and
affects power source and mobility.
 Simple or rich data: Devices may transmit simple data (like a humidity
index) or rich data (like hundreds of parameters from an engine sensor). Rich
data typically consumes more power and bandwidth.
 Report range: The distance over which devices communicate with

gateways. Short-range devices (e.g., fitness bands) communicate within a few
meters, while long-range devices (e.g., moisture sensors) may need to send data
across kilometers.
 Object density per cell: This considers how many smart objects
communicate within a given area. For example, sparse deployments may
involve a single sensor over miles, while dense deployments, such as smart
buildings, may have numerous sensors within small areas.
EXPLAIN MOBILE OR STATIC THINGS IN IOT

Layer 2: Communication Network Layer

This layer facilitates the data flow between IoT devices and central systems. It
is further divided into:
 Point-to-point topologies: These allow two nodes to communicate directly

through a dedicated link. It is a simple and direct way to connect devices but
limited to one-to-one communication.
 Point-to-multipoint topologies: This allows one node (e.g., a gateway) to

communicate with multiple other nodes (e.g., smart objects). It is commonly
used in IoT systems where one or more gateways manage communication with
multiple devices.
 Gateway and Backhaul Sublayer: Data collected by IoT devices is

transmitted to a central processing station. Since this station is often far from the
devices, gateways forward the data to the backhaul network, ensuring the data
reaches the central location for analysis. Gateways thus act as intermediaries
between devices and central systems.
 Network Transport Sublayer:

 IoT Network Management Sublayer:
Layer 3: Applications and Analytics Layer

This top layer processes IoT data and enables smart decision-making through
applications and analytics. It includes:
 Analytics vs. Control Applications: Analytics applications process data
for insights, while control applications manage IoT device operations.
 Data vs. Network Analytics: Data analytics focuses on insights from
sensor data, while network analytics monitors the health and
performance of the network.
 Smart Services: Provides services such as automation and real-time

decision-making based on the processed data.
IoT Data Management and Compute Stack

This stack optimizes how data is managed and processed, aiming to:
 Minimize Latency: Speed up data processing.
 Conserve Network Bandwidth: Efficiently use network resources.
 Increase Local Efficiency: Process more data locally to reduce load on
central systems.
TYPES OF ACTUATORS :
----------------- UNIT 2 ------------------
WHAT IS RASPBERRY PI
The Raspberry Pi is a compact, low-cost computer roughly the size of a credit
card. It’s designed to be a versatile and accessible platform for a variety of
applications. Here’s a detailed overview:
1. Basic Description: The Raspberry Pi is a small, affordable computer that
can connect to standard peripherals like a keyboard, mouse, and
monitor (or TV). Despite its size, it provides many of the functions of a
traditional desktop PC.
2. Key Features:
Size and Cost: It’s credit-card-sized and cost-effective, making it accessible to a
wide audience.
Operating System: It typically runs Linux-based operating systems, such as
Raspberry Pi OS, but can support other operating systems as well.
Connectivity: Includes USB ports, HDMI output, GPIO pins, and depending on
the model, built-in Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.
Programming: Supports various programming languages like Python, Scratch,
Java, and more, making it ideal for learning and experimentation.
3. Uses and Applications:
Educational Tool: Helps people of all ages learn programming and computer
science fundamentals.
Everyday Computing: Can handle web browsing, word processing, and
multimedia tasks.
Creative Projects: Used in a range of projects, from DIY music machines and
infrared cameras to weather stations and smart home devices.
4. Community and Development: The Raspberry Pi has a strong
community and extensive resources, which foster innovation and
support for diverse projects.
In summary, the Raspberry Pi is a versatile and affordable computer that
supports a wide array of applications and projects, making it a valuable tool for
education, experimentation, and creative joueney.
 HOW DOES RASPBERRY PI WORK

Raspberry Pi is a programmable device. It comes with all the critical features of
the motherboard in an average computer but without peripherals or internal
storage. To set up the Raspberry computer, you will need an SD card inserted
into the provided space. The SD card should have the operating system
installed and is required for the computer to boot. Raspberry computers are
compatible with Linux OS. This reduces the amount of memory needed and
creates an environment for diversity. After setting up the OS, one can connect
Raspberry Pi to output devices like computer monitors or a High-Definition
Multimedia Interface (HDMI) television. Input units like mice or keyboards
should also be connected. This minicomputer’s exact use and applications
depend on the buyer and can cover many functions.
10 FEATURES OF RASPBERRY PI
 Central Processing Unit (CPU): The Raspberry Pi uses ARM11 series

processors, which handle instructions and perform computations.
 HDMI Port: Allows for video output by connecting the Raspberry Pi to an

HDTV or monitor via HDMI cable. It supports versions 1.3 and 1.4 and also
includes an RCA port for alternative display options.
 Graphic Processing Unit (GPU): Enhances image processing and speeds

up graphical calculations. This component helps render visuals more efficiently.
 Memory (RAM): Provides temporary storage for data that the CPU is
actively using. The capacity has increased over time, with the Raspberry Pi 4
offering up to 8GB of RAM.
 Ethernet Port: Available on B models, it provides wired internet

connectivity through an RJ45 jack, enabling tasks like web browsing and
software updates.
 SD Card Slot: Used for storage, where the operating system and data are
stored. It functions as the hard drive, allowing the Raspberry Pi to boot and
operate.
 General Purpose Input and Output (GPIO) Pins: Used for interfacing
with external electronic components. Most models have 40 GPIO pins that can
be used for various projects and hardware interactions.
 LEDs: Provide status indicators for power, SD card activity, and network
connectivity. They help users monitor the operational state of the Raspberry Pi.
10 USES OF RASPBERRY PI
1. Educational Tool: Learning Programming: Raspberry Pi is widely used to
teach programming languages like Python, Scratch, and JavaScript. It's
an affordable platform for students and educators to explore coding
concepts.
2. Home Automation: Smart Home Projects: Raspberry Pi can control
smart devices, lights, and sensors in home automation setups. It can be
used with platforms like Home Assistant or OpenHAB to create custom
automation solutions.
3. Media Center: Media Streaming: By installing media center software

like Kodi (formerly XBMC) or Plex, the Raspberry Pi can function as a
home media server or streaming device, playing videos, music, and
more.
4. Retro Gaming Console: Emulation: With software like RetroPie, the
Raspberry Pi can emulate classic gaming consoles like the NES, SNES, and
Sega Genesis, turning it into a retro gaming console.
5. Internet of Things (IoT) Projects: Sensor Integration: Raspberry Pi can
be used to gather data from various sensors (temperature, humidity,
motion) and send it to cloud services or display it on dashboards for IoT
applications.
6. Personal Web Server: Hosting: You can set up a Raspberry Pi as a
personal web server to host a website or web application. It’s ideal for
small-scale hosting and learning about web server management.
7. Network Attached Storage (NAS): File Sharing: Raspberry Pi can be
configured as a NAS device, providing a centralized location for storing
and accessing files over a network.
8. Security Camera System: Surveillance: Using software like
MotionEyeOS, the Raspberry Pi can be transformed into a security
camera system to monitor and record video footage from connected
cameras.
9. Robotics: Control Systems: Raspberry Pi can be used as the brain of
various robotics projects, controlling motors, sensors, and other
components. It’s popular in educational and hobbyist robotics.
10.Weather Station: Data Collection: By connecting weather sensors,
Raspberry Pi can collect and analyze data on temperature, humidity, and
atmospheric pressure, providing insights into local weather conditions.
ARCHITECTURE OF RASPBERRY PI
Raspberry Pi mainly consists of the following blocks:

 Processor: Raspberry Pi uses Broadcom BCM2835 system on chip which
is an ARM processor and Video core Graphics Processing Unit (GPU). It is
the heart of the Raspberry Pi which controls the operations of all the
connected devices and handles all the required computations.
 HDMI: High Definition Multimedia Interface is used for transmitting
video or digital audio data to a computer monitor or to digital TV. This
HDMI port helps Raspberry Pi to connect its signals to any digital device
such as a monitor digital TV or display through an HDMI cable.
 GPIO ports: General Purpose Input Output ports are available on
Raspberry Pi which allows the user to interface various I/P devices.
 Audio output: An audio connector is available for connecting audio
output devices such as headphones and speakers.
 USB ports: This is a common port available for various peripherals such
as a mouse, keyboard, or any other I/P device. With the help of a USB
port, the system can be expanded by connecting more peripherals.
RASPBERRY PI INTERFACES :
--------------- UNIT 3 --------------------

Q1. Explain the layers of IOT Protocol?
Q2. Draw 4 layer module of IOT Protocol?

The 4-layer model consists of:
1. Application Layer: Combining OSI's application, presentation, and session layers.
2. Transport Layer: Handles the digital data transfer.
3. Network/Internet Layer: Responsible for digital data transportation.
4. Physical Network Access Layer: Includes physical components like routers, Ethernet
cables
Q3. Draw 5 layer module of IOT Protocol?

Business Layer: Responsible for data analytics or cloud database operations
Q4. Explain the MQTT components along with diagram?

Q5. Explain Bluetooth protocol?

Bluetooth Protocol in IoT
1. Shorter Range and Frequency Hopping:
 Bluetooth typically operates over a shorter range than other IoT protocols.
However, it has gained a large user base due to its integration with modern mobile
devices such as smartphones, tablets, and wearable technology like wireless
headphones.
 It uses frequency hopping within the 2.4 GHz ISM band, meaning it sends data in
small packets across different frequency channels, helping avoid interference.
2. Bluetooth Standards:
 Standard Bluetooth technology uses 79 channels in the 2.4 GHz range. However,
with the introduction of Bluetooth 4.0, also known as Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE),
the number of channels was reduced to 40 channels, with a bandwidth of 2 MHz per
channel.
 BLE allows for data transfer rates of up to 3 Mb/s and is designed to consume less
power, making it ideal for IoT applications that require flexibility, scalability, and low
power consumption.
3. BLE Development:
 BLE was initially developed by Nokia but later adopted by the Bluetooth Special
Interest Group (SIG) as a standard technology.
 BLE's low power consumption makes it a suitable choice for IoT applications like
smart homes and offices where devices are in close proximity.
4. Security Considerations:
 Bluetooth devices are discoverable by other Bluetooth-enabled devices, which
poses a risk for unauthorized pairing.
 BLE lacks built-in security features at the protocol level, so security measures must
be implemented at the application layer to protect sensitive data.
5. Use Case Limitations:
 BLE is an excellent option for applications where there is a reasonable number of
nearby IoT devices in a small area, such as smart home networks.
 However, it is not ideal for transmitting sensitive data over long distances or for
remote access to IoT systems due to its limited range and potential security
vulnerabilities
Q6 .Explain XMPP Protocol?
Q7. Explain how does CoApp protocol works?

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol)
Q8. Draw the CoApp message format?

Q9. Explain Cellular protocol?
Q10. Explain ZigBee protocol?

Q11. Explain Web Socket?
--------------- UNIT 4 --------------------
IOT – ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING

IOT IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

IoT - Building/Housing Applications
What is Software-Defined Networking (SDN)?

 Definition:
o Software-defined networking (SDN) is a modern approach to
managing computer networks.
o Traditionally, networks are controlled by hardware devices like
routers and switches, which can be complex and hard to
configure.
o SDN separates the control of the network (decisions about where
data goes) from the actual movement of data.
o SDN stands for Software Defined Network, which is a networking
architecture approach.
o It enables control and management of the network using software
applications.
o Networking behavior of the entire network and its devices is
programmed in a centrally controlled manner through software
applications using open APIs.
What is Software-Defined Networking?
 Purpose:
o SDN enables dynamic, programmatically efficient network
configuration to improve network performance and monitoring.
o It separates the control plane (decides where traffic is sent) from
the data plane (moves packets to the selected destination).
What is a Data Plane?

 Responsibilities:
o All activities involving and resulting from data packets sent by the
end-user belong to this plane.
o Includes:
 Forwarding of packets.
 Segmentation and reassembly of data.
 Replication of packets for multicasting.
What is a Control Plane?

 Responsibilities:
o All activities necessary to perform data plane activities but do not
involve end-user data packets belong to this plane.
o In other words, this is the brain of the network.
o Includes:
 Making routing tables.
 Setting packet handling policies.
Why SDN is Important?
 Benefits:
o Better Network Connectivity: Enhances connectivity for sales,
services, and internal communications; aids in faster data sharing.
o Better Deployment of Applications: Speeds up deployment of new
applications, services, and business models.
o Better Security: Provides better visibility throughout the network;
allows creation of separate zones for devices requiring different
security levels.
o Better Control With High Speed: Offers better speed by applying
an open standard software-based controller.
o Acts as a “Bigger Umbrella or a HUB” for other networking
technologies, merging with other platforms to decrease traffic
rate and increase data flow efficiency.
Where is SDN Used?
 Applications:
o Enterprises use SDN for application deployment, lowering overall
deployment and operating costs.
o Allows IT administrators to manage and provision network
services from a single location.
o Cloud networking uses SDN with white-box systems; cloud

providers often use generic hardware to save on CAPEX and OPEX.
How Does SDN Work?
 Functionality:
o SDN separates the software that controls the network from the
hardware.
o Moves the control plane (deciding where to send data) to
software, while the data plane (forwarding data) stays in
hardware.
o Allows management of the network via a single, unified interface,
simplifying network administration.
o Virtual switches can perform functions of physical switches,
combining multiple functions into one smart switch.
Components of SDN:
 Key Components:
o SDN Applications: Relay requests or networks through SDN
Controller using API.
o SDN Controller: Collects network information from hardware and
sends it to applications.
o SDN Networking Devices: Help in forwarding and data processing
tasks.
SDN Architecture WITH LAYERS AND DIAGRAM :
 Traditional Network:
o Each switch has its own data plane and control plane.
o Control plane exchanges topology information and constructs a
forwarding table for data packet movement.
 SDN Approach:
o Control plane is centralized in the SDN controller.
o Network administrator can shape traffic via a centralized console.
o Data plane resides in the switch; packets are forwarded based on
flow tables pre-assigned by the controller.
o Flow table includes match fields and instructions for packet
handling.
o If a packet doesn’t find a match, the switch queries the controller
for a new flow entry.
 Layers:
o Application Layer: Includes network applications like intrusion
detection, firewall, and load balancing.
o Control Layer: Contains the SDN controller; allows hardware
abstraction to applications.
o Infrastructure Layer: Consists of physical switches forming the

data plane and performing data packet movement.
o APIs:
 North-bound APIs (between application and control layer).
 South-bound APIs (between control and infrastructure
layer).
Different Models of SDN:
1. Open SDN:
o Implemented using OpenFlow switch.
o Controller communicates with switches using south-bound API
with OpenFlow protocol.
2. SDN via APIs:
o Functions in remote devices like switches are invoked using
methods like SNMP, CLI, or Rest API.
o Devices have control points enabling the controller to manipulate
them using APIs.
3. SDN via Hypervisor-based Overlay Network:
o Configuration of physical devices remains unchanged.
o Hypervisor-based overlay networks are created over the physical
network.
o Only edge devices connect to virtualized networks, concealing
information of other devices.
4. Hybrid SDN:
o Combines traditional networking with SDN in one network to
support different functions.
Q] Distinguished between SDN and traditional networking?

Advantages of SDN
 The network is programmable and hence can easily be modified via the
controller rather than individual switches.
 Switch hardware becomes cheaper since each switch only needs a data
plane.
 Hardware is abstracted, hence applications can be written on top of the
controller independent of the switch vendor.
 Provides better security since the controller can monitor traffic and
deploy security policies. For example, if the controller detects suspicious
activity in network traffic, it can reroute or drop the packets.
Disadvantages of SDN
 The central dependency of the network means a single point of failure,
i.e. if the controller gets corrupted, the entire network will be affected.
 The use of SDN on large scale is not properly defined and explored.

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NAME : DANIYA SUBJECT : IOT CLASS : TY.

---------------------- UNIT 1 : IOT ----------------------

IoT Stack (SaCIIU)

o Sensors are embedded devices that collect data from the

o While cloud computing is essential, edge computing can also be

COMPONENTS / IOT STACK ( SaCIIU)

It’s a mechanism embedded in a physical device to collect data from its

ACTUATORS : An IoT device is made up of a Physical object ("thing") +

CONNECTIVITY AND GATEWAY :

 Ensures seamless communication

DATA ANALYTICS AND MANAGEMENT :

 Data is the fuel for IoT Applications.

 Task is to monitor and control field device for the user

Minimize human effort : devices of loT interact and communicate with

Enhance Data Collection: An IoT device data collection system boosts

Security: As the loT systems are interconnected and communicate over

IOT CHARACTERISTICS OR FEATURES :

Self-Configuring: It means the ability to change operating parameters based on

Interoperable Communication Protocols: IoT can support various

Heterogeneity: It explains differences between various loT devices and

Scalability: The loT ecosystem is witnessing a rapid growth in the number of

Automation and Control: IoT automation and control make industries

Data Distribution Service (DDS) was developed by the Object Management

IoT standards often use specific protocols for device communication. A

Constrained Application Protocol. CoAP is a protocol designed by the

Advanced Message Queuing Protocol. AMQP enables encrypted and

Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN). This protocol for WANs

MQ Telemetry Transport. MQTT is a lightweight protocol that's used for

Calvin is an open source IoT platform designed for building and

Includes a development framework for application developers, as well as

Comparing IOT architectures (The IoT World Forum(IoTWF) Standardized

The IoT World Forum(IoTWF) Standardized Architecture

1. Physical Devices and Controllers Layer

4. Data Accumulation Layer

The oneM2M IoT Standardized Architecture

One M2M architenture is a global initiative to create a standardized

management, and communication between applications and network

Simplified IoT Architecture

Layer 1: “Things” - Sensors and Actuators Layer

 Battery-powered or power-connected: Devices either carry their own

 Report range: The distance over which devices communicate with

EXPLAIN MOBILE OR STATIC THINGS IN IOT

Layer 2: Communication Network Layer

 Point-to-point topologies: These allow two nodes to communicate directly

 Point-to-multipoint topologies: This allows one node (e.g., a gateway) to

 Gateway and Backhaul Sublayer: Data collected by IoT devices is

 Network Transport Sublayer:

 IoT Network Management Sublayer:

Layer 3: Applications and Analytics Layer

 Smart Services: Provides services such as automation and real-time

IoT Data Management and Compute Stack

----------------- UNIT 2 ------------------

 HOW DOES RASPBERRY PI WORK

 Central Processing Unit (CPU): The Raspberry Pi uses ARM11 series

 HDMI Port: Allows for video output by connecting the Raspberry Pi to an

 Graphic Processing Unit (GPU): Enhances image processing and speeds

 Ethernet Port: Available on B models, it provides wired internet

3. Media Center: Media Streaming: By installing media center software

Raspberry Pi mainly consists of the following blocks: