Exploring Dermatology: Skin

Health and Common

Disorders
NAME-MARIYA KHAN
CLASS- XI-B
ROLL NUMBER- 31
ASSIGNED BY- MRS. JERRY
MARIAM JOHN
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mariya Khan
student of class 11th “Biology” has
successfully completed their biology
investigatory project on “Exploring
Dermatology Skin Health and
Common Disorders” under the
guidance of “Mrs. Jerry Mariam John”.
___________ __________
Teacher`s signature Student's
signature
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to
my biology teacher Mrs. Jerry Mariam John as
well as our principal Sr. Stella Joseph for
providing me with the wonderful opportunity to
work on the project Exploring Dermatology:
Skin Health and Common Disorders, which also
assisted me in finishing one of the best biology
projects and introducing me to so many new
things.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to my

parents & family members who helped me
gather different information, collect data and
guided me from time to time in doing this
project. I would also like to thank all my friends
for their assistance in completing this task in
such an abbreviated time.
 ABSTRACT
Dermatology is the branch of medicine that
deals with skin, mucous membranes, hair, and
nails. Although straightforward to examine,
the skin is the largest organ and has numerous
potential abnormalities - there are about 1500
distinct skin diseases and many variants.

Skin diseases are classified in several ways.

 Site of involvement such as facial rashes,

lesions on sun-exposed sites.
 Pathogenesis such as genetic abnormalities,
infectious etiology, or autoimmune
mechanisms.
 Main structures affected such as epidermal
diseases, abnormalities of melanocytes,
vascular changes.
Symptoms of skin disease include:

 Pain, especially stinging and burning.

 Itch, which may be intermittent or persistent,
localized or generalized
 Functional disability.
 INDEX
S.NO. TOPIC DATE T. SIGN P. SIGN

1. SIGINIFICANCE 1-10-23
OF
DERMATOLOGY

2. SKIN DISEASES- 2-10-23

ACNE
(SYMPTOMS,
CAUSES &
TREATMENTS)

3. ECZEMA- 3-10-23
SYMPTOMS.CAUS
ES &
TREATMENTS

4. SKIN CANCER- 4-10-23

SYMPTOMS.CAUS
ES &
TREATMENTS

5. IMPORTANCE OF 7-10-23
GOOD SKINCARE-
METHODS &
BENEFITS

6. SKIN TYPES AND 10-10-23

CARE

7. PRODUCTS FOR 16-10-23

DIFFERENT SKIN
TYPES

8. NATURAL 23-10-23
REMEDIES FOR
ALL SKIN TYPES

9. CASE STUDY 25-10-23

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 29-10-23

 SIGNIFICANCE OF
DERMATOLOGY
Dermatology involves the study, research,
diagnosis, and management of any health
conditions that may affect the skin, hair, nails, and
membranes. A dermatologist is a health
professional who specializes in this area of
healthcare. They are vital in making sure the skin
remains in peak condition. They also diagnose and
treat diseases of the hair and nails. With thousands
of potential diseases, they are an essential facet of
the healthcare system. The skin is the largest
organ of the body, which acts as a barrier to
protect the internal organs from injury and
bacteria. It is also a good indicator of the overall
health of the body, making the field of
dermatology important.

SKIN DISEASES- Acne

Acne is a common skin condition where the pores of your
skin clog. Pore blockages produce blackheads,
whiteheads, and other types of pimples. Pimples are pus-
filled, sometimes painful, bumps on your skin.

There are several types of acne, including:

 Fungal acne (pittosporum folliculitis): Fungal

acne occurs when yeast builds up in your hair
follicles. These can be itchy and inflamed.
 Cystic acne: Cystic acne causes deep, pus-filled
pimples and nodules. These can cause scars.
 Hormonal acne: Hormonal acne affects adults who
have an overproduction of sebum that clogs their
pores.
 Nodular acne: Nodular acne is a severe form of
acne that causes pimples on the surface of your skin,
and tender, nodular lumps under your skin.
All these forms of acne can affect your self-esteem, and
both cystic and nodular acne can lead to permanent skin
damage like scarring. It is the most common skin
condition that people experience. It is the most common
skin condition that people experience. An estimated 80%
of people ages 11 to 30 will have at least a mild form of
acne. It can occur on the face, chest, shoulders, upper
back etc.
 SYMPTOMS AND
CAUSES
Symptoms:
 Pimples (pustules): Pus-filled bumps
(papules).
 Papules: Small, discolored bumps, often red to
purple or darker than your natural skin tone.
 Blackheads: Plugged pores with a black top.
 Whiteheads: Plugged pores with a white top.
 Nodules: Large lumps under your skin that are
painful.
 Cysts: Painful fluid-filled (pus) lumps under
your skin.
Acne can be mild and cause a few occasional
pimples or it can be moderate and cause
inflammatory papules. Severe acne causes nodules
and cysts.
Clogged hair follicles or pores cause acne. Your
hair follicles are small tubes that hold a strand of
your hair. There are several glands that empty into
your hair follicles. When too much material is
inside your hair follicle, a clog occurs. Your pores
can clog with:
  Sebum: An oily substance that provides a
protective barrier for your skin.
 Bacteria: Tiny amounts of bacteria naturally
live on your skin. If you have too many
bacteria, it can clog your pores.
 Dead skin cells: Your skin cells shed often to
make room for more cells to grow. When your
skin releases dead skin cells, they can get
stuck in your hair follicles.
When your pores clog, substances plug up your
hair follicle, creating a pimple. This triggers
inflammation, which you feel as pain and swelling.
You can also see inflammation through skin
discoloration like redness around a pimple.

TRIGGERS:
 Wearing tight-fitting clothing and headgear,
like hats and sports helmets.
 Air pollution and certain weather conditions,
especially high humidity.
 Using oily or greasy personal care products,
like heavy lotions and creams, or working in an
area where you routinely encounter grease,
such as working at a restaurant with frying oil.
 Stress, which increases the hormone cortisol.
 A side effect of a medication.
 Picking at your acne.
FOODS LIKE SKIM MILK, WHEY PROTEIN, SUGARY
DIETS.
IT IS DRIVEN BY androgen hormones
(testosterone).

DIAGNOSIS AND TESTS

Dermatologists rank acne by severity:
 Grade 1 (mild): Mostly whiteheads and
blackheads, with a few papules and pustules.
 Grade 2 (moderate or pustular acne):
Multiple papules and pustules, mostly on your
face.
 Grade 3 (moderately severe or
nodulocystic acne): Numerous papules and
pustules, along with occasionally inflamed
nodules. Your back and chest may also be
affected.
  Grade 4 (severe nodulocystic acne):
Numerous large, painful, and inflamed pustules
and nodules.

Topical acne medications

 Benzoyl peroxide: This is available as an
over-the-counter product (such as Clearasil®,
Stridex® and PanOxyl®) as a leave-on gel or
wash. It targets surface bacteria, which often
aggravates acne. Lower concentrations and
wash formulations are less irritating to your
skin.
 Salicylic acid: This is available over the
counter for acne as a cleanser or lotion. It helps
remove the top layer of damaged skin. Salicylic
acid dissolves dead skin cells to prevent your
hair follicles from clogging.
 Azelaic acid: This is a natural acid found in
various grains such as barley, wheat, and rye.
It kills microorganisms on the skin and reduces
swelling.
 Retinoids (vitamin A derivatives): Retinol,
such as Retin-A®, Tazorac® and Differin®,
which is available without a prescription,
breaks up blackheads and whiteheads and
helps prevent clogged pores, the first signs of
acne. Most people are candidates for retinoid
therapy. These medications are not spot
 treatments and must be used on the entire
area of skin affected by acne to prevent the
formation of new pimples. You often need to
use these for several months before noticing
positive results.
 Antibiotics: Topical antibiotics like
clindamycin and erythromycin control surface
bacteria that aggravate and cause acne.
Antibiotics are more effective when combined
with benzoyl peroxide.
 Dapsone: Dapsone (Aczone®) is a topical gel,
which also has antibacterial properties. It treats
inflamed acne.
Oral acne medications
 Antibiotics: Antibiotics treat acne caused by
bacteria. Common antibiotics for acne include
tetracycline, minocycline and doxycycline.
These are best for moderate to severe acne.
 Isotretinoin (Amnesteem®, Claravis® and
Sotret®): Isotretinoin is an oral retinoid.
Isotretinoin shrinks the size of oil glands, which
contributes to acne formation.
 Contraceptives: The use of certain
contraceptives can sometimes help women and
people AFAB who have acne. The U.S. Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) approved several
types of birth control pills for treating acne.
Some brand names include Estrostep®,
 Beyaz®, Ortho Tri-Cyclen® and Yaz®. These
pills contain a combination of estrogen (the
primary AFAB sex hormone) and progesterone
(a natural form of steroid that helps regulate
menstruation).
 Hormone therapy: Hormone therapy is
helpful for some people with acne, especially if
you experience acne flare-ups during
menstruation or irregular periods caused by
excess androgen (a hormone). Hormone
therapy consists of low-dose estrogen and
progesterone (birth control pills), or a
medication called spironolactone that blocks
the effect of certain hormones at the level of
your hair follicles and oil glands.

If topical or oral medications do not work well for

your acne or if you have scars from your acne, a
healthcare provider may recommend several types
of acne therapies to clear your skin, including:
 Steroids: Steroids can treat severe acne with
injections into large nodules to reduce
inflammation.
 Lasers: Lasers and light therapy treat acne
scars. A laser delivers heat to the scarred
collagen under your skin. This relies on your
body’s wound-healing response to create new,
 healthy collagen, which encourages growth of
new skin to replace it.
 Chemical peels: This treatment uses special
chemicals to remove the top layer of old skin.
After removal of the top layer of skin, new skin
grows smoother and can lessen acne scars.

ECZEMA- SYMPTOMS,
CAUSES AND
TREATMENT
Eczema is a condition that causes your skin to
become dry, itchy, and bumpy. This condition
weakens your skin’s barrier function, which is
responsible for helping your skin retain moisture
and protecting your body from outside elements.
Eczema is a type of dermatitis. Dermatitis is a
group of conditions that cause skin inflammation.
There are several types of eczema. Each type has
unique triggers that can affect your skin’s barrier
function, including:
 Atopic dermatitis.
 Contact dermatitis.
 Dyshidrotic eczema.
 Neurodermatitis.
  Nummular eczema.
 Seborrheic dermatitis.
Eczema is common and affects more than 31
million Americans. Infants are prone to eczema,
and 10% to 20% will have it. However, half of all
infants diagnosed with eczema outgrow the
condition or have significant improvement as they
get older. Eczema can affect anyone at any age.
Symptoms usually appear during childhood and
last into adulthood. You might be more at risk of
having eczema if you have a family history or a
diagnosis of:
 Dermatitis.
 Allergies.
 Hay fever.
 Asthma.
Identifying environmental triggers and avoiding
them can reduce your risk of an eczema flare-up in
your future.
Symptoms of eczema include:
 Dry skin.
 Itchy skin.
 Skin rash.
 Bumps on your skin.
 Thick, leathery patches of skin.
 Flaky, scaly, or crusty skin.
 Swelling.
It can look different on each person diagnosed with
the condition. If you have a dark skin tone, an
eczema rash can be purple, brown, or gray. If you
have a light skin tone, an eczema rash can look
pink, red, or purple.
The most familiar places where you will notice
symptoms of eczema include on your:
 Hands.
 Neck.
 Elbows.
 Ankles.
 Knees
 Feet.
 Face, especially cheeks.
 In and around ears.
 Lips
While less common, eczema can also occur on
your:
 Nipples.
 Breasts.
 Folds of skin near your vagina (vulva).
 Penis.
Several factors cause eczema, including:
 Your immune system: If you have eczema,
your immune system overreacts to small
irritants or allergens (triggers) in your
environment. When you contact a trigger, your
 immune system assumes that these small
irritants are foreign invaders, like bacteria or
viruses, that can harm your body. As a result,
the triggers activate your body’s natural
defense system. Your immune system’s
defense is to create inflammation.
Inflammation causes symptoms of eczema on
your skin.
 Your genes: You are more likely to have
eczema if there is a history of eczema or
dermatitis in your family. You are also at a
higher risk if there is a history of asthma, hay
fever and/or allergies. Common allergies
include pollen, pet hair or foods that trigger an
allergic reaction. You could also have a genetic
mutation that causes your skin’s barrier
function to not work as it should.
 Your environment: There is a lot in your
environment that can irritate your skin. Some
examples include exposure to smoke, air
pollutants, harsh soaps, fabrics such as wool,
and some skin care products. Low humidity
(dry air) can cause your skin to become dry
and itchy. Heat and high humidity can cause
sweating and that can make your itchiness
even worse.
 Emotional triggers: Your mental health could
affect the health of your skin, which can cause
 a flare-up of eczema symptoms. If you have
elevated levels of stress, anxiety or depression,
you may have more frequent flare-ups of
eczema symptoms.
Common triggers that cause eczema include:
 Dry weather (low humidity).
 Fabrics or clothing material.
 Makeup or skin care products.
 Smoke and pollutants.
 Soaps and detergents.
 Stress or your emotional well-being.
 Touching something you are allergic to.
The connection between eczema and food allergies
is unclear. If you have food allergies, then one of
the reasons why you must avoid that food is that it
may cause or worsen your eczema symptoms.
Examples of common allergies include:
 Peanuts.
 Diary.
 TREATMENT
Tests could include:
 An allergy test.
 Blood tests to check for causes of
the rash that might be unrelated to
dermatitis.
 A skin biopsy to distinguish one type
of dermatitis from another.
 Treatment for eczema could
include:
 Using gentle or sensitive skin
moisturizers throughout the day
when you have dry skin. Apply
moisturizer when your skin is damp
after a bath or shower.
 Apply topical medications to your
skin as advised by your provider, like
topical steroids.
 Take oral medications like anti-
inflammatory medicines,
antihistamines or corticosteroids to
reduce itchiness and swelling.
 Immunosuppressant drugs help
regulate how your immune system
functions.
 Light therapy to improve the
appearance of your skin and remove
blemishes.
 Avoid triggers that cause symptoms
of eczema to flare up.
Choose skin care products that:
 are hypoallergenic, fragrance- and
dye-free.
 Are gentle or for sensitive skin.
 Contain petroleum jelly or mineral
oil.
 Do not include preservatives or
stabilizers.
 Have lipids and ceramides to
improve your skin’s barrier.
 SKIN CANCER
Skin cancer is a disease that involves the growth of
abnormal cells in your skin tissues. Normally, as
skin cells grow old and die, new cells form to
replace them. When this process does not work as
it should — like after exposure to ultraviolet (UV)
light from the sun — cells grow more quickly.
These cells may be noncancerous (benign), which
do not spread or cause harm. Or they may be
cancerous. There are three main types of skin
cancer:
 Basal cell carcinoma, which forms in your
basal cells in the lower part of your epidermis
(the outside layer of your skin).
 Squamous cell carcinoma, which forms in
your squamous cells in the outside layer of
your skin.
 Melanoma, which forms in cells called
melanocytes. Melanocytes produce melanin, a
brown pigment that gives your skin its color
and protects against some of the sun’s
damaging UV rays. This is the most serious
type of skin cancer because it can spread to
other areas of your body.
Other types of skin cancer include:
 Kaposi sarcoma.
  Merkel cell carcinoma.
 Sebaceous gland carcinoma.
 Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.

Skin cancer can spread to nearby tissue or other

areas in your body if it is not caught early.
Fortunately, if skin cancer is identified and treated
in preliminary stages, most are cured.
SYMPTOMS AND
CAUSES
The most common warning sign of skin cancer is a
change on your skin — typically a new growth or a
change in an existing growth or mole. Skin cancer
symptoms include:
 A new mole. Or a mole that changes in size,
shape, or color, or that bleeds.
 A pearly or waxy bump on your face, ears, or
neck.
 A flat, pink/red- or brown-colored patch or
bump.
 Areas on your skin that look like scars.
 Sores that look crusty, have depression in the
middle or bleed often.
 A wound or sore that will not heal, or that heals
but comes back again.
 A rough, scaly lesion that might itch, bleed,
and become crusty.
Skin cancer looks different depending on what type
of skin cancer you have. Thinking of the ABCDE
rule tells you what signs to watch for:
 Asymmetry: Irregular shape.
 Border: Blurry or irregularly shaped edges.
 Color: Mole with more than one color.
 Diameter: Larger than a pencil eraser (6
millimeters).
 Evolution: Enlarging, changing shape, color, or
size.
The main cause of skin cancer is overexposure to
sunlight, especially when you have sunburn and
blistering. UV rays from the sun damage DNA in
your skin, causing abnormal cells to form. These
abnormal cells rapidly divide in a disorganized way,
forming a mass of cancer cells. Anyone can get
skin cancer, regardless of race or sex. But some
groups get it more than others. Before the age of
50, skin cancer is more common in women and
people assigned female at birth (AFAB). After 50,
though, it is more common in men and people
assigned male at birth (AMAB). And it is about 30
times more common in non-Hispanic white people
than non-Hispanic Black people or people of
Asian/Pacific Islander descent. Unfortunately, skin
cancer is often diagnosed in later stages for people
with darker skin tones. This makes it more difficult
to treat.
Although anyone can develop skin cancer, you are
at increased risk if you:
 Spend a considerable amount of time working
or playing in the sun.
 Get easily sunburned or have a history of
sunburns.
 Live in a sunny or high-altitude climate.
 Tan or use tanning beds.
 Have light-colored eyes, blond or red hair and
fair or freckled skin.
 Have many moles or irregularly shaped moles.
  Have actinic keratosis (precancerous skin
growths that are rough, scaly, dark pink-to-
brown patches).
 Have a family history of skin cancer.
 Have had an organ transplant.
 Take medications that suppress or weaken
your immune system.
 Have been exposed to UV light therapy for
treating skin conditions such as eczema or
psoriasis.
TREATMENT: -
Cancer stages tell you how much cancer is in your
body. The stages of skin cancer range from stage 0
to stage IV. In general, the higher the number, the
more cancer has spread and the harder it is to
treat. But the staging for melanoma is different
from non-melanoma skin cancers that start in your
basal or squamous cells.
Melanoma staging
 Stage 0 (melanoma in situ): The melanoma
is only in the top layer of your skin.
 Stage I: Melanoma is an insignificant risk and
there is no evidence that it has spread. It is
curable with surgery.
 Stage II: It has some features that indicate
that it is likely to come back (recur), but there
is no evidence of spread.
  Stage III: The melanoma has spread to nearby
lymph nodes or nearby skin.
 Stage IV: The melanoma has spread to more
distant lymph nodes or skin or has spread to
internal organs.
Non-melanoma staging
 Stage 0: Cancer is only in the top layer of your
skin.
 Stage I (1): Cancer is in the top and middle
layers of your skin.
 Stage II (2): Cancer is in the top and middle
layers of your skin and moves to target your
nerves or deeper layers of skin.
 Stage III (3): Cancer has spread beyond your
skin to your lymph nodes.
 Stage IIIV (4): Cancer has spread to other
parts of your body and your organs like your
liver, lungs, or brain.
A biopsy alone can remove all the cancer tissue if it
is small and limited to the surface of your skin.
Other common skin cancer treatments, used alone
or in combination, include:
 Cryotherapy: Your dermatologist uses liquid
nitrogen to freeze skin cancer. The dead cells
slough off after treatment.
 Excisional surgery: Your dermatologist
removes the tumor and some surrounding
healthy skin to be sure all the cancer is gone.
 Mohs surgery: Your dermatologist removes
only diseased tissue, saving as much
surrounding normal tissue as possible.
Providers use this to treat basal cell and
squamous cell cancers and, sometimes, other
skin cancers that develop near sensitive or
cosmetically critical areas, like your eyelids,
ears, lips, forehead, scalp, fingers, or genital
area.
 Curettage and electrodesiccation: Your
dermatologist uses an instrument with a sharp,
looped edge to remove cancer cells as it
scrapes across the tumor. Then, they use an
electric needle to destroy any remaining
cancer cells. Providers often use this to treat
basal cell and squamous cell cancers and
precancerous skin tumors.
 Chemotherapy: Your dermatologist or
oncologist uses medications to kill cancer cells.
Anticancer medications can be applied directly
on the skin (topical chemotherapy) if limited to
your skin’s top layer or provided through pills
or an IV if the cancer has spread to other parts
of your body.
 Immunotherapy: Your oncologist gives you
medications to train your immune system to
kill cancer cells.
 Radiation therapy: Your radiation oncologist
uses radiation (strong beams of energy) to kill
cancer cells or keep them from growing and
dividing.
 Photodynamic therapy: Your dermatologist
coats your skin with medication, which
activates with a blue or red fluorescent light.
This therapy destroys precancerous cells while
leaving normal cells alone.

IMPORTANCE OF
GOOD SKINCARE
Good skin care is important for the following
reasons:
 It helps your skin stay in good condition:
You are shedding skin cells throughout the day,
so it is important to keep your skin glowing and
in good condition. An effective routine can help
prevent acne, treat wrinkles, and help keep
your skin looking its best.
 Your skin will look more youthful: As you
age, your skin’s cells turn over more slowly,
making it look duller and less radiant. Using a
quality skin care line can help remove dead
skin cells so your body will replace them with
newer, more youthful cells.
 Prevention is easier than correction:
Preventing skin problems is easier -– and less
costly – than trying to fix them in the future.
 Your self-confidence will get a boost:
When your skin looks better, you will feel
better about yourself and have more self-
confidence.
 METHODS
 Cleanser: Wash your face gently with a
product designed for your face. If you have dry
skin, you will want to choose a cleanser that
does not have alcohol, and if you have oily
skin, look for an oil-free cleanser. Afterward,
rinse with warm water.
 Toner: Toner is used after washing your face,
and it helps smooth and calm skin while
restoring nutrients.
 Moisturizer: Moisturizers should be used
every time you wash your face, even if you
have oily skin. If you have this type of skin,
choose an oil-free or gel product.
 Sunscreen: Even if your moisturizer has a
sunscreen, it can still help to use a separate
sunscreen every day, even if it is cloudy.
Choose one that provides broad-spectrum
protection and has an SPF of at least 30.
 Exfoliator: Exfoliators are optional and can be
used after a cleanser but before a moisturizer.
They should only be used a maximum of once
or twice a week.
 Serum: A serum can help address specific
issues, such as redness.
 BENEFITS
 Quality ingredients: Like the
benefits that healthy food
provides for your body, quality
skin-care ingredients can
improve your skin.
 Protection from environmental
damage: such as pollution
 Help fighting the effects of
aging: such as wrinkles and
sunspots
 Results for the money: Even if
quality products cost more in
some cases, they are worth the
money. If you use ineffective
 products, you are wasting
money.
 Exceeding standards: Quality
skin care products are more
refined, with fewer bacteria
and impurities.

SKIN TYPES AND CARE

 Oily skin produces an excess of sebum
that causes the skin to appear shiny
and feel greasy—especially throughout
the T-zone (forehead, nose, and chin).
People with oily skin may tend to have
less wrinkles, according to the
American Academy of Dermatology (AAD),
but they may also be more prone to
enlarged pores, acne blemishes,
blackheads, and whiteheads.

Keep in mind that just because oily

skin produces more natural oils, this
does not mean that it requires any less
moisture than other skin types.
Supporting oily skin comes down to
choosing the right products that
nourishes and hydrates, without
clogging your pores or triggering
breakouts. The ideal oily skin routine
should feature a gentle, foaming
cleanser that effectively removes dirt,
excess oil, and other impurities. It
should also include a lightweight, oil-
free, and non-comedogenic moisturizer
that provides your oily skin with the
essential hydration it needs.

 Dry skin generally, produces fewer

natural oils than other types of skin.
This may cause it to appear dull and
become rough, flaky, or even scaly. It
often feels tight or less elastic,
 noticeably dehydrated, and may be prone
to showing more visible fine lines. In
addition, it may become itchy or
irritated.

A skincare routine for dry skin should

include gentle, soothing, and hydrating
ingredients that help maintain the
skin’s protective moisture barrier—such
as ceramides. For dry skin types, the
Mayo Clinic recommends avoiding
excessively long, hot showers,
moisturizing multiple times per day,
and opting for skincare products that
are fragrance-free, non-comedogenic,
and alcohol-free.

 Normal skin is balanced—feeling neither

too dry nor too oily. It is not prone
to breakouts, flakiness, or feeling
 greasy or tight. People with normal
skin typically have pores that are
small, a smooth skin texture, and are
less prone to sensitivity or blemishes.
However, even though normal skin does
not have any specific issues or
concerns, it still requires proper
skincare to look and feel its best. The
ideal normal skin routine helps
maintain your skin’s hydration by
locking in moisture and supporting your
skin’s protective barrier.


 Combination skin includes areas that
are dry as well as oily—with the T-zone
commonly being oily, and the cheeks
being either dry or normal. This skin
type can vary during different seasons
of the year, and due to numerous
 factors, such as stress or hormone
fluctuation. Effective cleansing and
hydration are key to care for skin that
is oily or normal in some places and
dry in others.

 Sensitive skin is often referred to as

a skin type, but it is possible to have
oily sensitive skin, dry sensitive
skin, or normal sensitive skin.
Regardless of which type of skin you
have, if you have sensitive skin, it
may appear red and feel like it is
burning, itching, or dry. These
symptoms may be related to having skin
that is more vulnerable to external
irritants and may be triggered by
certain ingredients—like dyes or
fragrance—as well as environmental
 factors.

PRODUCTS FOR DRY

SKIN-
1. Cleanser: O3+ Hydrating & Soothing Face
Wash
2. Toner: The Face Shop Chia Seed Soothing
Mist Toner
3. Moisturizer: Cetaphil DailyAdvance Ultra
Hydrating Lotion
4. Sunscreen: Neutrogena UltraSheer Dry
Touch Sunblock SPF 50+
5. Night cream: Kama Ayurveda Rejuvenating
& Brightening Ayurvedic Night Cream
6. Eye cream: St.Botanica Under Eye Gel
Weekly Additions:
Scrub: O3+ Milk Scrub Dry Skin Dermal Zone
Mask: DearPacker Lab Collection Mask -
Anti-Dry & Hydrating
PRODUCTS FOR OILY
SKIN
1. Cleanser: Kiehl's Ultra Facial Oil Free
Cleanser
2. Scrub: Neutrogena Deep Clean Blackhead
Eliminating Daily Scrub
3. Toner: Fabindia Tea Tree Skin Toner
4. Moisturizer: Plum Green Tea Mattifying
Moisturizer
5. Sunscreen: RoC Soleil-Protect Anti Shine
Mattifying Fluid SPF30
6. Night cream: Plum Green Tea Renewed
Clarity Night Gel
Weekly Additions:
Mask: The Face Shop the Solution Pore Care
Face Mask
 PRODUCTS FOR
COMBINATION SKIN
1. Cleanser: Elizabeth Arden Visible
Difference Skin Balancing Exfoliating
Cleanser - For Combination Skin
2. Toner: Lakme Absolute Pore Fix Toner
3. Moisturizer: Neutrogena Oil-Free
Moisturiser SPF 15
4. Night cream: Himalaya Herbals
Revitalizing Night Cream
5. Eye cream: Innisfree The Green Tea Seed
Eye Cream
Weekly Additions:
Scrub: Tjori Aromatic Fennel Face Scrub For
Combination Skin
Mask: Innisfree Skin Reset Peeling Mask –
Combination
PRODUCTS FOR
SENSITIVE SKIN
1. Cleanser: Kama Ayurveda Sensitive Skin
Cleansing Foam
2. Toner: Avene Thermal Spring Water
3. Moisturizer: Dermalogica Super Sensitive
Shield SPF 30
4. Sunscreen: Kaya Sun Defense Sunscreen
For Sensitive Skin-Sun Care SPF15
5. Night gel: O3+ Aloe Derma Hydrating Gel
For Sensitive Skin
Weekly Additions:
Scrub: Thalgo Gentle Exfoliator
Mask: SeaSoul Dead Sea Moroccan Argan
Hydrating Mask For Dry & Sensitive Skin
 PRODUCTS FOR
NORMAL SKIN
1. Cleanser: O3+ Deep Concern 1 Brighten Up
Cleanser Normal Skin
2. Toner: Plum Green Tea Alcohol-Free Toner
3. Moisturizer: Lacto Calamine Oil Balance
Lotion (Combination to Normal Skin).
4. Sunscreen: Avene Very High Protection
Sunscreen Emulsion SPF 50+.
Weekly Additions:
Scrub: Happily Unmarried Face Scrub - Dry
To Normal Skin.
Mask: Forest Essentials Facial Ubtan
Multani Mitti.
NATURAL REMEDIES-
DRY SKIN
1. Sunflower seed oil
2. Coconut oil- It is as safe and effective
as petroleum jelly for treating dry skin. It
significantly improved skin hydration and
increased the number of lipids (fats) on the
skin's surface. It contains saturated fatty
acids that have emollient properties. An
emollient is a fat or oil that acts as a
moisturizer by filling in gaps in dry skin,
making it smooth.
 3. Oatmeal bath- It is another natural
ingredient that can help treat dry skin.
Adding powdered oatmeal to a bath or using
creams that contain oatmeal may help to
relieve dry skin. It has anti-inflammatory
and antioxidant properties.
4. Drinking milk- It offers relief from dry
skin, but not when applied to the skin. A
fat contained in milk, called phospholipid,
improves the skin barrier in mice when added
to their diet.
5. Honey- It is moisturizing, healing, anti-
inflammatory. It is completely natural and
can be applied directly to the skin.
6. Aloe vera- A person with dry skin on
their hands or feet can apply aloe vera gel
and cover the affected area with a sock or
glove. If dry skin is on another area of the
body, applying aloe vera gel liberally and
allowing it to soak in may achieve a similar
effect.
7. Petroleum Jelly- It is known as mineral
oil and has been used as a moisturizer for
years. Reseach has shown that the skin
barrier in older people improved after using
petroleum jelly.
NATURAL REMEDIES-
OILY SKIN
1. Almonds-It exfoliates your skin, sops up
excess oil & impurities.
2. Tomatoes- It contains salicylic acid which
helps absorb excess skin oil and unclog
pores.
3. Jojoba oil- It is a folk remedy to treat
oily skin. It mimics sebum on the skin to
trick sebaceous glands into producing less
sebum and help keep oil levels balanced.
4. Egg whites & lemons- Both the ingredients
tighten pores. The acid in lemons and other
citrus fruits may help absorb oil. They have
antibacterial abilities.
5. Cosmetic Clay- They are also called healing
clays and are used to help absorb skin oil.
6. Blotting papers- These thin, small papers
will not prevent your sebaceous glands from
going into overdrive, but they will allow
you to blot excess oil from your face to
help minimize shiny, greasy skin.
 NATURAL REMEDIES-
SENSITIVE SKIN
1. Baking soda- It is the best remedy for irritated,
sensitive skin. It balances the Ph levels of your skin,
and its antibacterial properties are an immense help

in reducing rashes and inflammation. When mixed with

coconut water, it also helps reduce sunburn and creates
a soothing effect on the skin.

2. Amla- Indian Gooseberry has a variety of uses,

especially for sensitive skin. It has nourishing
properties and adds radiance to the skin. Amla juice
with warm water every morning helps your skin.

3. Olive Oil-It is the best moisturizer you can find.

It has antioxidants and natural acids that will help
protect your skin against the harmful effects of the
sun.

4. Raw milk- It cleanses your skin and acts as a

natural moisturizer.
NATURAL REMEDIES-
NORMAL SKIN
1.Turmeric- It boosts collagen production and has
anti-inflammatory properties.
2.Besan-It helps to exfoliate when used as a mask.
3.Cucumber-It helps to balance skin pH, decreases
puffy skin, curbs irritation and hydrates.
4.Papaya- It is antiviral, antifungal &
antibacterial. It reduces wrinkles, decreases the
risk of acne, exfoliates, and leaves the skin
glowing.
5.Orange Juice- It brightens dark spots, improves
elasticity, firmness & moisturization.
NATURAL REMEDIES-
COMBINATION SKIN
1.Curd and dried orange peel- orange peel is loaded
with vitamin C that brightens your skin tone and
manages excess oil on your skin. Curd helps tighten
your skin and locks in all the moisture.
2.Egg White and Banana Mash-Egg whites tend to
tighten the skin and banana adds much-needed
moisture to it. This face pack keeps your skin
hydrated and tight at the same time. It is a skin
tightening and moisturizing agent.
 3.Cucumber Juice and Honey- Honey acts as a
moisturizing agent while dealing with skin
elasticity. Cucumber juice helps take diligent care
of the tanned areas of the skin and keeps it
hydrated.
4.Milk, Lemon Juice, Honey, and Almond Oil- Milk
contains lactic acid that acts as a skin lightening
agent while honey moisturizes your skin. When you
add lemon juice, it works on keeping the T-zone
oil-free, whereas almond oil hydrates the dry
patches on the cheeks and jawline.
 CASE STUDY
 KIM KARDASHIAN- Kim Kardashian, reality TV star,
was 30 years old at the time of her psoriasis
diagnosis—the same age that her mother, Kris
Jenner, was when she was diagnosed with the
condition. Psoriasis most often appears between the
ages of 15 and 25 and does have a strong genetic
component. Kardashian announced her diagnosis on
an episode of "Keeping Up with the Kardashians" in
2011. She visited her doctor, Harold Lancer, MD,
regarding a rash on her body, which Dr. Lancer
diagnosed as psoriasis. Dr. Lancer advised
Kardashian to try to reduce levels of stress in her life
because stress can be a trigger for some people with
psoriasis.
 Chrissy Teigen’s period makes her skin break
out- As if getting a period weren’t bad enough,
symptoms like acne often come along for the ride.
The supermodel, cookbook author, and prolific
tweeter recently took to social media to show how
menstruation was affecting her skin. “Period skin. So
mad,” she wrote in the caption of the post, which
shows her turning her head this way and that to give
viewers a look at her red, inflamed skin.“Hormonal
acne often manifests in a cyclical pattern, much like
women’s menstrual cycles,” S. Manjula Jegasothy,
M.D., board-certified dermatologist and founder of
Miami Skin Institute, previously told SELF. “This is
true even in postmenopausal women, because these
women still experience monthly fluctuations in their
estrogen and progesterone levels, albeit lower than
pre-menopausal women.”Luckily, there are plenty of
treatments for period skin. Exfoliating cleansers with
salicylic or glycolic acid can help. So can topical
retinoids that prevent clogged pores and birth control
to keep your hormones on more of an even keel.

 Teddi Mellencamp Arroyave- The reality star

announced she had been diagnosed with an early
melanoma, less than a year after an October 2022
battle with stage II melanoma, and the removal of a
suspicious mole earlier the same year. Mellencamp
Arroyave has shared how past habits including
tanning, never wearing sunscreen and not getting
her skin checked may have contributed to her
diagnosis.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 www.skincancer.org
 www.google.com
 www.self.com
 News.yahoo.com
 www.everydayhealth.com
  www.health.com
 Puresense.co.in
 www.reequil.com
 Pharmeasy.in
 www.bebeautiful.in
 www.healthline.com
 www.medicalnewstoday.com
 My.clevelandclinic.org
 www.dovepress.com
 www.dermatologynwhouston.com
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 www.skincenterofsouthmiami.com
 www.news-medical.net