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    Group 5

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    MOH. NIEZAM ABDULMUNAP

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    Group 5

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    MOH. NIEZAM ABDULMUNAP
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    Group-5 (2)

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    3 views22 pages

    Group 5

    Uploaded by

    MOH. NIEZAM ABDULMUNAP

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    URBANIZATION AND

    RURAL DEVELOPMENT
    Presented by : GROUP 5
    Urbanization

    Urbanization is the process through which cities


    grow, and higher and higher percentages of the
    population come to live in the city.

    Rural Development

    Rural development is the process of improving the


    quality of life and economic well-being of people
    living in rural areas
    MIGRATION AND URBANIZATION DILEMMA
    What is Migration

    Migration is a demographic process that connects rural


    areas to urban centers, leading to the growth or expansion
    of cities.
    Migration is often driven by individuals and families
    seeking better opportunities, which frequently leads them
    to urban areas. This movement from rural to urban
    settings is a significant component of urbanization. As
    people migrate, cities expand, and this rapid growth can
    lead to various challenges
    Drivers of Migration
    Economic Factors: People often migrate in search of
    better economic opportunities, higher wages, and
    improved living standards.
    Social Factors: Social networks, family ties, and cultural
    connections can influence migration decisions.

    Environmental Factors: Natural disasters, climate change,


    and environmental degradation may force people to
    move.
    Conflict and Political Instability: Wars, persecution, and
    political upheavals lead to forced migration.
    IMPACTS OF MIGRATION
    (POSITIVE)

    Economic Growth Labor Force Growth Cultural Enrichment


    Migrants contribute From 2000 to 2014, Migration can enrich
    to economic growth immigrants the culture of the
    by filling key contributed 40 to 80 host country with
    occupational percent of labor- new foods, festivals,
    shortages and force growth in and perspectives.
    boosting global major destination
    GDP. countries.
    IMPACTS OF MIGRATION
    (NEGATIVE)
    Pressure on Public Services Social Integration Challenges
    A growth in The integration of
    population due to Short-term Labor Market Impact migrants into the
    migration can put social fabric of
    There can be short-term
    pressure on destination countries
    negative effects on
    services, housing, can be challenging,
    native employment or
    and infrastructure2. sometimes leading to
    wages if there is a large
    discrimination or
    inflow of migrants to a
    social tension.
    small region.
    WHAT IS
    URBANIZATION?
    Urbanization is the shift from rural to urban areas, resulting in a
    corresponding decrease in the proportion of people living in rural regions.

    Urbanization can bring about economic growth and development, but it


    also poses challenges such as the need for adequate housing,
    infrastructure, employment opportunities, and social services. The influx of
    migrants to urban areas can strain existing resources and exacerbate
    issues like congestion, pollution, and social inequality
    DRIVERS OF
    URBANIZATION

    Rural-Urban Migration: People move from rural areas to cities seeking


    employment, education, and better amenities.
    Natural Population Growth: Birth rates in urban areas often exceed
    death rates.
    Industrialization and Economic Development: Urban centers attract
    industries and services.
    IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
    (POSITIVE)
    Economic Growth Cultural Diversity

    Access to Services
    Urban areas often offer Urbanization can lead to
    better job opportunities, cultural enrichment as
    Cities typically provide
    which can lead to diverse populations bring
    better access to
    economic growth and different traditions and
    healthcare, education, and
    improved living standards. innovations.
    social services.
    IMPACTS OF URBANIZATION
    (NEGATIVE)
    Environmental
    Social Challenges
    Degradation
    Overcrowding
    Urbanization can
    The concentration of
    exacerbate inequality and
    populations can lead to As more people move to
    social exclusion if not
    pollution and strain on urban areas, it can result
    managed properly.
    natural resources. in overcrowding and
    inadequate housing.
    The Role of Cities

    THE ROLE OF Cites provide essential infrastructure and


    services necessary for inclusive and diverse
    CITIES AND urban living

    URBAN Urban Giantism Problem


    GIANTISM Urban giantism is the phenomenon of urban

    PROBLEM settlements growing disproportionately large


    in size due to rapid migration of people from
    other areas to these urban settlements.
    HOW IS IT
    MEASURED?
    Primacy Index
    The primacy index measures the size of the largest city in relation to the second-
    largest city. A high primacy index indicates a high level of urban giantism.

    City Population
    City A 2,000,000
    City B 800,000

    Primacy Index = Population of City A / Population of City B


    Primacy Index=2,000,000 / 800,000 = 2.5
    Interpretation:
    A Primacy Index of 2.5 indicates that the largest city (City A) is 2.5 times larger than
    the second-largest city (City B).
    WHAT DOES THE
    PRIMACY INDEX
    VALUE MEAN?
    A value close to 1 indicates that the largest and second-largest cities are similar

    in size, suggesting a more balanced urban system.

    A value greater than 1 indicates that the largest city is significantly larger than

    the second-largest city, suggesting urban giantism.

    A value much greater than 1 (e.g., 5 or 10) indicates an extreme case of urban

    giantism, where the largest city is overwhelmingly dominant.


    MIGRATION DEVELOPMENT
    Migration Development
    Migration development refers to the positive changes and improvements in
    economic, social, and cultural aspects that occur as a result of people moving from
    one place to another. In simple terms, is about how moving from one place to
    another can help improve people's lives. It looks at how people relocating, whether
    within a country or to a different country, can lead to better job opportunities,
    education, and living conditions. It also considers how these movements can
    benefit both the places people leave and the places they move to.
    MIGRATION DEVELOPMENT
    How is it measured?
    Migration development is measured through various indicators that assess the
    economic, social, and cultural impacts of migration on both the origin and
    destination regions. Here are some key ways it is measured:

    Economic Indicators
    Remittances:
    Volume of Remittances: Total amount of money sent by migrants to their home countries.
    Labor Market Outcomes:
    Employment Rates: Employment levels of migrants in the host country.
    Income Levels: Average income of migrants compared to native workers.
    Investment and Entrepreneurship:
    Migrant-Owned Businesses: Number and success rate of businesses started by migrants.
    Investment Flows: Amount of investment by migrants in their home countries.
    Social Indicators
    Education:
    Educational Attainment: Levels of education achieved by migrants and their
    children.
    School Enrollment Rates: Enrollment rates of migrant children in schools.
    Health:
    Access to Healthcare: Availability and utilization of healthcare services by migrants.
    Health Outcomes: Health status and outcomes of migrant populations compared to
    non-migrants.

    Cultural Indicators
    Social Integration:
    Cultural Participation: Involvement of migrants in cultural and community
    activities.
    Social Cohesion: Levels of social interaction and acceptance between migrants
    and native populations.
    Language Proficiency:
    Language Skills: Proficiency in the host country’s language(s).
    LETS DISCUSS THE
    IMPACTS (ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL)
    ECONOMIC IMPACT

    Remittances: Money sent by migrants to their home countries, which can

    significantly contribute to local economies.

    Labor Market: Migrants often fill essential jobs in host countries, contributing to

    economic growth and productivity.

    Investment: Returning migrants may bring back new skills, knowledge, and

    investment capital to their home countries.


    SOCIAL AND CULTURAL IMPACT

    Cultural Exchange: Migration leads to the exchange of cultural ideas and

    practices, enriching both the host and home communities.

    Education: Migrants often seek better educational opportunities, leading to

    improved skills and knowledge in both origin and destination regions.

    Healthcare: Access to healthcare may improve for migrants in destination

    countries, but challenges may arise for those left behind in origin countries.
    Migration and Development: Relationship.

    ADDITIONAL Some argue that development is a cause of migration.


    INFORMATION Others argue that migration causes developing countries to
    lose their highly skilled nationals.

    This is the Brain Drain Vs. Remittances Argument.


    Brain Drain: refers to the situation where Remittance: means "send back." In terms of
    highly educated and skilled people leave money, a remittance is the sending of
    their home country to work in another money to a recipient who lives abroad.
    country. This often happens because they Most families living in slow-growing
    are seeking better job opportunities, higher economies and developing nations rely
    salaries, improved living conditions, or heavily on these remittances as their main
    more advanced research and development source of income.
    facilities. As a result, the home country
    loses talented individuals who could have
    contributed to its development.
    Negative impact of Remittance

    Remittances, while providing financial support to families back home, often lead to
    increased consumption rather than investment in productive activities. This means
    that the money sent back is often used for everyday expenses rather than for starting
    businesses or investing in long-term development projects. As a result, the situation in
    the home country doesn't improve significantly.

    Remittances can contribute to increasing inequality and price inflation in the home
    country. Wealthier families tend to receive more remittances, widening the gap
    between the rich and the poor, those who are unable to migrate, especially the poorest
    members of society, may suffer as they miss out on the benefits of remittances. This
    can worsen existing inequalities and lead to social tensions.

    Critics argue that relying too much on remittances and international migration can
    restrain local development and promote dependency on external sources of income.
    Instead of building sustainable economies, countries may become reliant on
    remittances, which can hinder long-term growth and self-sufficiency.
    June 13, 2024

    THANK YOU
    AND
    GODBLESS!

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