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Dirassat & Abhath: The Arabic Journal of Human and Social Sciences

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫‪Dirassat & Abhath‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ‬


‫‪The Arabic Journal of Human‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪and Social Sciences‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺷﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺪ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻔﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤؤﻟﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺬﺑﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻟﺨﻀﺮ)ﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻙ(‬ ‫ﻣؤﻟﻔﻴﻦ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ‪:‬‬
‫ﻉ‪23‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪ‪/‬ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ‪:‬‬
‫ﻧﻌﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪2016‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩﻱ‪:‬‬
‫ﺟﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﻬﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬‬ ‫‪263 - 273‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫‪10.35157/0578-000-023-016‬‬ ‫‪:DOI‬‬
‫‪809474‬‬ ‫ﺭﻗﻢ ‪:MD‬‬
‫ﺑﺤﻮﺙ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ‬
‫‪Arabic‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪HumanIndex, IslamicInfo, EcoLink, AraBase, EduSearch‬‬ ‫ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻰ‪ ،‬ﺃﻓﺮﺍﻡ ﻧﻌﻮﻡ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻲ‬
‫‪http://search.mandumah.com/Record/809474‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻂ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺪ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﻣﻲ ﺃﻧﻔﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺴﻨﻄﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ، 2‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ ﻟﺨﻀﺮ ﻣﺬﺑﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺴﻨﻄﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ، 2‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫© ‪ 2024‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪.‬‬


‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ( ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 1-‬‬
‫‪٢٦٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫‪Dirassat & Abhath‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺏ‪:‬‬
‫‪The‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫‪Arabic Journal‬‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ ‪of Human‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺴﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ‬
‫ﻗﻢﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺸﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫‪and Social Sciences‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ ‪APA‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺪ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻣﺬﺑﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﻟﺨﻀﺮ‪ .(2016) .‬ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ‪.‬ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ‪ ،‬ﻉ‪ .273 - 263 ،23‬ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻦ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬
‫‪809474/Record/com.mandumah.search//:http‬‬
‫ﺇﺳﻠﻮﺏ ‪MLA‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﺪ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻧﻔﺎﻝ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻟﺨﻀﺮ ﻣﺬﺑﻮﺡ‪" .‬ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ‪".‬ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ‬
‫ﻉ‪ .273 - 263 :(2016) 23‬ﻣﺴﺘﺮﺟﻊ ﻣﻦ ‪809474/Record/com.mandumah.search//:http‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺪ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﻣﻲ ﺃﻧﻔﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺴﻨﻄﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ، 2‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ ﻟﺨﻀﺮ ﻣﺬﺑﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺴﻨﻄﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ، 2‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫© ‪ 2024‬ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪.‬‬


‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻣﺤﻔﻮﻇﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻚ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺼﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻤﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺦ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ( ﺩﻭﻥ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺢ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪- 1-‬‬
‫‪٢٦٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫‪Dirassat & Abhath‬‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ‬


‫‪The Arabic Journal of Human‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫‪and Social Sciences‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬

‫‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﻝ‪:‬‬

‫ﺣﻮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺪ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﻣﻲ ﺃﻧﻔﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺴﻨﻄﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ، 2‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ ﻟﺨﻀﺮ ﻣﺬﺑﻮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺴﻨﻄﻴﻨﺔ ‪ ، 2‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‬

‫‪- 1-‬‬
‫‪٢٦٣‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺗﺬﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬

‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺪ ﺑﺴﻄﺎﻣﻲ ﺃﻧﻔﺎﻝ ‪ /‬ﺃ‪،‬ﺩ ﻟﺨﻀﺮ ﻣﺬﺑﻮﺡ‬

‫ﺍﳌﻠﺨﺺ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﺮﺯ ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺟﻬﺎ ﰲ ﻓﻠﺴـﻔﺔ‬

‫ﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻃﺎﺑﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﱐ ﺍﳋﺎﺹ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻖ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﺑﺴﺘﻴﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﳛﻀـﺮ ﻓﻴﻬـﺎ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺣﻀﻮﺭﺍ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﺼـﺎﺏ ‪...‬ﺍﱁ ﻟﺘﺤـﺎﻭﻝ‬

‫ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻻﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺆﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻳﺘﻠﺨﺺ ﰲ ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ؟‬

‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻔﺘﺎﺣﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻻﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ‪ ،‬ﺍﻷﺩﺍﺀ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ‬

‫‪Abstract:‬‬
‫‪This study deals a problem of the highlights of the current problems of‬‬
‫‪western philosophy , it is the language problem , and how its production in the‬‬
‫‪philosophy of Noam Chomsky , which gives a verbal process its own character‬‬
‫‪humanitarian brings up the mind centrally presence . Interfere in it the‬‬
‫‪linguistics to the biology , and philosophy , and the neuroscience , …ect . All to‬‬
‫‪try answer about one questions , it boils down to : how the mind produces the‬‬
‫‪language ?.‬‬

‫‪Key words: Generative grammar,Creativity, Competence , Performance ,‬‬


‫‪Surface structure, Deep structure.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻞ ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪:‬‬


‫ﺗﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻟﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒــﺮ ﻣﺸــﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐــﺔ ﻣــﻦ ﺃﺑــﺮﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺸــﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻨــﺎﻭﻻ ﻓــﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺪﻭﺍﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﻃﻲ ﺗﺤﻜﻤﻪ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻭﺿﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫـﺬﺍ ﻣـﺎ ﻳﺒـﺮﺭﻩ ﻇﻬـﻮﺭ ﺗﻴـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻜﺮﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺰﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻴﺘﺠﻨﺸﺘﻴﻦ ‪Ludwig‬‬
‫ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﺁﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪ /‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ » ﺇﻥ‬ ‫‪ (1951_1889) Wittgenstein‬ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻣﻴﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴـ ـ ــﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺫﻭﻱ‬ ‫‪Edmund‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻋﺎﻣـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺔ ﻫﺴـ ـ ـ ـ ـ ــﺮﻝ ‪Husserl‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ«‬ ‫)‪ ، (1938_1859‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻭﻳﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺰﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻏﺎﺩﺍﻣﺎﺭ ‪Hans-‬‬
‫ﺏ_ ﻏﻠﻖ ﺍﻟﻨﺺ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﺴﻠﻒ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ (2002_1900) Georg‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳ ـ ــﺔ‬ ‫‪Gadamer‬‬
‫ﻳﺘﺼﺪﻯ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺑﺸﺪﺓ ﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻻﻏﻼﻕ ﻛﻮﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ‬ ‫‪Claude‬‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻋﺎﻣ ــﺔ ﻟﻴﻔـــﻲ ﺳـــﺘﺮﺍﻭﺱ‪Lévi-Strauss‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺜﺒﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺮ ﺑﺄﻥ‬ ‫)‪....(2009_ 1908‬ﺍﻟــﺦ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫــﻲ ﻛﻠﻬــﺎ ﻣــﺪﺍﺭﺱ ﺗﺮﻛــﺰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺧﻼﻕ ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﻬﺪﻩ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺮﻫ ــﺎ ﻋﻠ ــﻰ ﺍﻟﻈ ــﺎﻫﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳ ــﺔ ﻣ ــﻦ ﺟﻬ ــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺁﺛﺎﺭﻫ ــﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬـــﺎ ﻣـ ــﻦ ﺟﻬـ ــﺔ ﺃﺧـــﺮﻯ ﺇﻟـ ــﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻇﻬـ ــﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﺰﻋـ ــﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺻﺪﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻻ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ " ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫‪Avram‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪﻳــﺔ ﺭﺍﻫﻨــﺎ ﺑﺰﻋﺎﻣــﺔ ﻧﻌــﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴــﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ‪form and meaning‬‬ ‫‪ (_1928) Noam‬ﻟﺘﻘﻠ ـ ــﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟ ـ ــﺔ‬ ‫‪Chomsky‬‬
‫‪natural language en communication‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳـ ــﺔ ﺭﺃﺳـ ــﺎ ﻋﻠـ ــﻰ ﻋﻘـ ــﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺼـ ــﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﻌﻘـ ــﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸـ ــﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﺮﺡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ‪ :‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻟﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿــﻮﻋﺎ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳــﺔ ﺑﻌــﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻛــﺎﻥ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ ﺣــﺎﻣﻼ ﺇﻟﻴﻨــﺎ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻧﺼﺒﺢ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻻ ﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻔـ ــﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺟﺪﻳـ ــﺪﺓ ﺗـ ــﺪﺧﻞ ﻛﻠﻬـ ــﺎ ﺗﺤـ ــﺖ ﺇﻃـ ــﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﻠـ ــﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ؟ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴـﻪ ﺍﺧﺘـﺮﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻻﺑﺪﺍﻋﻴﺔ ‪ Créativity‬ﻭﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮﻫﺎ ﺃﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜـ ــﻮﻥ ﺍﺷـ ــﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻫـ ــﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻘـ ــﺎﻝ ﻫـ ــﻲ ﻣـ ــﺎ ﻫـ ــﻮ ﻣﻮﻗـ ــﻒ‬
‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻞ ﻭﻳﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴ ــﻜﻲ ﻣ ــﻦ ﺍﻻﺑﺴ ــﺘﻴﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳ ــﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻ ــﺮﺓ‬
‫» ﺃﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻴﺊ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻹﺑﺪﺍﻉ‬ ‫؟ ﻭﻓﻴﻤ ــﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻠ ــﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳ ــﺪ ﺍﻟ ــﺬﻱ ﺣﻤﻠﺘ ــﻪ ﺇﻟﻴﻨ ــﺎ ﻓﻠﺴ ــﻔﺘﻪ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ«‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ؟‬
‫ﺝ‪ :‬ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻠﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺇﻫﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺮﻯ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﺠﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺍﺭﺗﻜﺰﺕ‬
‫ﻗﻮﺍﻟﺐ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﺤﺼﺮ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻃﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺑﻞ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺮﻣﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺣﻲ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫_ ﻳﺮﻓﺾ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
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‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻞ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫_ ﻳﺪﻋﻮ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﺷﺘﺮﺍﻁ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺎﺭﺗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ‪" :‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﻟﻪ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ‪ /‬ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺎﺭﺗﻴﺔ ‪" Cartesian Linguistics‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺑﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻟﺨﺺ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﻭﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪ .1‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ‪ » :‬ﺭﺃﻳﺖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺠﺮ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻭﻻ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ «‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺟﻌﻠﺖ‬ ‫_ ﻳﻨﺘﻘﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺄﺯﻕ ﺍﺑﺴﺘﻴﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺃ_ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﻃﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﻱ ﺳﻮﺳﻴﺮ‪:‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﺟﺰﺓ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺯﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﻹﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺮﺕ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺿﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻃﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ‪ ،Neurosciences‬ﻭﻇﻬﻮﺭ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﻠﻪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺎء ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺴﺤﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻌﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺬﺍﺗﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺼﺮ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻏﻲ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﻠﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺣﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺑﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻤﺴﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺻﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺪ‬
‫ﺃﻋﺎﺩﺕ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﻮﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻢ ﺯﻋﺰﻋﺔ ﻋﺮﺵ‬
‫‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺪ ﺭﻳﻨﻴﻪ ﺩﻳﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﺑﻈﻬﻮﺭ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻳﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺴﺪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ cognition‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻓﻲ ‪ 11‬ﺳﺒﺘﻤﺒﺮ ‪1956‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺼﻨﻮﺑﺮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺗﺸﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻈﻢ ﻣﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﺴﺎﺗﺸﻮﺳﺘﺲ ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻧﺪﻭﺓ‬
‫ﻃﺮﻳﻘﻬﺎ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﻭﻷﻭﻝ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺜﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺃﻭﻟﻰ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺗﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻟﻨﻬﺞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺎﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ‪ ،‬ﻷﺟﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻟﺘﺘﻮﺝ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﺪﻭﺓ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻪ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺗﻘﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ‪cognitive‬‬
‫ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪.sciences‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﻫﻢ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺪﺧﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺿﻤﻦ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻹﺷﻜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺴﺘﺒﺸﺮ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺧﻴﺮﺍ ﺑﻔﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺮﺩ ‪ :‬ﻳﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ّ‬ ‫ﺃ_ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺣﻴﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ‪ »:‬ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﺠﺮﻳﺪﻱ ﻳﺘﺒﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪،‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻭﺷﻴﻚ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻳﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻜﺎﺭﺗﻴﺔ ‪ . « 8‬ﺍﺫ ﻳﺮﻯ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺏ_ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺪﻯ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﻙ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻩ ﺁﺛﺎﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺻﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻴﺴﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﻣﺎﻏﻪ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺛﻤﺔ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻨﺠﺰﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻷﻥ ﻋﻘﻞ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﻣﺎﻏﻪ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻟﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﺠﺪﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺆﻟﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺝ_ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺼﺒﻲ ‪ :‬ﻭﻓﻴﻪ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻟﻜﺸﻒ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻻﻟﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻵﺗﻲ ‪ Mind /Brain :‬ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﻌﻴﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ‪ » :‬ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺰﺍﻣﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺷﺘﻐﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ‪ّ /‬‬
‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺠﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﻫﻦ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺪﻣﺎﻍ ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﺿﺤﻰ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺓ‬
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‫ﻗﺪﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ«‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﺭﻳﺔ ﻹﺩﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﻦ‬
‫ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻀﺎﻓﺮ ﺟﻬﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺪ ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻟﻌﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺒﻌﺎﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‪ .7‬ﻓﺎﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﺫﻥ ﻇﻠﺖ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﻃﺴﻮﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺴﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺃﺿﺤﺖ ﻓﺮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺗﺄﺳﺲ ﻓﺮﻉ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫ﺗﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﻗﺼﺪﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺒﻠﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﺃﺳﺴﻪ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻓﻴﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻜﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺭﻭﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺑﻤﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻱ ﺑﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‬
‫ﺗﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺤﻈﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻱ ﻣﺤﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ‪ » :‬ﻓﻼﺑﺪ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﻨﺎء‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ‬ ‫‪14‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺑﻊ ﺧﻠﻒ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻱ ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻻ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ «‪ .10‬ﻓﺎﻷﺛﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺋﺮﺓ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﻘﻞ ‪ /‬ﺩﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺒﻄﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻴﺤﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺴﺎﻣﻊ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬
‫ﻫﻔﻮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻈﻦ ﻭﺍﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺩﻩ ﻣﺆﻃﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺒﻪ ﻭ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ‬
‫» ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻲ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺴﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ...‬ﻭﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﺗﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺑﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪ /‬ﻓﻬﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻ ﺗﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻟﻨﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺍﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺮﺯ ﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﺳﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻛﻲ ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻬﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻣﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﻓﻴﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ " ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻲ ‪ " Broun house‬ﻛﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﻄﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺆﺍﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻧﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻨﻪ ؟ ﺇﺫ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﺃﻥ‬
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‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﺸﻜﻠﻪ ﺩﻻﻟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺻﻠﺐ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ«‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ‬
‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻗﻮﻝ ﺷﻲء ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺇﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻤﻜﻨﻮﺍ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻧﻄﻼﻗﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻭﻋﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻱ ﻭﺳﺮﻋﺎﻥ ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﻘﻠﻪ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﻭﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬
‫ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﻭﻋﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻠﻤﺘﻲ ‪ House‬ﻭ ‪ Mouse‬ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻘﺼﺪ ﻗﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﻴﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺠﻊ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﻢ ﻳﺪﺭﻛﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺖ ﻻ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﺎ ﻧﺨﻠﺺ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺄﺭﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻬﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻴﻴﻦ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﺗﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻃﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪ .‬ﻓﺒﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ‪ -‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻼﻑ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﻪ‪-‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻘﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﺃﻟﻔﺎﻇﻪ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﻋﻲ ﻗﺼﺪﻱ ﻭﻭﻋﻲ ﺩﻻﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺼﺪﻫﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺃﻛﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺃ_ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻱ ‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻢ ‪ /‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻱ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﻭﻳﻘﺼﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﺬﻛﺎء ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻓﻠﻢ ﻳﻮﻝ ﻟﻪ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻔﻜﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻠﻤﺎﺕ ﺗﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﺻﺪﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻭﻻﻫﺎ ﻟﻤﺴﺄﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺚ » ﻳﻤﻠﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻭﻋﻲ ﻗﺼﺪﻱ ﻣﻌﻴﺸﺎ ﻗﺼﺪﻳﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ‪ » :‬ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻻ ﺗﻔﺘﻘﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻲ ﻓﻴﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﻱ‬
‫ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺤﻮﻝ ﺗﺤﻮﻻ ﻗﺼﺪﻳﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺩﻻﻟﻲ «‬
‫ﺃﻗﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺣﺠﻢ "ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ"« ‪.‬‬
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‫ﻭﻳﻨﻄﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺶ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﺍﺛﻨﻴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺃﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻴﻮﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻮﻟﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺪﻳﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻮﻋﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻄﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻌﺾ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺳﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺓ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ«‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻬﺪﺩﻫﺎ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻣﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﺴﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻮﻛﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻓﻤﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻰ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻬﺠﻮﻡ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺃﻗﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺩﻳﻜﺎﺭﺕ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺭﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺃﻓﺮﺯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺛﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺑﻂ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ﺑﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻻ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻟﻐﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ‪ » :‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻻﺣﻆ ﺩﻳﻜﺎﺭﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ‪ ،‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺻﻔﺔ ﺑﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻣﻔﻄﻮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻧﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﺘﻰ ﻟﻮ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء«‪ ،17‬ﻓﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺷﺄﻧﻪ ﺷﺄﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪ ،‬ﺫﻭ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺭﺛﺎﺕ ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﺜﺒﺘﻪ ﺇﺗﺒﺎﻉ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎء ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺁﺑﺎﺋﻬﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﺮ ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ ‪ » :‬ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻓﺘﺮﺿﻨﺎ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﻃﻔﻼ ﻳﻤﻠﻚ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﻭﺙ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﺎ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﺠﺰ ﻓﻴﺰﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺅﻫﺎ ﺍﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﺴﻮﻑ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺃﻋﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ« ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
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‫ﻣﺎ ِﺗﺆﻛﺪﻩ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻏﺒﻴﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ‪ /‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎء ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﻮﺯﻭﻣﺎﺕ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻌﺎ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻬﺎ ﻋﻀﻮﺍ ﺫﻫﻨﻴﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪﻩ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺁﺑﺎءﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪ »:‬ﻭﻳﺒﺪﻭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻹﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺒﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺣﺴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‬
‫ﺍﻵﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻣﻦ ّ‬
‫ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩﻩ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻔﻄﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ )ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ( ﻣﺨﺼﺺ‬
‫ﺟﺰءﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻘﻮﻟﻬﻢ ‪ /‬ﺃﺩﻣﻐﺘﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺑﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ....‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎء ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪18‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻠﻢ ﺟﺮﺍ « ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ‪،‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﻱ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻟﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ‪ organ‬ﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺍ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪ language faculty‬ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪﻩ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎء ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﺣﻴﺎء ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﻭﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻄﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺣﺪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﺛﺒﺘﺖ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﺄﻧﺲ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻣﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻭﻛﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻓﻬﻢ ‪ /‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻸﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﻛﺎ ﻭﻓﺮﻧﻴﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﻮﻛﻞ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻢ ‪ /‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺡ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻷﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺣﻬﺎ ﻓﻨﺠﺪﻩ ﻳﺸﺮﺡ ﻟﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻜﻪ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪ » :‬ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩﻧﺎ ﺍﻹﺣﻴﺎﺋﻲ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻴﻘﻮﻝ‪ » :‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻬﺎ " ﺗﻨﻤﻮ" ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻮﻟﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻌﻘﻮﻝ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻱ ‪،‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻭﻛﺜﻴﺮﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮ) ﺡ‪ ( 0‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺏ " ﺗﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ " ﻭﻫﻮ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﻃﺊ ‪ .‬ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻭﻳﺸﺘﺮﻛﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺷﺒﻬﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ " ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ "‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻦ ) ﺡ‪ ( 0‬ﺇﻟﻰ ) ﺡ ﻡ ( ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﻍ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬
‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﻣﺒﻜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺛﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ «‬
‫ﻓﺘﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﻫﺎﻣﺸﻲ ﻛﺎﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻓﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﺃﻗﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﻄﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺠﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻣﺜﻼ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻓﻼ ﻳﻌﻘﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﻭﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺛﻢ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﺍﻟ ّﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﺐ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺑﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺒﺴﻂ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻻ ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ ﻧﺎﺻﻴﺔ ﻟﻐﺘﻪ ﺇﻻ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻀﺞ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺎ ﻓﻴﺼﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺃﺧﻄﺎءﻩ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﺸﻲء‬
‫‪The man opened the door.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ ﻳﻜﺘﻤﻞ ﺻﻮﺍﺏ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺎﻛﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍ ﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﺍ ﻧﺠﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻳﻔﺘﺮﺽ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪The man did not open the door‬‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﻞ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻛﺘﺴﺎﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻖ‬
‫ﻟﻢ ﻳﻔﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‬
‫ﻣﻴﻜﺎﻧﺰﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﻀﺒﻂ ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ‬
‫ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻃﺒﻘﻨﺎ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫? ‪Did the man open the door‬‬
‫ﻫﻞ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ؟‬ ‫‪(Universal‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﺴـــﺎ‪ :‬ﻧﻈﺮﻳـــﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺤـــﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠـــﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﺑﻨﻴﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻬﻮﻝ ﻧﺤﺼﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪: Grammar‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﺗﻜﺰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻜ ّﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬
‫‪The door was opened by the man .‬‬
‫ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﺮﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻮﻇﺎﺋﻒ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻆ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺻﻨﺎﻑ ‪ ...‬ﺍﻟﺦ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻧﻜﺘﺸﻒ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﻗﺒﻮﻻ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻻﺳﻴﻤﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺇﻻ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﻴﻂ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻷﺻﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺑﺤﺎﺛﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﻭﺙ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻳﺘﺴﺎﻭﻯ‬
‫ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﻤﺎ ﻟﺒﺚ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻨﻰ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺎﻓﻆ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺒﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﻩ ﺏ ‪Generative‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺇﻻ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪ Grammar‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺘﺒﻪ ﻭ ﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ " ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ‪ the‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ " ﺍﻝ " ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ‪ " Language and mind‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ‪ door‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ "ﺑﺎﺏ"‬ ‫ﺑﻘﻮﻟﻪ ‪ »:‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠّﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ ‪ man‬ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻦ " ﺭﺟﻞ "‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺗﻮﺍﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ " ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ " ‪ "opened‬ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ « ‪22‬ﻓﺎﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬
‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ "ﻓﺘﺢ" ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ" ﻓﻤﺎ ﻧﻼﺣﻈﻪ‬ ‫ﻟﺴﻤﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﻻﻟﻲ ﺑﻘﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ‪.‬ﻣﺎﺩﺍﻡ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺃﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻟﻐﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﺈﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻐﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﻜﻠﺘﺎ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺘﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﺎﻋﻞ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﻭﺗﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺳﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ "‪ "hardware‬ﻓﻲ ﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺛﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻓﺘﻌﻮﺽ " ﻟﻢ" ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺏ " ‪ " did not‬ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ )ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ( ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻀﺎﺭﻉ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻝ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺧﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺨﺮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻷﺭﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ " ‪ " Memory‬ﺳﻮﺍء ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺗﻌﻮﺽ " ﻫﻞ"‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﺏ " ‪ " did‬ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﺷﻲء ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺘﻪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻠﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﻼﻙ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺩﺧﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ ﺗﻌﻮﺽ " ‪ " by‬ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺏ‬
‫ﻭﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﺣﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫" ﻣﻦ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ " ﻭﻳﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺆﺧﺮ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻷﻭﺍﻣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺧﺮﺍﺟﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻠﻠﺒﺮﻣﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻏﺮﺍﺽ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﺩﺳﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻨﻔﺬ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﻠﻮﺡ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺄﻱ ﺇﺟﺮﺍء ﺃﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻱ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺁﺧﺮ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻜﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ ﺑﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺚ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺁﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬
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‫ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻨﺞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻵﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻴﺢ ﻟﻠﺬﻫﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﺑﺤﻮﺳﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﻼﺹ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺎﻛﻲ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺬﺍ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺎﺋﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﺉ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬‫‪22‬‬
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻱ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻨﻎ‬ ‫ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻳﺸﺘﻐﻞ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺃﻭﺟﺪ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﺳﻨﺔ ‪ . 1936‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻳﻌﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎء ﺍﻻﺻﻄﻨﺎﻋﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎ ﺭﻳﺎﺿﻴﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻡ ‪Algorithm‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻤﺎء ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻷﺟﻞ ﺍﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ‬
‫‪ .‬ﻭﺗﻜﻤﻦ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺴﺎﻃﺘﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻓﻘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻫﻮ ﻗﺎﺩﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻠﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻓﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﺭﺯﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺃﻱ ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻣﺘﻄﻮﺭ ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻵﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻮﻇﻒ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻓﺤﺼﻬﺎ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺁﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺘﻤﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻨﻎ‪ .‬ﻳﺘﺄﻟﻒ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮﺫﺝ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺤﻜﻢ ﻣﻨﺘﻪ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺷﺮﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻥ » ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻴﻦ‬
‫ﺩﺧﻞ ﻣﻨﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻤﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﺒﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻘﺴﻢ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ‪ «24‬ﻓﺎﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﻳﺤﻤﻞ ﺭﻣﺰﺍ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺍ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﻬﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﻤﻰ "‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻱ "‪hardware‬‬
‫ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ " ﻭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍءﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫" ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺠﻬﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻲ "‪ "software‬ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻂ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫ﺳﻌﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺻﻠﺖ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﺼﻮﺭ ﺁﻻﻥ ﺗﻮﺭﻳﻨﻎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻻﺑﺴﺘﻴﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻓﺮﺍﺡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺪﺙ‬
‫ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻣﺎﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺳﻴﺐ ﺍﻻﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻳﺜﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫* ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ‪ :‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺆﻛﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﻫﻦ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺑﺮﻣﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺭﺑﻄﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺗﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﻴﺮﺓ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻭﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺫﻫﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻔﺴﺮﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺄﺳﺮﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺘﻲ " ﺑﺮﻭﻛﺎ " ﻭ " ﻓﺮﻧﻴﻚ " ﺑﻌﺪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺮﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﺘﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﻓﻲ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺧﻠﻞ ﻳﻄﺮﺃ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻟﻘﺪ ﻟﻘﻴﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻮﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺴﺠﻢ‬
‫* ﺍﻷﻧﺘﺮﻭﺑﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ‪ :‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻓﻜﺮﺗﻪ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺪﺍﻓﻊ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﻷﺻﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻏﺮﻳﺰﺓ ﺗﻮﻟﺪ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫* ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﺛﺮ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻍ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺁﻟﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻈﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻧﺴﺠﺎﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﻴﻦ ﺭﻫﻴﻨﺎ ﺑﺘﻘﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﺑﺤﺎﺙ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻟﺠﻮﺋﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺼﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﻩ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺒﻖ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺴﻚ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﻄﻠﻖ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ‬
‫ﺃﻗﺮ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻘﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﺒﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺜﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫* ﻋﻠﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ‪ :‬ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺸﻔﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﺛﻢ ﻳﺨﺰﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﺍﻛﺮﺓ ﻟﻴﻘﻮﻡ‬
‫ﻓﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻴﺢ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺐ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﻮﺗﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺗﺨﺰﻳﻨﺎ ﺛﻢ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺟﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻬﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫_ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻘﻴﻤﻪ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻣﻮﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺤﺘﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺑﺴﺘﻴﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻭﻫﺬﺍ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻣﺮ ﻳﺠﺪ ﻣﺴﻮﻏﻪ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻪ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻵﺗﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻌﺒﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻟﻌﺒﻪ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻳﻔﺴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻖ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ ﺍﻟﺮﻳﺎﺿﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﺑﺴﺘﻴﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻳﺤﻀﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ﺣﻀﻮﺭﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺒﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺑﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻳﺎ ﻓﻴﺤﻴﻞ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ﻭﻓﻖ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻳﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺨﺘﺺ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﺳﻮﺏ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﺼﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻓﺘﺢ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺃﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﺑﺪﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮ ﻭﺃﻋﺎﺩ ﻟﻠﺬﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻧﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺘﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻳﺔ ﺟﺎءﺕ ﻛﻨﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫_ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻤﺎء ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ﻟﻤﻌﻬﺪ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺗﺸﻮﺳﺘﺲ‬
‫ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻭﻓﻖ ﺭﺣﻠﺔ ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻘﻪ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺘﺄﻟﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻴﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺒﻤﺠﺮﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺭﻓﺾ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﻠﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻲ ﺃﻗﺮ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺚ ﻓﻄﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺬﻫﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻮﺿﺎ ﻋﻦ‬
‫ﻋﻘﻞ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ‪ /‬ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺛﻢ ﻣﻀﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺘﻔﺎء ﺑﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﺴﺐ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬

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‫‪٢٧١‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫‪18: Noam Chomsky , power and prospects , op‬‬ ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ ﻓﺄﻃﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﺳﻌﻰ ﻹﺛﺒﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫‪cit, p 30.‬‬
‫‪ :19‬ﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﺗﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺫﺍﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻋﺪﻧﺎﻥ ﺣﺴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ، 1‬ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻭﻗﻔﺖ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻪ ﺗﺆﻳﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﻘﻄﻊ ﺩﺍﺑﺮ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪ ، 2009 ،‬ﺹ ‪.35‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻛﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻓﺴﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻷﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻵﺑﺎء ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺑﻨﺎء‬
‫‪ :20‬ﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺕ ﺣﻤﺰﺓ ﺑﻦ‬
‫ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍ ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺎ ﻳﺒﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻭﻓﻖ‬
‫ﻗﺒﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ، 1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺑﻘﺎﻝ ‪ ،1990 ،‬ﺹ‬
‫‪. 63‬‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ‬
‫‪21: Noam Chomsky , powers and prospects , op‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﺪﻝ ﺍﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﻗﺴﻤﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫‪cit , p 31.‬‬
‫‪22:Noam Chomsky , language and mind , op cit‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﻓﺮﺍﺡ ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻭﺟﻪ‬
‫‪, p112.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﻮﺣﻴﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪ :23‬ﺭﺷﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ، 1‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻃﻔﻴﻒ ﻻ ﻳﻨﻘﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺷﻤﻮﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺷﻴﺌﺎ‬
‫‪ ، 2014‬ﺹ ‪.127‬‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺎ ﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻫﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ‬
‫‪24 : Robert Audi , the Cambridge dictionary of‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺇﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻣﺜﻴﻞ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪philosophy , second edition , Cambridge‬‬
‫‪university press , New York 1999 , p 165.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﻣﺶ‪:‬‬
‫‪25 , Ibid .‬‬ ‫‪ :1‬ﻧﺎﻳﻒ ﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺠﺎﺝ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫‪26 , Ibid .‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ‪ ، 1988 ، 126‬ﺹ‪.69‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ ‪:‬‬
‫‪2: Noam Chomsky , Knowledge of language ,‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪its origin , and use convergence , the first‬‬
‫‪ _1‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪publishers , New york , London , 1986 , p24.‬‬
‫‪_Noam Chomsky , Knowledge of language , its‬‬ ‫‪3: Ibid , p 16.‬‬
‫‪origin , and use convergence , the first publishers‬‬ ‫‪ :4‬ﺑﺮﺗﻴﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﺒﺮﺝ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ‬
‫‪, New york , London , 1986 .‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻁ ‪ ، 1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ ‪، 2010 ،‬‬
‫‪_Noam Chomsky , language and mind ,‬‬
‫‪Cambridge university press new york , 2006.‬‬ ‫ﺹ ‪.304‬‬
‫‪_ Noam Chomsky , on nature and language ,‬‬ ‫‪ :5‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭ‬
‫‪Cambridge university press , New york , 2002.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﻁ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.111‬‬
‫‪_ Noam Chomsky , power and prospects ,‬‬
‫‪reflection on human and the social order , pluto‬‬ ‫‪ :6‬ﺍﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺥ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺑﺴﺘﻴﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫‪press , the first , published in the united kingdom‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ، 1‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ،2009 ،‬ﺹ‬
‫‪, London , 1996.‬‬ ‫‪.111‬‬
‫‪ _2‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ :7‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.112‬‬
‫_ ﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺁﻓﺎﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻘﻞ ‪ ،‬ﺕ‬ ‫‪8:Noam Chomsky , on nature and language ,‬‬
‫ﻋﺪﻧﺎﻥ ﺣﺴﻦ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺭ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ، 1‬ﺍﻟﻼﺫﻗﻴﺔ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪Cambridge university press , New york , 2002 , p‬‬
‫‪62.‬‬
‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﺎ ‪.2009 ،‬‬
‫‪9: Ibid , p 64.‬‬
‫_ ﻧﻌﺎﻡ ﺗﺸﻮﻣﺴﻜﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻭﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺕ ﺣﻤﺰﺓ ﺑﻦ‬ ‫‪10: Noam Chomsky , language and mind ,‬‬
‫ﻗﺒﻼﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﻨﻲ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎء ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ، 1‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﺗﻮﺑﻘﺎﻝ ‪.1990 ،‬‬ ‫‪Cambridge university press new york , 2006 . p‬‬
‫‪04.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ :‬ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺍﺟﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫‪11: Noam Chomsky , power and prospects ,‬‬
‫_ ﺍﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﻼﺥ ﺣﺎﻓﻆ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﻋﻠﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﺑﺴﺘﻴﻤﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪reflection on human and the social order , pluto‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮﻡ ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ، 1‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪.2009 ،‬‬ ‫‪press , the first , published in the united kingdom‬‬
‫‪, London , 1996 , p 41.‬‬
‫_ ﺑﺮﺗﻴﻞ ﻣﺎﻟﺒﺮﺝ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺧﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ ‪ ،‬ﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ :12‬ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻣﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻁ ‪ ، 1‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ ‪. 2010 ،‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ، 1‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪ ، 2013،‬ﺹ‪.208‬‬
‫_ ﺧﻠﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺴﺎﻭﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ ﺍﻟﻠﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﻬﻮﻡ ‪،‬‬
‫‪ :13‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.209_208‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ، 1‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪. 2013،‬‬
‫‪ :14‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪.209‬‬
‫_ ﺭﺷﻴﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻱ ﻛﻤﺎﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻷﺳﺲ‬
‫‪ :15‬ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺟﻊ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ‪ ،‬ﺹ ‪210‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺸﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻑ ‪ ،‬ﻁ‪ ، 1‬ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ‪،‬‬ ‫‪16: Noam Chomsky , language and mind , op cit‬‬
‫‪. 2014‬‬ ‫‪, p09.‬‬
‫‪17: Ibid.‬‬

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‫ﺍﻟﻌﺪﺩ ‪ 23‬ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ‪ 2016‬ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻣﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺑﺤﺎﺙ ‪ISSN: 1112-9751‬‬

‫_ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻓﻬﻤﻲ ﺯﻳﺪﺍﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻱ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﺭ ﻏﺮﻳﺐ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﺎﻋﺔ ﻭ‬


‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﺮ‪ ،‬ﺩﻁ ‪ ،‬ﺩﺕ ‪.‬‬
‫_ ﻧﺎﻳﻒ ﺧﺮﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺠﺎﺝ ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻤﻬﺎ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻋﺪﺩ ‪. 1988 ، 126‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺟﻢ ‪:‬‬
‫_ ‪Robert Audi , the Cambridge dictionary of‬‬
‫‪philosophy , second edition , Cambridge‬‬
‫‪.university press , New York 1999‬‬
‫‪.‬‬

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