2023 - Chapter 2.3-Final

© Dr.
H T Tran - IUH
INTELLIGENT SENSORS AND DEVICES
Dr. Toan Tran-Huu

Email: tranhuutoan@iuh.edu.vn
E-Learning: Trần Hữu Toàn
ocw.fet.iuh.edu.vn
2.3. Potentiometers
Potentiometers
Potentiometers
2.3.1.Potentiometer: Core concept
 Potentiometers are very common for manual

tuning; you know them from some controls (such as
volume and tone on stereos).
 Typically called pots, they allow the user to
manually adjust the resistance.
 As the tap is moved, the resistance changes.
 In robotics, pots are commonly used to sense and
tune position for sliding and rotating mechanisms.
2.3.1.Potentiometer: Core concept
2.3.2.Construction
wire-wound potentiometer
2.3.2.Construction
2.3.2.Construction
2.3.2.Construction
2.3.3.Formula-Resister
Linear POT
is
Rp(1-x)
R iL
VS L p
d Rp x
VL
ix RL
d
R (l )  Rn
L
2.3.3.Formula-Resister
Rotating POT

R  Rn
0
2.3.4.Potentiometer: Applications
 The Potential divider is the most obvious application. In its
simplest form it is two resistors in series with an input voltage Vs
across the ends.
 Potentiometers were formerly used to control picture brightness,
contrast, and color response in Television sets.
 Low-power potentiometers, both linear and rotary, are used to
control audio equipment, changing loudness, frequency
attenuation and other characteristics of audio signals.
Potential Divider Circuit

2.3.5.Exercises
EXAMPLE-1
A pot is supplied with 10 V and is set at 82° [similar to Figure].
The range of this single-turn pot is 350°. Calculate the output
voltage. Given that at the Zero position, we measure the voltage
of the POT is 0VDC
2.3.5.Exercises
VOUT
10VDC
?VDC
0VDC
0○ 82○ 350○ Ɵ
2.3.5.Exercises
SOLUTION
C1: Use transfer function (gain)
If the pot is supplied 10 V, then the maximum angle of 350° will
produce a 10-V output. Using these values, we can set up a ratio
of output to input and use that ratio to calculate the output for any
input [this ratio is an example of a simple transfer function (TF)]:
output 10Vdc
TFpot   o
input 350
To find the output voltage for a particular angle, multiply the
angle with the transfer function (and as always, be sure the units
work out correctly in this case,degreescancel, leaving voltsas the
unit): o 10
Vout (at 82 )  x82  2.34V
350
2.3.5.Exercises
SOLUTION
C2: Use cross-calculation principle
  350o  VOUT  10Vdc

o 10Vdc  82o
  82  VOUT  o
 2.34 VDC
350
2.3.5.Exercises
EXAMPLE-2
A pot is supplied with 5 VDC. The range of this single-turn pot
is 345°(Dead zone is 15°). Calculate the angle of robot if the
output voltage is 2.56 VDC. Given that at the Zero position, we
measure the voltage of the POT is 0.25 VDC
5V
345 5V
??? Vout=2.56V
0.25 V
2.3.5.Exercises
VOUT
5VDC 345○ 5VDC
?○ 2.56VDC
2.56 VDC 0.25VDC
0.25 VDC
0○ ?○ 
2.3.5.Exercises
SOLUTION
Apply the following formula :
Vht  Vmin
 ht   min    max   min 
Vmax  Vmin
2,56  0, 25
 ht  0    345  0   167, 7
5  0, 25
2.3.6. Linearity error
Rx100 where
ett  ∆R = maximum resistance error
Rtot
Rtot = total pot resistance
Linearity error of a pot: ideal vs. actual

2.3.6.Linearity error
When the potentiometer is used as a position sensor, the output

voltage is directly proportional to the shaft angular position, so
linearity error can also be expressed in terms of angle:
  100
ett 
where  tot
∆θ = maximum angle error
(in degrees)
θtot = total range of the pot
(in degrees)
(Note: Loading effects will
also contribute to the
error.)
Exercises
EXAMPLE-3
Given Robot arm as the following figure. A single-turn pot (with
dead-angle of 10°) has a linearity error of 0.1% and is
connected to a 5 VDC source. Initial condition is 0°
corresponding to 0 VDC
a. Calculate the output voltage when robot is set at 45°
b. Calculate the maximum angle error that could be expected
from the Robot arm.
Exercises
SOLUTION
b. To calculate the maximum possible angle error, rearrange
Equation and solve:
ett   0.1  350
    0.35o
100 100
If this pot were in a control system, the controller would only
know the position to within 0.35° or about one-third of a degree.
For the Robot arm, the linear error is:
1
 RobotArm  0.35  0.12o
o
3
EXCERSICE 4
Cho S là bộ phân thế, điện áp nuôi 10VDC, với góc chết 15 độ. Vị trí
ban đầu bàn máy 0 (mm) đo được điện áp ra từ chiết áp là 0,30 VDC.
- Mối liên hệ giữa góc quay khâu quay và khoảng dịch chuyển dài của
bàn máy:
2 d
 ( rad)
Ps Z
- Biết bước vít-me (Leadscrew) là Ps=3 mm; số mối ren trên ổ là Z=30.
Hãy đưa sơ đồ và tính điện áp đo được từ chiết áp khi bàn máy di
chuyển sang phải 9.5 mm, sau đó sang trái 3 mm và dừng.
tranhuutoan@iuh.edu.vn
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© Dr.

INTELLIGENT SENSORS AND DEVICES

Dr. Toan Tran-Huu

 Potentiometers are very common for manual

Potential Divider Circuit

  350o  VOUT  10Vdc

5VDC 345○ 5VDC

2.56 VDC 0.25VDC

Linearity error of a pot: ideal vs. actual

When the potentiometer is used as a position sensor, the output

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