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Introduction To Bioengineering (BBL1020)

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Introduction to

Bioengineering (BBL1020)
Instructor: Dr. Dinesh K. Ahirwar
Department: Bioscience & Bioengineering
Lecture-21
03/10/2024
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebIpkw3XapE
Gene expression
Control in living
systems
control of cell division

Hormones, signals & receptors

feedback control

control failure & disease


What do you see here??

https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1709058114
Gene expression
Information encoded in a gene is turned into a function.

on/off switch” to control when and where RNA molecules and proteins are made and as
a “volume control” to determine how much of those products are made.

carefully regulated, changing substantially under different conditions and cell types.

The RNA and protein products of many genes serve to regulate the expression of other
genes.

Where, when, and how much a gene is expressed can also assessed by measuring the
functional activity of a gene product or observing a phenotype associated with a gene.

The DNA strand that corresponds to the mRNA is called the coding or sense strand.
Gene expression
Operon – grouped genes that are transcribed together – code for functionally similar
proteins

Promoter – section of DNA where RNA polymerase binds


Operator – Controls activation of transcription
- on/off switch
- between promoter and genes for proteins – structural genes

Repressor protein – binds to operator to block RNA polymerase and shut down
transcription
- Turns off the operon
Corepressor – keeps the repressor protein on the operator (Trp operon)
Inducer – pulls repressor off the operator
-Turns on the operon – lactose on the lac operon

Regulatory gene – produces the repressor protein


Structural genes – code for proteins
No lactose Expression of X
Lac Operon lactose metabolism genes

Lactose

Gene z: Galactosidase
Lactose- Glucose
Gene y: Permease
Lactose crossing membrane Lactose

Gene a: Transacetylase
Helps Galactosidase

Lactose
Does the gene expression occur at a constant
rate?

• Catabolite activator
protein (CAP) is a positive
regulator
• Low glucose (Hunger Signal)
cAMP enables CAP and DNA
binding
• CAP increases the rate of gene
expression
Does all the DNA gets transcripted?

Only certain sections of the DNA are made (transcribed) into message (mRNA)

AND…only part of the mRNA is actually used and sent out of the nucleus to meet up
with a ribosome!

This is EDITING!!
How is mRNA Edited?

On a mRNA strand there are areas called: Exons and Introns

Introns are cut out before leaving the nucleus

Exons are left, and this shortened piece of mRNA leaves the nucleus and gets
Translated into Proteins
RNA Processing Regulation
Alternative RNA Splicing – different regions of the pre-mRNA serve as introns or
exons creating different mRNA strands depending on what is removed & spliced
together

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