Pd5500 Annex G

STD.
BS1 P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m L h 2 4 h h 9 0832409 bb3 m

Ann- G PD 66002000
form
Suggested
working G1 I ~ o a case:
d
Clause 6.2.3 Circumferential moment on cylindrical shell
Sign convention: N,, N+ are tensile when +ve
Mx,M+ cause compression in the outer surface when+ve
with M, +ve in the direction shown;fx and &, are tensile when +ve
3hell mean radius r =
~~~
lined= I
Xfset from centre Moment M, =
For nozzle or circular C,

?ad t- I
note 1 1
For rectangular pad Cg = circumferential length =
C, = %(axial length) =
r W
”
t- p=
Le - 4c12
- L--= ”CX -
L r
W
2c ‘13
From table G.l, KI = If KI 5.0, asume 1

Rom fígure G.6 From figure G.7 From figure G.8 From ligure G.9
with 9¿
CX %= M,1- M=
as above W w - W
From figure G.11 From figure G.12 From fígure G.13
L - -
(PIT -
CX
F’rom figure G. 11 From fígure G.12 F’rom figure G.13

=
W W
Q B S I 11-1999 GI27
COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards
Licensed by Information Handling Services
PD "5
Suggested working form G1 (continued)

Clause 6.2.3 Circumferential moment on cylindrical shell
L0ngitudina.l stress at1 NX+ (inside) 6M, G f H = (inside)
fx = "i- - (outside) 7 = (outside)
(see note 2)
Circumferential stress & (inside)
atD h = t (outside) = E f. 9 F = (inside)
(outside)
(see note 2)
For C, > C+ From figure G.20a From figure G.18 or 6, =
figure G.19
c, 61Er
w -
"
E=
For Cd > C, ,-.

From figure G.20a From Sgure G.18 or 61 =
u1 - figure G. 19
G- SlEr
E=
"
w -
I
NOTE 1. Position D corresponds to quadrants QI and Qz in figure G.24.

Suggested working form G2 I~ o a case:
d
:lause 6.2.3 Longitudinal moment on cylindrical shell
Sign
convention: N,, N+ are tensile
when
+ve
M,,M+ cause compression in the outer surface when +ve
with ML +ve in the direction shown;f, and f+ are tensile when +ve
3hell mean radius r = Shell thicknesst = Shell length L = offset from centre Moment ML =
lined=
c,
?ornozzleor circular Nozzle mean radius C+ = O.&, = t-
>ad r, = C, = 1.7 r, =
I I
?orrectangularpad C+ = '/i (circumferentiallength) =

C, = (axial length) =
r
"
-
t
Ci
n Cz
From table G.1. K9 = If KZ< 5.0, assume M@ Md,N4,2 and NB = O 1

I horn figure G.6 From figure G.7 I F'rom fim G.8 1From figure G.9
LX VXlt
1 I
as above I-w -
From figure G.9
with I Rom figure G.14 From figure G.17

X
"=5 "
c,
O BSI 11-1999
GD9
S T D - E S 1 P D 5500-ENGL 2000 1624bh9 0832412 158 m
PD 5500.2O00 Annex G
Suggested working form 6 2 (continued)

Clause 6.2.3 Longitudinal moment on cylindrical shell
Longitudinal stress at P f,="- Nx + (inside) M x f L = (inside)
t (outside) 7 = (outside)
(see note 2)
Circumferential stress j%~ f (inside) M (inside)
atA = t (outside) =
f
-$ * J =
(outside)
(seenote 2)
For C, > C, From figure G.20a c, = Flom figure G.18 or 61 =
Cl
c
1 "
"- Cl - "
figure G.19
61Er
e='=36
c, r cz
w -
"
E= L,--
r
For C+ > C, From figure G.20a c, = F'rom figure G.18 or 61 =
C1 -" C1 - "
figure G. 19 o='=36
CX r -&Er
= cz
E= L,-- W
r
NOTE 1. Position A corresponds to quadrants QI and Q4in figure G.24.
NOTE 2. To ensure correct summation in suggested working formG3, example A, letters have been inserted here forthe stress
components and theirsigns.
6.2.3.6 summation of maximum stresses due to local NOTE 4. Absolute values of shear stress are used in the table.
loads on a qylindricd SM This is because the actual shear stress pattern is complex and
because the formulae forshear stress due to shear force are
6.2.3.6.1 Gaeml approximate.
Although theexact location of the stsesses calculated NOTE 5. At the nOzzle 0.d. where a compensation pad is fitted,or
at the edge of a load on an attachmentor support, distribute N4,
in 6.2.3.1 to 6.2.3.4 is not known the stresses may be M+,Nx and M, as in 6.3.1.5. For a nozzle witkt a pad, an
considered to lie within the 180"sectors shown in additional hoop momentis to be added to M+ as in 6.2.7.
figure G.23. The sign of the stress in one sector is NOTE 6. In the calculation of total stress intensity (lines 27 to 29
known to be reversed in the oppmite sector. and 32 to 34 of the table) the pressure term has been omitted for
simplicity.
By dividing the loaded area into quadrants and
summing the maximum &esses in each quadrant, a
maximum combiied stress is obtained The method for
Stress o f one sign Stress of opposite sign
this is shown in suggested working form G3. The
stresses due to pressure are combined with those due
to the local loads. The combined stresses and stress
intensities are Bssessed against the allowable values
specified in A.3.3.
==+
The stress components should be insertedinto the
table accordrngto the correct convention. To define
this convention, each~ ~ E S Scalculated in suggested
worlung forms G1 and G2, includmg its algebraic sign,
has been assigned a letter. These numbers shouldbe
entered into suggested working form G3, example A, in
accordance with the convention shown.
NOTE 1. The signs of FR,Fc, ML,Mc and MT are positive when
they act in the direction shownin figure G.24.
NOTE 2. N , and N4 are positive for tensile membme stresses
and Mx and &i4 are positive when they cause compressivestresses
on the outer surface of the shell. Stresses& and& are positive
when tensile and negative when compressive.This is in Stress of opposite sign ;tress of one sign
accordance with 6.2.2.1.2. Longitudinal moment :ircumferential moment
NOTE 3. The letters A to D apply to the stresses resulting from a
radial load FR.When FR is positive,A and C represent positive Figure 6.23 Sector stresses
numbers in quadrant QI on the inside and B and D represent
negative numbers in quadrant QI on the inside.
0 BSI 11-1999
.. ... . .. - , ... . . .. ..
b) In the shell pluspad at the edge of a loaded area
I
.".
f,
F
1) circumferentially
MT (G.2.3-4)
f p = PDf%ìt I
2) Longitudinally
(G.2.3-6)
f p = PDIbat I
c) In the shell at the edge of pad, attachment or
support.
1) Circumferentially
fP
PD (G.2.3-6) I
2) Longitudinally
fP =
PD
4e,p (G.2.3-7) I
where
F'igure 6.24 Notation for external loads at
a nozzle or attachment on a cylindrical
shell e- = shell
plate analysii thickness (see 1.6); I
eap = pad analysis thickness (see 1.6); I
%t =easp+ cap;
6.2.3.6.2 SEressform-
Q is as defined in 3.6.4.1;
pressure stxess formulae. e, is as defined in 3.6.4.1.
a) At nozzle 0.d
Using figures 3.59,3.b10 or 3.811 with e a and

e, in place of % and h,obtain a value for
Cedep.
Use this value in the following expression
I fp = ( 2 . 2 5 / l . l ) ( C e & , ~ ( p D ~ ~ (G.2.3-3)
NOTE 1. The formula may be used for both the longitudinal
and circumferential directions.
NOTE 2. It is permitted to calculate the pressure stress
intensity at the 0.d. of a nozzldsphere junctionusing a similar
approach to that for a cylindrical shell. CeJ% can be obtained
fromfigure 3.510 andf calculated from
(~.26/1.1)(~e~e~d(~.
o BSI 042000
STD-BSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 m Lb24bb9 0879333 T35 m
PD 6600.2000 Annex G
Suggested working form G3 Load case: Node o.d./pad o.&/ loaded area
dimensions')
Clause 6.2.3.6 Summation of Radial load FR I
I
Shell thickness/
maximum stresses due to local Shear forceFc Shell + pad
loads ona cylindrical shell ~clznessl)
Shear forceFL Shell id
Torsion momentMT Design pressure
Circumferential Design stress (J)
moment Mc
LodtUW Yield stress
moment ML I
Circumferential stresses Quadrant 81 82 83 o4
Mide
Outside mide
Outside nside
Outside mide Outside
- Surf'ace
Membrane component (N&) due to:
1 Radialload A A A A A A A A
2 Circumferential moment E E E E -E -E -E -E
3 Longitudinalmoment I -I I -I -I -I I I
4 Sub-total due to local loads
5 Pressure (fp from 6.2.35.2)
6 Sub40t.d (ef),
Bending component (W+@) due to:
7 Radialload B -B B -B B -B B -B
8 Circumferential moment F -F F -F -F F -F F
9 Longitudinal moment J -J -J J -J J J -J
10 sub-total(f+b)
11 Total circumferential stress cf&)
Longitudinal stresses
12 Radial load C C C C C C C C
13 Circumferential moment G G G G -G -G -G -G
14 Longitudinalmoment K K -K -K -K -K K K
16 Sub-total due to local loads
16 Pressure cfp from 6.2.3.5.2)
17 Sub-total(f&
Bending component (W.#) due to:
18 Radial load -D D D -D D -D -D D
19 Circumferential moment H -H H -H -H H -H H
20 Longitudinalmoment L -L -L L -L L L -L
21 sub-total (f&)
22 Total longitudinalstress cfJ
shsar stresses (from 6.2.3.5.3) due to:
23 Torsion moment
24 Circumferential shear force
25 Longitudinalshear force
26 lbtal shear stress (T)
Check of total stress intensity
(membrane + bending) to k3.3.1
and A.3.3.2
27 fi = Gf+ +fx + du+-J,>~ + 43JJ/2
28 fi
I2
=v++fx- du+- f 3 + 431
29 -fi
')Delete as appropriate
Gß2 o BSI 11-1999

Suggested working from G3 (continued)
Maximum total stress intensity = maximum absolute value in rows 27,28 and 29 =
Allowable stress at nozzle = 2.25f = , or at edge ofa compensation pad, attachment or support = y = 1)
Check of buckling stress to A.3.3.3

Row 4 + row 10 if row 4 is compressive
Row 15 + row 21 if row 15 is compressive
Maximum compressive stress in rows 30 and 31 = 1
Allowable stress = -0.9 X yield stress =
+ dV+m -frnY'+ 4 3 1
IMaximum membrane stress intensity = maximum absolute value in rows 32.33 and 34 =
o BSI 11-1999
G/33
STD*BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m Lb24bb7 0832416 BT3 m
PD 5 6 W m Annex G
Suggested working form 63: Load case: D5 - N - 1 at nozzle 0.d. N o d e o.d.-/ 219 mm
example A l€dehre
1
-)
Clause 6.2.3.6 Summation of "
maximum stresses due to local Shear

force Fc 6600N Shell + pad
loads on a cylindrical shell thickness')
Shear forceFL 6600N Shell id. 2494 m
Nozzle branch with reinforcing
plate attached with full Torsion momentMT 8 900 O00 Design pressure 1.1 N h 2
1
penetration weld,see 6.3.1.6 N~lllIIl
Circumferential 3630000 Design stress cf> 151.6 N/mm2
moment Mc N.Inln
Longitudinal 3630000 Yield stress 227.4 N/mm2
moment MT. N.IIWl
Cimnlferential stresses Quadrant 02 83

" Q4
Surface h i d e Outside b i d e Outside h i d e Outside b i d e Outside
Membrane component (N&) due ta
Radial load 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
Circumferential moment -9.4 -9.4 -9.4 -9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4
Longitudinal moment -7.8 -7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 -7.8 -7.8
Subtotal due to local loads -15.9 -15.9 -0.4 -0.4 18.5 18.5 3.0 3.0
Pressure (fp from 6.2.3.5.2) 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1
sub-total),V, 107.2 107.2 122.7 122.7 141.6 141.6 126.1 126.1
Bending component (W+/$)
due to:
Radial load -7.2 7.2 -7.2 7.2 -7.2 7.2 -7.2 7.2
Circumferential moment 68.4 -68.4 68.4 -68.4 -68.4 68.4 -68.4 68.4
Longitudinal moment 35.9 -35.9 -35.9 35.9 -35.9 35.9 35.9 -35.9
10 sub-total(f+b) 97.1 -97.1 25.3 -25.3 -111.5 111.5 -39.7 39.7
11 lbtal circumferential stress (fb) 204.3 10.1 148.0 97.4
253.1 30.1 86.4 165.8
Membrane component (N# due to:
12 Radial load 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3
L3 Circumferential moment -9.4 -9.4 -9.4 -9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4 9.4
L4 Longitudinal moment -2.9 -2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 -2.9 -2.9
L5 Sub-total due to local loads -11.0 - 11.0 -5.2 -5.2 13.7 13.7 7.8 7.8
L6 Pressure (fp from 6.2.3.5.2) 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1 123.1
L7 sub-total(fm) 112.1 112.1 117.9 117.9 136.8 136.8 130.9 130.9
Bending component (W#) due to:
L8 Radial load -5.1 5.1 -5.1 5.1 5.1 -5.1 -5.1 5.1
19 Circumferential moment 42.5 -42.5 42.5 -42.5
42.5 -42.5 -42.5 42.5
:O Longitudinal moment 42.1 -42.1 -42.1 42.1
42.1 -42.1 42.1 -42.1
:1 SUb-btd (fxb) 79.5 -79.5 -4.7 -89.7
4.7 89.7 - 5.5 5.5
32.6 191.6 113.2 122.6
226.5 47.1 125.4 136.4
Shear stresses (from 6.2.3.5.3) due to:
5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1
Circumferential shear force 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 O. 8 0.8 o.8
Longitudinal shear force 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
6 I
lbtal shear stress (r) 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.8
O BSI 11-1999
Suggested working form 63: example A (continued)
Check of total stress intensity (membrane +
bendmg) to A.3.3.1 and A.3.3.2
fi -f1
34.5
1 207.3
8.2 188.6
124.3 149.3
95.7 111.9
-26.2 -18.7 -28.6 -37.4
49.5
-21.7
264.8
-29.9
224.9
126.6 167.3
85.3 27.7 134.9
-32.4 -41.3
Maximum total stress intensity = maximum absolute value in rows 27,28 and 29 = 254.8 (acceptable)
Allowable stress at nozzle = 2.25f = 341.1 , M - 2”. 2 *
Check of buckling stress to A.3.3.3
30 I
ROW 4 + row 10if row 4 is compressive I-113.0
81.2 I
24.9
-25.7 I I
31 ROW15 + row 21 if row 15 is compressive -90.5 68.5 -0.5 -9.9
Maximum compressive stress in rows 30 and 31 = -113
Allowable stress = -0.9 X yield stress = -204.7 (acceptable)
At edge of compensation pad, attachment or
support, check of membrane stress intensity
to A.3.3.1’)
34
fim -fim II
Maximum membrane smss intensity = maximum absolute value in rows 32,33 and 34 = 146.4
Allowable stress = 1.2f= 181.9
‘belete as appropriate
O BSI 11-1999 GI35

Suggested working form G 3 Load case: D5 - N - 1 at pad edge Nede"k4ad o.d/ 400 mm
example B l€m"mw
9
-
Clause 6.2.3.6 Summation of Radial load F R 4410 N Shell thickness/ 13 mm
maximum stsesses due to local Shear force FC 6600N
loads on a cylindrical shell
Shear force FL 6600N Shell i.d. 2494 mm
Torsion momentMT 8 900 O00 Design pressure 1.1Nhnm2
NTl-llII
Circumferential 3630000 Design stress cf) 151.6 N/mm2
moment Mc N.mm
Longitudinal 3630000 Yield stress 227.4 N/mm2
moment ML N~~
Cimm$erential stresses Quadrant Q1 Q3 44

- Surface h i d e Outside mide Outside b i d e Outside
1 Radialload 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
2 Circumferential moment -8.9 -8.9 -8.9 -8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9 8.9
3 Longitudinal moment - 15.7 - 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 15.7 -15.7 -15.7
4 Subtotal due to local loads -22.4 9.0-22.4 9.0 26.8 26.8 -4.6 -4.6
5 Pressure (fp from 6.2.3.5.2) 105.5 105.5
105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5 105.5
6 Sub-total (f+m) 83.1 114.5
83.1 114.5 132.3 132.3 100.9 100.9
Bending component (W&?) due to:
7 Radialload -9.8 9.8 -9.8 9.8 -9.8 9.8 -9.8 9.8
8 Circumferential moment 76.8 -76.8 76.8 -76.8 -76.8 76.8 -76.8 76.8
9 Longitudinal moment 34.5 -34.5 -34.5 34.5 -34.5 34.5 34.5 -34.5
10 sub-total (f+b) 101.5 -101.5 32.6 -32.6 -121.1 121.1 -52.2 52.2
11 'lbtal circumferential stress cfm) 184.5 -18.4 147.0 253.4 11.2
81.9 48.7 153.1
Membrane component (N#)due to:
12 Radial load 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4
13 Circumferential moment -13.4 -13.4 -13.4 - 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4 13.4
14 Longitudinal moment -6.5 -6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 -6.5 -6.5
15 Subtotal due to local loads -16.5 - 16.5 -3.6 -3.6 23.2 23.2 10.3 10.3
16 Pressure cfp from 6.2.3.6.2) 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8 52.8
17 Subtotal (Lrn) 36.3 49.2
36.3 49.2 76.0 76.0 63.1 63.1
Bending component (W@)due to:
18 Radialload -4.7 4.7 -4.7 4.7 4.7 -4.7 -4.7 4.7
19 Circumferential moment 30.8 -30.8 30.8 30.8
-30.8 -30.8 -30.8 30.8
20 Longitudinal moment 36.3 -36.3 -36.3 36.3
36.3 -36.3 36.3 -36.3
21 Subtotal (ffi) 62.3 -62.3 - 10.2 71.7
10.2 -71.7 0.8 -0.8
22 Total longitudinal stress cf,) 98.6 -26.1 39.0 147.8 4.3
59.4 63.9 62.3
shear stresses (from 6.2.3.6.3) due to:
23 Torsion moment 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7
24 Circumferential shear force 0.8 0.8 0.8 O. 8 O. 8 0.8 0.8 0.8
25 Longitudinal shear force 0.8 0.8 0.8 O. 8 0.8 0.8 O. 8 0.8
26 Total shear stress (T) 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.3
Check of total stress i n t e n s i t y (membrane +
ben-) to A.3.3.1 and A.3.3.2
27 fi =P++fx+ du+ "$3+ 4 3 112 184.8 -16.5 147.2 82.7 13.3 253.6 65.0 153.3
28 - d(f+ -fa2+ 4 3 l n
f2=P++fx 98.4 -28.0 38.9 58.6 2.2 147.6 47.5 62.1
29 f 2 -.fi L -86.4 -11.6 -1084 -24.2 -11.1 -106.0 -17.5 -91.1

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m L b 2 4 b b 9 0879334 971 m
Annex G PD 6600.~0oO
ested working form G 3 example B (continued)

M h u m total stress intensity = maximum absolute value in rows 27,28 and 29 = 253.6
Allowable stress - . - ,or at edge of a compensation
pad, attachent or support = z f = 303.2 '1
(acceptable)
Check of b u c m stress to A.3.3.3
30 Row4+row1Oifrow4iscompressive 47.6 79.0-56.8 -123.9
31 Row 16 + row 21 if row 15 is compressive -78.9 46.8 -13.8 6.6
Maximum compressive stress in rows 30 and 31 = -123.9
Allowable stress = -0.9 X yield stress = -204.7 (acceptable)
At edge of compensation pad, attachent or
support, check of membrane stress intensity
to A3.3.1')
32 fim = Gr+, +fm + .JCr+m -fda + 4 9 1/2 83.5 114.8 114.8
83.6 132.6 132.6 101.4 101.4
33 fi, = Gr+m + l m - .JV+m +4 9ln
-.Cdz 36.9 35.9 48.9 48.9 76.7 75.7 62.6 62.6
34 fi,-fh -47.6-47.6 -66.9-65.9-66.9-66.9 -38.7-38.7
Maximum membrane stress intensity = maximum absolute value in rows 32,33 and 34 = 132.6 (acceptable)
Allowable stress = 1.2f = 181.9
te as appropriate
G.2.3.S.2bfp = 106.1 circumferentiauy andfp = 63.0 longitudinally, and from G.2.3.5.2cfp = 106.6 circumferentially andfp = 52.8
din ally. From 6.2.3.5.3, shear stress due to MT = 27, due to F, = 0.8 and FL = 0.8.
6.2.3.6.3 shear s t m x formulae Loads applied through square fittings of side 2Cx can
be treated approximately as distributed overa circle of
Due to: radius r, = C
,.
a) tomion (MT) Loads applied through redangular brackets of sides
I T=T N T 2Cx and 2C+ can be treated approxhnately as
distributed overa circle of radius r, = m.
d o Tl
b)
circumferential
shear
force (Fc) The
followingforces
and
moments are set up
in
the
wall of the vessel by any local loador moment
I T=-
W C
doTl
((3.2.3-91 a) Meridionalmoment M,: acting per unit width on a
normal section, formed by the intersection of shell
longitudinal
c) shear
force (&J with a conesemi-vertex
of angle.
(G.2.3-10) = sin-'X-r (see figures G.26 and G.29)

NOTE. In general the shear forces may be neglected butwhere b) Circumferential momentM+:acting per unit width
I required the formulae shown may be used Equations (6.2.3-9)
and (G.2.3-10) are from WRC 107 [30].do is the outside diameter
of the nozzle or pad, andTl = T, at the nozzle 0.d.and Tl = T, at a
on a meridional section passingthrough the axis of
the shell and theaxis of the branch.
pad 0.d. where T, and Tr are analysis thicknesses. c) Meridional membrane force:acting per unit width
on a normal sectionas for the meridional moment
6.2.4 Local loads on spherical shells, rigid
attachments M,.
d) Circumferential membrane force:acting per unit
The methods inthis clause are not considered width on a meridional sectionas defined for the
applicable in cases where the ratio r&- is larger than circumferential momentM+
onethird.
A moment is considered as positive if it causes
6.2.4.1 Initial develqpment compression at the outsideof the vesseL
This clause is concerned with thestresses and A membrane forceis considered as positive if it causes
deflections dueto local radial loads or moments on tension in the vesselwall.
spherical shells. Because theseare local in character A deflection is considered positiveif it is away from
and die out rapidly with increasing distance fromthe the centre of the sphere.
point of application, thedata can be applied to local
loads on the spherical partsof pressure vesselends as
well as to complete spheres.
For convenience, the loads are considered as acting on
apipe of radius r, which is assumed to be a rigid body
fixed to the sphere.This is the condition forthe
mqjority of practical cases.
0 BSI 092000 GB7

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m L b 2 Y b b 9 0879335 808 m
PD 6600.~0OO Annex G
These forces and moments and the deflection of the 6.2.4.2 Stresses and &$ltxtions due to radid loads
shell dueto the load can be found interms of the F’igure G.26 shows aradial load appliedto a spherical
nondimensional parameters: shell through a branch of radius r,.
(G.2.311) The deflections, moments and membrane forces due to
the load W can be foundas follows fromSgUres G.27
and and G.28. For explanationof these curves see6.2.4.3.
For an example of their use see 6.2.4.4.
(G.2.312) a) Deflection from figure G27 and the relation
These two factors can be found quickly from the chart Wr
6=ordinateofcurveXz
in figure G.25, givenx, r, and theratio rlt. Et
The charts in 6.2.4.2 and 6.2.4.3 (figures G.27 to G.31) b) Meridional momentM, per unit width from
.- ._
...
give graphs of nondimensional functionsof these Sgure G.28 and the relatiox
deflections, forces and moments plotted against the M, = ordinate of M, curve X W
parameter S for given values ofu which have been c) Circumferential moment M+ per mit width from
derived from[31 and [91. figure G.28 and the relation:
The full curves in eachset of graphs give conditionsat M+ = ordinate of M+,curve X W
the edge of the loaded area whereu = s. The most d) Meridional membrane force N, per unit width
unfavourable combinationof bending and direct from figureG.28 and the relation:
stresses is usually found here.
The dotted curvesfor particular valuesof u give
N, = ordinate of N, curve X W/t
conditions at points inthe shell away form the edge of e) Circumferential momentN+ per unit width from
the loaded area wherex is greater than r, and u is figure G.28 and therelation:
therefore lessthan s. N+ = ordinate of N+ curve X Wlt
Since thecharts are nondimensional theycan be used
in any consistent systemof units.
The stresses and deflections found fromthese charls
w li be reduced by the effect of internal pressure but
this reduction is small and can usually be neglected in
practice. ( S e e [8] and [9].)

S T D - B S I P D 5500-ENGL 2000 Lb24669 0832423 3 b O
Annex G PD 5 5 ~ 2 0 0 0
Values of r/t
.o1 .O2 .O3 .O4 .O5 .06.07.08 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.70.8
x / r or r. / r
Figure 6.25 Chart for finding S and u
o BSI 11-1999
GB9
meridional
Figure 6.26 Spherical shell subjected to a

radial load
O BSI 11-1999
~ ~
STD*BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 h L b 2 4 b b 9 0632423 T33 m

Annex G PD 55m2000
-1
-0.1
Nf
;e*
-0.01
-0.001
-0.0005
-0.0001 I
I
I I I I I 1 I I
0.0 0.5 1.o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
s
Figure 6.27 Deflections of a spherical shell subjectedto a radial load W
o B S I 11-1999
G/4 1
-0.0001
-0.001
-0.01
-0.05
-0.1
0.0 0.5 1.o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Figure G.28a) Meridional moment M, in a spherical shell subjectedto radial load W
GA2 0 BSI 11-1999

STD-BSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 W l b 2 4 b b 9 0 8 3 2 4 2 5 8Ob W
Annex G PD 66OO5?000
0.0 0.5 1.o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

S
1 Figure G.28b) Circumferential moment M+ in a spherical shell subjected to a radial load W
Q B S I 11-1999
G/#
STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 Lb24669 083242b 742 9
PD 55002(" Annex G
-1
2
2"
-0.1
-0.05
-0.01 1
0.0 0.5 1.o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
5
Figure G.28~)Meridional force N, in a spherical shell subjected

to a radial load W
O BSI 11-1999
-1
S= 1.82~
\Irt
-0.1
-0.01
-0.001
-0.0001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.05
o. 1
I FigureG.28d)Circumferentialforce
load W
N,+in aspherical shell subjected to a radial
Q B S I 11-1999 G/&
6.2.4.3 Stresses, &$kctiom and slqpes due to an The slope of the branch dueto the external momentis
extemal moment found from
Figure G.29 shows an e x t e d moment appliedto a
spherical shellthrough a branch of radius r,.
(G.2.41) I
In this case the deflections, moments and membrane where 61 is the maximum deflection at the edge of the
forces depend on the angle8 as well as on the branch for8 = O and u = S,ie.:
distance x from the axis of the branch. They can be
found as follows fromfigures G.30 and G.31. For
explanations of these curves see6.2.4.1. X ordinate of full curve in figure G.30
a) Deflections fromfigure G.30 and the relatiow for x = r, (G.2.42) I
MCos8$
d=ordinateofcurveX Et2
b) Meridional momentMxper unit width from
figure G.31 and therelation:
Mcos 8
M, = ordinate ofM, curve X -
fi
c) Circumferential momentM+ per unit width from
figure G.31 and therelatiom meridional
MCOS I3
M+ = ordinate ofM+ curve X -
fi
d) Meridional membrane forceN, per unit width
from figureG.31 and the relation:
M cos 8
N, = ordinate of N, curve X -
t f i
e) Circumferential membrane forceN+ per unit
width from figure G.31 and the relation:
Mcos I3
N+=ordinateofN+curveX-
t f i
Equal and oppositemaximum d u e s of all the above
quantities occurin the plane of the moment, ie. where
8 (seefigure G.29) = O' and 8 = 180'.
Y"
Figure 6.29 Spherical shell subjected to an
external moment

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 M 1624669 0832429 45L M
Annex G PD 66002MOO
-1
-0.1
-0.05
-0.01
0.0 1 0.5 .o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
S
Figure 6.30 Deflections of a spherical shell subjected to an external moment M
0 B S I 11-1999
GI47
-1
-0.1
-0.01
-0.001
b
cn
O
o -0.0001
0.0001
S
0.001
0.01
0.05
o. 1
Figure G.31a) Circumferential force N4 in a spherical shell subjectedto an external

moment M
GI48 Q BSI 11-1999

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m 2b24bb9 0832432 OOT
Annex G PD 5500.2OOO
-1
-0.05
-0.01 I l I I I l l I I
I 0.0 0.5 1 .o 1.5 2.o 3.0 2.5
3.5
S
4.0
Figure G.31b) Meridional force N, in a spherical shell subjected to an external

moment M

1
0.1
m
II
0.01
0.001
0.0005
0.0001
Figure G . 3 1 ~ )Circumferential moment M+ in a spherical shell subjected to an

external moment M
GI50 O BSI 11-1999

~~
STD*BSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 6 Lb24bb9 0832433 982
Annex G PD 5 5 W m
10
S = 1.82 x
Jrt
u = 1.82 r,,
1 fi
o. 1
sx
0.01
0.001
-0.001
-0.01
-0.05
-0.1
0.0 0.5 1.o 1.52.5 2.0 3.0 3.5 4.0
5
Figure G.31d) Meridional moment Mx in a spherical shell subjected to an external

moment M
43 BSI 11-1999
G51
STD-BSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 Lb2Vbb9 0632434 B19
PD 5 ~ 2 0 0 0 Annex G
6.2.4.4 E x a m p h b) 225 mm fwm the centre of the bmnch

6.2.4.4.1 A load of 4500 N is applied to a sphere u = 1.09 as before;
2.5 m diameter and12.5 mm thick through a branch 225 - 0.18 from figure G.25
xr - 1250
""
' 150 mm diameter. (E = 1.86 X 105 N/mm2.)

Find the deflection and the stresses: S = 3.25
a) next to the branch; Interpolating betweenthe dotted curves in
b) 225 mm from the centre of the branch. figure G27 at u = 1.09 and S = 3.25 gives:
r 1250 r, 75 6Et2 - 0.022
""
-100;""~.~ "
Wr
t - 12.5 r 1250-
a) Next to the bmnch When deflection = - 0.022
S = u = 1.09 (from figure G.25) Wr -0.022 X 4500 X 1250 = -o.oo425 mm
Ordinate of full curve in figure G.27 = -0.145. ËF = 1.86 X 105 X (12.5y
-
Interpolating similarly in figure G.28 gives:
:. Deflection = -0.145 X EtWr M
5
W = -0.01; 2 4 = +o.oos;
W
- -0.145 x 4500 x 1250 = o.o251
- 1.86 X 105 X (12.5)2 $
= -0.04;N t = +0.015
Ordinate of full Mxcurve in figure G.28 = + 0.067 W
:. Meridional M, = + 0.067W = 301 N ~ n n - h m Whence the:
ordinate of full M+ curve in figure G.28 = +0.02 meridional momentM, = -45 N a u n h q
:.Circumferential momentM+ = + 0.02W circumferential momentM+ = +22.5 Nmm/mm;
= 90 Nm-un/mm meridional membrane force N, = -14.4 N/-
Ordinate of full N, curve in figure G.28 = -0.11 circumferential membrane forceN+ = t625Nhtun
-0.11w The resulting meridional stresses are:
:. Meridional membrane forceN, =
-14.4 6 X 45
at the outsidef, = 12.5 + (12.5~
= -1.15 + 1.73 = +0.58 N/IIU$
ordinate of full N+ curve in figure G.28 = -0,034 at the insidef, = -1.15 - 1.73 = -2.88 N/mm2
The resulting circumferential s t r e s s are:
... N+ = -0.034w - 0.034 x 4500
t
"
12.5 +6.25 6 X 22.5

at the outside& = --
= -12.2 N /m 12.5 (12.5)2
The mul- meridional stresses are given by: = 4 . 5 - 0.865 = -0.365 m 2
N, + 6M,- -39.6 + 6 X 301 at the inside& = +0.5 + 0.866 = +1.365 N/mm2
fx = - 7 - 12.5- (12.5)2 Hence the deflection and stresses due to the load
:. At the outsidefx = -3.17 - 11.5 = are negligible at 225 mm from the centre of the
- 14.67 N/mm2 (compression) branch, whichillusIntes the local nature of the
stresses.
At the insidef, = -3.17 + 11.5 = +8.33N/mm2
(tension)
The resulting circumferential stresses are given by:
:. At the outsidef+ = -0.98 - 3.46 = -4.44 N/mm2

(compression)
At the inside& = -0.98 + 3.4.6 = +2.48 N / m 2
(tension)
G62 O BSI 11-1999

6.2.4.4.2 A moment of 1.13 X 106 N m m is applied to h m íigure G.31
the branch in example 6.2.4.4.1. Find the maximum Mcos B
deflection, the maximum stresses next to the branch, Meridional moment M, = 0.175 X
and the rotation of the branch due to this moment, if -- 0.175 X
T
1.13 X 106
E = 1.86 X 106 N h 2 .
41250 X 12.6
r
As before = 100;3 r
= 0.06,and, next to the branch, = 158 N.mm/mm
s = u = 1.09 ( h m íigureG.25). Circumferential moment = o.o55 x Mcos B
ThemaximumshxssesanddeflectionareatB=O; M4 "F
:.cos B = 1 = 49.6 N*mm/mm
From figure G.30 Meridional membrane = -o.129 x Mcos B
McosSf
force N, 3"
S = -0.17 X = - 9.3 N h
Et'
Circumferential Mcos B
- -0.17 X 1.13 X lO5 X 1 X 10 = -0.039 x
- 1.86 X 106 X (12.5)'
membrane forceN4 F
:. Maximum deflection = -0.0066 mm = -2.81 N h
The deflection at B = 180",on the opposite side of
the branch, wibe +0.0066 m m
l The maximum streses are the resulting meridional
stresws given by:
fx=2f
N -9.3.6 X 158
t 7 - 12.5(12.5)'
;. at the outsidef, = -0.74 - 6.04
= 6.78N/mm2 (compression)
at the insidefx = -0.74 + 6.04
= + 5.3 N h 2 (tension)
The slope of the branch dueto this moment will be:
. 61 0.0066
'&b = - = -= 8.8 x io-5 radians
r, 75
8 BSI 11-1999 G/53

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 Lb24bb9 0879339 453 m
6.2.6 Local loads on spherical shelfiozzle is the shear load applied at nozzle ( iN);
attachments
is the local wall analysis thickness of shell,
6.2.6.1 General adjacent to nozzle (in mm) (see 1.6);
6.2.6.1.1 Introduction is the wall analysis thickness of nozzle
The method of c a l c w local stress levels at a (in mm) (see 1.6);
nozzle junctionis based on data given in[25]. Using
thisdataitispossibletoestimahthemaximumstress is the nondimensional parameter= -
which can occur at a spheremozZle attachment dueto
the application of internal pressure,thrust, external is the maximum stress due to local loading
moment and shear force.The method covers both (inN/mm2) (see equations (G.2.51)
flush and protruding nozzles.In the original work the to (G.2.54));
nozzle length is treated as semi-infinite withoutany is the circumferentialstress (in~/-z);
restriction on its length It is, however, considered
necessary to stipulate a lower limit on the internal is the meridional stress (longitudinal in a
cylindrical shell) (inNhnm2);
protrusion equal to I/%?.Nodes with internal
protrusion lessthan I,&? should be treatedas flush is the yield stress in simple tension
nozzles. In this way some additional conservatismwill (in N/mm2);
be introduced for those protruding nozzles where the is the external moment shakedown factor
internal projection does notsatisfy this (see equation (G.2.H));
recommendation. is the overall external moment shakedown
All the stress concentration factors given in factor (see6.2.6.6);
figures G.32 to G.39 inclusive are based on the
maximum principal stress theow. is the internal pressure shakedownfactor
(see equation(G.2.6-1));
The stress concentration factors given in 6.2.6.2
to 6.2.6.7 are based on data obtained fora sphere of is the overallinternalpressure shakedown
constant thicknessT,whereas in practice T is looked factor (see6.2.6.6);
upon as the local shell thicknessd a c e n t to the is the radial thrust shakedown factor (see
nozzle, themain vessel being of a smaller thicknessT equation (G.2.6-2));
For thesecurves to be valid the thickness ofthe shell is the overall radial thrust shakedown factor
should not be reduced to Twithin a distance H as (see 6.2.6.5).
defined in3.6.4.3.4.
Work in progress showsthat h e n the vessel ~ c k n e s s 6.2.6.2 Maximum stress at a spherdmzzle junction
is reduced fromT to T at a distance H h m the nozzle, due to applhtion of intemal pressure
higher stresses than those given infigures G.32 to G.39 Figure G.32 gives plots of stress concentration
inclusive may occur forsmall values of p and high factors(s.c.f.s) against the nondimensional parameterp
values of v?". Further guidancecannot be given at the for various nozzldshell wall tfT d os for flush
present stage. nozzles. The maximum st;ress, ,,u is then calculated
This procedure providesa method of computing by multiplying the s.c.f.thus obtained by the nominal
maximumstresseswhichoccurintheshellratherthan press~res t r ' e s ~given by- PR .
in the nozzle. In some instancesd c ~ &eses d 2T' Le*:
may be higher in the nozzle wall than in the vessel
shell, especially for very thin nodes. These are not
(G.2.51)I
considered for the reasons stated in [31]. F'igure G.33 gives similar plots for protriidhg nozzles.
6.2.6.1.2 Notacion Before using figure G.33 a check should be made to
For the purposesof 6.2.6 and 6.2.6, which are ensure that the internal nozzle protrusionis equal to or
applicable to radial nozzles only, the following symbols greater than if it is not, Sgure G.32 shouldbe
apply All dimensions are in the corroded condition used as for a flush nozzle for obtaining the s.c.f.
unless otherwise indicated (see3.1.6): 6.2.6.3 Maximum st- at a sphediwzzle junction
due to application of radial load or thrmst
K kafactor, Fgme G.34 gives plots of s.c.f. against the
M is theexternalmomentapplied at nozzle non-dimensional parameterp for flush nozzles. The
(in N-mm); maximum stress is calculated by multiplyingthe s.c.f.
P is the internal pressure (in N/mmz); obtained fromf i g u G.34~ by:
Q is the radial thrust applied at nozzle (

i nN);
R is the mean radius of sphericalshell(in mm);
r is the mean radius ofnozzle (in mm); u- = s.c.f. x (G.2.5-2)I

STD=BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 N L b 2 4 b b 9 0879340 L75 M
Annex G PD 6600.2000
F'igure G.% gives similar plots for protruding nozzles. Thus 6.2.4 can be used to calculate the dieaway of
Before using figure G.% a check shouldbe made to stnss, and the reduction factor,at the required
ensure that the internal nozzle protrusionis equal to or distance from the loaded area for the applicationof
greater than $%e if it is not, figure G.34 should be radial loads or e x t e d moments. This reduction factor
used as for aflush nozzle for obtainingthe s.c.f. can then be appliedto the maximum stress calculated
in 6.2.6 to obtain the&reses away from the loaded
6.2.6.4 Maximum s t w s at a Sphew'nozzle junction area
due to a M k t i o n of rmternd momat NOTE. An altemative method may be used, see [B].
For flush nozzles the maximum stress at a If the loadednozzle area is less than 2.5@ from
spheremozzle junctioncan be determined by using another stnss concentrating feature,&reses as
figure G.36. The fhtstep is to read off the s.c.f. for the c a m
l in accordancewith annex G become
appropriate vessel nozzle geometry. The maximum unreliable and some other method of assessing the
stress is then obtained by multiplying the s.c.f.thus total stress, for example Mte element shes3 analysis
obtained bythe factor orprooftest,isrequired
6.2.6 Spherical shells: shakedown loada for
radiai m z z h
G.2.6.1 General
,,a = s.c.f. x- (G.2.H) 6.2.6.1.1 Inlroduction
Figure G.37 gives similar plots for protruding nozzles. All the shakedown loadsgiven in6.2.6.2 to 6.2.6.6 are
Before using figure G.37 a check should be madeto based on the maximum shear stress criteria
ensure that the internalnozzle protrusionis equal to or For vessels subjectedto cyclic loading, beit pressure,
greater than $%e if it is not, figure G.36 should be radial load, external momentor any combination of
these, itis essential to have a knowledge of the
used as for aflush nozzle for obtainingthe s.c.f.
shakedown limit in order to prevent plastic cycling or
6.2.5.6 Maximum s t w s at a spMmzzlejunction incremental collapse.By keeping the cyclic loadings
due to application of shear load within the shakedown limits it ensuresthat, after initial
Figure G.38 should be used fordeteminhg the s.c.f. plastic deformation, further deformation will be in the
for flush nozzles. Themaximum stress, urna, is then elastic range,ie. the vessel has 'shaken down' to
calculated by multiplying the s.c.f. obtained inthe first purely elastic behaviow. The method given does not
step by the factorS L f l , Le.: necessarily implya limited plastic deformation before
S shakedown is achieved.
a m a = S.c.f. X - (G.2.54) The shakedown conditionscan occur after different
27crT
Figure G.39 gives similar plots for prohuding nozzles. numbers of cycles depending on thecyclic conditions
and stress level; in certain cases, the plastic
Before using figure G.39 a check should be madeto defonnation before shakedown might be signiticant.
ensure that the length of the internal nozzle protrusion The method of predicting shakedown factors for
isequaltoorgreaterthan~;ifitisnot,figureG.38 internal pressure,radial nozzle thrust and external
should be usedas for a flush nozzle for obtaining moment at a vessehozzle junction in6.2.6.2
the s.c.f. to 6.2.6.6 is based on data given in [27]. From the data
6.2.6.6 Maximum slress at a spMmzzlejunction shakedown factors forflush and protruding nozzles
under combined loading can be estimated for eachof the aforementioned
For a conservative estimate of the stresses occuring individual loading conditions.
under the actionof combined loading themaximum Where the various loading conditions occur
stresses obtained from eachof the individual loadings simultaneouslya simple formulais given that considers
should be added together.This w i always be
l the interaction betweenany of these loading conditions
conservative because the maximum stresses for (=e [271).
individual loadings may occur at different locations No clear distinction betweena flush and a protruding
and different directions(ae andor ad. nozzle is given. It is considered necessaryto stipdatÆ a
6.2.5.7 Stresses awayfmm #N loaded a m
The method givenin 6.2.6.1 and 6.2.6.6 for
lower limit onthele
i@ of the nozzleinternal
protrusion equal to 2rt. Nozzles with intend
protrusionless than shouldbetreated as flush
calculating localstresses at a spherehozzle junction nozzles. By doing so, some additional conservatismwill
caters for themaximum stress levels only. No be introduced for those protruding nozzles where the
information is given on stresses away from the loaded internal projection does notsatisfy these
area recommendations.
Stress distributions in the vicinity of the spherehozzle The shakedown factors given in6.2.6.2 to 6.2.6.6 are
junction are required in cases where other loaded based on data obtained fora sphere of constant
areas are inproximity to the one under consideration. thickness T, whereas in practiceT is looked upon as
It is proposed to use the data already available in6.2.4 the local shell thickness acljacent to the nozzle, the
to determine thesestresses. The assumption hereis main vessel b e i of smaller thicknessT For these
that,although the magnitudes of local stsesses may curves to be valid the thickness of the shell should not
differ, the plotof stress level versus distance from the be reduced to T within a distance H as defined
loaded area remains basically similar. in 3.5.4.3.4.

0.01 10.0
Figure 6.32 Maximum stress in sphere for internal pressure (flush nozzles)
0.01 0.10 1.0 10.0

p
R F
Figure 6.33 Maximum stress in sphere for internal pressure (protruding nozzles)
Gm6 0 m1 11-1999
STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m L b 2 4 b b 9 0832439 3T0 D
Figure 6.34 Maximum stress in sphere for thrust loading (

flu
shnozzles)
0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0
Figure 6.38 Maximum stress in sphere for thurst loading (protruding nozzles)
o BSI 11-1999
GE7
'STDmBSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 1h2'+hh9 0832440 O12 m
PD 65002000 Annex G
f h M
"
0.01 0.1 1.o 10.0
Figure G36 Maximum stress in sphere for moment loading (flush nozzles)
O
0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0
Figure 6.37 Maximum stress in sphere for moment loading (protruding nozzles)
O BSI 11-1999
S T D - B S I P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m L624667 0832443 T57 m
20
15
+
:
10
O
0.01 0.1 1.0
p = LJZ 10.0
R T'
Figure 6.38 Maximum stress in sphere for shear loading (flush nozzles)
20
15
y.:
c!
v)
10
O
0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0
Figure 6.39 Maximum stress in sphere for shear loading (protruding nozzles)
Q B S I 11-1999
6.2.6.1.2 Notation The moment shakedown factorcan be defined as:
For the purposesof 6.2.6 the symbols are as defined
in 6.2.6.
6.2.6.2 shakedown.factor for intemal pressure Before using the relevant figures for the protruding
loading nozzles, a check should be carried out onthe nozzle
m e s G.40 and G.41 should be used for determining inner projection. this is less than$22 then the
the shakedown factors under internal pressure corresponding plots for flush nozzles should be used in
conditions for flush and protruding nozzles determining the necessary shakedown factor.
respectively. 6.2.6.6 Intemction between shalcedownfactors under
The pressure shakedown f&tm can be definedas the combined Ming conditions
ratio of the nominal pressure stressin the spherical For the caseof the combined loading condition,
shell to the value of yield stsess in simple tension,ie.: [27] gives the following equation so that the overall
shakedown conditionis obtained
F+ =
G+ =
mS 1
-
= (Gm
6.2.6.3 shakedownfactor for did thrust at a Po Qo mo
mzzk In this equation the valuesof &, go and Eoare read
The relevant shakedown factors for flush and off from figureG.40 to figure G.47 inclusive for the
protrudmg nozzles subjectedto radial loads (radial appropriate vessehozzle geometry, whileF, 5 and Eï
with respect to the vessel) shouldbe determjned from are as derived fromthe relevant equations (G.3), (G.4)
figures G.42, G.44, and G.46 and from figures G.43, G.45 and (G.5).
and G.47 respectively. Where the conditionsare such that the relationship
The radial thrust shakedown factor can be definedas: given by equation(G.6) is not satisfied thena revised
nozzldshell geometry (increasedvessel shell or branch
wall thickness) should be used and the procedure
repeated until equaljon (G.6) is fullilled.
6.2.6.4 shakedownfactorfor e x
- moment
Rgures G.42, G.44 and G.46 should be used for
calculating the moment shakedown factorm for flush
nozzles. For protruding nozzlesthe correspondingplots
for the shakedown factorare given in figures G.43,
G.45 and G.47.
0.01 o .10 1.0 10.0
Figure 6.40 Shakedown values for pressure loading (flush nozzle)

L
G/60
0 BSI 11-1999
~~ ~
STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 E 1624bb9 0832443 821 m

Annex G PD 55Ooi2000
= 1.0
. = 0.50
0.01 0.10 1.o 10.0

= L/Ep
R T'
Figure 6.41 Shakedown valuesfor prehlsure loading (protruding nozde)
-
4
2 .o
1.5
Thrust'
1.0 '
o .S
O
0.01 10.0
Figure 6.42 Shakedown values for thrust and moment loadings (flush
nozzle)
Q BSI 11-1999 G/61

STDmBSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 Lb24bh7 0832444 768 m
PD 5500.5X"l Annex G
-
m
5.0
'
4.0
3.0
2.o
1.o
O
0.01 0.10 1.0 10.0
R T'
F'igure 6.43 Shakedown values for thrust and moment loadings
(protruding nozzle)
ñì
5.0
-
4
2.0 4.0
1.5 3.0
1.0 2.0
1.0
O
0.01 0.10 1.o
"JT
r
P r R
R T
Figure 6.44 Shakedown values for thrust and moment loadings (flush
nozzle)
O BSI 11-1999
STD=BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 W L b 2 4 b 6 9 0832445 hT4 W
Annex G PD 56Mk2000
-
m
5.0
f
4'
2.0
9 G .O
I
Yomen t
1.5 - 3.0
Thrust
1.0 2 .o
0.5 1.0
O O
0.01 1.0 1'0.0
p =L/%
R T'
Figure 6.46 Shakedown valuesfor thrust and moment loadings
(protruding nozzle)
-
m
5.0
!
-
4
2.0 4.O
\
1.!i 3.0
Thrust '
1.0 2.0
0.5 1.o
O O
0.01 0.10 1.0 10.0
Figure 6.46 Shakedown valuesfor thrust and moment loadings(flush

nozzle)
oB I 11-1999 G/@
STD-BSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 W 3b24bb9 083244b 530
PD 550052000 Annex G
-
m
5 .O
-
4
2.0 4.0
1.5 3.0
1.o 2 .o
0.5 1.o
O O
0.01 0.10 1.0 10.0
Figure 6.47 Shakedown values for thrust and moment loadings

(protruding nozzle)
6.2.7 The N e c t sf externalforces and moments this amount should be addedto the value ofM+
at branches calculated in6.25.
Large external forces and moments can be applied to These corrections apply only to circumferential
the branchesof vessels by the thermal movements of moments andare due to the effect of the rigidity of the
pipework. attachment of the branch whichhas little influence on
the effect of longitudinal moments.
The stresses due to these are likely to be greatly The tensionat the inside of the shell dueto the local
overestimated if the forcesin the pipe system are circmferential bending momentM is added to the
determined by assuming that the connectionto the circumferential membranestress &e to internal
vessel is equivalent to an anchor inthe pipe system pressure, butthis stress will not be present whenthe
More accurate valuesof the terminal forces and vessel is under hydraulic test.
moments can be found if the deflection dueto a unit Where nozzle branches with reinforcing platesare
radial load and the slopes dueto unit longitudinal and attached with full peneiralion welds,Le. in accordance
circumferential moments distributed over the area of with figures E.2.27, E.2.28a, and E.2.314 they may be
the branch and its reinforcement are known. assumed (for the purposeof local stresses evaluation)
These can be found fora given vessel and branch by to be integral with the shell andthe stresses evaluated
the methodsgiven in 6.2.2.3 and 6.2.3 for cylindrical in accordance with 6.2. Where nozzle branches with
vessels and by methods given in 6.2.4.2 and 6.2.4.3 reinforcing platesare attached, with partial penetration
for spherical vessels. Experiments in the USA, welds, i.e. in accordance withfigures E.2.28b, E.2.29,
discmsed in [17], have shown that slopes and E.2.30 and E.2.31b, they may be analysed in
deflections calculatedin this way are sufficiently accordance with6.3.1.6.
accurate for practical purposes except that the slope of 6.3 Supports and mountings for pressure
a branch due to a circumferential momentis vessels
about 75 % of the calculated value because of the effect 6.3.1 General considerationsfor supports
of local stiffening by the metal of the branch. 6.3.1.1 Intmdwtkm
When the loads from the pipework are known, the This clause and6.3.2 and 6.3.3 are concerned with
local stresses in the vessel shellcan be found by the the supports for pressure vessels and the supports for
methods given in 6.2, except that, in a branch with an fittings carried from the shellor ends of the vessel,
extemal compemahg ring of thickness Q subject to a with regard to their effect on the vessel. Thetdructural
ciw@erential moment there is an additional design of supports is not included because it can be
circumferential moment in the shellat the edge of the dealt with bythe usual methods of structural design.
reinforcing ring to Nq,Q/4 and [ln recommends that Convenient references for theseare [M] and [41].
GI64 O BSI 11-1999

The supportsof vessels andof fitthgs carried by the fn is the nominal stress indishedend
shell produce local moments and membrane f o m s in calculated as in section3 (iiN h 9
the vesselwall which can be treatedby the methods F is theresultant of horizontalforces acting on
given in6.2. Notes and cross-references for applying vertical vessel(in N);
these to various types of support are included H is the resultanthorizontalforceinleastcross
The supportsof a vessel should be designed to section of saddle support(in N);
withstand all the external loads likelyto be imposed I is thesecondmomentarea ofeffective cross
on it in additionto the dead weight of the vessel and section of stiffening ring (in mm4);
its contents. These loadsmay include:
K1..X11 are constarlts;
a) superimposed loads;
L is the lengthofcylindrical part of vessel
b) wind loads on exposed vessels;
(in mm);
c) thrusts or moments transmitted from conneding 1 is thelength of part of shell of horizontal
pipework vessel assumedto act with a ring support
d) shock loads dueto liquid hammmer orsurging of (inmm);
the vessel contents; M1 is the bendingmomentinhorizontal ring
e) forces dueto differential expansion betweenthe girder aboveits own support (ii N-mm);
vessel andits supports.
NOTE. Lifting attachments for vessels can be checked in M2 is the bendingmomentinhorizontal ring
accordance with6.3.1.4 and 6.3.1.5. However whilst annex A girder midway betweenits supports
stress levels are appropriate for the assessment of steady loads on (i N e m ) ;
attachments, theyare not necessarily relevant when M 3 is the longitudinalbendingmomentin
loading/dynamic factors are applied to take accountof non-steady
loads. horizontal vessel midway betweenits
6.3.1.2 Notation
For the purposes of 6.3 the following symbols apply.
M4
supports (i NTNKI) (~eeequations (G.3.3-1)
to (G.3.3-3));
is the longitudinalbendingmomentin
I
All dimensions are in the corroded conditionunless
otherwise indicated(see3.1.6): horizontal vesselat its supports (inNmm)
a is the areaof effective cross section of ( se eequations (G.3.3-2) and (G.3.3-4)); I
M e n e r h m horizontal vessel( i mm2); M, is the longitudinal or meridional bending
A is the distance h m saddle supportto moment per unit circumference [m Nmnhmi)
adjacent endof cylindrical part (inmm); M+ is thecircumferential bendingmoment per
b is the mean depth ofdished end of vessel unit length (inN~mm/m.m);
N, is the longitudinalmembraneforceper unit
(in mm); circumference ( inN h ) ;
bl is the axial width of saddle support (inmm);
= bl + lot
N4 is thecircumferential membraneforceper
b2 unit length( i N h ) ;
C is the distance from centroidof effective
p, is the internalpressure at equator(horizontal
area of stiffener to shell (inmm); centre line of vessel) (ii N/mm2);
C1...C5 are constank,
Q is the shear stress invesselshell (ii N/mm2)
c* is the half length of rectangular loadingarea (see 6.3.3.2.4); I
in longitudinal direction (inmm);
Qe is theshear stress invesselend (ii N h q
c, isthehalflengthofrectangularloadingarea
in circumferential direction (in mm);
(see 6.3.3.2.4); I
r is the mean radius ofcylindrical part of
d is the distance from centroid of effective vessel ( inmm);
area of stiffener to tip of stiffener (inmm);
is the distance from centroidof effective li is theinside radius of cylindrical part of
d, vessel (in mm);
area of stiffener to tip of stiffener in
longitudinal direction(in mm); r1 is the radius of base of skirt support of
vertical vessel (inmm);
d4 is the distance from centroidof effective
area of stiffener to tip of stiffener in r2 is themean radius of horizontal ring girder
circumferential direction (inmm); or of ring support (inmm);
D is the mean diameter ofthe vessel (ii mm);
t is the analysis thickness of vesselshell
e is the perpendicular distance from the line of
(in mm) (see 1.6); I
the reaction to the centroidof the weld area tl is the analysis thickness ofreinforcingplate
ci mm);
E is the modulus of elasticiw (inN h 9 tz is the analysis thickness of ring stiffenem
f is the nominal design stress ( i i N/mm2);
fl.-flO are the resultantstresses in horizontal vessel
te is the analysis thickness of vesselend
due to mode of support (in N h q (see
equations (G.3.3-6)to (G.3.349, (G.3to .3-17) T is the maxjmum twisting momentin
horizontal ring girder (inNmm);
(G.3.3-24) and (G.3.3-26));
G/65
STD-BSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 m L b 2 4 b b 9 0879343 984 m
W is theaverageweightofverticalvessel per The effect of this moment onthe shellcan be found by

miIlimetce heightcm Nhnm); the method givenin 6.2.3. If the local stresses found
W is the weightofvessel(in N); in this way are excessive, a reinforcing plate, designed
W1 is the maximum reaction at support(in N); as described in6.3.1.5, should be fitted betweenthe
bracket and the vessel wall.
X is thedistancefromsupport ofhorizontal In addition to the vertical loads, the brackets
ring girder to nearest pointof maximum supporting a vertical vesselmay be subjectto
twisting moment (in mm); tangential forces dueto thrusts and moments
Y is thedistance of theexternalloadfromthe transmitted h m pipework Such brackets imposea
vessel wall (inmm); circumferential moment on the vessel wall in addition
- to the longitudinal moment. Thestsesses due to this
Y is the heightof theresultant ofhorizontal
forces acting on vessel aboveits supports can be calculated and addedto the others butring or
(inmm); skirt supports are preferable in cases 0f .W type.
2 is thesectionmodulus ofeffective cross 6.3.1.5 Reiqjììng phtes
section of ring support for horizontal vessel Reinforcing platesare required whenthe local stresses
(
inmm3); in the vessel shell, foundas descibed in6.2 for the
& is the
circumferential
buckling strain; connection of a support or mounting,are excessive.
The form of reinforcementwill depend upon the
O is the includedangleofsaddlesupport direction of load and whether a momentis applied
(in degrees); NOTE. Experimental work, discussed in [17],has shown that there
pl is the anglebetween radius drawn to is some stress concentration nearthe sharp comers of rectangular
position of support and vertical centre line
of reinforcing plates. Rounded comers are therefore preferable.
vessel (in degrees). 6.3.1.5.1 Radiauy inward load on a cylinder
Figure G.49a shows a typical simple reinforcing plate
6.3.1.3 Reaction at the supports applied to a cylinder.
The reactions at the supportsof a vessel can be found The stresses in the vessel shellat the edge of the
by the ordinary methods of statics except in the case reinforcing plateare approximately equal to those
of long horizontal vessels supported at more than two calculated by assuming the load to be distributed wer
positions. the whole area of the reinforcing plate2d, X 244, and
proceeding as described in 6.2.2.1.
The reactions at the supportsof vessels subjectto A safe approximation for the maximum stresses in the
heavy extemal loadsmay need to be examined for the reinforcing plate, whichoccurs at the edges of the
following conditions actual loaded area 2Cx X 2C+, is given by the following
a) working conditions, includingfull wind load and procedure.
loads dueto pipework a) Fhd the maxjmum moments M,+and M, and the
b) test conditions, includingfull wind load, if any, maximum membrane forcesN and N,, for the same
and forces dueto ‘cold pullup’ of any pipes that will loading appliedto a cylinder ot thickness (t + tl),
remain connectedto the vessel duringtests; from the charts in 6.2.2.1 for a radial load, applied
over a loaded area2Cx X 2C+
c) shutdown conditions, vessel empty, and exposed
b) Find the d t a n t stresses due to these by
to full wind load,if a n y , and the forces dueto ‘cold a s s u t h g that the vessel shell and the reinforcing
pull up’ in the pipe system connected to i t It is plate share the moments M,+and M, in proportion
essential to provide anchor boltsif there is an to the cubes of their thicknesses and the membrane
upward reactionto any support underany of these forces N+ and N, in direct proportion to their
conditions. thickn-.
The theoretical reactionsat the supportsof long ie. M+ R ~ o platem= M+t$ (t: + Es). (G.3.1-1)
horizontal vessels supportedat more than two M,+vessel shell = M@/ (tI3+ P) (G.3.1-2)
positions can be found bythe methods used for Nb = N&/ (tl + t ) (G.3.1-3)
continuous beams butthe calculated valuesare always ”
doubtful because of settlement ofthe supports and Nt+vessel shell = N&& + t) (G.3.14)
initial errors of r o u n d n ~of or straightness in the G.3.1.5.2 Radùdly outwuni load and/m moment an a
VesseL Cylinder
These loadsrequire gusset platesas shown on the
6.3.1.4 &.ackets typical arrangementin Sgure G.49b to achieve the load
Brackets are fitted to the shellsof pressure vesselsto transference from the attachment to the vesseL
support either the vesselor some structure which has The stresses in the vessel shellat the edge ofthe
to be carried from it.mical brackets are shown in reinforcing plateare approximat& equal to thaw
figure G.48. calculated byassuming the loador moment to be
distributed over the whole area of the reinforcing
The brackets themselvesare designed by the ordinary plate 2d, X 2d,+and proceeding as described in6.2.2.1
methods used for brackets supportingbeams in for a radial load or in 6.2.3 for a moment Note that
structural engineering. thesignoftheradialloadisreversedtothat
A bracket always appliesan external momentto the in 6.3.1.5.1.
shell equal to W@
W66 8 BSI 042000

Welded with fillet weld t o vessel all round
wall
-Support
I
' Backing- plate
i
a) Bracket for vessel support
b) Bracket for exkmal load
- Figure 6.48 '&pical brackets
A safe approximation forthe maximum stresses in the b) Flnd the resultant stresses due to these by
reinforcing plate, whichoccur at the edges of the assuming that the vesel wall and the reinforcing
actual loaded area 2Cx X 2C+ is given by the following plate share the momentsM+ and M, in proportion
prOCedUre. to the cubesof their thicknesses and the membrane
a) the moments M+ a d Mx and the forces N+ and Nx in direct ProPortion to their
maximum membrane forces NA and N, for the same thicknwes, as given in G8-1.6.1b.
loading applied to a cylinder oi'thicknk (t + tl) 6.3.1.6.3 Loa&s on spherical vessels
from the charts in 6.2.2.1 for a radial load or The principles of6.3.1.6.1 and6.3.1.6.2 can be
from 6.2.3 fora moment, both applied over the applied using the appropriate chartsof 6.2.4.2
loaded area 2CxX 2C+. and 6.2.4.3.

Reinforcing
plate
i
a) Simple arrangement for radially inward load
A 1 L
"
i ' t
Vessel
"_ E
Ø ~
Reinforcing
plate
b) Gusset arrangement for radially outward loadhnovement
Figure 6.49 mical reinforcing plates on cylindrical shells
G/68 0 BSI 11-1999

6.3.2.1.2 Discontinuity sc1.esses at skìrt supports
6.3.1.6.4 De$eccions The presenceof a skirt support reduces the
The deflectionat a support or fitting providedwith a discontinuity stresses at the junctionof the bottom and
reinforcing plateis approximately equal to the sum of the vessel wall.
the deflectionsof the wall of a cylinder or sphere of A procedure for calculating theactual discontinuity
thickness (t + tl) loaded overthe area of the sbresses and also the design of skirt suppork for
reinforcing plate. Theseare found from6.2.2.3 for vessels subject to severe cyclic loading dueto t h e m
cylinders or 6.2.4.2 and 6.2.4.3 for spheres and sbresses is given in [M].
spherical partsof vessel ends. 6.3.2.2 Ring supports for v e r
a
t vessels
The slope dueto an external momentcan be found It is often convenient to support vertical vessels from
from the deflectioncalculated in this way by the
method given in 6.2.3and 6.2.4. steelwork by means of aring support in a convenient
position on the shellas shown in figure G.60.
6.3.2 Supports for vertical vessels Such a ring support correspondsto one flange of a
This clause is concerned with the designof supports bolted joint with the 'hub' of the flange extending on
for vertical vessels except where the conventional both sides and with the couple due to the bolts
methods of simple applied mechanicscan be used replaced by that due to the eccentricity between the
directb- supporting force and the vessel wall. Its thickness can
therefore be determined by adapting the equations
The design of brackets usedto connect the vesselto
its supports is given in 6.3.1.4. in 3.8 and the associatedf i g u r e s ,
The sbresses should be determinedas for an integral
6.3.2.1 Shirt supports flange (see3.8.3.4) except that onehalf of the flange
Skirt supports are recommended for large vertical design momentonly shall be used in c a l c w the
ves& because they do not lead to concentrated local longitudinal hub stress&+
loads on the shell, they offer less constraint against The stresses calculated in this way should not exceed
differential expansion between the part of the vessel the allowable values for thestresses in flanges
under presure and its supports, and they reduce the specified in 3.8.3.4.2.
effect of discontinuitystressa at the junctionof the AU ring supports of this type should rest on some form
cylindrical shell and the bottom (butsee [18]and [22]). of continuous supportor on steelworkas indicated in
Skirt supports should haveat least one inspection figure G.51. They should not be usedto connect
opening to permite ' "onof the bottom of the vessels directlyto leg or column supports, but should
vessel unless this is accessible from belowthrough rest on a ring girder or other steelworkjoining the
supporting Such
openings may need to be tops of the columns.
compensated
6.3.2.3 Leg supports for*&v vessels
Skirt supports may also be appliedto spherical vessels
and to the spherical partsof vessel ends. The local Leg supports for vertical vessels can, in general, be
stresses due to skirt supports in these positions should designed by the usual methods of applied mechanics,
be calculated as in 6.2.4. e.g. those described in chapter Xxm of [6].
6.3.2.1.1 overturning moments on skirt supports They should always be arrangedas close to the shell
as the necessary clearance for insulation will permit
At any horizontal sectionof a skirt support, the If brackets are usedto connect the legsto the vertical
maximum load per unit lengthof the skirt wall of the vessel as in figure G.52 they should be
circumference is given by designed as described in 6.3.1.4 and fitted with
I N, = 1
2m
= stress X thickness of skirt (G.3.21) reinforcing platesif required
Short legs, or legs bracedto resist horizontal forces,
If there is a negative valueof N, anchor boltswill be may impose a severe constraint ona vessel wall due to
necessary because therewill be a net momentof differencesin thermal expansionThis constraint can
M = Wr, - f i tending to overturn the vessel about the be avoided by using brackets onthe vesselwall
leeward edge of theskirt support flange. provided with slotted holesto allow for expansion.In
For small vessels the anchor bolts can be designed on addition, the mechanical loadsat the pointsof support
the assumptionthat the neutral axis of the bolt group should be assessed and the local st3esses due to these
lies along a diameter of the support flange, butthis determined using the chartsof 6.2.4. Reinforcing pads
assumption leadsto overdesign in the case of tall designed as in 6.3.1.6 should be fittedif necessary.
vessels with large overturning moments because the
effect of the elasticityof the foundation, which
produces anadditional resisting moment, is neglected.
Suitable design procedures for such cases are given
m [ 161.
G/69
~~
~
~~
STD-BSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 E L b 2 4 6 6 9 0879345 757 m

PD 6 6 ~ 2 0 0 0 Annex G
.Support
m g
,Steelwork
Figure G.60 m i c a l ring support Figure G.61 m i c a l steelwork

under ring
support
Reinforcing pads
if nece:sary
This distance
t o be as small
F’igure 6.62 Leg supports for vertical vessels
6/70 8 BSI 11-1999

STDmBSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 li624667 0879346 b93 9
6.3.2.4 Ring @dem Number 4 6 8 12

or legs
The supporting legs of large vertical vesselsand
spherical vessels are offen connected to a ring girder Load on W16
W/4 WB W112
each leg
that supports the vessel shelLIn some designsthe
lower part of a skirt support is reinforced to form a Maximum WB W116
W112 WM
shear in
ring girder. Figure G.53shows a typical ring girder. h g
Such girdem are subject to torsion as well as bending girder
and require special considemtion, M~mrz - 0.034 2 - 0.0148 - 0.00s 27 - 0.003 66
When the supporting columns are equally spaced, the
bending andtwisthg moments in the ring girder can Mdwr, + 0.0176 + 0.007 51+ 0.004 15 + 0.001 90
be found fromthe following data, taken from[20]. zlrz 0.336 0.222 o. 166 0.111
T#Vr2 0.0053 0.001 6 O.Oo0 63 O.OO0 186
A bending momentcausing tension at the underside of
the girderis taken as positive. The torsionin the girder
is zero at the supports andmidway between them and
the bending momentis zero at the points of maximum
torsion.
L
Legs braced
if required
Points of
maximum
torsion
6.M. = O
Figure 6.63 m i c d ring girder
0 BSI 11-1999 Gf71

6.3.3 Supports and mountings for horizontal for vessels comprisinga number of interconnected
vessek37> . .
sections,where appropriate.This test pressure and
self weight (test liquid and vessel weight)are then
6.3.3.1 General used to recalculate the stressesfi tof4 (considered
Horizontal vesselsare subjectto longitudinal bending to be membrane stresses) using the equations given
moments and localshear forces dueto the weight of in 6.3.3.2. The thickness t for both the pressure
their contents, as well as to local stressesat supports term pmrEt and thetem containing M3 and M4
and fittings. should be the nominal thickness at the time of the
They are conveniently supported on saddles, rings or test reduced by any allowance for under tolerance.
leg supports(see figure G.54). The use of leg supports only, as in figure G.&, should
When vesselsare supportedat more than two cross be confined to small vessels in which the longitudinal
sections the supportreactions are significantiy aEected bending stresses are small compared withthe axial
by small variations in the level of the supports, the stress due to the working pressure, and the local
straightness and local roundnessof the vessel shell and stresses due to the supportreactions (föund fkom 6.2)
the relative stiffnessof different partsof the vessel can be kept within allowable limits.
against local deflections. Supportat two c m sections Mountings and brackets fittedto the vesselto support
is thus to be preferred evenif this requires stiffening of external loads should be designed as described
the support regionof the vessel (see [19]). m 6.3.1.
Ring supports are preferable to saddle supports for The shell thickness should notbe lessthan that
vessels in which supportat more than two cross required forinternal pressure in 3.6.1.2a
sections is unavoidable and forvilcuum vessels.It may NOTE. Worked examples of the design of supports and mountings
be necessaryto provide ring supports forheavy fittings for horizontal vessels are given in annex Y.
or structures supportedh m the vessel
6.3.3.2 saddle supports
Vessels designed to contain gases or liquids lighter than
water should be designed as vessels full of water when F'igure G.Ma shows a horizontal vessel fitted with
they are to be hydraulically tested. saddle supports. The methods given in 6.2 are not
strictly applicable to loaded areas extending over the
6.3.3.2 can be used to assess this design condition large proportionof the total circumference of the
provided that the following three conditions are vessel which is usual for saddle supports.
satisfied
The following treatmentis based on an empirical
a) The stresesf1 tofio for thegas (or liquid) are to analysis presented in [19] and extended based on
be limited to the values given in6.3.3.2, where the experience with largediameter thin-walled vessels with
I design stressf is derived at the design temperature. diameter to thickness ratios up to the order of 1250: 1.
The dressesfi tofio are calculatedusing the The analysis applies to saddles andrings welded to the
equations given in 6.3.3.2 where pm is the design vesseL In cases where doubt arises, the method to be
pressure at the equator (see6.3.1.2), the self weight used in computing stresses due to support loads, etc.,
includes both the vessel weight and the contents should be agreed between the purchaser and the
under the design conditions, with the wall manufacturer.
thickness t equal to the analysii thickness.
Loose rings or saddles depend critically upon fit for
b) The s t r e m e s f 1 to fio for thehydraulic test when their effectiveness and require analysis by altemative
the vesselis just full of liquid with no internal computational methods (see [ZS]).
pressure areto be limited to the valuesgiven
I in 6.3.3.2, where the design stressf is derived at The method gives appro- d u e s of stress which,
together with the appropriatestress limits, provide a
the test temperature (usuaUyambient). Thestress
fi tofio are calculated using the equations given reasonable basis for design for non-cyclically loaded
m 6.3.3.2 where thewall thickness t is the nominal Vessels.
thickness at the time of the test reduced by any In the caseof vessels with significant cyclic loading, a
allowance for under tolerance. rigorous analysis is required (see [B], [32], [S]
c) The s b r e ss e s f
'tof4, calculated by the following and [39]).
procedure, areto be limitedto 90 % of the minimum Maximum vessel stresses can occur when the vessel is
specified yield or proof stress (asin 6.8.6.2). The full of liquid but not subjectto internal pressure
value of the test pressure pt is calculated (see [19] and[21]) and this loading condition should be
using 6.8.6.1,with due regardto the requirements inwstigakd
For a derivation of the basic equations and constants in this clause see (371.
6/72 Q BSI 04m

STDmBSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 m 1624669 0879348 466 m
Annex G
a) Saddlc rupports
Centroid of
L
ring support ,
b) Ring supports
c) Leg supports
Figure 6.54 'Qpical supports for horizontal vessels
8 BSI 11-1999 Gm
In the case of largediameter thin-walled vessels, the A positive bending moment found from these equations
most arduous conditions can occur duringfilling. is one causing tension at the lowest pointof the shell
However, the methods presented, based on the full cross section. The momentM4 may be positive in
condition, produce designs whichare satisfactory for vessels of large diameter with supports near the ends
the partially full condition. because of the effect of hydrostatic pressure (see
The included angle ofa saddle support(S in Sgure G.55).
figure G.&) should normally be withinthe When Ur and b h are known, these reduceto:
range 120’5 S 5 150”. This limitalion, which is
imposed by most codes of practice,is an empitical one
M3 = Wl(C1L - A) (G.3.33) I
based on experienceof large vessels. Saddleangles where
outside this range would require careful consideration. C1 is a factor obtainedh m figure G.56,and
When the supportsare near the endsof the vessel
(A Ir> the sWnesses of the ends tendto maintain
circular support crosssections and the shellis said to where C, and C3 are factms obtained from figure G.57.
be stiffened by the ends.
Similar expressions for the longitudinal bending
Where the stressesin the region of the supportare moments can be obtained bythe ordinary methods of
found to exceed the allowabled u e s a thickened statics for vesselsin which the supportsare not
stsake may be used The width of this should not be symmetricallyplaced
less than 5 rh about the centre saddle profile. That is,
a total length equal to, or greater than,the radius of 6.3.3.2.2 Longitudinal stresses at mid-span
the vessel see [B] and [39]. The resultant IongituM stresses at midispan due to
NOTE 1. In providing a thickened strake in the region of the pressure and bendingare given by the following
saddle it is assumed that the high stresses associated with the equatiOIlS
saddle have died away. The longitudinal and shear stresses at the
stepped down thicknessof the vessel may, therefore, be calculated at the highest point of the cross section
using KI a d Kz = 1.0 a d K3 = 0.319.
Although the valuesof the bending moment and shear forceat the
(G.3.3-5)I
stepped down thicknesswill be slightly less than M4
-
and W,[@ 2A)/(L + 4b/3)] respectively, it is recommended that at the lowest point ofthe cross section
I the full values of these are used in equations (G.3.3-7), (G.3.38)
and (G.3.3-9) with the values of the constants quoted above.
NOTE 2. A range of standardized saddle supports weldedto
(G.3.3-6) I
pressure vessels is included in (421. These equations are based on simple beam theory
6.3.3.2.1 Lollgitudinal bendingmoments which assumes that cross sections remain circular.
F’igure G.55shows the loads,redons and longitudid The cdcuIated tende and compressivesfmsses should
bending momentsin a vessel resting ontwo not exceed thevalues permitted inA3.4.2.1
symmetricxdlyplaced saddle supports. The bending and A.3.6.
moments are given by the following equations (see 1191
and [371):
at midispan
(G.3.3-1)
at supports
(G.3.3-2)

STDoBSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 m 1624bb7 0832457 316 m
Annex G PD 56002000
+)
26 2 4
'
Load unit Length = 2 w , =W
I L+- 4b
a
I J
l
I A I h
I \
c I \
I \
Hydrostatic"
loads on ends
-
L r
L+-4b
:
ur 12W= r w r
bb
L-
L+ -
3 3
1 I
I I
I I
Beam model of vessel
C) Bending moment diagram
Positive values of M4 are obtained for the following forms and proportions:
flat ends Alr < 0.707
ends with10 % knuckle radiusAlr 0.44
semiellipsoidal ends 2:l ratio Alr < 0.363
M4 is always negative for hemispherical ends,
The dimension 3bB is an approximation for the distance from the tangent plane to the centre of gravity of the
dished end and its contents for all ranges of dished end covered by this specification.
Figure G.66 Cylindrical shell acting as beam over supports
o BSI 11-1999
Gff6
STD=BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m L h 2 4 b h 9 0832458 252 m
PD 55002000 Annex G
o. 5 0.5
0.45 0.45
consistent units
0.4 0.4
0.35 O.35
O. 3 0.3
L- LÏ-
u- %
O O
VI
5=I 0.25 0.25 5
d
d
d
>
O >
o. 2 0.2
0.15 0.15
0.1 0.1
0.05 o. o5
O O
1.0 2 .o 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 10 15 20
Figure G.66 Factor for bending moment at mid-span
G/76 Q BSI 11-1999

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m Lb24bb9 0879350 O14
Annex G
Q B I 11-1999 GI77
STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 W Lb24bb70877353 T50 m
PD 66Wm Annex G
6.3.3.2.3 LmgitwLind stresses at the saddles I 'Igble 6.2 Design factors KI and K2 I
Longitudinal &esses at the saddles depend upon the
local stiffness of the shellin the planeof the supports
because, if the shell does notr e d round underload, Shell stiffened by end 120 1 1
a portion of the upper partof its Cros section, as or rings, ie. A S rB or 1%
shown diagrammaticauy in figure G.58, is ineffective 1 1
rings provided
against longitudinal bending (see[19]). 150 1 1
The resultant longitudinalstresses dueto pressure and Shell unsmened by 120 0.107 O. 192
weight should beevaluated at two positions as follows. end or rings, i.e. A > rE
135 0.234 0.132
a) Either and norings provided
150 0.279 0.161
1) at the highest point of the cross section when
the shellis stiffened by rings or by prordmityof
the ends, 6.3.3.2.4 lbngentid shring stresses:
ie.AsrB; Rqential shearing stsesses are given bythe following
equatiOIlS.
m
2) near theequator when the shellis unsti€fened The values ofK3, K4 and the allowable tangential
shearing stress values are given in table G.3.
In both cases1) and 2) the stress is given by: The thickness ofthe saddle plate should not be
(G.3.3-7) includedwhen using equations (G.3.3-9) to (G.3.311). I
a) Saddle not near vessel end(A > M),with or
b) At the lowest pointof the am section. without rings added
(G.3.3-8)
(G.3.39) I
Values of KI and K2 are given in tableG.2.
The thickness of the saddle plate should not be This equation does notapply when A > U4,but such
included in the equations. proportions areunusual.
The calculated tensile and compressivestresses should b) Saddle near vessel end (A 5 TB), without rings
not exceed the values permitted in A.3.4.2.1 added
and A.3.6. Inthiscasethereareshearingstmsesinboththe
shell and vesselend They are given by
This area is ineffective 1) in the shell q =-K3wl (G.3.3-10)

against longitudinal bending
rt
in an unstiffened shell 2) m the end qe =-&W1 (G.3.311)
rte
c) Saddle near vessel end(A ITB), with rings in
the plane of the saddle.
When the shellis stiffened byrings in the plane of
the saddle andbl <A 5 TB or b1/2 < A 5 bl, shear
stress3 are:
1) in the shell ascent to the ring
q = -W1
mt
shp (G.3.312) I
where
Q, is measured form the zenith (top)of the
cylinder
Figure 6.68 Portion of shell qisamaxhumatq=m2inwhichcase:
ineffective against longitudinal q = -&W1
bending 7-t
2)intheendqe=-&W1
rte
(G.3.3-13) I
d) Saddle near vessel end(A 5 TB), with rings
e a c e n t to the saddle.

When rings are placed @Zent to the saddle,it is NOTE. When rings are present, the shear stress in the end, qe, for
assumed that the sheardresses do not benefith m cases c) and d) w ibe reduced from that given by
l
the rings, see table G.3. In view of this, the most equation (G.3.3-11).However,forsimplicity, it is recommended
that the procedure givenby equation G.15 be adopted for these
I
appropriate equations for the case when cases.
bl < A 5 r/2 or bl12 < A 5 bl are therefore those
6.3.3.2.5 C i m q f ì ì t i a l stmsss
given for the shell stiffened by the dished end to the
VeSseL F'igure G.59 shows the circumferentialbending
1) In the shell moments
IntheregionofO<g,<a circumferential &reses should be calculatedusing the
equations given in 6.3.3.2.5.1 and 6.3.3.2.5.2. The
I W1
q=-sing,
xrt
(G.3.3-14) numerical values of the circumferentialsh?ssesf6,f7
andfs found using these expressions should not
Intheregionofa<g,<x exceed l.%$
Wl(a - sin acosa) sinp
I '= H x - a + s i n a c o s a )
(G.3315) Unless the saddleis welded to the vessel, the value
off5 should not exceed&Eß,where E is the
where circumferential bucklingstrain which is obtained h m
the equationgiven in figure 3.6-3 which in turn uses n
from Sgure 362. In this derivation the value of L&R
Q, is measured h m the zenith (top) ofthe always equals 0.2 both in Sgure 3.62 and in the
cylindq equation in figure 3.6-3.
B is the included angle ofthe saddle support NOTE. The background to this design method is given in [M].
(see figure G.&). When the saddle is welded to the vessel the value off5
qisamaximumatg,=a,inwhich should not exceed$
case q = & W1Irt
I 2) In the endqe =-&W1
He
(G.3.3-16)
Table 6.3 Design factors lij and & and allowable tangential shearingstresses
Component
Vessel shellK3
Condition Saddle angle
0 (degrees) I Factor
A>?72 A s a
-
Shell unstiffened byrings 120 1.171 0.880
stiffened
Shell
by
plane of saddles
rings in I
0.319
10.319
0.319
1 0.319
150 0.319 0.319

Shell stiffened byrings 120 1.171 0.880
@went to saddles 135 0.958 0.654
I 150 I 0.799 I 0.485
Vessel end& b1/2<AIbl b l < A I r / 2
Shell stiffened by end of vessel120 0.880 0.401
135 0.654 0.344
150 0.485 0.295
Allowable tangential Vessel shell Vessel end
shearing stresses
(see note 1)
Design min (0.8j 0.06Et") la25f-f,(d)
(see note 2)
NOTE 1. Allowable tangential shearingstress values are derived h m strain gauge tests on large vessels ( s e e [19]) and experience with
large diameterthin walled vessels.
I N m 2. The nominal maximurn tensile stress in head due to internal pressure,f,(d can be found from figure 3.62using appropriate
values of h,@ and e/D to give p(f and hence f,cd) = p / o where e is the vessel end analysis thickness.

STD=BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 H Lb24669 0879353 823 m
PD 6500.2000 h
exG
Maximum bending
moment
=Me=K6W,r
-5I
Maximum bending
moment on each ring
stiffener
=Ma = K b W,r
n
where r) is the number
of stiffener5
a) For nostiffener or for b) For ring stiEenen @went to saddle

ring stiffener in plane of
saddle
Figure G.69 Circumferential bending momentdiagrams
6.3.3.2.6.1 shell not stiflèned by rings The stresses in the shellat the edge of the saddle plate
The circumferentialstresses are calculatedas follows. should
checked
be using equations (G.3.3-17) I
to (G.3.3-19). The saddle angle6 may now include the
a) At the lowest pointof the cross sectiom angle of the saddle plateup to but not exceeding+ 12".
-KSW1 (G.3.3-17) The value oft should be takenequal to the shell
f 5 =-
tb2 thickness; is assumed to be unchangd
b) At the horn of the saddle (see figureG.s.Qa): In,-S when an extended saddle plateof angle
L 2 (8 + 12') and width 2 b2 = bl + lot is used without
for - 2 8,then& =--- W' 3rq;w1 (G.3.3-18)
r 4tbz -2tz the use of a stiffening rhg, the stressesf5 and& are
L
for - c 8, then& =-- -
calculated using equations (G.3.317) to (G.3.319) as
(6.3.319) follows:
1
r 4th Lt
where b2 = bl + lot. a) At the edge of the saddle; using a thicknw equal
Unless the saddleis welded to the vesseI, values of K5 to (t + t l ) and constantsK5 and & based upon
should correspondto those given in table G.5 for rings upon an angle 8 and b2 = bl + lot. When the saddle
@scent to saddle. When the saddleis welded to the is welded to the vessel the allowable valueof f5 isf
vessel, K5 may be takenas onetenth of this value. and f6 is 1.26J where f is the minimum of the design
Values for & are given in table G.4. sbress values for the shell andfor the saddle plate.
These &eses may be reducedif necessary by b) At the edge of the extended saddle plate,using a
extending the saddle plateas shown in figure G.60. It is thickness t and constantsK5 and & based upon an
recommended that the thickness of the saddle platein angle 6 + 12" and bz = bl + lot. When the saddle is
this case should beequal to the thickness of the shell welded to the vessel thedowable value of f5 isf
Plate. andfi is 1.25J wheref is the design stress value for
the shell.
Ifthewidthofthisplateisnotlessthanb~andit
subtends an angle not less than (8 + 129, the reduced If the stresses are unacceptable then thewidth andor
stressesintheshellattheedgeofthesaddlecanbe the included angleof the saddle should be increased
obtained by substituting (t + tl), the combined and thecalculatons repeated, or alternatively provide
thickness of shell and saddle plate, for t in rings and carry out an analysis in accordance
I equations (G.3.317) to (G.3.3-19). b2 is assumed to be with 6.3.3.2.5.2.
unchanged.

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m Lb24bb9 087935rl 7bT D
Ithasrecentlybeenshownthatpeakstressesinthe The stiffeners shown in figure G.61 are of rectangular

shell at the hornof the saddlecan be reduced by section. Stiffeners of other sections may be used if
introducing someflexibiity into the saddle design in preferred.
the region of the saddle horn (see[B]and (321). In summary, when an extended saddle plateof angle
2 (O + 12") and width 2 b2 = bl + 10t is used together
ltrble 6.4 Design factor & withtheuseofastiffeningringintheplaneofthe
Ah saddle, as in figure G.61, the &esses f7 andfg are
0 (degrees)
120 165 150 135
calculated using equations (G.3.3-20) and (G.3321) as I
follows-
5 0.50 0.0132 0.0059 0.0079 -Attheetdgeofthesaddle
0.0103
L 1.00 0.0528 0.0413 0.0316 0.0238 Using a thickness equal to (t + tl), a length of shell
NCYIE. For 0.60 c A/r c 1.00 values of Kc should be obtained by of + lO(t + ti) to calculate I, U,C and d and
linear interpolation of the values in this table. constants K7 and & based upon an angleof 8. The
allowable values off7 andfg are 1.25J where f is
6.3.3.2.6.2 shell s t w î by rings (see figure G.61) the minimum of the design sbress values for the
shell, saddle plate and stiffening ring.
The equations for c a l a circumferentialstresses
are given in a) and b) following. Positive values denote -Attheedgeoftheextmdedsaddleplate
t e d e stresses and negative values denote Using a thickness t, a length of shell of + 10t to
compression. calculate I, a, C and d and K7 and Kg
Values of C4,Cg,K7, and& are given in table G.5. The based upon an angle 8 + 12". The allowable values
effectivecrosssectional area,a,of the stiffener (or of f7 and f8 are 1.26J where f is the minimum of the
stiffenem) and the portionof the shellthat can be design stress values for the shell and for the
assumed to act with it (them) is indicated by the stiffening ring.
shaded areas in figure G.61. When several Meners are used, as in figure G.61b
The second momentof area,I, is taken about the andc,thevaluesofIandaareforthesumofthe
x-x axis parallel to the axis of the shell andthrough shaded areas.
the centroidof the shadedarea With an extended When two ring stiffeners are being used, it is essential
saddle plate (see6.3.3.2.6.1 and fígure G.60) the that these be placedd a c e n t to the saddle andcan be
combined thickness(t + tl) may be used fort in welded to either the insideor the outsideof the shell
figure G.61a when calculating the &reses at the horn as shown in figure G.61b and c.
of the saddle. The axial length assumedto carry the It is essential that the axial length of shell between the
moment (h + lot) in figure G.61a becomes h + lO(t + tl) stiffeners be not less than bl plus 10times the shell
and this axial length and the combined thicknessare thickness and not more than the mean radius of the
I used to calculate I, a,c and d in equations (G.3.3-20)
and (G.3.3-21).
shell In this case, it is essenlial that a further check on
the magnitude offe be made assuming the value Of KG,
If the extended saddle plate subtendsan angle not less from tableG.4, is that for A h S 0.50.
than (e + 12") the stressesf7 andfs can be obtained
I from equations (G.3320) and (G.3.3-21) usingK7
and& d u e s corresponding to saddle angle
of (e + 127.
hble G.6 Values of constants C,, Cg,K5,K7, and

Ring plane
in of saddle I Rings aaacentto saddle
Internal ring I Internal rings I External rings I
(see figure G.61a) (see figure G.61b) (see figure G.61~)
150 165 120 135 150 165 120 166 150
-1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +I -1 -1 -1 -1
+I -1 +- 1 -1 -1 +1 +1 +1 +1
K5 - - 0.711 0.760
0.673 0.645 0.760 0.711 0.673 0.645
K7 0.0316 0.0238 0.0581 0.0471 0.0355 0.0242 0.0355 0.0242 0.0581
0.0471
Kn I 0.340 I 0.323 0.303 0.277 0.271 0,248 0.219 0.271 0.184
0.248 0.219 0.184
NOTE.Intermediate values of ir,, KTand Ks may be obtained by linear interpolation.
o BSI 042000 GB1

STD-BSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 m lb24bb9 0879355 bTb m
PD 66005NOO Annex G
!
Parts of saddle below
I
H = K, W, this line offer no
a) Simple saddle support
2
appreciable resistance
to force H
Saddie J
plate
"L ìL
b) Saddle support with extended plate
H = Kg W , Parts of saddle below
this line offer no
appreciable resistance
t o force H
Figure G.60 Saddle supports

thickness
W
a) Ring stiffener in plane of saddle
I I
thickness
L A J b,+IOt<xbr
b) Internal ring stiffeners adjacentto saddle
b,+lOtSxSr
c) External ring stiffcncre adjacent to saddle
Figure G.61 m i c a l ring stiffeners
Q B S I 11-1999
STD-BSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 W Lb24bb9 0879357 479 m
PD 5600240oO Annex G
In summary, when an extended saddleplate of angle - In the stiflming ring centre p$Tl.e
L (B + 123 and width 2 b2 + 10t is used with C d c U h e f 7 and f8 using a thickness of t, and axial
stiffening rings d a c e n t to the saddle, as in figures length of shell of h + 10t for each ring for I, a,c
G.61(b) and (c), the &esses f5 and f6 are calculated and d and constants K7 and Kg based on an angle
using equations (G.3.3-M), (G.3.3-19) and (G.3.3-22) and of B + 12". The allowable values of f7 andf8 are
stressesf7 and f8 from equations (G.3.3-23) and 1.25J wheref is the minimum of the design stress
(G.3.3-24) as fOll0~:- values for the shell andfor the stiffening ring.
-Attheedgeofthesaddle a)Aringinthepluneofthesadde
Calculatef5 and f6 using a thickness (t + tl), At the horn of the saddle, in the shek
&, and K6 based upon an angle 8,with the
values & for A/r 5 0.50, and b2 = bl + lot. When
:.
(G.3.3-20) I
the saddle is welded to the vessel the allowable I
value of f5 isf and f6 is 1.25J where f is the At the horn of the saddle in the flange or tip of the
minimum of the design stress values for the shell ring remote from the shek P'
and for the saddle plate.
-Attheedgeoftheextmdedsa&dEeplate
c d C U h e f 5 andf6 Using a t h i C k I l e s S Of t, C O I l S h l t S b) Rings a&bxmt to the saddle
K5 and KGbased upon an angle 8 + 120, with the At the lowest point of the cross section:
value of & for A/r 5 0.50, and b2 = bl + lot. When
the saddle is welded to the vessel the allowable (G.3.3-22) I
value of f5 isf and f6 is 1.25f, where f is the
minimum of the design stress for the shell. Near the equator, in the shell:
h =c d I l I7 w l m a
K8Wl (G.3.3-23)
Near the equator, in the flange or tip of the ring
remote from the shell:
(G.3.3-24)

STD*BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 3624669 0877358 305 m
Annex G PD 66OOi2000
6.3.3.2.6 D&gn of saddles The longitudinal bending moments inthe shell andthe
The widthbl of steel saddles(seefigure G.54a) should corresponding skesses can be found inthe sameway
bechosentosatisfythecircumferential~limitsas
I defined by equations (G.3.3-17) to (G.3.3-24),
where
as for saddle supportsh m equations (G.3.31)
to (G.3.3-8).
The tangentialshear sbresses in the shella x e n t to
I
applicable. For mostcases a width equal to
(where D is the mean diameterof the vessel in mm) the ring support are given by:
will be saIisfa&xy.
The minimum section at the low point ofa saddle (see (G.3.3-26) I
figureG.60)hastoresistaforceHequaltothesumof
the horizontal componentsof the reactions on onehalf The allowable tangential shearingstress values are
of the saddle. The effectivecross sectionresisting this given in tableG.3.
load should belimited to the metalcross section
within a distance equal to v3 below the shell andthe The maximum circumferentialstress in the ring, due to
average direct stma on this cross section should be dead loads is given by:
limited to twdhirds of the allowable design stress. fio=TKlOWlrZ h W 1
+- U (G.3.326) I
H = &Wl
where Itcanbeassumedthatalengthofshelll(=fi
+ contacting widthof support) acts with thering
support to form a combined section andthat,72 is the
radius through the centroidof this section, 2 is the
I 0.231 I 0.259 I 0.288 I least section modulus andu is an effective area of the
section. The constantsKlo and K11 are found h m the
The upper and lower flanges of a steel saddle should table G.6.
be thick enough to resist the longitudinal bending over
the web or webs due to the bearing loads as in any hble G.6 Values of Kloand Kll
machine support. The web should be stiffened against
buckling dueto vertical shear forcesas for structural Klo r11
beams, and against bending due to longitudinal

ex td loads on thevesseL
e
0.075 1.41
One saddleof each vessel should be provided with
some formof sliding bearing or rocker in the following 0.065 1.40
cases: 0.057 1.39
a) when steel saddles are welded to the vessel shell; 0.049 1.38
b) when large movements due eitherto thermal 0.043 1.37
expansion orto axial strain in a long vessel are
expected 0.039 3.36
,0.035 0.35
6.3.3.3 Ring suppork for horizonta?ztessels
Ring supports for horizontal vessels,as shown in 0.030 0.34
ligure G.54b, am used where it is important to ensure 0.025 0.32
that the shellof the vessel closeto the supports 0.020 0.31
rerh round under load.This is usually the case for.
0.017 0.29
a) thin-waled vessels likelyto distort excessively
due to their own weight; 0.015 0.27
b) long vesselsrequiring support at more than two 0.015 0.25
positions.

STD=BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 I162Ybb9 0879359 2 4 1
The stress in the ringfi0 should not exceedf.In the S i c e the thicknessof branch and shellwill usually be
case of category 1 and 2 vessels therings are in general dissimilar, there will be differential expansionof the
of the same material as the vessel and constructed to branch and shell during the transient, whichwill
the same categoryas the vessel withthefvalue produce additional discontinuityS.-
obtained from tables2.3-2 to 2.3-12. In the case of the A rigorous stress analysis would needthe use of finite
rings associated with category 3 vessels, it is element computer methods which, the in case of a
considered acceptableto use the corresponding branch on a cylindrical shell, would involvea complex
category 1and 2 vesselfvalues as given in tables2.3-2 threedimensional approach. It would be djfficult to be
to 2.3-12, providedthe radial weld seamsjoining the equally precise in specifying the heat tramfer rates
segments of the rings are located in the regionof low operating, which have beenshown experimentally to
bending stress in therings. The distributionof the vary considerably aroundthe circumference of
bending moment in a typical ring support is shown branches in cylinders. The cost of one.such rigorous
in (371. analysis would be prohibitive in mostcases and
Where the ring is made of a Merent material íi-om usually the designer will need to consider. . . several
that of the vessel, thef value for the weaker &r
i
a l transient operating conditions.
should beused For mild steelring girders used on Of more valuein general p m u r e vessel work are
category 3 vessels and not subjectto above ambient more simple methods which give realistically
temperatures, it is acceptable to use the allowable conservative maximum stress levels foruse in a fatigue
stsesses from (401. In this case thering should be assessment.
designed as a separatestructure w i k t the benefit of
the length of the shell. 6.4.2 Outline of the suggested design method
Unless a vessel withring supports worksat The method described in6.4.3 to 6.4.6 first uses well
atmospheric temperature and pressure,at least one known analytical methods for determining
ring support has to be provided with some formof through-thickness temperature distribution and stresses
sliding bearingat its connectionto the foundationor in the branch and shell material during a fluid
supporting structure. transient The average temperatureof each component
NOTE. The values ofKlo and KI, are derived from the absolute is then used ina thin-shell discontinuityanalysis at the
maximum circumferential moment and the a b s o l u t e maximum junction of branch and shell. Thetotal stress is taken
direct force in a ring support as shown in figure G.54b. The to be the sum of the temperature and discontinuity
influence of shear forces in the ring due to reactiom W1/2is not stress.
taken into account andthe designer should satisfy himself that the
ring section is sufficient in cmsectional area and lateral The solution yieldsa conservative estimate of the gross
stiffness to resist these forces. Itis not necessaryto take into section stresses from which the maxjmum equivalent
consideration secondary shellben- stresses induced by the sbress intensitycan be calculated In applying the
rigidity of, for example, a support ring, when evaluating, except
where fatigue is a governing criterion when the permissible stress results in a fatigue analysis, stress concentration
is a matter for individual consideration. factors would be applied to allow for the effectof
welds or local geomehy.
6.4 Simpliffed method for assessing transient
thermal stress at a pressure vessel nozzle Graphs and tablesare included which reducethe
overall solutionto the simple use of t h e d and stress
6.4.1 Introduction factors which are applied in a final set of stress
It is often necessaryto consider thestresses that will €"tiOns.
arise at the junction of a nozzle with a cylindrical or
spherical shell when the fluid contained in the vessel is
subject to a rise or fall in temperature. The value of
these stresses may decide the number of temperature
transients which can be accommodated withoutthe
risk of fatigue failure or, altematively,the stress levels
may dictate the rates of temperature variation which
can safely be permitted
During such variationin operating conditions, shell and
branch material will be subjectto stresses developed
by transient through-thickness temperature distribution
The intensity ofthese stsesses will be dependent upon
the rate of fluid temperature rise or fall, the surface
h&transfer coefficient and also upon the metal
thicknesses and properties.
GI86 o BSI 11-1999

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 H Lh24hh9 08793b0 Th3 H
Annex G PD 6600.22000
6.4.3 Notation cuad derivation @method a is the coefficient of linear

expansion
6.4.3.1 Notation (inm o w ) ;
For the purposesof 6.4 the following symbols apply.
6
e
is the radial discontinuity (see
equations (G.4.3-6) and (G.4.3-7));
is the time h m start of transient (in S);
I
are branch influence coefficients,
P is thedensity of the material (in kg4n3).
are shell influence coefficients; 6.4.3.2 Derivatùm of method
are stress fadors ( h m tables G.7, G.8, Consider a cylinder-tmphere assemblyas shown in
G.9, and G.lO); íigureG.62withafluidsubjecttoariseintemperature
on the inside. Assumethat heat transfer
is the specific heatof material coefficients(hand h.$ apply at the branch and shell
(
inJ&!.K)); inner surfaces. The fluid velocityin the branchwill
is the diffusivity of material (m m%) (see usuallybegreaterthanthatintheshellandhbmaybe
equation (G.4.36)); severaltimeslargerthan&.Duringaramprisein
is the modulusof elasticity ( i N/m2); temperature thetimetemperature behaviour of branch
shear force(in N); andshellmaterialwillbesimilartothatshownin
is the surface heattransfer coefficient Sgure G.63.
(in W/(m2.K)); Branch and shellmaterial away h m the discontinuity
is the surface heat transfer coefficient at w libe subject to thermal stress proportional to the
the branch inner surface (iin W/(m2.K)); difterence between the surfacetemperahre (G or To)
is the surface heat transfer coefficient at and the mean temperature(Td. These
the shd inner surface(in W/(m2.K)); through-thickness temperaturestresses will generally
be Merent in branch and shell.
is the conductivity of vesselmaterial
( nW/(m2-K));
i Solutions are given in [29] for stresses in a flat plate
subject to a ramp rise in fluid temperature at one
are branch thermalfactors ( h m surface.
Sgures G.64 and G.65);
Taking Poisson’s ratio as equal to 0.3, these solutions
are shell thermalfadom ( h m figures G.64 may be plottedin the form of figures G.64 and G.65,
and G.65); where
are branch and shell mean temperature Si = - KlEaTf (G.4.3-1) I
factors ( h m figure G.66);
is the mean temperatureMerence f a d q S, = K2EaTf (G.4.3-2) I
is a thermal parameter (see 6 and So are the thermal&eses at inner and outer
equation (G.4.3-4)); surfaces.
shear moment (inN-m); The values of K1 and K2 are plotted in figures G.64
is a thermal parameter (see
and G.65 against the parameters
de
equation (G.4.3-3));
N=F (G.4.33) I
is the mean radius of branch (ii m);
k
is the outerradius of branch ( i i m); m=-
ht
(G.4.3-4) I
is the inner radius of branch (in m);
is the mean radius of shell (in m); where
is stress (in N/m2) (seetext for specific d = Wcp (G.4.3-6) I
Symbow; Also, h m the solutions given in 111, curves may be
is the nominal branch thickness(in m) drawn as shown in figure G.66 which give the ratio of
(see 1.6); rise in mean metal temperatureto the rise in fluid
is the nominal shell thickness(in m) temperature (T.,,&) using the same parametersN
(see 1.6); and m.
is the fluid temperaturerise from start of Assuming that the thermal expansionof the branch
transient (in K); and the shell openingis proportional to the respective
is the inner surface temperature (in K); average metal temperatures, the radial discontinuity
introduced atthe junction would be
is the outer surface temperature (inK);
is the mean temperature (in K);
d = (Kb - Ks)arTf (G.4.3-6) I
is the discontinuity of edge rotation(see
where Kb and& are obtained from figure G.66.
equation (G.4.38)); In addition to the relative horizontal displacementof
the two parts, a rotational discontinuity (V) wi also be
l
produced by edge rotation of the shellopening.
Q BSI 042000 GB7

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 9 Lb24bh9 08793bL 9 T T m
PD 550053000 Annex G
In an actual construction these discontinuities w libe where

removed by shear forces (F)and moments(M) acting D1 = Ad@ + 8.M(CS)O.5&5 (G.4.3-11) I
at the junction and their values would be given by the D2 = A& - 3.33(CS)$ (G.4.3-12) I
(G.4.3-13) I
equati0ns:
D = D I ( ~ . ~ ( C S Z+)Al)
’ . ~ - Oz2
(al+A1)F+(q+A2)M=S (G.4.3-7)
Using the calculated values of junction force and
(aZ+A2>F+(%+&)M=v (G.4.3-8) moment, equations for stresses in the branch and shell
where a, and& are deflections and rotation influence at the junctionmay also be written, andstresses w li
coefficients for branch and shell respectively. The be directly proportionalto the Merence in mean
values of a,may be obtained form simple thin-cylindertemperature betweenthe two parts. A general
bending theom values of A, referring to a pierced expression for discontinuitystress may therefore be
hemisphere may be more conveniently obtained fiom written as:
thindell computer analysis. Sn = &CaaTf (G.4.3-14) 1
In practice the ‘free’ rotationat the edge of the shell where K ,is equal to the difference between the
opening would besmall and wouldin any case tend to temperature factorsKb and& given by figure G.66
reduce the valuesof discontinuity force and moment. and C, represents factors for the various component
If the valueV is therefore takento be zero, the stresses in the assembly. The values of Cn for a range
equations offer a more simple solution, giving of branchlshell geometries have been computed and
somewhat conservativelyhigh values ofF andM. are given in tables G.7, G.8, G.9 and G.10.
T2kh-g Poisson’s ratio as 0.3, inserting equations for a, The total slresses will be given by combiningthe
and lettingC = NT,S = r/R, 2 = Th,a nondimensional discontinuity stresses with those dueto
solution of the equations will be given by: though-thickness transient temperature distribution
(G.4.3-9) (Siand S,) and may be representedby a general set of
stress equations as given in 6.4.4.
(G.4.3-10)
Figure 6.62 Nozzle geometry
G/88 8 BSI 042000

~ ~
S T D = B S I PD 5500-ENGL 2000 m Lb24bb9 0832471 7 9 b

Annex G PD 8500.-
o4
- Time
L- Time "--L
" "
Figure 6.63lksnsient fluid and metal temperatures
0B SI11-1999
GEI
STDmBSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 9 l b 2 4 b b 9 0832472 b22
PD 6 5 0 0 . ~ Annex G
%III
N
L
GM O BSI 11-1999
STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m lb24bb9 0832473 5b9 m
Annex G PD 56005HMO

STD.BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 Lb24bb9 0832474 4 T 5
PD 5 - m Annex G
O BSI 11-1999
STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 W Lb24bb708793b283b
Annex G PD 6600.~O00
6.4.4 lbtal stress equattons 6.4.6 Use and limitations @the method
6.4.4.1 Junction sEresses The M stress equations should providea designer
a) withasimplemeansofestimatingstressrangesina
branch dueto t h e d cycling. Although based upon
Inner suface the analysis of the rotationally symmetric
circumferential cylinder-here connection, theresults should be
(G.4.41) sufiïciently accurate for use in the fatigue assessment
of branches in cylindrical shells.
meridional The analysis for through-thickness temperaturestress
is based upon a "pate solution andis reasonably
(G.4.42) ac- for cylinders wherer& is less than about 1.1.
Outer surface For branches thickerthan this, the stress factor (kl)
may be multiplied by theratio r/q for a conservative
circumferential result
(G.4.4-3) The analysis for discontinuity stress w i give
l
consenative results since it neglects the effects of edge
meridional rotation produced byany axial temperature gradient
on the branch and by temperature gradientthrough the
(G.4.44) shell waU. Both effects would in practice tend to
b) Bmmh reduce the junction forces and moments.
Inner surface Such a simple eype of analysii cannot, of course,
circumferential predict the peakstresses which would occur due to
local changes in geometry at the junction and the
S'hi = [&(C1 + 0.3c2 - 1.0) - k&!i'aTf (G.4.4-5) designer would needto apply appmpriatestress
longitudinal concentration factors beforeapplying stress results in a
S'h = [&C2 - kl]EaTf (G.4.4-6) w e analysis.
Outer surface In practical use the tabulated stress factors Cl,C2,C3
circumferential and C4 w libe found to plot as fairly straight lines
S'ho = [h+ &(C1 - 0.3Cz - 1.O)IEaTf (G.4.47) against the various patarnetem, and interpolation for
longitudinal intermediate geometricratios can be made with
reasonable a~curacy.
SI10 = [h- &CzlEaTf (G.4.4-8)
where 6.4.6 Worked example
& = Kb - K, (read from figure G.66) Problem. A branch 300 mm mean diameter and50 mm
Ki,K2, kl, are temperaturefactorsfrom thick is welded to a steel vessel3 m diameter
figures G.64 and G.65 for shell(K) and branch (IC) and 100 mm thick The contained fluidis subject to a
ramp rise in temperature of 200 "Cin 10 min. The
Cl, C2, C3 are stress factors from tablesG.7, G.8 average heat transfer coefficients to shell and branch
and G.9. are estimated as 570 W/(m2.Q and2850 W/(m2.K)
The maximum equivalent stress intensity w l
l
iusually respectively. Calculate thermal stress in the assembly at
occur at the junction between branch and shell to the end of the transient.
which point the above stress equations refer. We:
hbximum bending stress in the branchmay occur at
k = 41.6 W/(m-Kj
a distance 0.62@ from the junction.At this point the
total thermal stsesses w ibe given byequations
l C = 420 J/(kg.K)
in 6.4.4.2. p=7700kgh3
6.4.4.2 h& sEresses
Inner surface
circumferential
I S",,, = [Kd(0.322(C1 - 1) t 0.192C2 - 0.3c1) - kll EaTf (G.4.49)
longitudinal
I s ' h = [&(0.644Cz - cd - kl] EaTf (G.4.410)
Outer surface
circumferential m =- k = 41.5 = 0.73
I .Tho = [Kd(0.322(C1- 1) + 0.3C1 - 0.192C2) + kx] EaTf (G.4.4-11) hT 570 X 0.1
longitudinal KI = 0.32 ( h m figure G.64)
I S'1, = [&(C4 - 0.64462) + h] EaTf (G.4.412) K.= 0.14 (from figure G.65)
where C4 is a stress factor from tableG.lO. K, = 0.30 (from figure G.66)
0 BSI 042000 GB3

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m Lb24bb7 08773b3772 m
PD 6600.20oO Annex G
&anch; From this analysis the maximum stress intensity would

10-5x 600 occur at the inner surface of the branch and would
N="de = 1.28 X(0.05y = 3.1 equal:
S,, = 236.4 + 102.8 = 339.2 N M 2
h this example, if the inner surfaceof a weld at the
branch to shell junctionmay be consideredto be
ÆI = 0.14 (from figure G.64) ground flush then the design life, dueto thermal
= 0.08 (from figure G.65) cycling alone, would be obtained by entering the
Kb = 0.82 (kam figure G.66) fatigue design curve (seefigure C.3) at a value of
Since r& = 1.4 (Le. rJq > 1.1) a te
l- stress of %S,, (see CS). Otherwise, and at
other locations, it may be necessary to apply additional
150 peak stressfactors to allow for weld gëömetry.
k l (Corrected) = -ÆI = 0.17
125
If temperature cycling coincideswith pFë&me changes
&=Kt,- K, = o 5 2 then any stresses due to pressure should-beadded to
calculate geometric factors (Cl, c2, C3) the componentstresses given above, beforec a l c u
IUT = 15, r/R = 0.1, Z = T/t = 2.0 the maximum stress intensity in accordancewith C.2.3.
C1 = 0.26 (from tableG.7)
c w t e tow #le?nudS t R S s
Rise in fluid temperature(Td= 200 K
E = 2 1 x 104MN/m2
a = 12.6 X lO-"d(m.K)
EuTf = 21 X 12.6 X 20 X 10-1= 530 MN/m2
sheu:
Total Stress
stress (m/rn2)
factor
-0.157 -83.2
-0.296 -157.2
O. 248 131.4
-0.019 -9.9
Branch:
Total Stress
stress (Wrn2)
factor
S, = 0.52[0.26 + (0.3 X 0.7) - 1.01 - 0.17 = -0.446 -236.4
S', = (0.52 X 0.7) - 0.17 = O. 194 102.8
S'ho= 0.08 + 0.52 [0.26 - (0.3X 0.7) - 1.01 = -0.414 -219.4
S'la = 0.08 - (0.62 X 0.7) = -0.284 -150.5

S T D - B S I P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m 1624669 0632477 L O 4 W
Annex G PD 6 6 W m
TBble 6.7 Circumferential stress factor Cl

RIT = 15
rlR 2=5 2=4 2=3 2=2 Z = 1.5 Z= 1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5
0.05 0.11 O. 15 0.36 0.46
0.29 0.20 0.57 0.66
o. 1 o.10 O. 13 O. 18 0.32 0.26 O.# 0.59 0.50
0.2 o. 11 O.14 0.32 0.27 0.20
0.39 0.48 0.56
0.3 o.12 O. 16 0.22 0.30 0.35 0.57 0.49 0.41
0.4 O. 13 0.17 0.37 0.43
0.31 0.23 0.50 0.57
O. 14 0.5 O. 18 0.24 0.33 0.38 0.44 0.51 0.58
R/T=50
?-/R 2=5 2=4 2=3 2=2 Z = 1.5 Z=1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5
0.08 0.05 0.11 O. 15 0.22 0.26 0.34 O.# 0.53
o. 1 0.09 O. 16 0.11 0.26 0.22 0.33 0.41 0.49
o.10 0.2 O. 14 o. 19 0.30 0.26 0.35 0.43 0.50
0.3 O. 15 0.11 0.21 I0.27 0.33 0.38 0.45 0.52
o.12
0.4
0.5
RIT = 100
O. 14
O. 17
O. 18 0.24
o*22 I 0.35
0.38
0.39
0.43
0.47
0.49
0.53
0.56
rlR 2=5 2=3 2 =2 4= 2 12=1.5 IZ=1 2 = 0.66 I 2 = 0.5

0.05 o. 10 0.07 O. 13 o.19
o.1 0.08 0.11 O. 15 0.21
o.10 0.2 O.13 o. 18 0.24
0.3 o. 12 O. 15 1 0.26 0.2
0.4 o.12 O. 17 0.22 0.28 0.35 0.39 0.46
0.5 O. 13 O. 18 0.24 0.32
0.42 0.37 0.49 0.55
TBble 6.8 Bending stress factor C2

RIT = 15
r/R 2=4 2 =2 5= 3 2=2 Z = 1.5 Z =1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5
1.39 1.51 1.18
0.05 0.80 0.52 0.2 1 0.05 0.01
o. 1 1.48 1.35 1.11 O. 70 0.42 O. 13 0 - 0.03
0.2 1.44 1.29 O. 62 1.04 0.34 0.07 - 0.04 - 0.06
1.41 0.3 1.00 1.25 0.58 0.31 0.04 - 0.07 - 0.08
0.98 1.24 0.56 0.4
1.39 0.29 0.03 - 0.08 - 0.09
0.5 1.38 0.55 0.97 0.28
1.22 0.02 - 0.09 - 0.10
RIT= 50
rlR 2=5 2=4 2=3 2=2 Z = 1.5 Z= 1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5
0.05 1.36 1.50 1.12 O.70 0.41 O. 13 0.01 - 0.02
o. 1 1.45 1.30 1.04 0.60 0.32 0.07 0 - 0.05
1.26 1.41 0.99
0.2 0.56 0.29 - 0.07 0.03- 0.08
0.3 1.38 0.97 1.23 0.54 0.28 0.01 - 0.09 - 0.10
0.4 1.38 0.97 1.23 0.54 0.01 0.28 - 0.09 - 0.10
0.5 1.21 1.37 0.96 0.54 0.27 0.01 - 0.10 - 0.11
RIT = 100
rlR 2=5 2=4 2=3 2=2 Z = 1.5 Z=1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5
0.05 1.47 1.32 1.06 0.63 0.35 0.09 - 0.01 - 0.03
o.1 l.# 1.26 0.99 0.55 0.04 0.28 - 0.05 - 0.06
0.2 1.40 1.24 0.97 0.54 0.27 0.02 - 0.08 - 0.09
0.3 1.23 1.39 0.97 0.54 0.27 0.02 - 0.08 - 0.10
0.4 1.38 1.22 0.96 O. 54 0.27 0.01 - 0.09 - 0.11
I 0.5 1.21 1.37 0.95 0.54 0.27 - 0.10 0.01- 0.11
"
"
0 B S I 11-1999
G/95
Table G.9 Meridional stress factor C3
RIT = 15
r/R 2=3 2=
24 = 2 2 = 5Z = 1.5 Z =1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5
0.05 0.07 0.09 o.12 O. 18 0.22 0.29 0.37 0.44
o.1 0.05 0.06 0.09 O. 13 0.16 0.21 0.29 0.35
0.03 0.2 0.04 0.06 0.08 O. 14 0.10 0.25 0.20
0.3 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.08 O. 15 0.11 0.19
0.4 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.06 o. 12 O. 15
0.5 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.05 o. 10 O. 13
RIT= 50
rlR 2=5 2=4 2=3 2=2 Z = 1.5 Z =1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5
0.05 0.04 o. 10 0.07 O.0.05
13 o. 18 0.25 0.31
o.1 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 o. 12 O. 18 0.23
0.03 0.02 0.02
0.04 0.2 0.06 0.08 o.12 O. 15
0.02 0.02 0.01 0.3 0.04 0.09 0.11
RIT = 100
0.01 0.5
0.01 0.01 0.4
0.02 0.01 1 0.03
0.03 I i:f 0.07
0.06
0.09
0.07
r/R 2=5 2=4 2=3 2=2 2=1.5 2=1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5

0.03 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.05 0.09 O. 13 o.19 0.25
o.1 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.09 O. 13 o. 18
0.2 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.11
0.3 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.06 0.08
0.4 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.06
0.02 0.02 0.03
0.01 0.01 0.04
0.01 0.5 0.05
'hble G.10 Branch bending stress factor C4

MT = 15
r/R 2=5 2=2 2 =Z 3= 1.5 2 = 4Z = 1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5
0.05 1.00 0.85 0.94 0.67 0.54 0.38 0.20 0.27
o.1 1.00 0.94 0.84 0.66 0.53 0.39 0.29 0.23
0.2 0.98 0.91 0.80 0.62 0.50 0.37 0.29 0.24
0.3 0.97 0.89 O. 78 0.59 0.48 0.35 0.23 0.27
0.4 0.94 0.88 O. 76 0.58 0.46 0.34 0.26 0.22
0.5 0.94 O. 75 0.87 0.57 0.45 0.33 0.25 0.21
R/T=50
riR 2=5 2=4 2=3 2=2 2=1.5 Z =1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5
0.05 1.02 0.96 0.86 0.68 0.56 0.43 0.33 0.26
o. 1 1.00 0.93 0.82 0.65 0.53 0.41 0.33 0.28
0.2 0.98 O. 79 0.91 0.61 0.50 0.39 0.26 0.31
0.3 0.96 0.89 0.77 0.59 0.48 0.36 0.29 0.25
-+
0.4 0.95 0.88 O. 76 0.58 0.46 0.35 0.23 0.27
0.5 0.94
_ _ _ _ _ _ ~ ~ ~
~ ~~~~~
0.88
~ ~~~ ~
O. 76
~ ~
0.57 0.45 0.33 0.26 0.22
R/T= 100
rlR 2=5 2=4 2=3 2=2 Z = 1.5 2=1 2 = 0.66 2 = 0.5
0.05 1.01 0.95 0.84 0.67 0.56 0.44 0.35 0.30
o.1 0.99 0.92 0.81 0.64 0.53 0.42 0.35 0.30
0.2 0.97 0.90 0.79 0.61 0.50 0.39 0.32 0.27
0.97 0.3 0.89 0.77 0.59 0.48 0.37 0.28 0.25
0.4 0.94 0.89 O. 75 0.58 0.46 0.35 0.28 0.24
0.5 0.94 0.85 O. 75 0.57 0.45 0.34 0.26 0.22
GM O BSI 11-1999
STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m L b 2 4 b b 9 0832479 T87
Annex G PD 6 6 0 0 "
G.5 Bibliography
1. ESHBACH. Hanclbook of engàneeringfi~mtu ls.
Wiley.
2. TIMOSHENKO, S. í"gof elastic instability. 2nd ed. McGraw HiU, 1961.
3. DONNELL, L H. and WAN,C. C. Effect of imperfections on bucklug of thin cylinder underaxial compression.
J. appl. Mech. 1950, March
4. SEIDE, F! A x i m e t r i c a l buckling of circular cones under axial compression.J. a&. Mech. 1956,
December, 625.
5. HARW and LEXLAND. Conical vessels subjectto external pressure. %m. I. C'hm. E. 1952: 30,65 - 74.
6. SEIMON, K. Pressure vessel ?nunual. Edwards Bra., 1942
7. FREESE, C. E. Vibrations of vertical pressure vessels. J. E w . Ind. 1959, February.
8. BLJLAARD, F! F! Local stresse in spherical shells fromradial or moment l m . Weld.J. (Research
Supplement). 1957,May.
9. BIJLAARD, F! F! On the stresses from local loadson spherical pressure vessels and pressure vessel
heads. 1957. Weldmg Research Council BulletinNo. 34.
10. BLTLAARD, P. P Stresses from radial loads in cylindrical pressure vessels.Wé" J 19W, 33, 615s - 623s.
11. BLJLAARD, P.F! Stresses from radial loads and external momentsin cylindrical pressure vessels.Weld. J.
1965, December,608s - 617s.
12. HOFF, N. J., KEMF'NER, J., NARDO, S.V. and POHIE, E V. Defonnation and stresses in circular cylindrical
shells caused by pipe attachments. Part 1, Summary of investigation. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory.
Schenectady. 1953.KAPL -921.
13. HOFF, N. J., KEMPNER, J., and POHLE, E V. Line load applied along generators of thin-walled circular
cylindrical shellsof finite length. Q.a&. Math, 1954: XI(4), 411- 425.
14. KEMF'NER, J.,SHENG,J., P O H L E , F .V. Tables and curvesfor deformation andstresses in circular cylindrical
shells under localized loadmgs.J. aermutut. Scà. 1957, Febmuy, 119 - 129.
15. SHOESSOW, G. J., and KOOISTRA, L. E Stresses in a cylindrical shell due to nozzle or pipe connection. %m.
A.S.M.E., 67,1945. A-107.
16. GARTNER, A I. Nomograms for the solution of anchor bolt problems.Petroleum &$iner 1951, July.
17. BIJLAARD, F! F! and CRANCH, E. T. Stsesses and deflections dueto local loadings on cylindrical shells.
W&. J. (Research Supplement). 1960, July.
18. WEIL, N. A and M U R P H Y , J. J. Design and analysis of welded pressure vesselskirt supports. J. Engng.Ind.
1960, Febnmy.
19. ZICK, L I? Stresses in large horizontal cylindricalpressure vessels on two saddle supports.W&. J. (Research
Supplement). 1951, September.
20. KETCHUM, M. S. 117te design of W&, bins and grain ekmtors. McGraw Hill, 1929.
21. FORBES, F! D. and TOO", A S. An analysis for twin saddle supported unstiffened cylindrical vessels. Joint
British C w m e m Stress Analysis, 1968.
22. BF¿ITISH STANDARDS INSllTUTION. A wuiew of th^ methods of 0alCulatin.g scresseS due to local loads and
local attudments of pmmm vessels. 1969. PD 6439.
23. BLJLAARD, F! P. Stsesses in spherical vessels fromradial loads and external momentsacting on a pipe. 1959.
Weld. Res. Colm. Bull. No. 49.
2 4 . BLJLAARD, F! F! Stsesses in spherical vessels from localloads transferred by a pipe. 1960.
Weld. Res. C o m Bull. No. 50.
25. LECKE, E A and PENNY, R. K. Solutions for the stresses in nozzles in pressure vessels. 1963.
Weld. Res. C o m BuU No. W.
26. RODABURGH, E. C., Wl'IT, E J. and CLOUD, R. L., Stresses at nozzles in spherical shells loaded with pressure,
moment andthrust. 1966. US.Atomic Energy CommissionPhase Report No. 2.
27. LECKE, E A and PENNY, R K. Shakedown loads forradial nozzles in spherical pressure vessels.
Inst. J. Solids and Structures. 1967 3,743.
28. WILSON, J. D. and T O O T H ,A S. The support of unstiffened cylindrical vessels.2nd Int. Co@ Pressure Vessel
Tmhml.ASME. 1973.
29. HEISLER, M. P. "kamient thermal&-esses in slabs and circular pressure vessels.J. appl. M A . 1953.
- I .
0 Es1 11-1999 GB7

STZ).BSI PD 5500-ENGL 2000 m l b 2 4 b b 9 0832480 7T9
30. WICHMAN, K. R., HOPPER, k G. and MERSHON, J. L. LOA stresses in spherical and cylindrical shells due to
external loadings.1965. Weld. Res. Coun. Bull. No. 107.
31. ROSE, R.T. New design methods for pressure vessel nodes. The Enginew, 214, July 20,1962, p.90.
32. DUTI-IIE, G. and TOOTH, A S. The analysis of horizontal cylindrical vessels supported bysaddles welded to
the vessel - a comparison of theory and experiment.
3rd Int. Con$ IT V Tokyo 1977.
33. KANNAS, A, KITCHING, R. and GILL, S. S. A design procedure for pad reinforced flush nozzles in spherical
pressure vessels.Int. J.Pres. Ves.Piping, 1978,6,2.
34. ASHTON, J. N., McINTYRE, H. and GILL, S. S. A design procedure based on limit analysis for a pad reinforced
nozzle in a spherical pressure vessel.Int. J.Mech. sei., 1978, 20,747 - 757.
35. S O L I M A N , S. E and GILL, S. S. Stress concentration factors for integral and pad reinforced nodes in
spherical pressure vessels subjectedto radial load and moment.Int. J. h. Ves.P i p i n g , 1979, 7,275 - 307.
36. HSU,I. M., KETI’LEWELL, J. and GILL, S. S. Shear -1 of pad reinforced nozzlesin spherical pressure
vessels - a theoretical investigation.Int. J. Pres. V ? .Piping, 1980,8,461- 486.
37. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Stresses in horizontal cylind&d pressure WS& supported on twin
:-S a derivation of the basic equations and constants wed in G.3.3 of BS5500.1982. PD 6497.
38. DUTHIE, G., WHITE, G. C., TOOTH, A. S. An analysis for cyhdrical vessels under local loading-
an application to saddle supported vessel problems. J. Stmin A d p s i s 1982, 17,157 - 167.
39. T O O T H , A S., DUTHIE, G., WHITE, G. C., CARMICHAEL, J. Stresses in horizontal storage vessels-
a comparison of theory and experiment.J. S h i n A d u s i s . 1982, 17,169- 176.
40. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. S’fkatim for Ute we of structural steel in building. BS 449.
41. INSTITUTE OF WELDING. Handbook for welded stmctuml st~dwmk.
42. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION. Fressure vessel details [dimensions). Part 2. S’fhtion for saddle
supportsfor horizontal cylindrical pressure vessels. 1983. BS 5276.
43. TEMERA, MCLEISH, G I L A simplified approachto c a l c w stresses due to radial loads and moments
applied to branches in cylindrical pressure vessels.J. Stmin A d u s i s , 1981, 16, No. 4.
44. KENDRICK, S., T O O T H , A. S. The behaviour of a horizontal vessel on loose saddles- a buckling assessment
of the support region. J. Stmin Analysis. 1986,21,45- 50.
45. NADARAJAH, C., TOOTH, k S. and SPENCE, J. The radial loading of cylindrical vessels- influence of
attachment rigidity. Int. J. Pres. Ves. & Piping, 1996,67,6579.
46. NADARAJAH, C., TOOTH, k S. and SPENCE, J. The radial loading of cylindrical vessels- influence of large
displacements.Int. J. Pres. Ves. & Piping, 1996, 67,81-94.
GB8 O BSI 11-1999

Licensed by Information Handling Services ~~ ~

Pd5500 Annex G

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pd5500 Annex G

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Pd5500 Annex G

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

STD.

BS1 P D 5500-ENGL 2000 m L h 2 4 h h 9 0832409 bb3 m

For nozzle or circular C,

From table G.l, KI = If KI 5.0, asume 1

F’rom figure G. 11 From fígure G.12 F’rom figure G.13

Suggested working form G1 (continued)

For Cd > C, ,-.

NOTE 1. Position D corresponds to quadrants QI and Qz in figure G.24.

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

?orrectangularpad C+ = '/i (circumferentiallength) =

From table G.1. K9 = If KZ< 5.0, assume M@ Md,N4,2 and NB = O 1

with I Rom figure G.14 From figure G.17

Suggested working form 6 2 (continued)

Using figures 3.59,3.b10 or 3.811 with e a and

Gß2 o BSI 11-1999

Check of buckling stress to A.3.3.3

Clause 6.2.3.6 Summation of "

maximum stresses due to local Shear

Cimnlferential stresses Quadrant 02 83

O BSI 11-1999 GI35

Cimm$erential stresses Quadrant Q1 Q3 44

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

ested working form G 3 example B (continued)

(G.2.3-10) = sin-'X-r (see figures G.26 and G.29)

0 BSI 092000 GB7

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Figure 6.26 Spherical shell subjected to a

STD*BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 h L b 2 4 b b 9 0632423 T33 m

Figure G.28a) Meridional moment M, in a spherical shell subjectedto radial load W

GA2 0 BSI 11-1999

0.0 0.5 1.o 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

1 Figure G.28b) Circumferential moment M+ in a spherical shell subjected to a radial load W

Figure G.28~)Meridional force N, in a spherical shell subjected

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Figure 6.30 Deflections of a spherical shell subjected to an external moment M

Figure G.31a) Circumferential force N4 in a spherical shell subjectedto an external

GI48 Q BSI 11-1999

Figure G.31b) Meridional force N, in a spherical shell subjected to an external

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

Figure G . 3 1 ~ )Circumferential moment M+ in a spherical shell subjected to an

GI50 O BSI 11-1999

Figure G.31d) Meridional moment Mx in a spherical shell subjected to an external

6.2.4.4 E x a m p h b) 225 mm fwm the centre of the bmnch

' 150 mm diameter. (E = 1.86 X 105 N/mm2.)

12.5 +6.25 6 X 22.5

:. At the outsidef+ = -0.98 - 3.46 = -4.44 N/mm2

G62 O BSI 11-1999

8 BSI 11-1999 G/53

Q is the radial thrust applied at nozzle (

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

COPYRIGHT British Standards Institute on ERC Specs and Standards

0.01 0.10 1.0 10.0

Figure 6.34 Maximum stress in sphere for thrust loading (

0.01 0.1 1.0 10.0

0.01 o .10 1.0 10.0

Figure 6.40 Shakedown values for pressure loading (flush nozzle)

STD-BSI P D 5500-ENGL 2000 E 1624bb9 0832443 821 m

0.01 0.10 1.o 10.0

Q BSI 11-1999 G/61