Vidhvaa Material GK

India at a Glance
Geography
 India is the seventh largest country in the world and second largest country in Asia.
 India accounts for about 2.4 % of the total area of the world with an area of
32,87,263 sq.km.
 India extends from 8°4'N to 37°6'N latitudes and 68°7'E to 97°25'E longitudes.
 India is located in the North and Eastern hemisphere.
 Border Countries- Pakistan and Afghanistan in the north-west, China, Nepal and
Bhutan in the north and Bangladesh and Myanmar in the east.
 India’s longest border is with Bangladesh (4156 km) while the shortest border is with
Afghanistan (106 km)
 The total length of the coast line of India including the islands is 7,516.6 km.
 The southern most point of the country is Pygmalion Point or Indira Point (6°45'N
latitude) located in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 The southern most point of main land of India is Cape Comorin (Kanyakumari).
 The northern point is Indira Col.
 India has been politically divided into 28 states and 8 union territories
Facts about Indian Population
 India is currently the largest country in the world in terms of population.

 The current population of India is 1,442,303,099 as per UN data.
 India population is equivalent to 17.76% of the total world population.
 The population density in India is 481 per Km2.
2011 Census facts (15th census)
 State with the highest population density - Bihar

 State with the lowest population density - Arunachal Pradesh
 Union territory with least population - Lakshadweep
 State with the highest population - Uttar Pradesh
 State with the lowest population - Sikkim
 State with the highest sex ratio - Kerala
 State with the lowest sex ratio - Haryana
 State with the highest literacy rate - Kerala
 State with the lowest literacy rate - Bihar
Human Development Index (HDI) 2023-24 Report - India
 It is a statistical composite (first published in 1990 by the UNDP) index, which

measures average achievement of a country in 3 basic dimensions – life expectancy,
mean years of schooling and average incomes.
 India’s ranking in HDI – 134
 India’s life expectancy at birth - 67.7 years
 India’s Expected years of schooling (EYS) - 12.6 years
 India’s Gross National Income (GNI) per capita - $6,951
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National Symbols of India
 National Flag - Tiranga

 National Anthem - Jana Gana Mana
 National Calendar - Saka Calendar
 National Song - Vande Mataram
 National Emblem - Lion capital of Asoka at Sarnath
 National Fruit - Mango
 National River - Ganga
 National Animal - Royal Bengal Tiger
 National Tree - Indian Banyan
 National Aquatic Animal - Ganges River Dolphin
 National Bird - Indian Peacock
 National Currency - Indian Rupee
 National Reptile - King Cobra
 National Heritage Animal - Indian Elephant
 National Flower - Lotus
 National Vegetable - Pumpkin
Important Facts about the Constituent Assembly & Constitution of India
 The Constitution of India was formed by the Constituent Assembly, which consisted
of 299 members.
 Idea of Constitution Assembly for India was put forward for the first time by
M N Roy in 1934.
 The Constituent Assembly of India was step up under the framework of Cabinet
Mission plan (1946).
 The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly of India took place on 9 December
1946.
 President of the Constituent Assembly - Dr Rajendra Prasad.
 Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly - H. C. Mookerjee and V. T.
Krishnamachari.
 Constitutional Advisor / Legal Advisor of the Constituent Assembly - B. N. Rau.
 The constituent assembly adopted the Constitution on November 26, 1949 and it
came into effect on January 26, 1950.
 The framing of the Constitution took over 2 years, 11 months and 18 days.
 The total expenditure incurred on making the Constitution – 64 lakhs.
 Originally, the Constitution of India was written in English and Hindi.
 The original constitution was handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada.
 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution.
 The Indian Constitution is the longest written constitution of any sovereign nation in
the world, containing 448 articles in 25 parts, 12 schedules, and 106 amendments
as of now.
 The Indian Constitution is a federal document that establishes a democratic
government with three branches – the legislature, executive, and judiciary.
 The Constitution provides for a parliamentary form of government, with the Prime
Minister as the head of the government and the President as the head of state.
 The Constitution also provides for an independent judiciary, with the Supreme Court
as the highest court of the land.
 The Constitution recognizes 22 languages as official languages of India, with Hindi
and English as the official languages of the Union.
Various Functions Performed by Constituent Assembly

Apart from crafting the Constitution and passing regular legislation, the Constituent
Assembly also undertook the following tasks:
 Ratified India’s membership of the Commonwealth in May, 1949.
 Adopted the National Flag on July 22, 1947.
 Adopted National Song & National Anthem on Jan 24, 1950.
 Elected Rajendra Prasad as the first President of India on Jan 24, 1950.
President of India
 India follows a Parliamentary type of Government in which the President is the
Constitutional head of the state.
 President of India is referred to as the first citizen of India.
 The Indian President is indirectly elected by an electoral college composed of the
elected members of the Parliament, Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and State
Legislative Assembly.
 The President is the Executive head of India, & all the executive powers of the union
shall be vested in him.
 The President is the Supreme Commander of the army forces.
 Tenure of the President – 5 years.
 There have been 15 personalities who served as Indian Presidents since the adoption
of the Indian Constitution in 1950.
President of India – Important facts

 First President of India - Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
 Longest serving President of India - Dr. Rajendra Prasad (1950- 1962)
 First Muslim President of India - Zakir Husain
 First Sikh President - Zail Singh
 First Dalit President of India – K R Narayanan
 First women President of India - Pratibha Devisingh Patil
 India's first tribal President - Droupadi Murmu
 The only two presidents that died in office: Zakir Hussain (1969) & Fakarauddin
Ali Ahmed (1977).
 If the posts of President and vice-president lie vacant, Chief justice of India works as
President. This situation happened in 1969 when Chief justice M Hidayutalla was
appointed as president of India.
 Neelam Sanjeev Reddy was the only candidate elected unopposed.
Prime Minister of India
 President of India appoints a person as the Prime Minister who is the leader of the
party which holds a majority of seats in the Lok Sabha.
 The Prime Minister of India is the Head of the Government of India.
 The Prime Minister has the authority to assign portfolios to the Ministers.
 The Prime Minister is the chairman of the cabinet and presides the meetings of the
Cabinet.
 The Prime Minister acts as the chief advisor to the President.
Facts about Indian Prime Ministers

 Longest-Serving Indian Prime Minister - Jawaharlal Nehru (1947 – 1964)
 First woman Prime Minister - Indira Gandhi (1966)
 Acting Prime Minister Twice - Gulzari Lal Nanda (1964 & 1966)
 First Non-Congress Prime Minister of India - Morarji Desai (1977-1979)
 Youngest Indian Prime Minister - Rajiv Gandhi (1984 at the age of 40)
 First Prime Minister from South India - P.V. Narasimha Rao (1991-1996)
 First Sikh Prime Minister – Manmohan Singh (2004 - 2014)
 Second person to be elected as PM for the third time after Nehru - Narendra Modi
(2014 to till date)
 Narendra Modi is the current and 14th Prime Minister of India.
General Election - 2024

 In 2024, the 18th Lok Sabha elections commenced from 19th April to 1st June in 7
Phases and the result was announced on June 4th.
 After the 2024 General Elections, the newly re-elected Prime Minister Shri Narendra
Modi took the oath of office along with the Council of Ministers on 9th June.
 As per the Constitution of India, the total strength of the Council of Ministers cannot
exceed 15% of the total number of Lok Sabha MPs.
 The current strength of the 18th Lok Sabha is 543 members and hence the Council of
Ministers cannot be more than 81.
 At the time of swearing-in, the Council of Ministers comprised the PM and 71
ministers.
 In the 2024 Council of Ministers, there are 30 Cabinet Ministers, 5 Ministers of
State (Independent Charge) and 36 Ministers of State.
List of Cabinet Ministers – 2024
Cabinet Ministers Portfolio
Shri Rajnath Singh Minister of Defence
Shri Amit Shah Minister of Home Affairs; and Minister of
Cooperation
Shri Nitin Jairam Gadkari Minister of Road Transport and Highways
Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman Minister of Finance; and Minister of
Corporate Affairs
Shri Shivraj Singh Chouhan Minister of Agriculture and Farmers’
Welfare; and Rural Development
Dr. Subrahmanyam Jaishankar Minister of External Affairs
Shri Jagat Prakash Nadda Minister of Health and Family Welfare; and
Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers
Shri Manohar Lal Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs;
Minister of Power
Shri H. D. Kumaraswamy Minister of Heavy Industries; and Minister
of Steel
Shri Piyush Goyal Minister of Commerce and Industry
Shri Dharmendra Pradhan Minister of Education
Shri Jitan Ram Manjhi Minister of Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises
Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh Minister of Panchayati Raj; and Minister of
Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying
Shri Sarbananda Sonowal Minister of Ports, Shipping and Waterways
Dr. Virendra Kumar Minister of Social Justice and
Empowerment
Shri Kinjarapu Rammohan Naidu Minister of Civil Aviation
Shri Pralhad Joshi Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and
Public Distribution; and Minister of New
and Renewable Energy
Shri Jual Oram Minister of Tribal Affairs
Shri Giriraj Singh Minister of Textiles
Shri Ashwini Vaishnaw Minister of Railways; Minister of
Information and Broadcasting; and Minister
of Electronics and Information Technology
Shri Jyotiraditya M. Scindia Minister of Communications; and Minister
of Development of North Eastern Region
Shri Bhupender Yadav Minister of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change
Shri Gajendra Singh Shekhawat Minister of Culture; and Minister of
Tourism
Smt. Annpurna Devi Minister of Women and Child Development
Shri Kiren Rijiju Minister of Parliamentary Affairs; and
Minister of Minority Affairs
Shri Hardeep Singh Puri Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Dr. Mansukh Mandaviya Minister of Labour and Employment; and
Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports
Shri G. Kishan Reddy Minister of Coal; and Minister of Mines
Shri Chirag Paswan Minister of Food Processing Industries
Shri C R Patil Minister of Jal Shakti
Parliament of India - Important facts
 The biggest law-making assembly of India is Parliament, which constitutes
President, Lok Sabha, and Rajya Sabha.
 The President has the power to summon and prorogue either House of Parliament or
to dissolve Lok Sabha.
 Parliament meets for three sessions in a year (Budget, Monsoon and Winter Session).
 The gap between two sessions of the Parliament cannot exceed 6 months, which
means the Parliament meets at least two times in one year.
Lok Sabha (Lower House or House of People)

 The First Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April, 1952 after India's first general
election.
 The First Session of this Lok Sabha commenced on 13 May, 1952.
 The members of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) are directly elected by the
people through the voting process.
 The first Speaker of the Lok Sabha was Ganesh Vasudev Mavalankar.
 The Present Speaker of the Lok Sabha - Om Birla
 The maximum strength of the Lok Sabha is 550 members.
 Out of these, 530 members are elected directly from the states, 20 members are
elected from the Union Territories.
 To be eligible for membership in the Lok Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India
and must be 25 years of age.
 Tenure of Lok Sabha - 5 years
 States with highest number of seats in Lok Sabha - Uttar Pradesh (80)
 Number of seats for Tamil Nadu in Lok Sabha - 39
Rajya Sabha (Upper House or Council of states)

 The Rajya Sabha represents the states and the Union Territories.
 Members of the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) are indirectly elected by the
members of the states’ legislative assemblies.
 Rajya Sabha is a permanent body and cannot be dissolved
 The total members of the Rajya Sabha are fixed at 250.
 Out of these, 238 are elected by the representatives of the states and Union
Territories and the remaining 12 are nominated by the President of India.
 Out of 8 union territories, Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir have
representation in Rajya Sabha
 The allocation of the seats in the Rajya Sabha is listed in the 4th Schedule of the
Constitution of India.
 These seats are generally allocated to each state on the basis of its population.
 States with highest number of seats in Rajya Sabha – Uttar Pradesh (31)
 Number of seats for Tamil Nadu in Rajya Sabha – 18
 The Rajya Sabha held its first sitting on 13 May, 1952.
 Vice-President is an ex-officio chairman of Rajya Sabha.
 Present ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha - Jagdeep Dhankhar
 To be eligible for membership in the Rajya Sabha, a person must be a citizen of India
and must be 30 years of age.
 Each member is elected for a term of six years.
Facts about India’s New Parliament Building

 Inaugurated on May 28, 2023.
 Designed by Bimal Patel.
 The new Parliament building is a triangular-shaped house covering approximately
65,000 sq m.
 The new building includes a larger Lok Sabha Hall with a capacity of up to 888
seats and a larger Rajya Sabha hall with up to 384 seats.
 Joint sessions of Parliament can now accommodate up to 1,272 seats.
 The Lok Sabha hall’s interior, inspired by India's national bird, the peacock, and
the Rajya Sabha hall, representing the lotus, India's national flower.
 The new Parliament building has a Constitutional Hall at its core.
 The new complex is a "platinum-rated green building". It showcases India's
dedication to sustainability.
Judiciary in India
 India has a single integrated judicial system.
 The judiciary in India has a pyramidal structure with the Supreme Court (SC) at the
top.
 High Courts are below the SC, and below them are the district and subordinate
courts. The lower courts function under the direct superintendence of the higher
courts.
Supreme Court - Important facts

 The Supreme Court of India is the country’s highest judicial court established
under Article 124 of the Constitution.
 It is the final court of appeal in the country.
 Supreme Court inaugurated on January 28, 1950.
 The original Constitution of 1950 envisaged a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice
and 7 other Judges.
 Present strength of the Supreme Court - 34 including Chief Justice of India.
 Strength of the Supreme Court can be increased by Parliament through law.
 First Chief Justice of India - Harilal J. Kania
 The first woman judges of Supreme Court of India - Fathima Beevi
 50th Chief Justice of India(present) - Justice D.Y. Chandrachud
 Supreme Court judges were appointed by President of India.
 Eligibility for a judge of the Supreme Court – served as a judge of one high court or
more (continuously), for at least five years or an advocate for at least ten years.
 Retirement age of the Supreme Court judge – 65 years
 The emblem of the Supreme Court represents the Lion capital of Ashoka at Sarnath,
with a topmost wheel featuring 32 spokes.
High Court - Important facts
 High Court is the highest judicial court in a state in the single integrated judicial
system of India.
 It is regarded as the second-highest in the country after Supreme Court of India.
 The institution of high court originated in India in 1862 with three high courts set up
at Calcutta, Bombay and Madras (Indian high Courts act).
 Oldest High Court in India - Calcutta High Court established on 2 July, 1862.
 Currently, there are 25 High Courts in India.
 The Constitution of India provides for a High Court for each State.
 However, the 7th Constitutional Amendment Act of 1956 authorized the Parliament
to establish a common High Court for two or more States or for two or more
States and a Union Territory.
 Delhi is the only Union Territory in India having a high court of its own (since 1966).
 The Guwahati High Court has the highest number of Benches in India.
 The Chief Justice and other judges of the High Court are appointed by the President
of India.
 Eligibility for a judge of the Supreme Court – should have held a judicial office in
the territory of India for ten years.
 Retirement age of the High Court judge – 62 years
National Flag of India – Important facts
 Pingali Venkayya created the National Flag of India.

 The authority to manufacture the Indian national flag is under the control of The
Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission.
 On July 22, 1947, during the Constituent Assembly meeting, the national flag of
India was accepted, and it became the official Indian flag.
 The National flag of India is also commonly known as Tiranga in Hindi. It
comprises three primary colors, given below.
o Saffron signifies Sacrifice and Courage
o White refers to Truth, Purity, and Peace
o Green shows Prosperity
 The Ashoka Chakra signified a portrayal of Dharma. The flag code did not define the
actual size of the Ashoka Chakra. It is a wheel of Navy-blue color on the white strip
of the national flag having equally spaced 24 spokes.
 The three stripes of the National flag of India are identical in length and width, with
a ratio of 2:3.
Sources of the Indian Constitution
S.No Countries Borrowed Features of Indian Constitution

1. Australia  Concurrent list
 Freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse
 Joint-sitting of the two Houses of Parliament
2. Canada  Federation with a strong Centre
 Vesting of residuary powers in the Centre
 Appointment of state governors by the Centre
 Advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
3. Ireland  Directive Principles of State Policy
 Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha
 Method of election of the president
4. Japan  Procedure Established by law
5. Soviet Union  Fundamental duties
(USSR)  Ideals of justice (social, economic and political) in the Preamble
(now, Russia)
6. UK  Parliamentary government
 Rule of Law
 Legislative procedure
 Single Citizenship
 Cabinet system
 Prerogative writs
 Parliamentary privileges
 Bicameralism
7. US  Fundamental rights
 Independence of judiciary
 Judicial review
 Impeachment of the president
 Removal of Supreme Court and High Court judges
 Post of vice-president
8. Germany (Weimar)  Suspension of Fundamental Rights during emergency
9. South Africa  Procedure for amendment in the Indian Constitution
 Election of members of Rajya Sabha
10. France  Republic
 Ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity in the Preamble
Indian state formation chronology
 India is a vast country in South Asia, the 7th largest by land area. It is divided into 28
states and 8 union territories.
Indian States Formation Year Formed By

Andhra Pradesh 1 November 1953 States Reorganisation Act, 1956.
Arunachal Pradesh 20 February 1987 Created as a Union Territory by the North-Eastern
Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971. Converted to a state
by the State of Arunachal Pradesh Act, 1986
Assam 1950 Founded as Ahom Kingdom, reorganised as North-
East Frontier Province in 1874, Eastern Bengal and
Assam in 1905, Assam Province in 1912, achieved
statehood in 1950.
Bihar 1950 Founded as Bihar and Orissa Province, reorganised as
Bihar Province in 1936, achieved statehood in 1950.
Chhattisgarh 1 November 2000 The Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000
founded it.
Goa 30 May 1987 Founded by the State of Goa Act, 1986.
Gujarat 1 May 1960 Founded by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960.
Haryana 1 November 1966 Founded by the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966.
Himachal Pradesh 1971 Founded by the Himachal Pradesh (Administration)
Order, 1948 as Himachal Pradesh Province,
reorganised as Himachal Pradesh (Part C State) in
1950, Himachal Pradesh Union Territory in 1956,
achieved statehood in 1971.
Jharkhand 15 November 2000 Founded by the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000
Karnataka 1 November 1956 Founded by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 as
Mysore State, renamed Karnataka in 1973
Kerala 1 November 1956 Founded by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956
Madhya Pradesh 1 November 1950 Achieved statehood in 1950
Maharashtra 1 May 1960 Founded by the Bombay Reorganization Act, 1960.
Manipur 21 January 1972 Founded by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation)
Act, 1971
Meghalaya 21 January 1972 Founded by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation)
Act, 1971
Mizoram 20 February 1987 Created as a Union Territory by the North-Eastern
Areas (Reorganisation) Act, 1971. Converted to a state
by the State of Mizoram Act, 1986
Nagaland 1 December 1963 Founded by the State of Nagaland Act, 1962
Odisha 1950 Founded as Orissa Province in 1936, achieved
statehood in 1950, renamed Odisha on 1st November,
2011.
Punjab 1947 Founded by the Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966
Rajasthan 30 March 1949 Rajasthan, earlier known as Rajputana, came into
existence
Sikkim 16 May 1975 Founded by the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the
Constitution of India in 1975
Tamil Nadu 1 November 1956 Founded by the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 as
Madras State, renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969
Telangana 2 June 2014 Founded by the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act,
2014
Tripura 21 January 1972 Founded by the North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation)
Act, 1971
Uttar Pradesh 24 January 1950 Created as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
during British rule in 1937 and Achieved statehood as
UP in 1950.
Uttarakhand 9 November 2000 Founded by the Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act,
2000 as Uttaranchal, renamed Uttarakhand in 2007.
West Bengal 1950 Achieved statehood in 1950
Union Territories
Indian Union Territories Formation Dates Foundation

& Years
Andaman and Nicobar Islands 1 November 1956 Founded by the States Reorganisation Act,
1956.
Chandigarh 1 November 1966 Founded by the Punjab Reorganisation Act,
1966.
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and 26 January 2020 Founded by the Dadra and Nagar Haveli
Daman and Diu and Daman and Diu (Merger of Union
Territories) Act, 2019.
Delhi 1 November 1956 Founded by the States Reorganisation Act,
1956.
Jammu and Kashmir 31 October 2019 Founded by the Jammu and Kashmir
Reorganisation Act, 2019.
Ladakh 31 October 2019 Founded by the Jammu and Kashmir
Reorganisation Act, 2019.
Lakshadweep 1 November 1956 Founded by the States Reorganisation Act,
1956.
Puducherry 1 November 1954 Achieved union territory status in 1962,
renamed Puducherry in 2007.
Note:
 Goa, Puducherry, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Sikkim were not a part of India at the
time of independence.
 Puducherry along with Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam, was transferred to India in 1954
by the French.
 Dadra & Nagar Haveli were liberated in 1954 from the Portuguese. Similarly, Goa
was liberated from Portuguese occupation in 1961.
 Sikkim became a part of India in 1974.
Classical Dances of India
Classical dances in India State of Origin
Bharatnatyam Tamil Nadu
Kathak Uttar Pradesh
Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh
Odissi Odisha
Kathakali Kerala
Sattriya Assam
Manipuri Manipur
Mohiniyattam Kerala
Timeline of Modern Indian History

Under the East India Company (1600-1858)
 1600 Elizabeth I grants a charter to the East India Company.
 1612 The East India Company establishes a factory at Surat.
 1640 The East India Company establishes a factory at Madras.
 1661 As per the marriage alliance between Charles II of England and

Catharine of Braganza, the Portuguese king’s daughter, Bombay was
given to the English as dowry.
 1668 Charles II granted Bombay to the East India Company

on 27th March 1668 for an annual rent of £10 and the East India
Company establishes a factory there.
 1690 The East India Company establishes a factory at Calcu�a.
 1757 The Ba�le of Plassey – the Bri�sh defeat Siraj Ud Daulah.
 1760 The Ba�le of Wandiwash – the Bri�sh defeat the French.
 1761 The Ba�le of Panipat – the Bri�sh defeat the Marathas.
 1764 The Ba�le of Buxar – the Bri�sh defeat Mir Kasim.
 1765 The Treaty of Allahabad – the Bri�sh granted Diwani Rights in Bengal,
Bihar and Orissa.
 1767-1769 The First Mysore War – the Bri�sh are forced to concede a peace
treaty with Hyder Ali.
 1772 Warren Has�ngs appointed as Governor of Bengal.
 1773 The Regula�ng Act passed by the Bri�sh Parliament, creates

post of Governor-General of Bengal.
 1774 Warren Has�ngs becomes the first Governor-General of Bengal.
 1775-1782 The First Anglo-Maratha War.
 1780-1784 The Second Mysore War – the Bri�sh finally defeated Hyder Ali.
 1784 The Pi�s India Act establishes a Board of Control in East India company.
 1786-93 Lord Cornwallis becomes Governor-General of India.
 1790-1792 The Third Mysore War between the Bri�sh and Tipu Sultan.
 1792 The Treaty of Seringapatam signed and ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War.
 1793 Cornwallis introduced permanent se�lement of Bengal revenue.
 1798 Lord Wellesley appointed Governor-General of India.
 1799 Tipu was killed in the figh�ng, and with his death the Fourth
Mysore War ended.
 1802 The Treaty of Bassein signed. Baji Rao II of Maratha accepted the
subsidiary alliance imposed by Lord Wellesley.
 1803 The Nawab of Oudh cedes the southern and western parts of his
territories to the Bri�sh.
 1803-1805 The Second Anglo-Maratha war – the Bri�sh defeat the Marathas
at the Ba�le of Assaye.
 1804 The Mughal Emperor at Delhi is placed under Bri�sh protec�on.
 1805 The Treaty of Amritsar signed between the Bri�sh East India Company
and Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader who founded the Sikh empire.
 1806 Vellore mu�ny outbreak. The first instance of a large-scale

and violent mu�ny by Indian sepoys against the East India Company.
 1813 The East India Company’s charter is renewed but it’s monopoly over
Indian trade is abolished.
 1814-1816 The Anglo-Gurkha War
 1817-1818 The Pindari War
 1817-1819 The Third Anglo-Maratha War – the Marathas finally crushed by the
Bri�sh who are now the paramount power in India.
 1824-1826 The First Burmese War
 1828-35 Lord William Ben�nck appointed as first Governor-General of India.
 1828 Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Rammohan Roy.
 1829 Sa� Aboli�on Act was passed by the Bri�sh East India Company.
 1831 The Raja of Mysore is deposed, and Mysore annexed by the Bri�sh.
 1833 The Charter Act ended ac�vi�es of company as a commercial

body which became a purely administra�ve body.
 1835 The English Educa�on Act was introduced and made English as the
medium of instruc�on for higher educa�on.
 1836-48 The Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts were a series of

acts passed in Bri�sh India under the rule of the East India Company.
 1839-1842 The First Afghan War
 1843 The Gwalior War; the Bri�sh annex the Sindh, Hyderabad and Khairpur.
 1845-1846 The First Anglo-Sikh War
 1848 Lord Dalhousie becomes the Governor-General of India.
 1848 Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie and

it was first applied in the state of Satara.
 1848-1849 The Second Anglo-Sikh War
 1849 The Annexa�on of the Punjab
 1852 The Second Anglo-Burmese War
 1853 The first railway line was introduced by Dalhousie from Mumbai to Thane.
 1854 Charles Wood’s despatch on Educa�on
 1854 The first telegraph line from Calcu�a to Agra was opened.
 1856 The complete annexa�on of the Oudh.
 1857 The Indian Mu�ny, otherwise known as the Sepoy Uprising or

Rebellion, or the First War of Independence.
 1858 Government of India Act of 1858 transferred the

powers of government, territories and revenues from the
East India company to the Bri�sh Crown.
Under the Bri�sh Raj - Crown Rule (1858-1947)
 In 1858 The last Mughal emperor of India, Bahadur Shah II, was deposed as a result of his
support for the Indian Mu�ny and exiled to Burma. The Bri�sh government now imposed
direct rule on India, appoin�ng a Governor-General or Viceroy to act as the crown’s
representa�ve.
 1861 The India Councils Act divides the government of India between a
Secretary of State and a Council based in London, and the Viceroy
and a Legisla�ve Council based in Calcu�a. Indians are only permi�ed
to a�end the Legisla�ve Council in an advisory role.
 1866 East India Associa�on was formed by Dadabhai Naoroji.
 1867 Poona Sarvajanik Sabha was founded by M.G.Ranade.
 1869 The birth of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi.
 1875 Arya Samaj founded by Swami Dayananda.
 1876 Indian Na�onal Associa�on was formed by Surendranath Banerjee

and Ananda Mohan Bose.
 1876 Queen Victoria is proclaimed Empress of India.
 1878 The Arms Act forbids Indians to carry arms.
 1878 The Vernacular Press Act was passed.
 1878-1880 The Second Afghan War
 1882 The famous Resolu�on by Lord Ripon, which is also called the
Magna Carta of Local Self Government was issued.
 1883 The Ilbert Bill was introduced. Then Viceroy Lord Ripon and
Sir Courtenay Ilbert, the legal adviser to the Council of India, gave
Indian judges the authority to hear cases against Europeans.
 1885 Indian Na�onal Congress was formed.
 1886 Burma was annexed by the Bri�sh.
 1892 The Indian Councils Act that allows Indians to be full

members of the Legisla�ve Council.
 1893 The establishment of the Durand Line now fixes the

fron�er between Afghanistan and Bri�sh India.
 1905
1. July 16 - Announcement of revised scheme of par��on of Bengal by Lord Curzon.
2. August 7 - The formal proclama�on of the Swadeshi movement was made
3. October 16 - Par��on of Bengal came into force.
4. August 15 - Establishment of the Na�onal Council of Educa�on
 1906 Muslim League founded in Dhaka.
 1907 Surat Split happened. It was the split of the Indian Na�onal
Congress (INC) into two fac�ons, the Moderates and the Extremists.
 1909 The Morley-Minto Reforms increased Indian representa�on on

both the central and provincial councils.
 1911 Transfer of capital from Calcu�a to Delhi; the Par��on of

Bengal was annulled.
 1915 Gandhiji returned to India from South Africa.
 1916
1. Founda�on of Home Rule League by Tilak in Bombay (April).
2. Founda�on of Home Rule League by Annie Besant in Madras (September).
3. Founda�on of Banaras Hindu University by Pt Madan Mohan Malviya.
4. Unity between moderates and extremists.
5. Lucknow Pact in which an agreement was made between Congress & Muslim
league.
6. Founda�on of women's university at Poona by Maharshi Dr. Dhondo Keshav Karve.
7. Jus�ce Party, officially the South Indian Liberal Federa�on, was established
(November).
 1917 Champaran Satyagraha started by Gandhiji.
 1918
1. Organisa�on of first All- India Depressed Classes Conference
2. Ahmedabad Mill Strike by Gandhi
3. Kheda Satyagraha by Gandhi.
 1919
1. Founda�on of Satyagraha Sabha by Gandhiji against the of Rowla� Bill (February).
2. Beginning of Rowla� Satyagraha (6th April).
3. Jallianwala Bagh massacre (13 April).
4. Appointment of the Hunter Commi�ee for the inves�ga�on of Jallianwala Bagh

massacre (October).
5. Founda�on of All India Khilafat Commi�ee (November).
6. Gandhi elected as the President of All — India Khilafat Commi�ee at Delhi (23rd
November 1919).
7. Montague — Chelmsford Reforms or the Government of India Act 1919 was

passed (December).
8. Indian Na�onal Liberal Federa�on party (INLF) was founded by Surendra Nath
Banerjee.
 1920
1. Passing of Non-coopera�on proposal by Khilafat commi�ee in Allahabad (June)
2. Launching of Non-coopera�on Movement by the Indian Na�onal Congress (1

August)
3. First mee�ng of All India Trade Union Congress (October 31st)
4. Founda�on of the Aligarh Muslim University (December 1)
 1921
1. The inaugura�on of the new cons�tu�on according to the Government of India Act
1919(3 January)
2. Gandhi decided to embark on Mass Civil Disobedience at Bardoli (1 February)
3. Britain's Duke of Connaught laid the founda�on stone of Parliament House at Delhi
(12th February)
4. Passing a resolu�on by All India Khilafat Commi�ee prohibited Muslim to serve

Bri�sh Indian Army (July)
5. Moplah rebellion in Malabar coast outbreak (August)
 1922
1. Gandhiji announced the star�ng of mass civil disobedience (February 11)
2. Chauri-Chaura incident led to the deaths of three civilians and 22 policemen.

Mahatma Gandhi halted the non-coopera�on movement (February 22)
 1923 The Swaraj Party or the Congress-Khilafat Swarajya Party

was formed by C R Das and Mo�lal Nehru.
 1924 Hindustan Republican Associa�on was a revolu�onary organiza�on
formed by Ram Prasad Bismil and Sachindra Nath Sanyal.
 1925 Founda�on of the Communist Party by M.N. Roy
 1927 Appointment of the Simon Commission (the statutory commission)
to report on the working of the Indian cons�tu�on established
by the Government of India Act of 1919.
 1928
1. Arrival of Simon Commission in Bombay (3 February).
2. All Party Conference in Delhi and demand of Dominion Status (February).
3. Forma�on of 8 members commi�ee for framing of Cons�tu�on under Mo�lal

Nehru.
4. Baradoli Satyagraha under the leadership of Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of
Bardoli against the unjust raising of taxes (June).
5. Presenta�on of Nehru Report. It was a memorandum to appeal for a new dominion
status (August).
6. Lala Lajpat Rai was assaulted by the Bri�sh police during a peaceful demonstra�on
against the Simon Commission and he succumbed to injury (November).
7. Warning given to the Government in Calcu�a session of Congress that if

Government did not accept Nehru Report �ll 31st Dec, 1929, Congress would begin
Civil Disobedience Movement.
8. Jawaharlal Nehru along with Srinivasa Iyengar and Subhash Chandra Bose founded
the Independence for India League which put forth the demand for complete
independence.
 1929
1. Announcement of 14 points demands by Jinnah in the Muslim League mee�ng at

Delhi (January).
2. Dropping of the bomb in the Central Legisla�ve Assembly by Bhagat Singh.
3. Passing the resolu�on for of Purna Swarajaya (complete independence) by the

Indian Na�onal Congress in Lahore Session under the presidentship of Jawaharlal
Nehru (December 19th).
4. Jawahar Lal Nehru hoisted the flag of India on 31st December 1929 on the banks of
the Ravi River.
 1930
1. A public declara�on was made and Congress asked the people of India to observe
the 26th of January as Independence Day.
2. Congress Working Commi�ee met at Sabarma� Ashram and invested Gandhi with
full powers to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement at a �me and place of his
choice (February).
3. Eleven Points demands of Gandhi given to Irwin (2nd March).
4. Launching of the Civil Disobedience Movement with the famous Dandi March for
Salt Satyagraha (12th March).
5. Gandhi broke the Bri�sh Raj salt laws (6 April).
6. Publica�on of Simon Commission Report (May).
7. The first Round Table Conference was held in London without the par�cipa�on of
the Congress (November).
 1931
1. The pact was signed between M.K Gandhi and Lord Irwin the Viceroy of India in
1931. It ended the Civil Disobedience Movement.
2. Bhagat Singh and his revolu�onary comrades Rajguru and Sukhdev were hanged to
death in the Lahore Conspiracy case (March 23rd).
3. Gandhi took part in the Second Round Table Conference as the sole representa�ve
of the Congress (September).
 1932
1. Gandhi decided to resume the Civil Disobedience Movement and he was arrested
(January).
2. Announcement of “Communal Award" by the Bri�sh Prime Minister Ramsay Mac

Donald (August).
3. Gandhi began fast to protest against Communal Award. Poona Pact 1932 was an
agreement between B.R. Ambedkar and M.K. Gandhi on the poli�cal
representa�on of the Depressed Classes (September).
4. Harijan Sevak Sangh is a non-profit organisa�on founded by Mahatma Gandhi to

eradicate untouchability in India (September).
5. Third Round Table Conference without the par�cipa�on of the Congress ends
without any se�lement (November).
 1933
1. The White Paper published by the Bri�sh government based on the Third Round
Table Conference (March).
2. Suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement by the Congress (May).
3. The Harijan campaign was launched by Gandhi. It aimed at addressing the issue of
untouchability and social discrimina�on faced by “Untouchable” communi�es in
India (November).
 1934
1. Withdrawal of civil disobedience Movement (May)
2. Founda�on of Congress Socialist Party by Acharya Narendra Dev and Jai Prakash
Narayan first mee�ng in Patna. (17 May)
 1935
1. Reserve Bank of India founded (1st April)
2. The Government of India Act was passed (August)
 1936 The All-India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was a peasant movement
formed by Sahajanand Saraswa� to address the problems of farmers
against the zamindari system.
 1936-37 Provincial elec�ons were held in Bri�sh India as mandated
by the Government of India Act 1935.
 1937 A�er the elec�on the Indian Na�onal Congress was able to form
the government in 7 out of 11 provinces.
 1938 B R Ambedkar’s poli�cal party, the Independent Labour Party (ILP)
and communists came together for first �me to strike against the
Industrial Disputes Bill that the Indian Na�onal Congress
provincial government in Bombay Presidency had introduced.
 1939
1. Subhas Chandra Bose resigns as president of Congress and is succeeded by

Rajendra Prasad (April).
2. Forward Bloc of the Indian Na�onal Congress (INC) was formed by Subhas Chandra
Bose (May).
3. World War II broke out and the Viceroy Linlithgow declared India at war along with
Britain (September).
4. Congress ministries resigned in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's ac�on of

dragging India into the Second World War (November).
5. 22 December of 1939 was celebrated as ‘A Day of deliverance and thanksgiving’ by

Muslim league. This was the day when Congress governments resigned from all
seven provinces under their control.
 1940
1. The resolu�on for the establishment of a separate homeland for the Muslims of
Bri�sh India passed in the annual session of the All-India Muslim League held in
Lahore (March)
2. On 8 August 1940, the Viceroy of India, Lord Linlithgow, made the August Offer, a
fresh proposal promising the expansion of the Execu�ve Council to include more
Indians, the establishment of an advisory war council, giving full weight to minority
opinion, and the recogni�on of Indians' right to frame their own cons�tu�on (a�er
the end of the war).
3. The Congress Working Commi�ee mee�ng at Wardha on 21 August 1940 rejected

this offer, and asserted its demand for complete freedom from the imperial power.
4. Launching of ‘Individual Satyagraha’ movement by the congress star�ng with

Vinoba Bhave as first President and Jawaharlal Nehru on the second (17 October)
 1941 India Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose escaped from the Bri�sh and le�
India with the help of his nephew Sisir Kumar Bose and
Miyan Akbar Shah (January).
 1942
1. Arrival of Cripps Mission (March).
2. Congress President, Maulana Azad rejected the Cripps Commission Dra�

Declara�on (April).
3. The Congress working commi�ee passed the Quit India Resolu�on (July).
4. The passing of the Quit India Resolu�on at the All-India Congress Commi�ee at
Bombay (8 August).
5. Cripps le� India on the failure of his mission (12 August).
6. Formal Establishment of Indian Na�onal Army (Asad Hind Fauj) by Subhash

Chandra Bose (1 September).
 1943
1. Gandhi began his fast on to protest against the arrests and demanded the release
of all poli�cal prisoners. The fast was a self-imposed penance, reflec�ng his deep
commitment to the cause of independence and his belief in non-violent resistance
(10th February).
2. Subhas Chandra Bose proclaimed the forma�on of the Provisional Government of

Azad Hind (Free India) in Singapore (October 21).
 1944 Gandhi and M A Jinnah held talks on the basis of the Rajaji
Formula that aims to dispel the poli�cal standoff between
the Indian Na�onal Congress and the All-India Muslim League.
The talks were a failure as Jinnah had objec�ons to the proposal.
 1945
1. The Wavell Plan was a proposal for Indian self-government that was introduced at
the Shimla Conference (June).
2. Subhas Chandra Bose presumed dead in a plane crash in Taiwan (18 August).
3. A�er World War II ended with the defeat of the Axis powers, the Bri�sh conducted
a series of court-mar�al proceedings known as the INA trials or Red Fort trials
(November).
4. General elec�ons were held in Bri�sh India in to elect members of the Central
Legisla�ve Assembly and the Council of State (December).
 1946
1. The sailors employed by the Bri�sh in the Royal Indian Navy (RIN) revolted against
them for various reasons in February (The Royal Indian Navy Mu�ny).
2. Announcement of Cabinet Mission by the Bri�sh Prime Minister A�lee (15 March).
3. Arrival of Cabinet Mission to Delhi (24 March).
4. The Cabinet Mission Plan was announced (16 May).
5. The Cabinet Mission outlined the procedure for forming the interim
Government (16 June).
6. Muslim League withdraws its acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan and called for
direct ac�on to achieve Pakistan (24 July).
7. Elec�ons to the Cons�tuent Assembly were held as provided in the Cabinet Mission
Plan (July).
8. Jawaharlal Nehru invited to form the interim Government at the centre (14
August).
9. The Direct Ac�on Day observed by the Muslim League (16 August).
10. Forma�on of the interim Govt (2 September).
11. Muslim League joined the interim Govt (26 October).
12. First Session of the Cons�tuent Assembly was held on 9th December. Muslim
League Boyco�ed Cons�tuent Assembly.
 1947
1. Declara�on of gran�ng freedom to India before June 1948 by A�lee. (20 February)
2. Appointment of Mountba�en as a Viceroy of India (24 March).
3. Mountba�en Plan for the par��on of India (3 June).
4. The Congress and the Muslim League accepted the Mountba�en Plan.
5. Introduc�on of Indian Independence Bill (4 July).
6. Passing of Indian Independence Bill (15 July).
7. India was declared independent from Bri�sh colonialism. (August 15th)
Governors of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), 1773–1856
Governor
Period Important achievements/Events
General
 First Governor General of Bengal

through the Regulating Act of 1773.
 Brought the Dual government system to
an end. Zamindars were given judicial
powers; establishment of civil and
criminal courts in each district.
Warren Hastings 1773-1785
 In 1781, he founded the Calcutta
Madrasa, for promotion of Islamic
studies.
 He founded the Asiatic Society of

Bengal with William Jones in 1784.
Sir John
1785-1786 He held the post temporarily.
Macpherson
 Introduced Permanent Settlement of

Bengal (also called Zamindari system)
in 1793. It was an agreement between
East India Company and Bengali
landlords to fix revenues to be raised
from land.
Lord Cornwallis 1786-1793  He introduced Police reforms according

to which each district was divided into
400 square miles and placed under a
police superintendent.
 Known as the father of the Civil

Services in India
He followed policy of non-intervention.

Sir John Shore 1793-1798
Introduced Charter Act of 1793.
 He adopted the policy of Subsidiary

Alliance- a system to keep the Indian
rulers under control and to make
Lord Wellesley 1798-1805 British the supreme power (1798).
 He founded the Fort William College at

Calcutta (1800)
The important event which took place in his time
Sir George Barlow 1805-1807 was Mutiny of Vellore in 1806 in which the
Indian soldiers killed many English officials.
He concluded the Treaty of Amritsar (1809) with

Lord Minto - I 1807-1813
Maharaja Ranjit Singh.
He ended the policy of non-intervention, which

was followed by Sir John Shore.
Lord Hastings 1813-1823
He abolished the censorship of press. Introduced
Ryotwari and Mahalawari system in Bombay.
His tenure was known for First Anglo Burmese

Lord Amherst 1823-1828
War (1824-26) and Mutiny of Barrackpur (1824)
 Charter act of 1833 made the

Governor General of Bengal as the
Governor General of India. And first
such one was LORD WILLIAM
BENTICK
 Father of Modern Western Education in
Lord William India
1828-1835
Bentick  Abolition / Prohibition of Sati (1829)
 Banned female infanticide (1829)
 Suppression of thuggee / thugs (1829-35)
 Macaulay's minutes on Education
(1835)
 English was made the official language
of India (1835)
Sir Charles He held the post temporarily and removed

1835-1836
Metcalfe restriction on Vernacular press.
Lord Auckland 1836-1842 First Afghan War was fought in his reign.
 Annexation of Sindh (1843).

Lord Ellenborough 1842-1844
 War with Gwalior (1843).
 First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46) and the

Treaty of Lahore (1846).
Lord Hardinage – I 1844-1848
 Social reforms including abolition of
female infanticide and human sacrifice.
 Opened first Railway line from
Bombay to Thane in 1853.
 Opened first Telegraph line from Calcutta
to Agra in 1853.
 Introduced Doctrine of Lapse captured

Lord Dalhousie 1848-1856 Satara (1848), Jaipur and Sambhalpur
(1849), Udaipur (1852), Jhansi (1853),
Nagpur (1854).
 Woods Dispatch (1854)
 Widow Remarriage Act (1856)
 Founded the Public Work Department
(P.W.D)
List of Viceroy of India:
After the adoption of Government of India Act 1858, Governor General of India became
Viceroy of India.
Viceroy Period Important achievements/Events
 He was the Governor General

during Mutiny of 1857 and after
the war; he was made first Viceroy
of India.
 He withdrew Doctrine of lapse.

Lord Canning 1856-1862
 Indian Council Act was passed in
1861
 University of Bombay, Calcutta,

Madras was established in 1857.
Lord Elgin – I 1862-1863  Wahabi Movement
 He created Indian Forest

Department.
 Opened telegraph line with Europe.

Lord Lawrence 1864-1869
 He introduced various reforms and
became the member of Punjab
Board of Administration after
second Sikh war.
 He was known as the Saviour of
Punjab.
 Started financial decentralization in

India.
 He established Rajkot College in

Kathiawar and Mayo College in
Ajmer for Indian princess.
 First Census of India was held

Lord Mayo 1869-1872
during his time in 1872.
 He organized Statistical survey of

India.
 He was the only Viceroy who was

murdered in office by a pathan in
Andaman in 1872.
 Visit of Prince of Wales in 1875.

Lord Northbrook 1872-1876  Trial of Gaekwar of Baroda.
 Kuka Movement in Punjab.
 The Delhi Durbar was held on

January 1 1877, to decorate
Queen Victoria with the title of
Kaiser-i-hind.
 Statutory Civil Service in 1879. It

was also laid down that the
candidates had to appear and pass
Lord Lytton 1876-1880
the civil services examination
which began to be held in England.
The maximum ages for these
candidates were reduced from 21 to
19 years.
 Vernacular press Act was passed

in 1878.
 Age for the entry in Civil Service

exam was raised to 21 years.
 First Factory act was passed

Lord Rippon 1880-1884 during his time in 1881, it
prohibited the child labour.
 Illbert Bill in 1883 was passed
which enabled Indian district
magistrates to try European
criminals. But this was withdrawn
later
 Took steps to improve primary &
secondary education (on William
Hunter Commission’s
recommendations)
 Passed Local Self Government

act in 1882.
Indian National Congress was formed

Lord Dufferin 1884-1888
during his tenure.
 Indian Council Act was passed in

1892.
 Second Factory Act (1891) was

passed during his time.
Lord Lansdowne 1888-1894
 He appointed Durand
Commission to define a line
between British India and
Afghanistan.
 Great famine of (1896 – 1897)

Lord Elgin – II 1894-1899
 Lyall Commission was appointed.
 Passed the Indian Universities act

(1904) in which official control
over the Universities was
increased.
 Partition of Bengal (October 16,

1905) into two provinces- Bengal
and East Bengal was done during
his time.
Lord Curzon 1899-1905
 Passed the Ancient Monuments Act
(1904), to restore India’s cultural
heritage. Thus, established
Archaeological Survey of India.
 Passed the Indian Coinage and

Paper Currency act (1899) and put
India on a gold standard.
 Anti-Partition and Swadeshi
movements
 Surat session and Split in the

congress(1907)
Lord Minto - II 1905-1910
 Foundation of Muslim League by
Aga Khan in 1906
 Morley-Minto reform was passed

in 1909.
 Held a durbar in December, 1911 to

celebrate the coronation of King
George V.
 Partition of Bengal was cancelled
and capital shifted from Calcutta
to Delhi in 1911.
Lord Hardinge - II 1910-1916
 A bomb was thrown at him; but he
escaped unhurt (December 23,
1912)
 Gandhiji returned to India from
South Africa in 1915.
 Home Rule moment was launched
by Annie Beasant.(1916)
 Lucknow Session and reunion of

congress in 1916
 August Declaration of 1917, after
which the control over the Indian
Government would be transferred
to Indian people.
 Rowlett Act 1919 was passed
 Montague-Chelmsford reform was

Lord Chelmsford 1916-1921
passed.
 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre 1919

took place during his time.
 Non- Cooperation and Khilafat

movement took place.
 Women’s University was founded

at Poona in 1916
 Rowlatt act was repealed along
with the Press act of 1910.
 Suppressed non – cooperation
movement.
 Prince of Wales visited India in
November, 1921.
 Moplah rebellion (1921) took
place in Kerala.
 Ahmedabad session of 1921.
Lord Reading 1921-1926  Formation of Swaraj Party(1922)
 Vishwabharati University started
functioning in 1922.
 Kakory Train Robbery on August
9, 1925.
 Communal riots of 1923 – 25 in
Multan, Amritsar, Delhi, etc.
 Foundation of Rastriya Swayam
Sevak Sangh (RSS) by
K.B.Hedgewar (1925)
 Simon Commission visited India

in 1928.
 Congress passed the Indian
Resolution in 1929.
 Dandi March (March 12, 1930).
 Civil Disobedience Movement
(1930).
Lord Irwin 1926-1931  First Round Table Conference
held in England in 1930.
 Gandhi Irwin Pact (March 5,
1931) was signed and Civil
Disobediance Movement was
withdrawn.
 Martydorm of Jatin Das after 64
days hunger strike (1929)
 Second Round Table conference in

London in 1931.
 On his return Gandhiji was again
arrested and Civil Disobedience
Movement was resumed in
January, 1932.
 Communal Awards (August 16,
Lord Willington 1931-1936
1932) assigned seats to different
religious communities. Gandhiji
went on an epic fast in protest
against this division.
 Third Round Table conference in
1932.
 Poona Pact was signed.
 Government of India act (1935)
was passed
 Government of India act enforced

in the provinces. Congress
ministries formed in 7 out of 11
provinces. They remained in power
for about 2 years till October 1939,
when they gave up offices on the
issue of India having been dragged
into the II World War. The Muslim
League observed this day as
‘Deliverance Day’ (22 December)
Lord Linlithgow 1936-1944  Churchill became the British PM in
May, 1940. He declared that the
Atlantic Charter (issued jointly by
the UK and US, stating to give
sovereign rights to those who have
been forcibly deprived of them)
does not apply to India.
 Outbreak of World War II in 1939.
 Cripps Mission in 1942.
 Quit India Movement (August 8,
1942).
 Arranged the Shimla Conference

on June 25, 1945 with Indian
National Congress and Muslim
League; failed.
 Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16,
1946).
Lord Wavell 1944-1947  Elections to the constituent
assembly were held and an Interim
Government was appointed under
Nehru.
 First meeting of the constituent
assembly was held on December
9, 1946.
 Last Viceroy of British India and

the first Governor General of
free India.
March  Partition of India decided by the
1947- June 3 Plan.
Lord Mountbatten
August  Indian Independence Act passed
1947 by the British parliament on July
4, 1947, by which India became
independent on August 15, 1947.
 Retried in June 1948 and was
succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari
(the first and the last Indian
Governor General of free India).
Indian National Congress - Important Points

 Indian Na�onal Congress was founded in the year – 1885.
 Indian Na�onal Congress was founded by - Allan Octavian Hume.
 First session of Indian Na�onal Congress was held at - Mumbai (1885).
 Viceroy of Bri�sh India when the Indian Na�onal Congress was founded - Lord Dufferin.
 First woman president of Indian Na�onal Congress – Mrs. Annie Besant (1917).
 First Indian woman president of Indian Na�onal Congress – Mrs. Sarojini Naidu (1925).
 Woman Presidents of Indian Na�onal Congress - Mrs. Annie Besant (1917), Mrs Sarojini
Naidu (1925) and Mrs. Nellie Sengupta (1933).
 First split of Indian Na�onal Congress - 1907 at Surat session.
 First Englishmen to become president of Indian Na�onal Congress - George Yule (1888).
 Youngest president of Indian Na�onal Congress - Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.
 First Muslim to become president of Indian Na�onal Congress - Badrudin Tayabji (Madras,
1887).
 Na�onal Song, Vande Mataram was first sung in the session of - Calcu�a (1896).
 First joint session of Indian Na�onal Congress and Muslim League - Lucknow (1916).
 Session of Indian Na�onal Congress were wearing of Khadi was made compulsory for its
workers - Mrs Annie Besant (1917).
 Na�onal Anthem, Jana Gana Mana was first sung in the session of - Calcu�a (1911).
 The only session of Indian Na�onal Congress presided over by Mahatma Gandhi – Belgaum
(1924).
 Session of Indian Na�onal Congress where demand for complete independence was made -
1929 at Lahore.
 President of Indian Na�onal Congress at the �me of independence - Acharya J B Kriplani

(1946).
Indian National Congress Annual Sessions
Year Place President Special Information
1885 Bombay Womesh Chandra Established of Indian National
(Gokul Das Banerjee Congress.72 members attend this
Tejpal historical ceremony
Sanskrit
College)
1886 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji Acceptable proposal of
Parliamentary congress
1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji 1st Muslim selected as a President
in INC
1888 Allahabad George Yule 1st English President in INC
1889 Bombay William Wedderburn Set up British India Committee
1890 Calcutta Pherozeshah Mehta -
1891 Nagpur P.Ananda Charlu -
1892 Allahabad Womesh Chandra -
Banerjee
1893 Lahore Dadabhai Naoroji -
1894 Madras Alfred Webb -
1895 Poona Surendranath Banerjee -
1896 Calcutta Rahimtullah M. Sayani ‘Vande Mataram’ song 1st sung
1897 Amravati C.Sankar Nair -
1898 Madras Ananda Mohan Bose -
1899 Lucknow R.C.Dutt Demand permanent fix session of
land revenue
1900 Lahore N.G.Chandavarkar -
1901 Calcutta Dinshaw Eduljee -
Wacha
1902 Ahmadabad Surendranath Banerjee -
1903 Madras Lal Mohan Ghosh -
1904 Bombay Sir Henry Cotton -
1905 Benares Gopal Krishna Announced partition of Bengal by
Gokhale Lord Curzon
1906 Calcutta Dadabhai Naoroji -
1907 Surat Rash Behari Ghosh Congress splits into two sections 1.
Moderates and 2. Extremists
1908 Madras Rash Behari Ghosh The main aim to established Social
Reforms after 23rd session
1909 Lahore Madan Mohan -
Malaviya
1910 Allahabad Sir William -
Wedderburn
1911 Calcutta Bishan Narayan Das “Jana Gana Mana” was sung 1st
1912 Bankipur R.N. Mudholkar -
1913 Karachi Syed Mohammed -
1914 Madras Bhupendranath Basu -
1915 Bombay S.P. Sinha -
1916 Lucknow Ambica Charan ‘Lucknow treaty’ in between
Mazumdar Congress and Muslim league
1917 Calcutta Annie Basant 1st women president of INC
1918 Bombay and 1st-Syed Hasan Iman Two sessions held in one year
Delhi and 2nd –Madan
Mohan Malaviya
1919 Amritsar Motilal Nehru -
1920 Nagpur C.Vijayaraghavachariar In 1920 special session in Calcutta
also by President Lala Lajpat Rai.
Adopted Gandhian Programme
1921 Ahmedabad C.R.Das 1st acting president Hakim Ajmal
Khan
1922 Gaya C.R.Das Established ‘Swaraj’ group
1923 Kakinada Maulana Mohammed -
Ali
1924 Belgaum Mahatma Gandhi Gandhiji become 1st and last
president of INC
1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu 1st Indian women president
1926 Gauhati S.Srinivasa lyenger -
1927 Madras M.A.Ansari Passed 1st time resolution of
independence by S.C.Bose and
Nehru
1928 Calcutta Motilala Nehru Established ‘Akhil Bhartiya Yuva
Congress’
1929 Lahore Jawaharlal Nehru Resolution for ‘Poorna Swaraj’
1931 Karachi Vallabbhai Patel Accepted the proposal
of ‘Fundamental Rights’
1932 Delhi Ranchod Lal Amrit Lal -
1933 Calcutta Nellie Sen Gupta -
1934 Bombay Rajendra Prasad ‘Congress Socialist Party’ set up
1936 Lucknow Jawaharlal Nehru Through democracy supported
socialism
1937 Faizpur Jawaharlal Nehru 1st village session. Acceptable
Agriculture regulation
1938 Haripura Subhash Chandra Bose 1st elected president
1939 Tripura Subhash Chandra Bose S.C.Bose resigned due to Gandhiji
and Rajendra Prasad become
president of INC
1940 Ramgarh Abul Kalam Azad -
1946 Meerut Acharya J.B.Kripalini Last session before Independence
1948 Jaipur Dr. Pattabhi 1st session after independence
Sitaramayya
Official Language of India
 The Cons�tu�on of India does not designate a specific na�onal language for the country.
 According to Ar�cle 343 of the Indian Cons�tu�on, Hindi wri�en in the Devanagari script is
recognized as the official language of the Union. However, Ar�cle 343(3) grants Parliament
the authority to legislate the use of the English language.
 India has two Official Languages (Hindi and English) and 22 Scheduled Languages as per the
Eighth Schedule to the Cons�tu�on of India.
22 Scheduled Languages List

S.No Language Official Recogni�on in state
1 Assamese Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
2 Bengali West Bengal, Tripura
3 Bodo Assam
4 Dogri Official language of Jammu and Kashmir
5 Gujara� Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Gujarat
6 Hindi Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Bihar, Dadra & Nagar Haveli
and Daman & Diu, Chha�sgarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Jammu and
Kashmir, Mizoram, Rajasthan, U�ar Pradesh, U�arakhand,
and West Bengal
7 Kannada Karnataka
8 Kashmiri Jammu and Kashmir
9 Konkani Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu, Maharashtra, Goa,
Karnataka, and Kerala (The Konkan Coast)
10 Maithili Bihar, Jharkhand
11 Malayalam Kerala, Lakshadweep, Puducherry
12 Manipuri Manipur
13 Marathi Maharashtra, Goa, Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu
14 Nepali Sikkim and West Bengal
15 Odia Official language of Orissa
16 Punjabi Official language of Punjab and Chandigarh, 2nd official

language of Delhi and Haryana
17 Sanskrit Himachal Pradesh, U�arakhand
18 Santali Spoken by Santhal people mainly in the state of Jharkhand as
well as in the states of Assam, Bihar, Chha�sgarh, Mizoram,
Odisha, Tripura, West Bengal
19 Sindhi Gujarat and Maharashtra, especially Ulhasnagar
20 Tamil Tamil Nadu, Puducherry
21 Telugu Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Puducherry
22 Urdu Jammu and Kashmir, Telangana, Jharkhand, Delhi, Bihar, U�ar

Pradesh, and West Bengal
Socio-Religious Reform Movements in India
Name of Organisation Founder Year Place

1. Atmiya Sabha Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1815 Calcutta
2. Brahmo Samaj Raja Ram Mohan Roy 1828 Calcutta
3. Dharma Sabha Radhakant Dev 1830 Calcutta
4. Tatvabodhini Sabha Devendranath Tagore 1839 Calcutta
5. Paramahansa Mandali Dadoba Panderung 1849 Bombay
6. Rahnumai Mazdyasan Sabha Dadabhai Naoroji 1851 Bombay
7. Radhaswami Satsang Tulsi Ram 1861 Agra
8. Brahmo Samaj of India Keshav Chandrasen 1866 Calcutta
9. Prarthna Samaj Dr. Atmaram Pandurang 1867 Bombay
10. Arya Samaj Swami Dayanand 1875 Bombay
11. Theosophical Society H.P. Blavatsky & Colonel Olcott 1875 New York
12. Aligarh Movement Syed Ahmad Khan 1875 Aligarh
13. Sadharan Brahmo Samaj Anand Mohan Bose 1878 Calcutta
14. Deccan Educational Society G.G. Agarkar, M.G. Ranade 1884 Pune
15. Indian National Social
M.G. Ranade, Raghunath Rao 1887 Bombay
Conference
16. Dev Samaj Shivnarayan Agnihotri 1887 Lahore
17. Ram Krishna Mission Swami Vivekanand 1897 Belur
18. Servants of India Society Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1905 Bombay
Mr. Ramabai Ranade & G.K.
19. Pune Seva Sadan 1909 Pune
Deodhar
20. Social Service League N.M. Joshi 1911 Bombay
21. Seva Samiti H.N. Kunzru 1914 Allahabad
Father of Various Fields in India
Father of different fields Name

Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi
Father of the Republic of India B. R. Ambedkar
Father of Modern India Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Father of Linguistic Democracy Potti Sreeramulu
Father of Indian Modern Economics Mahadev Govind Ranade
Father of Nuclear/Atomic Program Homi J. Bhabha
Father of Space Program Vikram Sarabhai
Father of Missile Program A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
Father of Comic Books Anant Pai
Father of Geography James Rennell (1742-1830)
Father of Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke
(Dhundiraj Govind Phalke)
Father of Palaeobotany Birbal Sahni
Father of Blue Revolution Dr. Arun Krishnan and Hiralal Chaudhari
Father of Green Revolution M. S. Swaminathan
(Mankombu Sambasivan Swaminathan)
Political Father of the Green Revolution Chidambaram Subramaniam
Father of Wheat Revolution Dilbagh Singh Athwal
Father of White Revolution Verghese Kurien
Father of Veterinary Science Shalihotra
Father of Civil Aviation J. R. D. Tata
(Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata)
Father of Civil Engineering Sir Mokshagundam Vishweshvaraiah
Father of Surgery Sushruta
Father of Pink Revolution Durgesh Patel
Mother of Silver Revolution Indira Gandhi
Father of Gold Revolution Nirpakh Tutaj
Father of Yellow Revolution Sam Pitroda
Father of Red Revolution Vishal Tewari
Father of the Indian seeds industry B. R. Barwale
Tamil Nadu General Knowledge
 Date of crea�on of the present state of Tamil Nadu - November 1, 1956.
 Madras State was renamed as Tamil Nadu in 1969.
 Capital city - Chennai.
 Governor - R.N. Ravi.
 Chief Minister - M.K. Stalin.
 Total strength of Tamil Nadu Legisla�ve Assembly - 234.
 Lok Sabha strength of Tamil Nadu - 39.
 Rajya Sabha strength of Tamil Nadu - 18.
 Number of Districts in Tamil Nadu - 38.
 Number of Corpora�ons in Tamil Nadu - 25.
 Total area - 130,060 km2.
 Total popula�on (2011) - 72,147,030.
 Tamil Nadu is the tenth largest state in India by area and sixth largest in popula�on.
 Tamil Nadu is located between 8°4'N to 13°35'N la�tudes and from 76°18'E to 80°20'E
longitudes.
 Literacy Rate of Tamil Nadu (2011) - 80.33%
Symbols of Tamil Nadu

State Animal – Nilgiri Tahr
 Scien�fic name – Nilgiritragus hylocrius
 Na�ve name – Varaiyaadu
State Bird – Emerald Dove
 Scien�fic name – Chalcophaps indica
 Na�ve name – Maragatha Puraa
State insect – Tamil Yeoman
 Scien�fic name – Cirrochroa thais
 Na�ve name – Tamil Maravan
State Flower – Gloriosa lily
 Scien�fic name – Gloriosa superba
 Na�ve name – Sengkaanthal
State Tree – Palm tree
 Scien�fic name – Borassus flabellifer
 Na�ve name – Panai Maram
State fruit – Jackfruit
 Scien�fic name – Artocarpus heterophyllus
 Na�ve Name - Palaapalam
State Emblem – The Emblem of Tamil Nadu
 The Emblem of Tamil Nadu includes a reference temple tower of Srivilliputhur temple,
the Lion Capital of Ashoka, and the Na�onal flag of India on either side.
 The symbol of Tamil Nadu was adopted in 1949 during the period of Omandur
Ramasamy Reddy's Chief Ministership.
 The state emblem was designed in 1949 by ar�st R. Krishna Rao.
The Mo�o of Tamil Nadu
 Truth Alone Triumphs is the mo�o of Tamil Nadu, which is translated as Vaaimaiye
vellum in Tamil.
 It was adopted from Mundaka Upanishad.
The State Song of Tamil Nadu
 Tamil Thai Vazhthu is known as the state anthem of Tamil Nadu.
 Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai is the writer of this anthem. And it was composed by
M.S. Viswanathan.
Tamil Nadu Legisla�ve Assembly- Important facts

 The first Madras Legisla�ve Council was established in 1861.
 First established as a non-representa�ve advisory body, it saw the introduc�on of elected

members in 1892.
 The Indian Councils Act 1909 (popularly called the "Minto-Morley Reforms") officially
introduced indirect elec�on of members to the Council.
 In 1919, direct elec�ons were introduced with the introduc�on of diarchy under the
Government of India Act 1919.
 The Government of India Act 1935 abolished diarchy and created a bicameral legislature in
Madras province. The Legislature consisted of the Governor and two legisla�ve bodies: a
Legisla�ve Assembly and a Legisla�ve Council.
 The First Legislature of the erstwhile Madras State under the Cons�tu�on of India was
cons�tuted on 1st March, 1952.
 Total number of seats in Tamil Nadu Legisla�ve Assembly - 234.
 Legisla�ve Council was abolished in 1986.
 Speaker at present - M. Appavu
 Deputy Speaker - K. Pitchandi
 The present Sixteenth Legisla�ve Assembly was cons�tuted on 3 May 2021. It was
cons�tuted a�er the 2021 assembly elec�on, which resulted in the Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam (DMK)-led front winning and forming the government.
History of Tamil Nadu Name change

 Formerly called Madras Province, it had been renamed to Madras State on January 26,
1950.
 On July 18, 1967, Chief Minister Anna prepared a resolu�on to change the name of
Madras State to Tamil Nadu. (July 18 is celebrated as Tamil Nadu Day)
 On January 14, 1969, Madras State was officially renamed Tamil Nadu State.
Important days observed by Tamil Nadu government

1. World Tamils Day - January 12
2. Girl Child Protec�on Day - February 24th (birth anniversary of former Chief Minister
Jayalalithaa')
3. Equality day - April 14 (birth anniversary of B R Ambedkar)
4. Educa�onal Development Day - July 15 (birth anniversary of Kamarajar)
5. Tamil Nadu Day - July 18 (On this day in 1967, a resolu�on was moved by then CM C.N.
Annadurai in the State Assembly, to rename Madras Presidency as Tamil Nadu)
6. Awareness day against drug abuse in Tamil Nadu - August 11
7. Mahakavi Day - September 11 (death anniversary of Bharathiyar)
8. Social Jus�ce Day - September 17 (birth anniversary of Periyar)
9. Benevolence Day - October 5 (birth anniversary of Vallalar)
10. Classical Tamil Day - October 12 (On this day Tamil was granted the Classical Language status
in 2004)
11. Local Governance Day - November 1 (The Gram Sabha mee�ngs in Tamil Nadu would be held
six �mes a year. They are Republic Day - January 26, Labour Day - May 1, Independence Day -
August 15, Gandhi Jayan� - October 2, World Water Day - March 22 and Local Governance
Day - November 1)
12. Tamil Nadu border martyrs day - November 1
13. Day of Sacrifice - November 18 (death anniversary of V.O.C.)
14. Minori�es Rights Day in Tamil Nadu - December 18
15. January 25 - ‘Tamil Mozhi Thiyagigal Naal’ (Tamil language martyrs’ day) from 2025.
16. June 3, the birth anniversary of former Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi, would be celebrated
as ‘Semmozhi Naal Vizha’
Important Commi�ees/Commission appointed by Tamil Nadu Government

1. Jus�ce AK Rajan Commi�ee: To study the impact of Na�onal Eligibility cum Entrance Test
(NEET) on aspirants from the socially disadvantaged sec�ons in medical admissions in Tamil
Nadu.
2. Jus�ce P. Kalaiyarasan commi�ee: Tamil Nadu government enacted a law to provide a 7.5%
horizontal reserva�on in undergraduate medical admissions for government school
students based on this commi�ee recommenda�on.
3. Jus�ce D Murugesan commi�ee: Tamil Nadu announced that the government would extend
the 7.5% reserva�on to government school students for admissions into professional
courses like engineering, agriculture and law based on the recommenda�on of the jus�ce
(re�red) D Murugesan commi�ee.
4. Tamil Nadu government has cons�tuted a high-level commi�ee under the chairmanship of
re�red High Court judge D. Murugesan to formulate a dis�nct State Educa�on Policy.
5. Sundaradevan commi�ee: To revive the MSMEs in Tamil Nadu.
6. Social Jus�ce Monitoring Commi�ee: Tamil Nadu government has cons�tuted a commi�ee
to monitor the dispensa�on of social jus�ce as per the statutory instruc�on. It is headed by
Suba. Veerapandian.
7. Tamil Nadu State Planning Commission: The Tamil Nadu government renamed the State
Development Policy Council as the State Planning Commission. It was originally established
in 1971 by then Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi as an advisory body to recommend
developmental scheme. J. Jeyaranjan is the present vice-chairman of State Planning
Commission (SPC).
8. Economic advisory council to the Chief Minister: To revitalise the state's economy and
ensure that the benefits of economic growth reach all segments of society. Council includes
Nobel laureate Esther Duflo of the Massachuse�s Ins�tute of Technology (MIT), USA, former
Reserve Bank of India governor Raghuram Rajan, former chief economic advisor to the
central government Dr. Arvind Subramanian, development economist Jean Dreze and
former Union finance secretary Dr. S. Narayan.
9. Tamil Nadu fourth police commission head by Jus�ce C T Selvam.
10. Jus�ce Arumugasamy Commission: To probe the death of former Chief Minister J Jayalalitha.
11. Jus�ce Aruna Jagadeesan Commission: To probe into the 2018 Thoothukudi firing during
an�-Sterlite protests.
12. Taking a comprehensive look at addressing caste-based discrimina�on in Tamil Nadu
schools and colleges, the one-man commi�ee headed by re�red Jus�ce K Chandru put
forth a slew of recommenda�ons, including immediately bringing all schools under the
School Educa�on Department, removing " Kallar Reclama�on" and "Adi Dravidar Welfare"
prefixes from school names, gran�ng permission to new schools only if they don’t have any
caste men�oned in their names, etc.,
13. Tamil Nadu cons�tuted a one-man commission headed by Jus�ce B. Gokuldas, former High
Court judge, to conduct a thorough inquiry into the hooch incident in Kallakurichi.
Tamil Nadu government’s recent news & schemes

1. Four newly added Municipal Corpora�ons - Pudukko�ai, Tiruvannamalai, Namakkal, and
Karaikudi (At Present there are 25 Municipal Corpora�ons in Tamil Nadu).
2. The Tamil Nadu Government has created a dra� policy for senior ci�zens. Under the policy,
the government plans to work with academic ins�tu�ons, field experts and civil society
organiza�ons. The policy has been created based on Ar�cle 41 of the cons�tu�on.
3. Tamil Nadu Chief Minister MK Stalin’s autobiography - “Ungalil Oruvan”.
4. Tamil Nadu no�fied India's first ever dugong conserva�on reserve in the Palk Bay area of
the Gulf of Mannar, which lies between Sri Lanka and the southern �p of India.
5. India's first ambulance for street animals has been launched in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
6. India's first interna�onal furniture park - Thoothukudi.
7. First Dalit and the youngest woman Mayor of Chennai Corpora�on - R.Priya.
8. Tamil Nadu Chief Minister, M K Stalin has inaugurated India’s largest floa�ng solar power
plant constructed at Thoothukudi.
9. First Women Dubash (Assistant) to the Speaker in Tamil Nadu Legisla�ve Assembly -
Rajalakshmi.
10. First woman Vice-Chancellor of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) - Geethalakshmi.
11. Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS) has decided to set up a
na�ve dog research center in the Tenkasi district.
12. The Tamil Nadu government declared Nanjarayan lake at Uthukuli in the Tirupur district as
the 17th bird sanctuary.
13. The Kazhuveli wetland situated in Villupuram district of Tamil Nadu has been declared as
the 16th bird Sanctuary.
14. As per the Tamil Nadu Government order, priority will be given for widows and deserted
women for 25 per cent jobs in anganwadi workers, mini-workers and helpers.
15. Dr J Jayalalithaa University based in Villupuram is merged with Annamalai University at

Chidambaram.
16. Tamil Nadu Slum Clearance Board renamed as Tamil Nadu Urban Habitat Development
Board.
17. Second Transgender Sub Inspector of Police in Tamil Nadu - Sivanya
(Prithika Yashini first Transgender Sub Inspector of Police in Tamil Nadu).
18. Chief Minister M K Stalin - launched an informa�on centre, ‘Aadukalam’ for the benefit of
sportspersons in the state.
19. Tamil Nadu has emerged as a frontrunner in the latest SDG (Sustainable Development
Goals) India Index 2023-2024, unveiled by NITI Aayog. The state, which increased its
composite score from 66 in 2018 to 78 in the latest edi�on, is in the third spot in the index.
TN reported ins�tu�onal delivery rate of 97.18% in 2023-2024.
20. Tamil Nadu School Educa�on department has iden�fied over six lakh illiterate people over
the age of 15 across Tamil Nadu and has begun classes to provide basic literacy educa�on for
them this year under the New India Literary Programme (NILP) or Puthiya Bharatha
Ezhutharivu Thi�am 2022-2027. Krishnagiri district has recorded the maximum number of
illiterates at 61,622.
21. By winning from the Sriperumbudur cons�tuency in the 2024 Lok Sabha elec�on, DMK
treasurer T.R. Baalu (82) has become the second MP to enter the Lower House of
Parliament for the seventh �me from Tamil Nadu a�er Congress veteran P. Chidambaram.
He also became the oldest candidate the register victory in this elec�on.
22. Tamil Nadu government introduced ‘pink autos’ in the city to ensure the safety of women
and encourage them to become entrepreneurs. Subsidy of ₹1 lakh each would be provided
to 200 women auto drivers.
23. There are 19 districts in Tamil Nadu whose per capita income is lower than that of the State
average (₹2,36,783), the study by Dr. Rangarajan and Dr. Shanmugam pointed out. Tiruvallur
topped the list with around ₹3.64 lakh, followed by Erode (₹3.57 lakh), and Coimbatore
(₹3.39 lakh). “Interes�ngly, in these districts, per capita income was higher than any of the
major Indian States in that year, including Telangana, Haryana, and Karnataka.” At the bo�om
were Perambalur (₹1,07,731), Tiruvarur (₹1,25,653), and Villupuram (₹1,30,103).
24. The Na�onal Medical Commission has granted approval to establish new medical colleges in
six districts in Tamil Nadu. Accordingly, authorisa�on has been granted to set up medical
colleges in six districts namely Tenkasi, Mayiladuthurai, Perambalur, Arakkonam, Ranipet
and Tirupa�ur.
25. The Tamil Nadu state rehabilita�on and non-resident welfare department has launched a
career guidance program for Sri Lankan Tamil school students, 'Kalangarai' to support and
empower students residing in rehabilita�on camps across the state.
26. Tamil Nadu has ended fiscal 2023-24 with gross market borrowings at ₹1,13,000 crore. Thus,
it was emerging the top borrowing State for the fourth successive fiscal year. Maharashtra
stood next with borrowings of ₹1,10,000 crore, U�ar Pradesh at ₹97,700 crore, Karnataka at
₹81,000 crore, Rajasthan at ₹73,600 crore and Andhra Pradesh at ₹68,400 crore.
27. Tamil Nadu con�nues to consolidate its posi�on as India’s leading exporter of electronic
products with its share cons�tu�ng a whopping one-third of India’s total electronic goods
value of $29.12 billion during FY24. Karnataka, which reported $4.60 billion, a 15.78 per cent
share of the country’s electronics exports, is the next biggest exporter.
28. Tamil Nadu recorded a voter turnout of 69.72 per cent during the April 19 elec�ons to 39
Lok Sabha cons�tuencies. It is rela�vely lesser than the figures recorded in the previous
general elec�ons in the State. Of a total of 6,23,33,925 electors in Tamil Nadu 4,34,58,875
exercised their franchise. Dharmapuri recorded the highest turnout of 81.20 per cent.
Central Chennai witnessed the lowest of 53.96 per cent.
29. Tamil Nadu government has conferred the Kalaignar Ezhuthukol Award on senior journalist
V N Samy for the year 2022.
30. Tamil Nadu government has chosen feminist, teacher, and novelist Bama Faus�na Soosairaj
for the Avvaiyar award for the year 2024.
31. Tamil Nadu government has launched the country's 'first' marine force to protect marine
resources and biodiversity in the Gulf of Mannar and the Palk Bay. It will focus on the
conserva�on and protec�on of precious marine biodiversity. Such as coral reef, sea grass,
and other marine flora and fauna. The force will combat marine wildlife crimes, including
smuggling, preven�on and poaching of marine animals.
32. Tamil Nadu government has declared Thanthai Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary in Erode district as
the 18th wildlife sanctuary in the State.
33. Among India’s large states, Tamil Nadu consistently maintains the highest Gross Enrollment
Ra�o (GER) in higher educa�on (colleges and universi�es) for five academic years between
2017-18 and 2021-22. According to the recently released All India Survey on Higher
Educa�on by the Ministry of Educa�on, Tamil Nadu’s GER was 47 per cent. Among all the
states and Union Territories, Chandigarh has the highest GER of 64.8 per cent.
34. Chief Minister Stalin inaugurated Tamil Nadu’s first Mini-TIDEL Park in Villupuram. This
project is situated on a built-up area of 63,000 sq � spread across a five-acre land parcel at
Thiruchitrambalam village, Vanur Taluk.
35. Chief Minister MK Stalin inaugurated the “Kalaignar Ulagam” memorial developed by the
state for former Chief Minister and DMK president M Karunanidhi at Marina Beach in
Chennai.
36. Tamil Nadu has set a new benchmark in environmental conserva�on and biodiversity
protec�on by securing two more Ramsar sites, thus achieving the highest number of such
designated areas in the country. The recent addi�on of the Longwood Shola Reserve Forest
in The Nilgiris and the Karaive� Bird Sanctuary in Ariyalur has propelled the state to the
forefront of ecological conserva�on efforts in India. With these new designa�ons, Tamil
Nadu now boasts 16 Ramsar sites.
37. Chennai emerged as the top Indian city for women in 2023 in terms of inclusivity and
conduciveness to working women, as per findings from diversity, equity and inclusivity
consultant Avtar Group’s Top Ci�es for Women in India (TCWI) 2023.
38. Tamil Nadu ranks fourth in a�rac�ng FDI in the period between Oct 2019 and September
2023, a�er Maharashtra, Karnataka and Gujarat. Cumula�ve Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
inflow in to Tamil Nadu has touched nearly $10 billion in the last four years from the period
between October 2019 and September 2023.
39. Tamil Nadu’s third government dental college and hospital was inaugurated in Pudukko�ai.
The other two are Chennai government dental college hospital and Rajah Muthiah Dental
College and Hospital, Chidambaram.
40. The Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram is becoming India’s first-ever green energy
archaeological site. Da�ng back to the 7th century, built by Narasimha Varman II or
popularly known as Rajamalla, this UNESCO World Heritage site is one of the oldest stone
temples in South India. The Shore Temple will now be illuminated using clean and
sustainable solar energy.
41. Tamil Nadu government proposed to construct a Vallalar Interna�onal Centre on 3.18 acres
of land at Sathya Gnana Sabha in Vadalur in Cuddalore district at a cost of ₹99.99 crore.
Tamil Nadu government’s recent schemes

1. Naan Mudhalvan Scheme: The scheme aims to provide skills to the 10-lakh youth across the
state annually with skills that will help them to realize their talents for the benefit of the
country.
2. Ennum Ezhuthum Scheme: To ensure founda�onal Literacy and Numeracy by 2025. All
students in Tamil Nadu by age 8 will be able to read with comprehension and possess basic
arithme�c skills. The Ennum Ezhuthum Mission shall commence from the academic year
2022-23 across all government schools of Tamil Nadu. It was launched at an event in
Azhinjivakkam panchayat union middle school, Tiruvallur.
3. ‘Innuyir Kaapoom - Nammai Kaakkum 48’ through which the State government will bear
the expenses of emergency care for accident vic�ms for the first 48 hours.
4. ‘Meendum Manjappai’ scheme to promote the use of cloth bags by the public and
discourage the use of plas�c bags.
5. 'Valimai' - Tamil Nadu Cements Corpora�on's new cement brand.
6. Karpagam - scheme to sell palm jaggery through ra�on shops.
7. 'Students in Responsible Police Ini�a�ves (SIRPI)' - It aimed at inculca�ng discipline and

social awareness, nearly 4,500 class VIII students from 100 government-run schools to be
offered classes in physical fitness, sports, parade by police officers and experts.
8. Chief Minister's Breakfast Scheme: For government primary school students in Madurai. The
scheme will benefit over 1.14 lakh children of classes I to V in the first phase.
9. 'Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam' scheme: Aimed to take healthcare to the doorsteps of the
people. It will screen those above 45 years of age and others with infirmi�es through rou�ne
door-to-door check-ups and detect non-communicable diseases that are also seen to cause
sudden mortali�es and impact the quality of life.
10. Tamil Pudhalvan scheme: Aims to provide financial assistance of ₹1,000 per month to boys
who have studied in classes 6 to 12 in State-run schools, for pursuing their higher educa�on.
11. Mannuyir Kaathu Mannuyir Kaappom Scheme: To preserve soil fer�lity by distribu�ng green
manure seeds to farmers.
12. Agal Vilakku scheme under which commi�ees comprising female teachers, will be formed to
assist girls from classes 9 to 12 in tackling mental, physical and societal problems.
13. ‘Makkaludan Mudhalvar’ scheme: Benefit people in 12,525 village panchayats from July 15
to September 15. Chief Minister M.K. Stalin, in December last year, launched the scheme
that aims to ensure services of the State government reached the people swi�ly. The new
scheme being implemented by the Public Department (Mudhalvarin Mugavari) is an
extension of the ‘Kala Aayvil Mudhalamaichar’ ini�a�ve of the State government.
14. ‘Neengal Nalama’ (Are you fine?) scheme: A beneficiary outreach programme aimed at
reviewing the implementa�on of flagship schemes and addressing the grievances of the
public.
15. 'Tholkudi' scheme: To upgrade the basic ameni�es in tribal habita�ons and improve their
living standards.
16. “Ungalai Thedi, Ungal Ooril” (Bringing Services to Your Doorstep) scheme : Aims to bridge
the gap between the government and the public by ensuring that the benefits of various
schemes reach the grassroots level.
17. Kalaignar Magalir Urimai Scheme : Financial assistance program for women in Tamil Nadu.
Under this ini�a�ve, eligible women will receive monthly financial help of Rs. 1000.
Recent Achievements of Tamil Nadu government

 Tamil Nadu’s nine per cent contribu�on to the Indian economy.
 Tamil Nadu has secured the second place when it comes to contribu�ng to the Gross
Domes�c Product (GDP) of the na�on.
 The state’s growth rate has become 8.19 per cent while the country’s growth rateis 7.24 per
cent.
 The state had controlled infla�on, which had fallen to 5.97 per cent while the na�onal figure
was 6.65 per cent.
 Tamil Nadu has topped the list of the Export Preparedness Index in the country
 Tamil Nadu is ranking first in the export of electronic goods.
 Government had created a conducive climate for industrial investment and this had helped
Tamil Nadu reach the third posi�on, up from the 14th posi�on in the country.
 Tamil Nadu was elevated to the second place in the field of educa�on.
 The State has also secured the first place in innova�ve industries.
Highlights of Tamil Nadu Budget 2024
 8 lakh concrete houses will be constructed in rural areas under the house scheme,
"Kalaignarin Kanavu Illam," named a�er the late DMK leader and former CM M
Karunanidhi. The target is to make Tamil Nadu 'hut-free' by 2030.
 Alloca�on of ₹300 crore for civic ameni�es, including roads for areas nearby city
corpora�ons.
 Alloca�on of ₹243 crore for Makkalai Thedi Maruthuvam scheme. ₹20,198 crore
allocated for health and family welfare.
 Alloca�on of ₹500 crore for the restora�on of 5000 lakes and ponds, along with ₹365
crore for the construc�on of 2000 new overhead tanks to address water scarcity issues.
 Restora�on and beau�fica�on of the Adyar river for ₹1500 crore.
 Investments totalling ₹1,100 crore for the development of Chennai and North Chennai,
underscoring the government's commitment to urban rejuvena�on.
 Implementa�on of the Thaayumanavar poverty eradica�on scheme, targe�ng five lakh

poor families with targeted assistance to upli� them from poverty.
 Establishment of Thozhiyar Vidhuthi (transgender hostels) in Chennai, Madurai, and

Coimbatore, with an investment of ₹26 crore. Tamil Nadu government will bear higher
educa�on costs for transgender individuals.
 Financial aid amoun�ng to ₹5 crore will be allocated to support language technical

startups, fostering innova�on and entrepreneurship in the linguis�c domain.
 Establishment of an open auditorium in Keezhadi, with an investment of ₹17 crore to

promote cultural events and showcase the ongoing archaeological excava�ons in the
region.
 Provisions for the construc�on of a film city under a public-private partnership on the
outskirts of Chennai, with an investment of ₹500 crore aimed at boos�ng the state's film
industry. (With inputs from news agencies)
List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu (1950-2024)
S.
List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu From To Party
No.
7th May
1 M. K. Stalin Present DMK
2021
16th Feb
2 Edappadi K Palaniswami 6th May 2021 AIADMK
2017
3 O. Panneerselvam 6th Dec 2016 16th Feb 2017 AIADMK
19th May
4 J. Jayalalithaa 5th Dec 2016 AIADMK
2016
23rd May 19th May

5 J. Jayalalithaa AIADMK
2015 2016
29th Sep 23rd May

6 O. Panneerselvam AIADMK
2014 2015
16th May
7 J. Jayalalithaa 27th Sep 2014 AIADMK
2011
13th May 15th May

8 M. Karunanidhi DMK
2006 2011
2nd Mar 12th May

2002 2006
21st Sep
10 O. Panneerselvam 1st Mar 2002 AIADMK
2001
14th May
11 J. Jayalalithaa 21st Sep 2001 AIADMK
2001
13th May 13th May

12 M. Karunanidhi DMK
1996 2001
24th Jun 12th May

1991 1996
30th Jan
President’s rule 24th Jun 1991
1991
27th Jan
14 M. Karunanidhi 30th Jan 1991 DMK
1989
30th Jan
President’s rule 27th Jan 1989
1988
15 Janaki Ramachandran 7th Jan 1988 30th Jan 1988 AIADMK
24th Dec
16 V.R. Nedunchezhiyan (ac�ng) 7th Jan 1988 AIADMK
1987
10th Feb
17 M. G. Ramachandran 24th Dec 1987 AIADMK
1985
18 M. G. Ramachandran 9th Jun 1980 15th Nov 1984 AIADMK
17th Feb
President’s rule 9th Jun 1980
1980
30th Jun
19 M. G. Ramachandran 17th Feb 1980 AIADMK
1977
President’s rule 31st Jan 1976 30th Jun 1977
15th Mar
20 M. Karunanidhi 31st Jan 1976 DMK
1971
10th Feb
21 M. Karunanidhi 4th Jan 1971 DMK
1969
22 V.R. Nedunchezhiyan (ac�ng) 3rd Feb 1969 10th Feb 1969 DMK
14th Jan
23 C. N. Annadurai 3rd Feb 1969 DMK
1969
24 C. N. Annadurai 6th Mar 1967 14th Jan 1969 DMK
25 M. Bakthavatsalam 2nd Oct 1963 6th Mar 1967 INC
15th Mar
26 K. Kamaraj 2nd Oct 1963 INC
1962
13th Apr
27 K. Kamaraj 1st Mar 1962 INC
1957
13th Apr
28 K. Kamaraj 31st Mar 1957 INC
1954
10th Apr
29 C. Rajagopalachari 13th Apr 1954 INC
1952
26th Jan
30 P. S. Kumaraswamy Raja 9th Apr 1952 INC
1950
Important facts
 First Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu - A. Subbarayalu Reddiar of the Jus�ce Party (17 Dec 1920
to 11 Jul 1921).
 Longest-serving Chief Minister - M. Karunanidhi (served over 18 years).
 First woman chief minister of Tamil Nadu - Vaikom Narayani Janaki (1988)
 Shortest-serving Chief Minister - Vaikom Narayani Janaki (23 days).
International organization – Important facts
Organization Abbreviation Headquarters Year of Head

Establishment
United Nations Organization UNO New York (USA) 1945 Antonio

Guterres
United Nations Children’s’ UNICEF New York (USA) 1946 Catherine M.

Fund Russell
United Nations Conference on UNCTAD Geneva 1964 Rebeca

Trade and Development (Switzerland) Grynspan
World Health Organization WHO Geneva 1948 Tedros

(Switzerland) Adhanom
International Labour ILO Geneva 1919 Gilbert

Organization (Switzerland) Houngbo
International Committee of ICRC Geneva 1863 Mirjana

the Red Cross (Switzerland) Spoljaric
Egger
World Trade Organization WTO Geneva 1995 Dr Ngozi

(Switzerland) Okonjo-
Iweala
United Nations Educational UNESCO Paris (France) 1945 Audrey

Scientific and Cultural Azoulay
Organization
World Meteorological WMO Geneva 1950 Abdulla Al

Organization (Switzerland) Mandous
World Intellectual Property WIPO Geneva 1967 Daren Tang

Organization (Switzerland)
International Organization for IOS Geneva 1947 Sung Hwan

Standardization (Switzerland) Cho
International Atomic Energy IAEA Vienna (Austria) 1957 Rafael

Agency Mariano
Grossi
Organization of Petroleum OPEC Vienna (Austria) 1960 Haitham al-

Exporting Countries Ghais
International Monetary Fund IMF Washington DC 1945 Kristalina

(USA) Georgieva
World Bank WB Washington DC 1945 Ajay Banga
(USA)
International Maritime IMO London (UK) 1959 Arsenio

Organization Dominguez
Amnesty International AI London (UK) 1961 Agnes

Callamard
International Court of Justice ICJ The Hague 1945 Judge Nawaf

(Netherlands) Salam
Food and Agricultural FAO Rome (Italy) 1945 Qu Dongyu

Organization
North Atlantic Treaty NATO Brussels 1949 Jens

Organization (Belgium) Stoltenberg
International Renewable IRENA Abu Dhabi (UAE) 2009 Francesco La

Energy Agency Camera
South Asian Association for SAARC Kathmandu 1985 Golam

Regional Cooperation (Nepal) Sarwar
Association of South East ASEAN Jakarta 1967 Kao Kim

Asian Nations (Indonesia) Hourn
Asia Pacific Economic APEC Singapore 1989 Dina

Cooperation Boluarte
Organization of Islamic OIC Jeddah (Saudi 1969 Hissein

Cooperation Arabia) Brahim Taha
Organization for the OPCW The Hague, 1997 Fernando

Prohibition of Chemical (Netherlands) Arias
Weapons
Worldwide Fund for Nature WWF Gland, Vaud 1961 Adil Najam
(Switzerland)
World Economic Forum WEF Cologny, 1971 Klaus

(Switzerland) Schwab
International Hydrographic IHO Monaco 1921 Dr Mathias

Organization Jonas
International Cricket Council ICC Dubai, (UAE) 1909 Greg Barclay
International Union for IUCN Gland, 1948 Bruno Oberle

Conservation of Nature (Switzerland)
International Council on ICOMOS Paris, (France) 1965 Teresa

Monuments and Sites Patricio
United Nations World UNWTO Madrid, (Spain) 1974 Zurab
Tourism Organization Pololikashvili
Asian Development Bank ADB Mandaluyong 1966 Masatsugu

(Philippines) Asakawa
New Development Bank NDB Shanghai (China) 2015 Dilma Vana

Rousseff
International Solar Alliance ISA Gurgaon (India) 2015 R. K. Singh
Nobel Prize 2023 Winners List
Nobel Prize Category Winners Achievements
Physiology or Medicine Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman For their pioneering work on
mRNA vaccines
Physics Pierre Agos�ni, Ferenc Krausz and For experimental methods that
Anne L’Huillier generate a�osecond pulses of
light for the study of electron
dynamics in ma�er
Chemistry Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus For the discovery and synthesis of
and Alexei I. Ekimov quantum dots
Literature Jon Fosse For his innova�ve plays and prose

which give voice to the unsayable
Peace Narges Mohammadi For her fight against the

oppression of women in Iran and
her fight to promote human
rights and freedom for all
The Sveriges Riksbank Claudia Goldin for having advanced our

Prize in Economic understanding of women’s labour
Sciences market outcomes
List of Indian Nobel Laureates
Indian Ci�zenship
Nobel Laureates Field Year
Rabindranath Tagore Literature 1913
C. V Raman Physics 1930
Mother Teresa Peace 1979
Amartya Sen Economic Sciences 1998
Kailash Satyarthi Peace 2014
Born in India but different Ci�zenship

Nobel Laureates Field Year Na�onality
Har Gobind Khorana Physiology/Medicine 1968 United States
Subrahmanyam Chandrasekhar Physics 1983 United States
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Chemistry 2009 United Kingdom
United States
Abhijit Banerjee Economic Sciences 2019 United States

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India at a Glance

Facts about Indian Population

 India is currently the largest country in the world in terms of population.

2011 Census facts (15th census)

 State with the highest population density - Bihar

Human Development Index (HDI) 2023-24 Report - India

 It is a statistical composite (first published in 1990 by the UNDP) index, which

 National Flag - Tiranga

Important Facts about the Constituent Assembly & Constitution of India

Various Functions Performed by Constituent Assembly

President of India – Important facts

Facts about Indian Prime Ministers

General Election - 2024

Lok Sabha (Lower House or House of People)

Rajya Sabha (Upper House or Council of states)

Facts about India’s New Parliament Building

Supreme Court - Important facts

National Flag of India – Important facts

 Pingali Venkayya created the National Flag of India.

S.No Countries Borrowed Features of Indian Constitution

Indian States Formation Year Formed By

Indian Union Territories Formation Dates Foundation

Bharatnatyam Tamil Nadu

Kathak Uttar Pradesh

Kuchipudi Andhra Pradesh

Timeline of Modern Indian History

 1600 Elizabeth I grants a charter to the East India Company.

 1612 The East India Company establishes a factory at Surat.

 1640 The East India Company establishes a factory at Madras.

 1661 As per the marriage alliance between Charles II of England and

 1668 Charles II granted Bombay to the East India Company

 1690 The East India Company establishes a factory at Calcu�a.

 1757 The Ba�le of Plassey – the Bri�sh defeat Siraj Ud Daulah.

 1760 The Ba�le of Wandiwash – the Bri�sh defeat the French.

 1761 The Ba�le of Panipat – the Bri�sh defeat the Marathas.

 1764 The Ba�le of Buxar – the Bri�sh defeat Mir Kasim.

 1772 Warren Has�ngs appointed as Governor of Bengal.

 1773 The Regula�ng Act passed by the Bri�sh Parliament, creates

 1774 Warren Has�ngs becomes the ﬁrst Governor-General of Bengal.

 1775-1782 The First Anglo-Maratha War.

 1786-93 Lord Cornwallis becomes Governor-General of India.

 1793 Cornwallis introduced permanent se�lement of Bengal revenue.

 1798 Lord Wellesley appointed Governor-General of India.

 1804 The Mughal Emperor at Delhi is placed under Bri�sh protec�on.

 1806 Vellore mu�ny outbreak. The ﬁrst instance of a large-scale

 1814-1816 The Anglo-Gurkha War

 1817-1818 The Pindari War

 1824-1826 The First Burmese War

 1828-35 Lord William Ben�nck appointed as ﬁrst Governor-General of India.

 1833 The Charter Act ended ac�vi�es of company as a commercial

 1836-48 The Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts were a series of

 1839-1842 The First Afghan War

 1845-1846 The First Anglo-Sikh War

 1848 Lord Dalhousie becomes the Governor-General of India.

 1848 Doctrine of Lapse was introduced by Lord Dalhousie and

 1848-1849 The Second Anglo-Sikh War

 1849 The Annexa�on of the Punjab

 1852 The Second Anglo-Burmese War

 1854 Charles Wood’s despatch on Educa�on