Summer Training Report

CHAPTER 1: PROBLEM FORMULATION

1.1 Introduction about the Company

Cyberyaan Training and Consultancy Institute is a educational institution dedicated to bridging
the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application in technology. Founded with the
mission to prepare students for the dynamic job market, the institute focuses on offering a wide
array of training programs, particularly in fields such as software development, data science, and
digital marketing. The teaching philosophy at Cyberyaan emphasizes hands-on learning,
ensuring that students are not just passive recipients of knowledge but active participants in their
educational journey.

One of the distinguishing features of Cyberyaan is its emphasis on real-world application.

Students are guided by experienced professionals who have substantial industry experience,
allowing them to gain insights into current market trends and technologies. The curriculum is
designed to be adaptable, incorporating the latest technological advancements and industry best
practices. This ensures that students leave the institute with the skills and knowledge necessary
to excel in their careers.

During my internship at Cyberyaan, I engaged in a comprehensive training program that

culminated in the development of a project designed to simulate a real-world application. This
experience not only enhanced my technical skills but also provided me with invaluable insights
into the software development lifecycle, preparing me for future challenges in my career.

This internship at Cyberyaan allowed me to enhance my full stack development skills

significantly. The Instagram clone project not only solidified my understanding of the
technologies used but also provided practical experience in developing a real-world application. I
am confident that the skills and knowledge gained during this internship will be invaluable as I
pursue further opportunities in software development.

1.2 Introduction about the Problem

As social media continues to evolve, the demand for new applications that can meet user needs
has grown exponentially. Users expect more than just basic functionalities; they want seamless
interactions, instant access to features, and a visually appealing interface. Existing platforms
often struggle to keep up with these expectations, leading to a gap in user satisfaction. Many
social media applications suffer from performance issues, inadequate user engagement features,
and difficulties in scaling to meet increasing user demands.

In particular, the challenge lies in creating a platform that balances functionality with user
experience. Developers must not only replicate essential features found in popular platforms but
also innovate to enhance usability. For instance, users expect instant feedback when they like a
post or comment on an image, and delays can lead to frustration and disengagement.

This project addresses the pressing need for a social media application that effectively captures
user engagement while offering a robust backend for data management. By focusing on core
functionalities such as user authentication, profile management, and content sharing, the project
aims to create a platform that is both engaging and reliable.

1.3 Present State of the Art

Current social media applications vary widely in their offerings, with some providing
comprehensive features while others focus on niche functionalities. However, many platforms
suffer from significant drawbacks, such as slow load times, inefficient data handling, and poor
user interfaces. For example, while some newer platforms are beginning to incorporate modern
technologies like Progressive Web Apps (PWAs) for enhanced performance, they often lack
critical features that users expect, such as seamless content sharing and social interaction tools.

Additionally, security and data privacy have become paramount concerns for users. Many
existing applications fail to implement adequate security measures, leading to data breaches and
loss of user trust. Users are increasingly aware of the importance of their data, demanding
transparency and control over how their information is used.

This project aims to leverage modern technologies and best practices in software development to
create a comprehensive social media application. By utilizing frameworks like React for the
frontend and Node.js for the backend, the goal is to deliver a high-performance application that
prioritizes both user experience and data security.

1.4 Need of Computerization

The transition to computerized systems in social media applications is not merely an option; it is
a necessity. As user expectations grow, applications must adapt to provide faster, more reliable,
and feature-rich experiences. A fully computerized system can streamline processes, enable real-
time data management, and enhance overall performance. The shift from manual to automated
systems ensures that applications are not only more reliable but also capable of handling higher
user loads without degradation in performance.

Furthermore, computerization allows for the integration of advanced features such as analytics
and machine learning algorithms, which can personalize user experiences and drive engagement.
For instance, implementing data analytics can help the application provide personalized content
recommendations, thereby increasing user interaction and satisfaction. Additionally, a
computerized system can facilitate seamless updates and maintenance, allowing developers to
roll out new features quickly and efficiently.

In essence, the need for computerization in social media applications extends beyond
functionality; it is about creating an ecosystem that promotes user engagement, enhances
security, and supports scalability. By adopting a fully computerized approach, the proposed
project aims to set a new standard for social media applications, ensuring they are not only
effective but also user-centric.

1.5 Proposed Software / Project

The proposed project is a Snap gram that utilizes modern full stack technologies to create a
feature-rich social media platform. The application aims to incorporate essential functionalities
such as user authentication, profile management, photo uploads, and social interactions like likes
and comments. By focusing on a modular design, the project will allow for easy maintenance
and future enhancements, such as adding direct messaging and notifications.

The front end will be developed using React, a JavaScript library that excels at creating dynamic
user interfaces. React's component-based architecture will allow for efficient state management
and easy reusability of components, which is crucial for maintaining a responsive application.
On the backend, Node.js and Express will be used to handle server-side logic, while MongoDB
will serve as the database to store user data and media content.

The proposed application not only aims to replicate the user experience of Instagram but also
seeks to improve upon it by addressing common issues such as performance and security. By
prioritizing user engagement and satisfaction, this project aspires to create a platform that
resonates with users and stands out in the competitive landscape of social media applications.

1.6 Importance of the Work

The development of this Snap gram is significant for multiple reasons. Firstly, it provides a
hands-on learning experience in full stack development, integrating both frontend and backend
technologies. This project allows for the practical application of theoretical knowledge gained
during the training program, bridging the gap between classroom learning and real-world
development.

Secondly, the project addresses the growing demand for high-quality social media applications.
By focusing on user experience and performance, it aims to showcase the essential features that
users expect, while also incorporating best practices in security and data management. This focus
on quality is vital in a market saturated with applications that often prioritize quantity over
functionality.

Finally, the skills and insights gained from this project will be invaluable as I continue my career
in software development. The experience of working on a real-world application will enhance
my problem-solving abilities and prepare me to tackle future challenges in building robust
applications. Overall, the project not only serves as a capstone to my internship but also lays a
strong foundation for my professional journey in technology.
CHAPTER 2: SYSTEM ANALYSIS

2.1 Feasibility Study

A comprehensive feasibility study was conducted to evaluate the project’s viability across
several dimensions: technical, economic, operational, and legal. This analysis is crucial to ensure
that the project can be executed successfully without significant barriers.

From a technical standpoint, the proposed project is well-aligned with current technology
trends. The use of React for the front end enables the development of highly interactive user
interfaces that can adapt to user input in real time. Node.js, chosen for the backend, is ideal for
handling asynchronous requests, which is critical for a social media platform that requires real-
time updates. MongoDB’s schema-less structure is advantageous for managing user-generated
content, allowing for flexibility in data storage without the constraints of a traditional relational
database.

Economically, the project is feasible within the budget constraints. Most of the required tools
and technologies are open-source, which reduces costs significantly. Additionally, the
anticipated return on investment is promising, given the increasing user engagement expected
from a well-developed social media application. By leveraging existing technologies,
development costs can be kept low, while the potential for monetization through advertisements
or premium features remains high.

Operationally, the team possesses the necessary skills and resources to implement the project
effectively. With training in full stack development, team members are well-prepared to navigate
the complexities of both frontend and backend programming. The Agile methodology adopted
for the project facilitates teamwork and allows for ongoing feedback and adjustments, ensuring
that the project stays on track and meets user expectations.

From a legal perspective, the project complies with copyright laws and ethical standards, as it is
intended for educational purposes. Measures will be taken to ensure user data protection and
privacy, aligning with relevant data protection regulations. This aspect is crucial in establishing
user trust and credibility, especially in the realm of social media where data breaches are a
growing concern.

In summary, the feasibility study indicates that the project is viable across all dimensions, setting
a strong foundation for the development of the Snap gram application.

2.2 Analysis Methodology

To guide the development process, an Agile methodology was adopted. Agile is characterized by
iterative development, where the project is divided into smaller, manageable increments or
sprints. Each sprint focuses on delivering specific features or functionalities, allowing for regular
feedback and continuous improvement.
The Agile methodology promotes collaboration among team members, with daily stand-up
meetings to discuss progress and identify any roadblocks. This facilitates open communication
and ensures that everyone is aligned with the project goals. By prioritizing tasks based on user
stories, the team can focus on delivering the most valuable features first, thereby enhancing user
engagement.

Additionally, the Agile approach allows for flexibility in the development process. As the project
progresses, user feedback can be integrated into future sprints, leading to an application that
evolves in response to actual user needs rather than preconceived notions. This user-centric
approach is particularly important in the context of social media applications, where user
expectations can shift rapidly.

To assess progress, the team employs a variety of Agile tools, such as Kanban boards or task
management software, to visualize tasks and track progress. This transparency fosters
accountability and encourages team members to take ownership of their responsibilities.

Overall, the Agile methodology not only enhances the quality of the final product but also
improves team collaboration and problem-solving capabilities, ultimately leading to a successful
project outcome.

2.3 Choice of the Platforms

2.3.1 S/W used

The choice of software tools is critical to the success of the project. For the frontend
development, React was selected due to its component-based architecture, which facilitates the
creation of interactive and dynamic user interfaces. React allows developers to build reusable
components, making the codebase more manageable and easier to maintain. Its virtual DOM
feature enhances performance by minimizing direct interactions with the actual DOM, which can
be a bottleneck in traditional web applications.

For the backend, Node.js was chosen for its non-blocking, event-driven architecture, which is
ideal for handling multiple requests simultaneously. Coupled with the Express framework,
Node.js simplifies the process of setting up routes and middleware, streamlining the development
of RESTful APIs. This is essential for a social media application that requires real-time data
processing and seamless interaction between the client and server.

The database solution selected is MongoDB, a NoSQL database that excels at managing
unstructured data. Its document-oriented structure allows for flexibility in data modeling,
accommodating the dynamic nature of user-generated content. MongoDB also offers built-in
sharding and replication features, which are crucial for scalability and high availability, ensuring
that the application can handle large volumes of data as the user base grows.
2.3.2 H/W used

The hardware setup for this project consists of standard development workstations equipped with
modern processors (i5 or higher) and at least 16 GB of RAM. This ensures that the development
environment runs smoothly and that resource-intensive applications can be executed without
performance issues. The availability of high-speed internet is crucial for accessing cloud
services, conducting research, and collaborating with team members effectively.

In addition to the workstations, a cloud-based server (such as Render) will be utilized for hosting
the application, ensuring that it is accessible to users from anywhere. This also allows for easy
scaling, as cloud services provide the flexibility to increase server capacity based on user
demand. By employing a cloud hosting solution, the application can benefit from automated
backups, security features, and integrated monitoring tools, further enhancing reliability and
performance.

In summary, the choice of software and hardware platforms is designed to support the
development of a high-performance social media application that meets user expectations while
remaining scalable and secure.
CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 Design Methodology

The design methodology adopted for this project is a modular approach that emphasizes
separation of concerns, making the application easier to develop, test, and maintain. This
methodology is particularly beneficial in full stack development, where the frontend and backend
components must interact seamlessly while remaining independently functional.

The project is organized into discrete modules, each responsible for specific functionalities. For
instance, the user authentication module handles registration and login processes, while the
content management module deals with photo uploads and interactions. This modularity allows
developers to focus on individual components without affecting the overall system, facilitating
parallel development efforts and minimizing potential bottlenecks.

To visualize the design, UML diagrams such as class diagrams and sequence diagrams were
created. These diagrams provide a clear representation of how components interact and the
relationships among various entities within the application. By documenting the design, the team
can ensure that all necessary functionalities are included and that data flow between components
is well understood.

The design process also emphasizes user experience (UX) principles, ensuring that the
application is intuitive and user-friendly. Wireframes and prototypes were developed to visualize
the user interface, allowing for early feedback from stakeholders. This iterative design process
helps identify usability issues before development begins, reducing the likelihood of extensive
revisions later in the project lifecycle.

Overall, the chosen design methodology fosters collaboration, improves code quality, and
enhances the end-user experience, laying a solid foundation for the development of the social
media application.

3.2 Database Design

3.2.1 ERD

The Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) serves as a crucial tool for mapping out the
relationships between different entities within the application. Key entities identified include
User, Post, Comment, and Like.

 User entity contains attributes such as userID, username, password, email, and profile picture.
 Post entity includes postID, userID (as a foreign key), imageURL, caption, and timestamp.
 Comment entity contains commentID, postID (as a foreign key), userID (as a foreign key),
content, and timestamp.
 Like entity includes likeID, postID (as a foreign key), and userID (as a foreign key).
The ERD illustrates the one-to-many relationship between User and Post, where a user can create
multiple posts. Similarly, each Post can have multiple Comments and Likes, representing a one-
to-many relationship as well. This clear mapping of relationships facilitates the creation of a
normalized database schema, ensuring data integrity and efficient data retrieval.
3.2.2 DFD

The Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is another critical tool used to visualize how data moves through
the application. The DFD outlines the interactions between the user interface, server, and
database, highlighting how user inputs are processed to generate outputs.

The primary processes in the DFD include:

1. User Registration/Login: User inputs are validated, and data is stored in the database.
2. Post Creation: Users upload images and captions, which are processed and saved in the Post
entity.
3. Commenting: Users can add comments to posts, which are linked to the relevant Post and User
entities.
4. Liking Posts: Users can like posts, which updates the Like entity in the database.

The DFD enables the team to identify potential bottlenecks in data flow and optimize the
interaction between components. For instance, if the user registration process is slow, the team
can investigate the database query performance or server response times to identify areas for
improvement.

Level 0 dfd
3.2.3 USE CASE

3.3 Input Design

The input design focuses on creating user-friendly interfaces that facilitate smooth interactions.
The registration and login forms are critical components, as they are the first points of contact for
users.
Registration Form

The registration form includes fields for username, email, password, and profile picture upload.
Validation rules ensure that:

 The username is unique and between 3-15 characters.

 The email follows a valid format.
 The password is at least 8 characters long and includes a mix of letters, numbers, and special
characters.

Login Form

The login form consists of fields for username/email and password. Validation checks are
performed to ensure that the inputs meet specified criteria. For security purposes, password fields
use a masked input, and feedback is provided if the credentials are incorrect.

Additionally, error messages are displayed clearly to guide users in correcting their input. For
example, if the password does not meet the criteria, an error message specifies the requirements.
This thoughtful input design enhances user experience and minimizes frustration during the
registration and login processes.

3.4 Output Design

The output design emphasizes clarity and usability, ensuring that users receive timely and
relevant information. The user profile displays key information, including the user’s posts,
followers, and following count, along with options to edit their profile.

Post Display

Each post is displayed with the associated image, caption, and interaction options for liking and
commenting. The layout is designed to be visually appealing, with clear navigation to enable
users to browse through posts easily. Notifications are designed to provide real-time feedback
when users like a post or receive a comment.

Error Messages

Output design also encompasses error messages, which should be informative yet concise. For
example, if a user tries to upload an unsupported file type, a message will prompt them to choose
an image in the correct format. By ensuring that outputs are clear and actionable, the application
enhances user satisfaction and engagement.
3.5 Code Design and Development
The code for the application is structured following best practices to ensure readability,
maintainability, and scalability. A modular approach is employed, with separate directories for
frontend and backend components, allowing for organized file management.

Coding Standards

Adhering to established coding standards, such as consistent naming conventions and

commenting practices, improves code clarity. Each function and module is documented to
explain its purpose, input parameters, and return values. This is especially important for
collaborative development, as it aids in understanding and navigating the codebase.

Version Control

Version control systems, such as Git, are utilized to manage changes and collaborate effectively.
Regular commits document the evolution of the codebase, and branches are used for feature
development, enabling parallel workstreams without disrupting the main codebase. This practice
ensures that the team can easily revert to previous versions if issues arise.

By emphasizing a well-organized code structure, following coding standards, and employing

version control, the application is positioned for successful development and future
enhancements.
CHAPTER 4: TESTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

4.1 Testing Methodology

The testing methodology employed for the project encompasses multiple layers to ensure that the
application is functional, secure, and user-friendly. Various types of testing are carried out,
including unit testing, integration testing, system testing, and user acceptance testing (UAT).

Unit Testing focuses on individual components, verifying that each unit of the code performs as
expected. This involves writing test cases for key functions, such as user registration, login, and
post creation. Automated testing frameworks like Jest and Mocha are utilized for efficient testing
and to streamline the process.

Integration Testing is conducted to ensure that different components work together

harmoniously. This involves testing the interaction between the frontend and backend, ensuring
that data is passed correctly between them. Integration tests help identify any discrepancies that
may arise during data flow, allowing for timely resolution of issues.

System Testing evaluates the entire application as a cohesive unit, assessing its performance,
security, and usability. This includes load testing to determine how well the application handles
multiple concurrent users and penetration testing to identify vulnerabilities.

User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involves real users testing the application to gather feedback
on usability and functionality. This is a critical phase that allows for adjustments based on user
experiences and expectations, ensuring that the final product aligns with user needs.

4.2 Test Cases for Login and Registration

The following test cases outline the validation of the login and registration functionalities:

Registration Test Cases

Test Case Actual
Description Expected Outcome
ID Outcome
TC-001 Register with valid data User is successfully registered Passed
Error message indicating username
TC-002 Register with existing username Passed
already exists
Error message indicating invalid email
TC-003 Register with invalid email format Passed
format
TC-004 Register with short password Error message indicating password too Passed
Test Case Actual
Description Expected Outcome
ID Outcome
short
Register with valid data but without
TC-005 User is successfully registered Passed
image upload

Login Test Cases

Test Case Actual
Description Expected Outcome
ID Outcome
TC-006 Login with valid credentials User is successfully logged in Passed
TC-007 Login with invalid username Error message indicating invalid username Passed
Login with incorrect
TC-008 Error message indicating incorrect password Passed
password
Error message indicating fields cannot be
TC-009 Login with empty fields
empty
Error message indicating email needs
TC-010 Login with unverified email
verification

Each test case will be executed, and the outcomes will be documented to ensure that the
application meets the specified requirements. This rigorous testing process is vital to identify and
rectify any issues before deployment, thereby enhancing the overall quality of the application.

4.3 Implementation Plan

The implementation plan outlines the steps required to deploy the application successfully. The
following phases are included:

1. Pre-Deployment Preparations: Conduct final tests to ensure that all functionalities are
working as expected. Review documentation and prepare user guides for end-users.
2. Deployment: Deploy the application to a cloud hosting service, ensuring that the server
environment is correctly configured for performance and security. Database migrations
will be conducted to set up the necessary collections and indexes in MongoDB.
3. Post-Deployment Testing: Conduct smoke testing to ensure that the deployed
application functions correctly in the production environment. Monitor server
performance and user feedback to identify any issues that may arise post-launch.
4. User Training: Provide training sessions for users to familiarize them with the
application’s features and functionalities. This will enhance user engagement and
satisfaction.
5. Ongoing Maintenance: Establish a maintenance plan to address bugs, implement
updates, and introduce new features based on user feedback. Regular monitoring of
system performance will help ensure a seamless user experience.
By following this structured implementation plan, the project aims to deliver a robust and user-
friendly social media application that meets the needs of its users effectively.

4.4 Conclusion
The development of the Snap gram application represents a comprehensive approach to modern
software development, integrating best practices in design, coding, and testing. The project
addresses the growing demand for high-quality social media applications, focusing on user
engagement and satisfaction. Through rigorous testing and a well-structured implementation
plan, the application is positioned for success in the competitive landscape of social media
platforms. The experience gained from this project not only enhances technical skills but also
prepares the team for future challenges in the technology domain, ensuring a solid foundation for
professional growth
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND REFERENCES

5.1 Conclusion
The development of the Snap gram application has been a comprehensive learning experience
that encompassed various aspects of full stack development. This project effectively
demonstrates the application of theoretical knowledge gained during my internship at Cyberyaan
Training and Consultancy Institute. Through rigorous planning, design, implementation, and
testing, we have created a functional and user-friendly social media platform that replicates
essential features found in existing applications while prioritizing user engagement and security.

The project has not only fulfilled its primary objectives but has also provided valuable insights
into the software development lifecycle. By employing methodologies such as Agile, we ensured
flexibility in development, allowing for iterative improvements based on user feedback. The use
of modern technologies such as React, Node.js, and MongoDB facilitated the creation of a robust
application that can handle high traffic and data demands.

Through comprehensive testing, including unit, integration, system, and user acceptance testing,
we identified and addressed potential issues before deployment. This proactive approach
enhanced the application's reliability and user experience, ensuring that it meets user
expectations effectively.

This concludes the project report on the development of the Snap gram application. The
experience gained and the skills developed during this internship will undoubtedly be invaluable
in my future career in software development.

Overall, the Snap gram project serves as a testament to the importance of hands-on experience in
technology education. It has equipped me with practical skills and a deeper understanding of full
stack development, preparing me for future challenges in the field.

## 5.2 Limitations of the System

While the project successfully addresses many core functionalities of a social media platform,
there are certain limitations that need to be acknowledged:

1. **Scalability Issues**: Although the application is designed to handle a moderate amount of

traffic, scaling it for millions of users would require further optimization, especially in database
queries and server resource management.

2. **Feature Set**: The current application focuses on essential functionalities, such as user
authentication, posting, and commenting. Additional features like direct messaging, story
sharing, and advanced notification systems were not included due to time constraints.

3. **Security Concerns**: While basic security measures are implemented, further

enhancements such as two-factor authentication and advanced encryption techniques are
necessary to safeguard user data against potential threats.

4. **Cross-Platform Compatibility**: The application is primarily designed for web access.

Developing native mobile applications or optimizing for different screen sizes and resolutions
would require additional work.

5. **User Experience Testing**: While user acceptance testing was conducted, the limited
number of testers may not fully represent the diverse user base expected. Broader testing would
provide more comprehensive feedback on usability.

## 5.3 Future Scope for Modification

The project has a promising future scope for modifications and enhancements, which could
include:

1. **Enhanced Features**: Adding functionalities such as stories, and video uploads could
significantly increase user engagement.

2. **Mobile Application Development**: Creating mobile versions of the application for iOS
and Android platforms would broaden its reach and usability.

3. **Advanced Analytics**: Implementing analytics tools to track user behavior and engagement
metrics could provide valuable insights for continuous improvement.

4. **Security Enhancements**: Integrating advanced security features such as two-factor

authentication and data encryption will further protect user information and enhance trust.

5. **Machine Learning Integration**: Incorporating machine learning algorithms to offer

personalized content recommendations based on user behavior could improve user satisfaction
and engagement.

By addressing these areas, the application can evolve to meet the growing demands of users and
remain competitive in the social media landscape.

## 5.4 References/Bibliography
- Beck, K., & Beedle, M. (2001). Agile Manifesto. Agile Alliance. Retrieved from
[agilemanifesto.org](http://agilemanifesto.org)
- Rouse, M. (2018). What is Full Stack Development? TechTarget. Retrieved from
[techtarget.com](https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/full-stack-development)
- Fielding, R. T. (2000). Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-based Software
Architectures. University of California, Irvine.
- MongoDB, Inc. (2023). MongoDB Documentation. Retrieved from
[mongodb.com](https://docs.mongodb.com)
- React. (2023). A JavaScript library for building user interfaces. Retrieved from [reactjs.org]
(https://reactjs.org)
# CHAPTER 6: ANNEXURES

## A-1 Sample Inputs

### Registration Form Input:
- Username: `john_doe`
- Email: `john@example.com`
- Password: `SecureP@ss123`
- Profile Picture: `profile.jpg`

### Login Form Input:

- Username/Email: `john_doe`
- Password: `SecureP@ss123`

### Post Creation Input:

- Image: `photo.jpg`
- Caption: `Beautiful sunset!`

## A-2 Sample Outputs

### Registration Confirmation:
- Message: `Registration successful! Welcome to InstaClone, john_doe!`

### Login Confirmation:

- Message: `Login successful! Welcome back, john_doe.`

### Post Display Output:

- Post:
- Image: `photo.jpg`
- Caption: `Beautiful sunset!`
- Likes: `15`
- Comments: `5`

## A-3 Coding (Optional)

```javascript
// Example of a simple registration endpoint in Express
app.post('/register', (req, res) => {
const { username, email, password } = req.body;
// Validate input and hash password here
// Save user to the database
res.status(201).send({ message: 'Registration successful!' });
});
```