• Affective Challenges: Emotional difficulties faced by interpreters,

such as managing personal feelings during interpretation.

• Attention Management: The skill of effectively focusing mental re-
sources to process and produce speech simultaneously.
• Chuchotage: Also known as whispered interpreting, where the inter-
preter whispers the translation to the client.
• Cognitive Load: The mental effort required to understand and trans-
late speech in real-time.
• Cognitive Problem Triggers: Factors that lead to errors in interpre-
tation, such as high information density or noise.
• Consecutive Interpretation: A form of interpretation where the
speaker pauses to allow the interpreter to translate segments of
speech.
• Errors and Omissions: Mistakes or missing information in the
translated speech due to cognitive overload or other factors.
• Failure Sequences: Common patterns that lead to interpretation er-
rors, such as excessive lag or increased processing requirements.
• Hypernym: A general term used in place of a specific term when the
exact word is unknown.
• Idioms: Phrases with meanings that are not literal, posing a chal-
lenge for interpreters.
• Information Density: The amount of information conveyed in a seg-
ment of speech, which can increase cognitive load.
• Linguistic Differences: Variations in terminology, idioms, and
structure between languages that complicate interpretation.
• Memory Effort: The mental effort required to store and recall infor-
mation during interpretation.
• Multilingual Events: Gatherings where multiple languages are spo-
ken, requiring simultaneous interpreting.
• Neologisms: Newly coined words or expressions that may not have
established translations.
• Processing Capacity: The mental ability to handle and process in-
formation during interpretation.
• Production Effort: The effort required to formulate and articulate
the target language speech.
• Reception Effort: The effort required to perceive and understand the
source language speech.
• Simultaneous Interpreting: The process of translating speech in
real-time as the speaker talks.
 • Soundproof Booths: Enclosures used by interpreters to block exter-
nal noise and provide a controlled environment for interpretation.
• Syntactic Differences: Variations in sentence structure between lan-
guages that require careful reformulation.
• Terminology: Specialized vocabulary used in specific fields or con-
texts.
• Tightrope Hypothesis: A theory explaining that most interpretation
errors arise from mismanaged attention, increased processing de-
mands, and low-redundancy signals.

Abbreviations: Shortened forms of words or phrases used in note-taking

to save time and space.

Analysis Effort: The cognitive effort involved in understanding the source

language in interpreting.

Cognitive Effort: Mental work required in processing and understanding

language during interpreting.

Coordination: The process of managing different cognitive tasks simulta-

neously during interpreting.

Economy: The principle of keeping notes brief to minimize processing ef-

fort.

Effort Models: Analyses of the different types of cognitive effort required

in various modes of interpreting.

Emphasis: Adding marks or notes to highlight important points in note-

taking.

Individuality: The principle that note-taking should be adapted to per-

sonal preferences without strict rules.

Instantaneous Seizability: Ensuring that notes can be quickly and easily

read.
Listening and Analysis Effort: The effort needed to understand the in-
coming speech in the source language.

Long-term Memory Effort: The cognitive work involved in recalling in-

formation over a longer period, used in consecutive interpreting.

Memory Effort: The effort required to store and retrieve information dur-
ing interpreting.

Note-taking: The process of writing down key points during a speech to

aid memory in consecutive interpreting.

Note-taking Effort: The specific cognitive work involved in writing down

notes during interpreting.

Production Effort: The effort required to generate and produce the outgo-
ing speech in the target language.

Reading and Analysis Effort: The cognitive work involved in under-

standing the source text in sight translation.

Short-term Memory Effort: Managing the flow of information between

perception and production over a short period.

Sight Translation: A mode of interpreting where the interpreter reads a

written text and translates it orally into the target language.

Vertical Layout: A note-taking technique where notes are arranged verti-

cally to improve clarity and readability.

• Accuracy: The quality of conveying the exact meaning of the

source message in the target language without distortion.
• Acculturation: The process of adapting to and adopting as-
pects of another culture.
• Alliance: A relationship where two parties form a cooperative
bond, often relevant in interpreting to prevent bias towards the
interpreter.
• Bilingualism: The ability to speak two languages fluently.
• Breadth and Depth: Refers to the range (breadth) and detail
(depth) of linguistic proficiency in both languages used by the
interpreter.
• Certification: Official recognition that an interpreter has met
specific standards of practice and proficiency.
• Clinical Interview: A structured conversation between a
healthcare provider and a patient for diagnostic and treatment
purposes.
• Communication Flow: The progression and exchange of in-
formation between parties in an interaction.
• Completeness: Ensuring that the entire message in the
source language is fully conveyed in the target language with-
out omissions.
• Conference Interpreting: Interpreting usually done in large,
formal settings where the interpreter converts spoken lan-
guage into another language in real-time, often only in one di-
rection.
• Conversion: The process of translating a message from one
language to another while maintaining its meaning.
• Cultural Assumptions: Unspoken beliefs and values that are
inherent to a particular culture and influence communication.
• Dyadic Relationship: An interaction involving two parties, as
opposed to a triadic relationship involving three parties.
• Ethical Standards: Guidelines that dictate the professional
conduct of interpreters, including impartiality, accuracy, and
confidentiality.
• Intercultural Communication: Exchange of information be-
tween individuals from different cultures.
• Interpreter-Mediated Communication: Communication facili-
tated by an interpreter between parties who do not share a
common language.
• Interpreter Opinions: Personal views or interpretations in-
serted by the interpreter, which should be avoided to maintain
accuracy.
• Literal Interpretation: Direct translation of words from one
language to another, which may not always convey the in-
tended meaning accurately.
• Medical Interpreting: Interpreting in healthcare settings to fa-
cilitate communication between providers and patients who
speak different languages.
• Message Equivalence: The degree to which the interpreted
message conveys the same meaning as the original message.
• Miscommunication: Failure to communicate ideas or inten-
tions accurately, leading to misunderstandings.

• Provider: A healthcare professional who delivers medical care

to patients.
• Sociolinguistic Framework: The social and cultural context
that influences how language is used and understood.
• Standards of Practice: Established guidelines that define the
expected professional behavior and skills of interpreters.
• Triadic Relationship: An interaction involving three parties,
typically the provider, patient, and interpreter in a medical set-
ting.
• Unshared Cultural Assumptions: Beliefs and values not
commonly understood or accepted between different cultures,
potentially leading to communication barriers.
• Untranslatable Words: Words or concepts in one language
that have no direct equivalent in another language.
• Artistic (literary) translation - is aimed at rendering works of fiction,
which are opposed to all other texts as to their communicative func-
tion: artistic, aesthetic and poetic.
• Informational translation - is a type of translation, where the main em-
phasis is on forwarding the meaning of the text without placing focus
on word-for-word accuracy.
• Scientific translation - the act of translating documents such as re-
search, academic articles, the results of clinical trials, and more – any
document on a scientific subject – into another language
• Technical translation - involves translating text that is highly
• General translation - is the process of translating materials that aren’t
specific to a certain industry or subject matter.
• Specialized translation - is the process of translating materials that are
specific to a certain industry or field. This can include materials for
investors, contracts, marketing materials, and other materials that are
specific to your business.
Time and Context-based:
• Synchronous translation -the interpreter sits in the translation booth
and listens to the speaker through the headphone, then translates it
through the microphone during the listening. The conference room
delegates listen to the main language through headphones.
• Asynchronous translation -asynchronous describes the relationship
between two or more events/objects that do interact within the same
system but do not occur at predetermined intervals and do not neces-
sarily rely on each other's existence to function.
•

1. Consecutive Interpreting (CI): A mode of interpreting where the

speaker and interpreter take turns speaking, typically used in settings
like courtrooms or small meetings.
2. Simultaneous Interpreting (SI): A mode of interpreting where the in-
terpreter provides a translated version of ongoing speech in real-time,
often used in large conferences or multilingual events.
3. Interpreting Strategy: Deliberate methods used by interpreters to
prevent or solve potential problems in interpreting and to enhance per-
formance.
4. Daniel Gile's Effort Models: Models proposed by Daniel Gile to help
interpreters understand the challenges they face and select appropriate
strategies, including Listening and Analysis Effort, Memory Effort,
Production Effort, and Coordination Effort.
5. Whispered Interpreting: A modified form of simultaneous interpre-
tation where interpreters speak quietly to listeners, often used when
only a few people need translation in a quiet setting.
6. Language Pairs: The combination of languages being interpreted,
such as English to Spanish or French to German.
7. Soundproof Booth: A booth designed to block external noise, allow-
ing interpreters to work without distraction during simultaneous inter-
preting.
8. Earpieces and Microphones: Equipment used in simultaneous inter-
preting to transmit the interpreted speech to listeners via headphones
and microphones.
9. Bilingualism: Proficiency in two languages, a foundational skill for
interpreters but not sufficient on its own for high-level interpreting.
10. Cognitive Load: The mental effort required to process and interpret
speech, influenced by factors such as speech rate, complexity, and en-
vironmental conditions.
11. Glossary Preparation: The process of compiling and reviewing spe-
cialized terminology in advance to facilitate interpretation.
12. Preparation Strategies: Techniques used by interpreters to prepare
for assignments, including document analysis, glossary creation, and
familiarity with the subject matter.
13. Individual Tactics: Specific techniques employed by interpreters to
cope with challenges during interpretation, such as early target lan-
guage reformulation or approximation of unfamiliar terms.
14. Fidelity: The degree to which the interpretation accurately reflects the
meaning and intent of the original speech.
15. Stress Management: Techniques used by interpreters to cope with the
high-pressure environment of simultaneous interpreting, including
emotional control and maintaining focus.
16. Quality Control: Processes and measures taken to ensure the accu-
racy and effectiveness of interpreting services, including ongoing
training and assessment of interpreters.
17. Linguistic Quality: The standard of language usage and expression in
interpretation, including grammar, vocabulary choice, and intonation.
18. Training Programs: Formal education and professional development
programs for interpreters, covering techniques, language proficiency,
and professional ethics.
19. Professional Norms: Standards of conduct and behavior expected of
interpreters, including confidentiality, impartiality, and adherence to
professional codes of ethics.
20. Market Demand: The need for interpreters in various sectors and set-
tings, influenced by factors such as globalization, immigration, and in-
ternational events.
Cultural Sensitivity: Awareness and understanding of the
cultural differences that may impact communication. Inter-
preters must bridge these gaps to facilitate effective inter-
action between parties from different cultural backgrounds.

Confidentiality: The ethical duty of interpreters and trans-

lators to keep all assignment-related information private,
disclosing it only with client permission or for urgent legal
or safety reasons.
Conflict of Interest: A situation where an interpreter's
personal relationships or interests could influence their im-
partiality and professional judgment, necessitating their
withdrawal from the assignment.

Continuing Education: Ongoing learning activities under-

taken by interpreters and translators to stay updated with
evolving languages, terminologies, and industry standards.

Dual Role: When an interpreter has multiple roles that

may conflict, such as being both a medical interpreter and
a neighbor or friend of the client, potentially affecting their
impartiality.

Impartiality: The obligation of interpreters to remain neu-

tral, without letting personal opinions or feelings influence
their work.

IMIA (International Medical Interpreters Associa-

tion): An organization that provides guidelines and a code
of ethics specifically for medical interpreters to ensure high
standards of practice.

Interpreter: A professional who converts spoken language

from one language to another in real-time to facilitate com-
munication between people who do not share a common
language.

Legal Interpreter: An interpreter who works within the le-

gal system, including courts and law enforcement, and ad-
heres to specific ethical guidelines tailored to legal pro-
ceedings.

Mode of Interpretation: The method chosen for inter-

preting, such as consecutive, simultaneous, or sight trans-
lation, to best convey the message accurately and effec-
tively.
Professional Demeanor: Conducting oneself with in-
tegrity, respect, and professionalism in all interpreting and
translating assignments.

Translator: A professional who converts written text from

one language to another, ensuring that the translated text
accurately reflects the original content and context.

Triadic Medical Setting: A healthcare scenario involving

three parties: the patient, the healthcare provider, and the
interpreter. The interpreter must facilitate communication
while maintaining professional boundaries.

Unobtrusive Interventions: Minimal and discreet actions

taken by interpreters to facilitate communication without
disrupting the natural flow of conversation.

Video Remote Interpreting (VRI): A method of provid-

ing interpreting services through video technology, allow-
ing interpreters to assist remotely.

Omission: The failure to include parts of the original mes-

sage in the interpreted or translated output, which can lead
to incomplete or inaccurate communication.

Rapport: The relationship of trust and understanding be-

tween an interpreter and their clients, crucial for effective
communication, especially in sensitive settings like medical
or legal contexts.

Sight Translation: The oral translation of written text,

typically done on the spot, such as when an interpreter
reads a document in one language and translates it aloud
into another language.

Interpreting Protocols: Established procedures and stan-

dards that interpreters must follow in specific settings,
such as courtrooms, to ensure consistency and profession-
alism.

Ethical Challenges: Situations that require interpreters to

make difficult decisions based on their ethical guidelines,
often involving conflicts of interest, impartiality, and confi-
dentiality.

Client: The person or entity that hires and uses the ser-
vices of an interpreter or translator.

Professional Development: Activities and education

aimed at enhancing an interpreter's or translator's skills
and knowledge, contributing to their career growth and the
quality of their services.