mj;jpahak;

01
 mj;jpahak; 01

01. mwpKfk;

Ma;T vd;gJ cz;ikikapidf; fz;lwpAk; Gyikg;gapw;rp MFk;. tpjpfs;>

re;ju;g;gq;fs;> Kiwik my;yJ msitapay; Kiwikiag; (Logical Method)

gad;gLj;jp nka;ikia mwpa Kw;gl;lhu;fs; msitapay; Kiwikia jPtpu

tsu;r;rpAw;wJ. Njhw;wg;ghLfs;> gz;Gfs;> mikg;Gf;fs;> $Wfs;> myFfs;

vd;tw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Ma;Tfis cUthf;fyhk;.

mwpitj; NjLjNy Ma;thfpd;wJ. mwpnjhWk; mwpahik Gyg;gLtjhy; Ma;T

vd;gJ njhlu;r;rpahd nray;Kiwahfpd;wJ. Gjpa mwpitj; jpul;Ltjw;Fupa

xOq;fike;j nray; KiwNa Ma;tpy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. Ma;ntd;w

fy;tpr; nray;Kiw mwpe;jjpy; ,Ue;J mwpahjij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; ,af;f

tpirahfpd;wJ. Ma;tpd; topahf fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; epfo;fpd;wd.

Nfu;ypq;fu; (Karlinger) vd;gtu; xOq;Fg;gLj;jg;gl;l my;yJ fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l rpy

Gydha;TfisAk; fUJNfhs;fisAk; cUthf;fp mtw;iw ,aw;ifAld;

njhlu;Gg;gLj;JtNj Ma;T" vd;fpd;whu;.

Ff; (Cook P.M) vd;gtu; ",dq;fhzg;gl;l XU gpur;rpidf;fhdjfty;fisAk;

cz;ikahfTk; mjDila fUj;Jf;fisAk; G+u;tkhfTk; ajhu;j;j

mwpTG+u;tkhfTk; ,dq;fhzy; my;yJ NjLjy;" vd tpsf;fpAs;shu;.
1.1 . jpiug;glq;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

kf;fspd; md;whl tho;tpy; md;W Kjy; ,d;W tiu rpdpkh ngUk; jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. Fwpg;ghf jkpof tuyhw;wpy;> gy;NtW r%f> murpay; kw;Wk;

fyhr;rhu ,af;fq;fs; rpdpkhit mjd; rpj;jhe;jq;fs; kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fisg;

gug;Gtjw;F xU rf;jptha;e;j Clfkhf gad;gLj;jpd. jkpo; rpdpkh r%fj;jpy;

fhzg;gLfpd;w gy;NtW gpur;ridfis Neu;kiwahfTk;> vjpu;kiwahfTk;

Kd;itj;Js;sJ. Fwpg;ghf rhjp ngUikia Cf;Ftpj;Jk;> rhjpapd; ngauhy;

ghFghL fhl;lg;gLk; epiyia epiyepWj;jpAk; gy jpiug;glq;fs;

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kWGwk;> kdpjhgpkhdkw;w mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; rhjp

mbg;gilapyhd ghFghl;bd; nray;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; gy jpiug;glq;fSk;

ntspte;Js;sd.

1.2 jpiug;glq;fSk; FwpaPl;baYk;

1.2.1 FwpaPl;baYf;fhd mwpKfk;

rpk;gy; vd;gjw;F xd;W Nru; vd;gJ nghUs;. VNjDk; xU tifapy; ,uz;L

nghUs;fSf;fpilNa cwT ,Uf;Fk;. mJ cUt xw;Wikahf ,Uf;fyhk;.

mUtkhd gz;G xw;Wikahf ,Uf;fyhk;. ngz;iz> tpsf;F vd;W

miog;gjw;F gz;G fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpwJ. gwitahd ntz;Gwh rkhjhdj;jpd;

FwpaPlhf ,Uf;fpwJ.

fUtpahd jhuR ePjpapd; FwpaPlhf ,Uf;fpwJ. tpyq;fhd rpq;fk; tPuj;jpd;

FwpaPlhf ,Uf;fpwJ. ,t;thW kw;nwhd;iwf; Fwpg;ghf czu;j;Jk; nghUs;

my;yJ nrhy; 'FwpaPL' vdg;gLfpwJ. FwpaPl;lhy; nghUis czu;j;JtJ

FwpaPl;bay;( symbolism ) rpk;ghyprk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

FwpaPL> gy Jiwfspy; gad;gLfpwJ. 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; FwpaPl;bak; Xu;

,yf;fpaf; Nfhl;ghlhf cUg;ngw;wJ. nghjNtu;> iuk;Ngh> ntu;Nyd;> ky;yhu;Nk

Kjyhdtu;fs; ,f;Nfhl;ghl;il tpsf;fp tsu;j;jhu;fs;.

FwpaPL gw;wpa nfhs;if 19Mk; E}w;whz;by; Njhd;wpdhYk; midj;J nkhop

,yf;fpaq;fspYk; FwpaPl;ilg; gad;gLj;Jk; tof;fk;> Kd;gpUe;Nj cs;sJ.

jkpiog; nghWj;jtiu> njhy;fhg;gpau; fhyk; Kjy; ,g;gad;ghl;il mwpa

KbfpwJ. rq;f ,yf;fpaj;jpy;> mfj;jpiz khe;ju;fspd; cs;sj;J czu;Tfisf;

Fwpg;ghf czu;j;Jk; FwpaPLfs;> cs;Siw ctkk;' vd;w Kjpu;e;j Fwpg;Gg;

nghUs; cj;jpapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

jkpopd; nry;thf;fpdhNyNa tlnkhopapy; Fwpg;Gg; nghUs; Nfhl;ghL cUthdJ

vd;W `hu;l; Fwpg;gpl;bUf;fpwhu;. ,e;jf; FwpaPl;L kuG ,d;iwa GJf;ftpijfspy;

kpFjpahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; rpk;ghyprk; gw;wpa Ma;T vd;gJ gy;NtW rpdpkhf; $Wfs;

%yk; kiwf;fg;gl;l my;yJ RUf;fkhd mu;j;jq;fs; vt;thW

ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpa xU fz;ftu; Ma;T MFk;. jkpo;j;

jpiug;glq;fspd; fij> ghj;jpu Nkk;ghL kw;Wk; xl;Lnkhj;j mofpaiy

tbtikg;gjpy; FwpaPLfs; Kf;fpag; gq;F tfpf;fpwJ. jkpo; rpdpkhtpy;

rpk;gyprj;jpd; jhf;fk; gw;wpa Ma;Tf;fhd mwpKfk; ,q;Nf:

1.2.2. jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPl;bd; tiuaiw

jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPL vd;gJ xU kiwnghUshd fUj;ij> ntspg;gilahd

xU rk;gtj;jpd; kPNjh fhl;rpapy; ,lk;ngWk; fjhghj;jpuq;fs;/nghUl;fs; kPNjh

Rkj;jpf; fhl;LtJ. rpdpkhtpy; FwpaPl;ilg; nghWj;jtiuapy; Nkw;gug;gpd;

fijf;F mg;ghy; Mokhd my;yJ kiwthd mu;j;jq;fis ntspg;gLj;j

FwpaPLfs;> cUtfq;fs; kw;Wk; cUtfq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ.
,e;j FwpaPLfs; fhl;rp> nrtpg;Gyd; my;yJ fUg;nghUs; $Wfshf ,Uf;fyhk;>
mit glj;jpw;F tpsf;f mLf;Ffisr; Nru;f;Fk;.

1.2.3. jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; FwpaPl;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. fyhr;rhu nrOik :- jkpo; rpdpkh mjd; fyhr;rhu Mok; kw;Wk;

ghuk;gupaj;jpw;fhf mwpag;gLfpwJ. rpk;ghyprk; jpiug;gl jahupg;ghsu;fs;

ghuk;gupa kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu $Wfis jq;fs; fijfspy; jilapd;wp

,izf;f gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;.

2. fij rpf;fy; :- FwpaPLfs; fijNahl;lj;jpy; rpf;fiyr; Nru;f;fpd;wJ>

,J ghu;itahsu;fis <u;fF
; k;. mit ngUk;ghYk; ghu;itahsu;fis

tpku;rd uPjpahf rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk; kw;Wk; glj;jpd; NkNyhl;lkhd

fijf;fsj;jpw;F mg;ghy; gFg;gha;T nra;a ghu;itahsu;fis J}z;Lk;.

3. ghj;jpu tsu;rr
; p :- ntspg;gilahd ciuahly; Njitapy;yhky; xU

fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; cs; vz;zq;fs;> czu;r;rpfs; my;yJ ce;Jjy;fs;

gw;wpa Ez;zwpTfis ntspg;gLj;j FwpaPLfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;.

,jd; %yk; ghu;itahsu;fisAk; jpiug;glj;Jld; Nru;e;J gazpf;f

itf;f KbAk;. ,J jpiug;glj;Jf;F xU ntw;wpia MFk;.

4. mofpay; KiwaPL :- rpk;ghyprk; rpdpkhtpd; fhl;rp kw;Wk; nrtpj;jpwd;

mk;rq;fis Nkk;gLj;JfpwJ> jkpo; jpiug;glq;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j fiyj;

juj;jpw;F gq;fspf;fpwJ.

1.2.4. jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; rpk;ghyprj;jpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfs;

1. kj kw;Wk; Guhz rpd;dq;fs; :- gy jkpo; jpiug;glq;fs; ,e;J

njhd;ktpay; kw;Wk; kjj;jpd; FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; ikaf;fUj;Jfis

cs;slf;fp cs;sd. cjhuzkhf> Fwpg;gpl;l nja;tq;fs; my;yJ

rlq;Ffspd; gad;ghL Md;kPfk;> xOf;fk; my;yJ tpjpapd;

fUg;nghUisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
 2. ,aw;if kw;Wk; $Wfs;:- jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; ,aw;if cyfk; ngUk;ghYk;

xU milahskhf nray;gLfpwJ. neUg;G> ePu; kw;Wk; fhw;W Nghd;w

$Wfs; khw;wk;> Rj;jpfupg;G my;yJ Nkhjy; Nghd;w tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW

mk;rq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.

3. epwq;fs;:- rpdpkhtpy; epwq;fs; xU rf;jptha;e;j FwpaPL. ntt;NtW

tz;zq;fs; czu;r;rpfs;> kdepiyfs; my;yJ Fzeyd;fisf;

Fwpf;fyhk;. cjhuzkhf> rptg;G epwj;jpd; gad;ghL fhjy; my;yJ

Mu;tj;ij Fwpf;fyhk;> mNj Neuj;jpy; ePyk; kdr;Nrhu;T my;yJ

mikjpiaf; Fwpf;Fk;.

4. nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; Kl;Lfs; :- md;whl nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; Kl;Lfs;

FwpaPl;L Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij nfhz;L nry;y KbAk;. xU njhlu;r;rpahd

cUg;gb my;yJ nghUs; xU fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; epidTfs;> Mirfs;

my;yJ jdpg;gl;l gazj;ij Fwpf;Fk;.

5. ,ir kw;Wk; xyp :- jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; xypg;gjpT kw;Wk; xyp tpisTfs;

$l FwpaPl;Lj;jd;ikapy; epiwe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,ir> fUtpfs; my;yJ

Rw;Wg;Gw xypfspd; Nju;T czu;r;rpfisj; J}z;lyhk; my;yJ

epfo;Tfis Kd;dwptpf;fyhk;.

1.3. jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; FwpaPl;baiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

ntspte;j Kjy; jpiug;glk;

1985 Mk; Mz;L ntspahd "rpjk;guk;" vd;w jpiug;glk;> FwpaPl;Lg; gad;ghl;by;

mbf;fb Fwpg;gplg;gLk; Kjy; jkpo;j; jpiug;glk; MFk;. ,e;jpa ,iz rpdpkh

,af;fj;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w jpiug;glj; jahupg;ghsuhd [p. mutpe;jd; ,af;fpa ,e;jj;

jpiug;glk;> jkpopy; FwpaPl;L Kiw vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ vd;gjw;F xU

rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L.

“rpjk;guk;" mjd; El;gkhd kw;Wk; RUf;fkhd fijnrhy;yYf;F ngau; ngw;wJ>

,J mjd; fUg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; czu;r;rpfis ntspg;gLj;j FwpaPl;il

ngupJk; ek;gpAs;sJ. jpiug;glk; xU ghuk;gupa eld Mrpupaupd; tho;f;if
kw;Wk; mtuJ khztu;fSldhd mtuJ cwT> Fwpg;ghf ghu;itaw;w xU

rpWtdpd; tho;f;ifia Muha;fpwJ. jpiug;glj;jpd; eldk;> ,ir kw;Wk; fhl;rp

cUtfq;fspd; gad;ghL fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; cs; czu;TfisAk; mtu;fspd;

tho;f;ifapd; Md;kPf mk;rq;fisAk; ntspg;gLj;j xU FwpaPl;L nkhopahf

nray;gLfpwJ.

“rpjk;guk;" jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; FwpaPil Kf;fpakhfg; gad;gLj;jpa Muk;gfhyj;

jpiug;glq;fspy; xd;whf ,Ue;jhYk;> FwpaPlypd; $Wfs; jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; ePz;l

fhykhf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wd vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ> gy;NtW jpiug;gl

jahupg;ghsu;fs; jq;fs; gilg;Gfspy; FwpaPl;L $Wfis Mokhd

mu;j;jq;fisAk; czu;rr
; pfisAk; ntspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;fs;.

1.4. ,af;Fdu; gh.uQ;rpj;.

'mupJ mupJ khdpluha;g; gpwj;jy; mupJ” vd;fpwhs; jkpo;g;ghl;b xsit. me;j

mupjhd gilg;gha; cUthd kdpjDf;Nf cupa rpwg;Gf; Fzq;fSs; xd;W>

“cau;T jho;T fw;gpg;gJ'.

kjk;> mjpfhuk;> nra;njhopy;> rhjp> nghUshjhuk;> r%f me;j];J vd ntt;NtW

tbtq;fs; %yk; ,f;Fzk; jdJ ,Ug;igj; njhlu;e;J jf;fitj;J tUfpwJ.

,jpy;> ,e;jpa epyg;gug;gpw;Fs; thOk; kf;fSf;F mjpfk; gupl;rag;gl;lJ rhjp

vDk; tbtNk. ,e;jpa r%fj;jpDs; Mz;lhz;L fhykhf Nt&d;wp ,Uf;Fk;

rhjp vDk; tbtj;jpw;F vjpuhf> nghJj;jsj;jpy; fskhba kw;Wk;

fskhLgtu;fspd; gl;bay; ePz;L nfhz;NlapUf;fpwJ. rhjp vDk; mePjp %yk;

xLf;FjYf;F cs;shd kf;fspd; Fuy; fle;j fhyq;fis tpl> rkfhyj;jpy;

rw;W Xq;fpNa xypj;J tUfpwJ. jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; fhyk; fhykhf rhjpf;F

vjpuhd fUj;Jfs;> fijfisf; nfhz;l glq;fs; ntspte;jpUe;jhYk; ve;j

tifapYk; ePu;j;Jg; Nghfhj ep[j;jpw;F neUf;fkhd murpaiy rpdpkhg;gLj;jp

jd;Dila jpiug;glq;fs; %yk; gy Gjpa tpthjq;fis Vw;gLj;jpatu;
,af;Fdu; gh.uQ;rpj;.

2012-Mk; Mz;L ntspahd 'ml;lf;fj;jp” glj;jpd; %yk; jkpo; rpdpkhtpw;F

mwpKfkhd gh.uQ;rpj;> mg;glj;jpd; ntw;wpiaj; njhlu;e;J ebfu; fhu;j;jpia

itj;J tlnrd;idiaf; fijf;fskhf;fp ,af;fpa 'nkl;uh];' jpiug;glk;>

khngUk; ntw;wp ngw;wJ. mjidj; njhlu;e;J jkpo;j; jpiuAyfpd;

cr;rel;rj;jpukhd ebfu; u[pdpfhe;j;ij itj;J 'fghyp'> 'fhyh' glq;fis

,af;Fk; tha;g;G mtUf;Ff; fpilj;jJ. ,t;tpU glq;fSk; Ngrpa murpay;>

jkpo; rpdpkhtpw;Fg; Gjpajpy;iy vd;whYk;> mjpy; ,Ue;j fhuk; jkpo;

rpdpkhtpw;Fg; GjpjhdNj. xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; typia> mNj r%fg;

gpd;Gyj;jpy; ,Ue;J te;j xUtu; NgrpaJ ngupa tpthjj;ijAk;> mj;jifa

tpthjq;fSf;Fg; Gjpa fsj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jJ..

jpiug;glq;fs; kl;Lky;yhJ r%f jsq;fspYk; khw;wj;jpw;fhd gy;NtW

Kd;ndLg;Gfspy; ftdk; nrYj;jp tUfpwhu; gh.uQ;rpj;. mtu; Kaw;rpapy;

cUthd '$if jpiug;gl ,af;fk;'> 'jp Nf];l;ny]; fnyf;bt;”> 'ePyk; jahupg;G

epWtdk;”> 'ePyk; gjpg;gfk;”> 'ePyk; khj ,jo;”> 'ePyk; gz;ghl;L ikak;” Mfpad

r%f khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j fiy vDk; tbtj;ijr; rupahfg; gad;gLj;jp> mjpy;

ntw;wpAk; fz;LtUfpwJ. 'jp Nf];l;ny]; fnyf;bt;” ,irf;FOtpy; ,lk;

ngw;wpUe;j ,irthzp vd;w ngz;> cyfpd; rpwe;j 100 ngz;fs; gl;baypy;

gp.gp.rp-ahy; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;lij> ,jw;fhd rhd;whfr; nrhy;yyhk;. ,jidj;

jtpu;j;J> ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[; cl;gl jd;NdhL gazpj;J tUk; gyuJ

ntw;wpapYk; Kf;fpag; gq;fhw;wp tUfpwhu;.

gh.uQ;rpj; vOg;Gk; Fuy; rw;W fhj;jpukhf cs;sJ vd;w tpku;rdq;fs; vohkYk;

,y;iy. ghjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fspd; Fuy; rw;W fhj;jpukhf ,Ug;gJjhd; cyf ,ay;G.

jdJ tUiff;Fg; gpd;du;> jkpo; rpdpkhtpd; ghu;itia> jpiug;glq;fspd;

tUifia khw;wp mikj;J tUfpwhu;.
uh[uh[Nrhod; ru;r;ir> ,af;Fdu; mkPUld; Nkilapy; fUj;J Nkhjy; cl;gl

gy ru;r;irfspd; gpbapy; gh.uQ;rpj; rpf;fhky; ,y;iy. xj;j fUj;jpaiy Vw;W

Kw;Nghf;Fj; jsq;fspy; nray;gLgtu;fNs rpy Neuq;fspy; uQ;rpj;Jld;

Kuz;gLtJk; cz;L. uQ;rpj; NgRfpw xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; typia> murpaiy

Ngrp rkPgj;jpy; khngUk; ntw;wp ngw;w glk; 'mRud;”. 'mRud;” glj;ijf;

ifjl;b nfhz;lhba gyUk;> mNj murpay; NgRfpw uQ;rpj; glq;fSld;

Kuz;gLfpd;wdu;. NkYk;> jpuhtplf; fl;rpfSlDk; gpw fl;rpfSlDk; jypj;jpa

,af;fq;fs; ,ize;J Nju;jy; murpaypy; ,aq;FtJ Fwpj;J mtu; NgrpaJk;>

xj;j rpj;jhe;jj;jpy; ,aq;fp tUgtu;fs; kj;jpapNyNa ryryg;ig cz;lhf;fpaJ.

,jw;fhd> fhuzk; gy E}W Mz;LfSf;F Ke;ija nghJr;r%fj;jpd;

vz;zNthl;lj;jpw;Fk; rkfhyj;jpa nghJr;r%fj;jpd; fUjj;jf;f

kdkhw;wj;jpw;Fk; kj;jpapy; epfo;e;Js;s Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mq;fPfupf;f Ntz;ba

Njitapy; ,Uf;fpwJ vd;W nrhy;yyhk;.

jdJ nray;ghLfs; %yk; ,af;Fdu; uQ;rpj;> xU ,af;fkhf ,Uf;fpwhu;. jd;

Kd;ndLg;Gfs; %yk; jkpo; rpdpkh kw;Wk; fiy jsj;jpy; mtu; nra;jpUg;gJ

ngupJ. mk;Ngj;fupd; fUj;jpaiy KOikahf cs;thq;fp xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd;

Fuyhf xypf;Fk; ,af;Fdu; gh.uQ;rpj;jpd; Fuy; njhlu;e;J xypj;Jf;

nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ.

,af;Feu; gh.uQ;rpj;> r%fg; nghUj;jk; kw;Wk; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Lk;

glq;fSf;Fg; ngau; ngw;wtu;> jdJ nra;jpfis ntspg;gLj;jTk; Kf;fpakhd

fUg;nghUs;fis Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jTk; FwpaPl;L Kiwia mbf;fb

gad;gLj;Jfpwhu;. mtuJ rpy Fwpg;gplj;jf;f glq;fspy; FwpaPl;L Kiwapd;

gad;ghL gw;wpa gFg;gha;T ,q;Nf:

1. “nkl;uh];" (2014)

Rtu; Xtpaq;fs; :- glk; KOtJk;> Rtu; Xtpaq;fs; kw;Wk; fpuh/gpl;bfs;

murpay; rpj;jhe;jq;fs; kw;Wk; r%f gpur;rpidfspd; FwpaPLfshf

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. fjhghj;jpuq;fs; thOk; r%f-murpay; R+oiy
typAWj;jp> fijapd; gpd;dzpahf mit nray;gLfpd;wd.

2. “fghyp" (2016)

neUg;G lh (neUg;G) :- “neUg;G lh" (“ehd; neUg;G" vd;W nghUs;) vd;w

nrhw;nwhliuj; jpUk;gj; jpUk;gg; gad;gLj;JtJ> fjhehafd; mlf;fkhd

njhopyhspapypUe;J mr;rkw;w kw;Wk; nry;thf;F kpf;f jiytdhf khWtijf;

Fwpf;fpwJ.

3. “fhyh" (2018)

fUg;G epwk; glk; KOtJk; xU Kf;fpa milahskhf cs;sJ> ,J

xLf;fg;gl;l kf;fspd; typikiaAk; xw;WikiaAk; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J ghJfhg;G

kw;Wk; ePjpAld; njhlu;Gila nja;tkhd fUg;G rhkpf;F xU jiyairg;ghFk;.

4. “gupNaWk; ngUkhs;" (2018> jahupg;ghsuhf)

eha; rpd;dk; : fijapy; xU ehapd; ,Ug;G xJf;fg;gl;l r%fk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;

ghFghL kw;Wk; xLf;FKiwapd; milahskhf nray;gLfpwJ. ,J r%fj;jpy;

rpy jdpegu;fspd; kdpjNeakw;w jd;ikia gpujpgypf;fpwJ.

5. “ru;gl;l guk;giu" (2021)

Fj;Jr;rz;il ifAiwfs; : ,e;j glj;jpy;> Fj;Jr;rz;il ifAiwfs; Kd;dzp

fjhghj;jpuk; kw;Wk; mtuJ r%fj;jpd; ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; mgpyhi\fis

milahsg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mtu;fs; Nky;jl;L tu;f;fj;jpdu; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;Jk;

tpisahl;by; mq;fPfhuk; kw;Wk; ntw;wpf;fhd Nghuhl;lj;ij

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

6. “VNy" (2021> jahupg;ghsuhf)

ahid rpd;dk; : ahidapd; njhlu;r;rpahd ,Ug;G rf;jp kw;Wk; ngUikiaf;

Fwpf;fpwJ> Mdhy; ,J r%f vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; kw;Wk; jw;Nghija epiyia rthy;

nra;tjd; tpisTfs; njhlu;ghd Mokhd mu;j;jj;ijAk; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

gh.uQ;rpj;jpd; jpiug;glq;fs; rhjp> tu;f;fk;> xLf;FKiw Nghd;w gpur;ridfis

ntspr;rk; Nghl;L fhl;Ltjw;F milahsj;ij gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd. mtuJ

mZFKiw EZf;fkhdJ> NkYk; mtu; jdJ fijnrhy;yypy;

cl;nghjpf;fg;gl;l fUg;nghUs;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jpfSld; tpku;rd uPjpahf <Lgl

ghu;itahsu;fis Cf;Ftpf;fpwhu;. FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghL fijfSf;F

Moj;ijAk; mLf;FfisAk; Nru;f;fpwJ> mtuJ jpiug;glq;fs; jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;JtjhfTk; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;LtjhfTk; Mf;FfpwJ.

1.5 ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[;

,af;Feu; khup nry;tuh[; jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s> Gspaq;Fsk;

fpuhkj;ij Nru;e;jtu;. tptrha FLk;gj;ijr; Nru;e;j ,tu; fy;Y}up gbg;ig

ghjpapy; tpl;Ltpl;L nrd;idf;F te;J> ,af;Feu; uhkpd; mYtyf cjtpahsuhf

,Ue;J gpd;du; ’fw;wJ jkpo;’ cs;spl;l jpiug;glq;fSf;F cjtp ,af;Feuhf

gzpahw;wpdhu;.

Muk;g fhyq;fspy; uhkpd; mYtyfj;jpy; ,Ue;j khup nry;tuh[;-f;F

Gj;jfq;fisg; gbg;gjw;fhd tha;g;G fpilj;jJ. NkYk; Gj;jfq;fisg;

gbg;gijNa ,af;Feu; uhk; jdf;F Ntiyahf nfhLj;jjhfTk; khup nry;tuh[;

gpd;dhspy; $wpAs;shu;.

Gj;jfq;fisg; gbj;jjd; mDgtk; khup nry;tuh[;-f;F jdJ mDgtq;fis

Gj;jfkhf vOJk; vz;zj;ijAk; nfhLj;Js;sJ. mjd;gb jdJ fpuhkk;

gw;wpAk;> mq;F elf;ff;$ba murpay;> rhjpa mlf;FKiwfs; Fwpj;Jk;

‘jhkpuguzpapy; nfhy;yg;glhjtu;fs;’ vDk; rpWfijj; njhFg;ig vOjpAs;shu;

khup nry;tuh[;.

“nrd;idapy; ahUk; vq;Fk; nry;yyhk;. ahUk; ahUf;fhfTk; gag;gl

Ntz;bajpy;iy. $tk; mOf;fha; kykha; ehw;wj;NjhL XbdhYk;

jhkpuguzpiaf; fhl;bYk; GdpjkhdJ vd;W VNdh Njhd;WfpwJ… ”

– ,af;Feu; uhk;

jhkpuguzpapy; nfhy;yg;glhjtu;fs;’ Gj;jfj;jpd; tho;j;Jiuapy; ,af;Feu; uhk;

vOjpapUf;Fk; tupfs; ,J. fpuhkj;ij ey;ygbNa tu;zpj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> mjid

gbj;jtu;fSf;Fk; ,g;Ngw;gl;l tupfs; Vkhw;wj;ijNa mspf;Fk;. Mdhy; mj;jid

typkpFe;j mDgtq;fis 21 rpWfijfshf nfhz;lNj ‘jhkpuguzpapy;

nfhy;yg;glhjtu;fs;’ vDk; rpWfijj; njhFg;G.

,e;j Gj;jfj;jpw;F gpwF Mde;j tpfldpy; ‘kwf;fNt epidf;fpNwd;’ vDk;

jiyg;gpy; jhd; njhluhf vOjp te;jij Gj;jfkhf njhFj;J ntspapl;lhu; khup

nry;tuh[;. ‘jhkpuguzpapy; nfhy;yg;glhjtu;fs;’ Gj;jfj;ijg; Nghd;Nw ,jpYk;

gy;NtW frg;ghd rk;tq;fisAk;> jd;Dila tho;f;if mDgtq;fisAk;

njhlu;r;rpahf vOjpAs;shu;. gupNaWk; ngUkhs; glj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w

fjhghj;jpuq;fs;> gy;NtW fhl;rpfs; ,e;jg; Gj;jfj;jpy; mtuJ mDgtg;

gjpTfshf ,lk;ngw;witNa. Gj;jfk; KOf;f mt;tsT kdpju;fs;> mt;tsT

rk;gtq;fs; vd vjhu;j;jq;fisAk; ek; ghy;aq;fisAk; epid$Wfpwhu; khup

nry;tuh[;.

vq;fpUe;J Kisf;FNkh ,j;jid ,d;dy;fs;> ,d;gq;fNshL fye;Jiuf;Fk;

mDgtq;fs;? epidtiyfis jd; kdf;fiuNahL kl;Lk; epWj;jpf;nfhs;shky;>

ftpijahf> fl;Liuahf> fijahf ehk; ahtUk; fye;Jiuahl ek; Kd;

xg;gilj;J> mtu; kwf;fNt epidf;fpwhu;> ehk; mq;fpUe;J njhlu;fpNwhk;. ( ,e;j
r%fk; ek;kPJ epfo;j;jpl;l mDgtq;fis epidTf;$u;e;J )

kwf;fNt epidf;fpNwd; Gj;jfk; vdJ mDgtj;jpy; kwf;f Kbahj gf;fq;fs;.

,yf;fpa nkhopfs; VJkpy;yhky; vy;NyhUf;Fk; GupAk; tifapy; vspa nkhopapy;

,Ue;jNj khup nry;tuh[pd; 2 Gj;jfKk; mjpf thrfu;fis nrd;wiltjw;fhd

fhuzkhf ,Ue;Js;sJ. mNjhL thru;fs; kj;jpapy; kpfg;ngupa jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;jp> tpthj;jpw;Fk; cl;gLj;jpaJ.

cjtp ,af;Feuhf gzpGupe;j mDgtk;> vOj;jhsdhf fpilj;j ntw;wp>

mtUf;F jpiug;glj;ij ,af;Fk; tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;jp nfhLj;jJ. fpl;lj;jl;l

mNj fhyfl;lj;jpy; tpspk;Gepiy kf;fs; Fwpj;j glq;fis ntw;wp glkhf;fp

nfhz;bUe;j ,af;Feu; gh.uQ;rpj; ePyk; Gnuhlf;\d; vDk; jahupg;G epWtdj;ij

njhlq;fpUe;jhu;. mjd; %yk; glk; ,af;Fk; tha;g;ig ngw;whu; khup nry;tuh[;.

jdJ Kjy; glj;jpNyNa ntw;wp ngw;w vj;jidNah ,af;Feu;fSf;F kj;jpapy;

khup nry;tuh[;-f;F vg;NghJk; xU jdpj;j ,lk; cz;L. Vnddpy; 2018y;

ntspahd “gupNaWk; ngUkhs; BABL” jpiug;glk; jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; mg;gbnahU

jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jp kpfg; ngupa ntw;wpg;glkhfTk; mike;jJ. GJKf

,af;Feu;> Gjpa jahupg;G epWtdk;> vd ve;j jilAk; ,e;j glj;jpd; ntw;wpia

jLf;f Kbatpy;iy.

1.5. Muha;r;rp kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T

jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; FwpaPl;Lthjj;jpd; jhf;fj;ij Ma;T nra;a> Muha;r;rpahsu;fs;

Fwpg;gpl;l jpiug;glq;fis Ma;T nra;J> kPzL

; k; tUk; FwpaPLfis milahsk;

fz;L> fijf;Fs; mtw;wpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij Ma;T nra;fpd;wdu;. fyhr;rhu>

tuyhw;W kw;Wk; r%f R+oy;fs; jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; FwpaPl;L Kiwia vt;thW

gad;gLj;Jfpd;wd vd;gijAk; mtu;fs; Muha;fpd;wdu;.
 Kbtpy;> jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; FwpaPl;Lthjk; gw;wpa Ma;T vd;gJ fijnrhy;yy;

kw;Wk; fiy ntspg;ghl;bd; EZf;fq;fis Muha;tjw;fhd xU trPfukhd

Kaw;rpahFk;. jkpo; rpdpkhit xU nrOikahd kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j rpdpkh ghuk;gupakhf Mf;Ftjd; %yk;> Mokhd

mu;j;jq;fisj; njhlu;Gnfhs;tjw;fhf jpiug;glj; jahupg;ghsu;fs; FwpaPLfisg;

gad;gLj;Jk; jdpj;Jtkhd topfis ,J vLj;Jf;fhl;LfpwJ.

me;jtifapy;; ,af;Fdu;fs; jq;fSila fUj;Jf;fis Neubahf Fwpg;gplhky;

kiwKfkhf Fwpg;gpLtjw;F gy;NtWgl;l cj;jpfis ifahSthu;fs;. mjpy;

Kf;fpakhd cj;jpahf FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp jd;Dila fUj;ij>

epiyg;ghl;il Kd; epWj;Jthu;fs;.

jkpo;j; jpiug;glkhd gupNaWk; ngUkhs;> fu;zd; Mjpf;f kw;Wk; Mjpf;f rhjp

kf;fshy; ed;F Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l kw;Wk; ghuhl;lg;gl;l jpiug;glq;fspy;

xd;whFk;. rhjpapd; ngauhy; ghFghL fhl;lg;gLtij ahiuAk; Gz;gLj;jhky;

vLj;Jiuj;j gupNaWk; ngUkhs; > fu;zd; jpiug;glj;jpd; ,af;Feupd; mghug;

gilg;Gfis jkpo;j; jpiuAyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd jpiug;gl ,af;Feu;fs; rhjp> kj

Ngjkpd;wp xd;W jpuz;L ghuhl;bdu;. jkpo;r; r%fj;jpd; md;whl tho;tpy;

elf;Fk; rhjpag; ghFghl;bd; FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; cUtfq;fis ajhu;j;jkhf

jpiug;glj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpapUg;gJjhd; ,af;Feu; ,e;jr; nra;jpia

ghu;itahsu;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhff; flj;Jtjw;F xU fhuzk;. ,e;j

Ma;thdJ> ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; gupNaWk; ngUkhs;> fu;zd;

jpiug;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; cUtfq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpy;

mtw;wpd; jhf;fk; Mfpatw;wpd; nghUs; kw;Wk; jhf;fq;fs; gw;wpa tpku;rd

gFg;gha;T nra;a tpUk;GfpNwd;.
mj;jpahak;

02
,yf;fpa kPs; Ma;T :-

Muha;r;rpj; Jiwapy; gpujhd mq;fkhf tpsq;FtJ ,yf;fpa kPsha;T.

Muha;r;rpf;nfd xJf;fgl;Ls;s fhyg;gFjpapy; $Ljyhd Neuj;ij Ma;thsu;fs;

,yf;fpa kPsha;tpy; nryTnra;fpd;wdu;. me;j Neuj;ij kPjg;gLj;jp nraw;jpwd;

kpf;fjhf khw;wpaikg;gjpy; jfty;tsj; juTj;jsq;fs; ghupa gq;fpid

toq;Ffpd;wd. ,yf;fpa kPsha;tpw;fhf Mtzq;fisj; NjLjy; kpfg;ngupa

Neutpuaj;ij Ma;thsUf;F Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. vdpDk; juTj;jsq;fspd; tUif

,jw;fhd jPu;tpid Xustpw;F toq;Ffpd;wJ. ,e;jj; juTj;jsq;fs;

Mtzq;fspd; ,Ug;gplkhf tpsq;Ffpd;w mNjNtis Fwpj;j Mtzj;ij Nehf;fp

topg;gLj;Jfpd;w rhjdkhfTk; jdJ Nritiar; nra;fpwJ.

Ma;thsupd; gpujhd mq;fNk ,yf;fpa kPsha;Tjhd;. Ma;T vDk; ghijapy;

gazpf;fj; njhlq;Fk; Ma;thsUf;F ,yf;fpa kPsha;T rpwe;jNjhu; topfhl;bahf

Ma;thsupd; gazg; ghijapid rPu;g;gLj;jpf; nfhLf;fpd;wJ. ,yf;fpa kPsha;tpd;

kPJ Ma;thsu; nrYj;Jfpd;w Mu;tk; Ma;tpd; Nghf;fpidj; jPu;khdpf;fpd;wJ.

jfty; Afj;jpy; tho;e;J nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehk; fha;jy; ctj;jy; mfw;wp

vijAk; Vd;? vjw;F? vg;gb? vDk; tpdhf;fis vOg;gp tpilfhz Ntz;Lk;.

,e;j tpilfis fz;lwptjw;F topiaf; fhl;LtJ ,yf;fpa kPsha;thFk;.

xUKiw NjLjypy; fpilf;Fk; tpil kWKiw NjLk;NghJ fpilg;gjpy;iy.

xt;nthUtUk; cupa fz;Nzhl;lj;jpy; NjLk;NghJ xt;nthU tpjj;jpy; tpil

fpilf;Fk;. rupahd Nghf;fpidj; jPu;khdpf;Fk; ty;yik ,yf;fpa kPsha;tpd;NghJ

fpilf;Fk;. Ma;tpd; Nehf;fpid rupahd ghijapy; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F ,yf;fpa

kPsha;tpy; Ma;thsu; jd;dpiwT ngw;wpUj;jy; mtrpak;. ,yf;fpa kPsha;tpid

Nkw;nfhs;shky; jhq;fs; epidj;j tplaj;jpypUe;Nj Ma;Tfisj;

njhlq;Fgtu;fSk; csu;. ,J jg;ghd Kd;Djhuzkhf Ma;tpaypy;

Nehf;fg;gLk;. NkYk; fUj;jpayhsu;fs; kj;jpapy; Kuz;ghl;L epiyfis

Njhw;Wtpg;gjw;fhd R+o;epiyfis cUthf;Fk;. ,yf;fpa kPsha;T ,y;yhJ

Ma;tpidj; njhlq;Ffpd;w Ma;thsu; fpzw;Wj; jtisaha; ,Ue;Jnfhz;L

Ma;tpid Kd;ndLg;gtuhf ghu;f;fg;gLfpwhu;. Vnddpy; Ma;tpid Kbj;J jdJ

fUj;jpay;fis Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ ntspAyfpypUe;J tUfpd;w rthy;fs; kw;Wk;

Nfs;tpfis rkhspf;f Kbahj Ju;ghf;fpa epiyf;Fj; js;sg;gLthu;. vdNt>

Ma;thsu; xUtu; Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid xd;wpid Kd;itj;J Ma;tpidj;

njhlq;Fk;NghJ ,yf;fpa kPsha;Nt mtuJ KjyhtJ nraw;ghlhf ,Uj;jy;

Ntz;Lk;. mjw;fhd fhuzq;fshf gytw;iwf; $wyhk;.

1. xU Ma;tpidj; njhlq;Ffpd;wNghJ Fwpj;j Ma;T NtW ahuhYk; ,jw;F

Kd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sjh? vd;gij mwpjy; Ma;thsupd;

xOf;ftpay;rhu; flikAk; Ma;tpd; Kjw;gbAkhFk;. ,jd; %yk; Fwpj;j

Ma;thsu; jhd; Nkw;nfhs;s ,Uf;Fk; Ma;T Kd;du; ahuhYk;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gltpy;iy vd;gij cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;L jdJ

Ma;Tf;fhd fUg;nghUis ,Wjpg;gLj;Jfpd;whu;. NkYk; Fwpj;j Ma;T

KbTfs; rhu;ghf cupikNfhUk; jFjpiaAk; ngWfpd;whu;.

2. Ma;thsu; jhd; nrhy;y tpisAk; fUj;jpay;fs; kw;Wk; Ma;T

KbTfis jdJ Ma;tpy; Kd;itf;Fk;NghJ nghUj;jkhd rhd;Wfs;

%yk; mit epahag;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpj;j fUj;jpay; gw;wp

rhu;ghfTk; vjpuhfTk; NtW Ma;thsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Ma;T

KbTfis jdJ Ma;tpd; fUj;jpay;fis tYg;ngwr; nra;tjw;Fg;

gad;gLj;Jjy; Ma;tpaypy; mq;ff

P upf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jpy; Nkw;Nfhs;fs;

gpujhd ,lj;jpidg; ngWfpd;wd. nghUj;jkhd Nkw;Nfhs;fis

njupTnra;tjw;F Mokhd ,yf;fpa kPsha;T mtrpak;.

3. Ma;thsu;fs; jq;fsJ Ma;Tfis tYg;gLj;Jtjw;Fk>;

epahag;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; NtW Ma;thsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Ma;T

KbTfis jOtp jq;fs; Ma;tpy; gpuNahfg;gLj;Jjy; Ma;tpay; Jiwapy;

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l tplak;. ,t;thwhd jOty;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F

,yf;fpa kPsha;Nt mbg;gil. vdpDk; jSty;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sk;NghJ

Ma;tpay;rhu; xOf;fnewpfs; gpd;gw;wg;gLtij Ma;thsu;

cWjpg;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
 4. Fwpj;j ehl;by; Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; Ma;thsu; jhd; Kd;ndLj;Js;s

Ma;Tg; gpur;rpidNahL njhlu;ghf NtW ehLfspy; Ma;Tfs;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sdth vd;gij mwptjw;F ,yf;fpa kPsha;T

cjTfpd;wJ.

5. Vw;fdNt ntspte;j Ma;Tfspy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l nfhs;iffis

kWjypj;jy; kw;Wk; ngha;gpj;jy;fSf;F ,yf;fpa kPsha;Nt Ma;thsUf;F

gpujhdkhf mikfpd;wJ.

6. Kw;Wg;ngwhj kw;Wk; njhlug;glNtz;ba Ma;Tg; gFjpapidj;

Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F ,yf;fpa kPsha;T ifnfhLf;fpwJ.

7. xt;nthU Ma;thsUk; Gjpjhf vijahtJ fz;Lgpbf;fNtz;Lk;

vd;gjy;y.Vw;fdNt eilKiwapy; ,Ue;Jnfhz;bUf;Fk; Nfhl;ghLfis>

cz;ikfis rkfhyg; Nghf;FfSf;F mikthf ,izj;J mt;tpjpia

khw;wp mikf;fyhk;.Mdhy; gpwUila Ma;T KbitNah my;yJ

fUj;ijNah jdjhf;fpf; nfhs;sf;$lhJ vd;gJ Ma;tpay; epajp. khw;Wf;

fUj;Jf;fis jf;f Mjhuq;fSld; xUtu; tpsf;fyhk;. ,tw;Wf;nfy;yhk;

,yf;fpa kPsha;Nt rpwe;j nghwpKiwia nfhLf;f ty;yJ.

me;j tifapy; Ma;thsupdhy; Fwpj;j Ma;Tf;fhf fPo;fhZk; ,yf;fpa

kPsha;Tfs; Ma;T nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ.
2.1 ,e;jpa r%fj;jpy; jypj;Jfs; ,opTgLj;jg;gLtijg; gpujpgypg;gJ:
gupNaWk; ngUkhs; jkpo;j; jpiug;glk; gw;wpa xU gFg;gha;T

Mz;ldp Riruh[pdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l ,e;jpa r%fj;jpy; jypj;Jfs;

,opTgLj;jg;gLtijg; gpujpgypg;gJ: gupNaWk; ngUkhs; jkpo;j; jpiug;glk; gw;wpa

xU gFg;gha;T vDk; Ma;it Nehf;Fk; NghJk; ;

,e;jpahtpd; njd; khepyq;fspy; xd;whd jkpofj;jpy; kf;fspd; md;whl

tho;tpy; rpdpkh ngUk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. jkpof tuyhw;wpy;> gy;NtW

r%f> murpay; kw;Wk; fyhr;rhu ,af;fq;fs; rpdpkhit mjd; rpj;jhe;jq;fs;

kw;Wk; tpOkpaq;fisg; gug;Gtjw;F xU rf;jptha;e;j Clfkhf gad;gLj;jpd.

jkpo; rpdpkh rhjp ghFghL njhlu;ghd gy;NtW gpur;ridfis Neu;kiwahfTk;

vjpu;kiwahfTk; Kd;itj;Js;sJ. rhjp ngUikia Cf;Ftpj;Jk;> rhjpapd;

ngauhy; ghFghL fhl;lg;gLk; epiyia epiyepWj;jpAk; gy jpiug;glq;fs;

jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. kWGwk;> kdpjhgpkhdkw;w mZFKiwfs; kw;Wk; rhjp

mbg;gilapyhd ghFghl;bd; nray;fis Cf;fg;gLj;Jk; gy jpiug;glq;fSk;

cs;sd. jkpo;j; jpiug;glk; gupNaWk; ngUkhs; (2018> Fjpiuapy; VWk; flTs;)

vd;gJ jkpo;ehl;bd; njd; gFjpapy; tho;fpd;w jypj; r%fk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;

mtkhdq;fisAk; gpur;ridfisAk; rpj;jupf;Fk; rhjp vjpu;g;G jpiug;glkhFk;.

Mjpf;f kw;Wk; Mjpf;f rhjp kf;fshy; ed;F Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l kw;Wk;

ghuhl;lg;gl;l jpiug;glq;fspy; ,JTk; xd;whFk;. ,tUila ,t;tha;tpy;

jpiug;glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; FwpaPLfs; kw;Wk; cUtfq;fspd; nghUs; kw;Wk;

jhf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW rhjpfisr; Nru;e;j kf;fs; kPJ

mjd; jhf;fk; Fwpj;J xU tpku;rd gFg;gha;T nra;Ak; Ma;thf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

,q;F Ma;tpw;F gupNaWk; ngUkhs; jpiug;glk; kl;LNk vLj;Jf;

nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sJ. fu;zd; jpiug;glk; gw;wp Fwpj;j Ma;tpy; vJTk;

$wg;gl;L ,y;iy vdNt Ma;thsupdhy; ,e;j ,ilntspia epug;Gk; tifapy;

vd;Dila Ma;thdJ ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; ,af;fj;jpy; ntspte;j
gupNaWk; ngUkhs; kw;Wk; fu;zd; Mfpa jpiug;glq;fspy; vt;thW FwpaPLfs;

gad;gLj;jp r%fepiy ntspf;nfhz;Ltug;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijAk; fhl;rp topapy;

vt;thW FwpaPLfs; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ vd;gijAk; Ma;T nra;tjhf

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,e;j tifapy; Ma;thsupdhy; ,e;j Ma;T NtWgLfpd;wJ.

2.2. fu;zd;: jypj; milahsj;jpd; typAWj;jy;

gpukpsh Rthkp vd;gtupdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fu;zd;: jypj; milahsj;jpd;

typAWj;jy; vd;w Ma;tpid Nehf;fk; NghJ Fwpj;j Ma;thdJ ,e;jpaj;

jpiug;glq;fs;> Kf;fpakhf ghypTl; (,e;jp rpdpkh) kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpaj;

jpiug;glq;fs; rhjp> tu;ff

; k; kw;Wk; ghypd NtWghLfs; njhlu;ghd

gpur;rpidfisf; ifg;gw;wpAs;sd> NkYk; ,af;Feu;fs/;jahupg;ghsu;fs; xNu

khjpupahd gpujpepjpj;Jtq;fSf;F rthy; tpLk; tifapy; El;gq;fis gupNrhjpf;f

cjtpaJ. ,e;jr; R+oypy; jkpo; rpdpkh jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdupd;

gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpy; ngUk; khw;wj;ij re;jpj;Js;sJ. mikjpahfTk;

nrayw;wtu;fshfTk; ,Ue;J> jpiuapy; tUk; fjhghj;jpuq;fs; ,g;NghJ jq;fs;

r%fj;jpw;fhfg; NgrTk;> jq;fs; milahsj;ij cWjpg;gLj;jTk; vOfpd;wd.

,e;jf; fl;Liu fhl;rpj; jsj;jpy; jypj;Jfspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijAk;> rkfhyj;

jpiug;glj; jahupg;ghsu;fs; vt;thW epWtg;gl;l fijfs;/epahaq;fis rthy;

nra;aTk; kw;Wk; kWf;fTk; Kay;fpwhu;fs; vd;gij Muha;fpwJ. fu;zd; (Vg;uy;

2021) vd;w jiyg;gpyhd rkPgj;jpa jkpo; rpdpkhit fl;Liu NkYk; gFg;gha;T

nra;fpwJ> ,J ghFghL> Gwepiyg;gLj;jy;> tpyf;Fjy; kw;Wk; nksdk;

Mfpatw;iw epiyepWj;Jk; Nkyhjpf;f rpj;jhe;jq;fis rthy; nra;fpwJ.

kfhghuj Guhzf; fjhghj;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpAk;> rpdpkh El;gq;fisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yKk;> glk; kw;wtw;iw mikjpg;gLj;Jtij Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;l Nkyhjpf;f czu;it vjpu;f;fpwJ kw;Wk; jfu;f;fpwJ. ,tw;iw

ntspg;gLj;Jtjhf Fwpj;j Ma;T fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

Nkw;Fwpj;j Ma;thdJ fu;zd; jpiug;glj;jpy; Fwpj;j gpur;rpidfis

ntspf;nfhz;L tUtjw;fhf mjpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s Guhz ghj;jpuq;fis
gad;gLj;jpaijAk; rpdpkh El;gq;fis gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; vt;thW Fwpj;j

tplaq;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij gw;wpa Ma;thf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ

Mdhy; Ma;thsupdhy; Fwpj;j gpur;rpidfis FwpaPLfis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L vt;thW fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij Muha;tjhf cs;sJ me;j

tifapy; Fwpj;j Ma;tpypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wJ.

2.3. jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; jypj; rhjpapd; rpj;jupg;G kPjhd jhf;fk; Ma;T:

xU cs;slf;f gFg;gha;T

Mu; GfNye;jpAila Ma;thd jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; jypj; rhjpapd; rpj;jupg;G kPjhd

jhf;fk; Ma;T: xU cs;slf;f gFg;gha;thf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.Fwpj;j Ma;tpy;

,d;iwa ehl;fspy; jpiug;glq;fs; ntF[d kf;fis nrd;wilAk; NghJ> Gupjy;

kw;Wk; czu;jy; Mfpatw;wpy; Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpwJ.,e;jpahtpy; rhjp>

murpay; cwTfspy; jpiug;glk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gq;iff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

jkpo;ehl;bd; rhjp mbg;gilapyhd jpiug;glk; ngUk;ghYk; njd; khtl;lq;fis

ikakhff; nfhz;lJ.,f;fl;Liu> njd;dpe;jpahtpd; jkpo;ehl;il mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;l gpuhe;jpaj; jpiug;glj; njhopy;fspy; xd;whd jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; cs;s

rhjpapd; glj;ij Muha;fpwJ.rhjp mbg;gilapyhd ghFghL vd;gJ jkpo;ehl;bd;

Kf;fpakhd kw;Wk; kpf Mokhd gpur;ridfspy; xd;whFk;> Vnddpy; mJ

xUtupd; tho;f;if Kiw> me;j];J> njhopy; kw;Wk; xUtupd; KO

tho;f;ifiaAk; fl;Lg;gLj;JfpwJ.jtpu> ,J gy;NtW rhjpfisr; Nru;e;j

kf;fspd; fUj;J NtWghL kw;Wk; ghFghl;bd; %ykhFk;.

jkpofj;jpy; rhjpaj;ij jhf;Fk; tifapy; jkpo; rpdpkh gy jpiug;glq;fis

cUthf;fpAs;sJ. jkpo; rpdpkh tuyhw;wpy; cau;e;j kw;Wk; jho;e;j rhjpfs;>

,il-rhjpfs; kw;Wk; jho;j;jg;gl;l tFg;gpdu;fspd; mbthuj;jpy; rhjpia

rpj;jupg;gjpy; vz;zw;w fUj;J CryhLfpwJ. Ma;thsu; rkPgj;jpy; ntspahd

jpiug;glq;fis Nju;T nra;Js;shu;: gupNaWk;ngUkhs;> mRud;> fu;zd;.mtu;

jypj; ghj;jpuq;fisg; gw;wp Mokhf tpthjpj;jhu; kw;Wk; me;j jpiug;glq;fspy;

jypj; rhjpapd; rpj;jupg;G gw;wpa cs;slf;f gFg;gha;T nra;jhu;. jkpo; rpdpkh

tuyhw;wpd; ntt;NtW fhyfl;lq;fspy; ntt;NtW jkpo; glq;fspy; rhjpia

rpj;jupf;Fk; Kd;Djhuz khw;wq;fisAk; jkpo; r%fj;jpy; mjd; jhf;fj;ijAk;

,f;fl;Liu tpsf;FfpwJ. rhjp vd;gJ xU goikahd> gpwg;gpd; mbg;gilapy;

kf;fisf; Fwpitj;J> mj;jifa fLikahd gbepiyapy; mtu;fisf;

Fwpitf;fpwJ. ,e;j epfo;Tfs; midj;J r%f tu;ff

; q;fspd; Md;khf;fspYk;

mikjpahfTk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbahjjhfTk; epWtg;gl;Ls;sd. ,jd;

tpisthf> rhjpapd; epWtdk; rpdpkhtpd; gy;NtW epiyfspy; ePz;l fhykhf>

fz;Zf;Fj; njupahj jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. gy;NtW glq;fspd; gy;NtW

fl;lq;fspy; rhjpapd; jhf;fj;jpd; gy;NtW epfo;Tfis Ma;T nra;a xU tof;F

Ma;T mZFKiwia ,e;j Ma;T gad;gLj;JfpwJ

Nkw;Fwpj;j Ma;thdJ gy;NtW glq;fspy; gy;NtW fl;lq;fspy; rhjpapd;

jhf;fj;jpd; gy;NtW epfo;Tfis Ma;T nra;a $ba xU tof;F Ma;T

mZFKiwia gad;gLj;Jfpd;wJ Mdhy; Ma;thsupdhy; Fwpj;j Ma;thdJ

Fwpj;j epfo;Tfspd; NghJk; vt;thW FwpaPLfis gad;gLj;jp ,af;Fdu;

jd;Dila fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;whu; vd;gij Muha;tjhf cs;sJ ,e;j

tifapy; Nkw;Fwpj;j Ma;tpypUe;J NtWgLfpd;wJ.
mj;jpahak;

03
03. Ma;T Kiwapy;

Ma;T Kiwapy; vd;gJ Ma;thdJ vt;thW mikag; Nghfpd;wJ vd;gij

Fwpf;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ Ma;T Nehf;fk;> Fwpf;Nfhs; vd;gtw;iw mile;J

nfhs;tjw;F Njitahd kw;Wk; nghUj;jkhd rupahd jfty;fisg; ngw;W

mtw;iw gFg;gha;T nra;J ek;gfkhd KbTfis ngWtjw;F xU Ma;thsu;

vt;thW jd;Dila Ma;T Kiwia fl;likf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj Ma;T

Kiwapy; MFk;.

3.1. Ma;T gpur;rpid

Ma;Tg;gpur;rpidia ,dq;fhzYk; mikj;jYk; Ma;tpd; Kf;fpakhd gb

epiyahf ,J fUjg;gLfpwJ. Ma;tpd; topahf ePq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;NghtJ

vd;d vd;gNj ,q;Fs;s gzpahFk;. Ma;Tg;gpur;rpidfis NjLtjw;fhd Kf;fpa

%yq;fshf gpd;tUtd milahsq;fhzg;gLfpd;wd. kf;fs;> tptfhuq;fs;

epfo;r;rpfs;> Nghf;Ffs; Fwpj;j mtjhdpg;Gf;fs; ,q;F ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk;.

 Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;NghJ> ,e;j %yq;fs; jdpj;Njh my;yJ

,ize;Njh Ma;Tg; gpur;rpidahf Kd;itf;fg;glyhk;.

Ma;Tg;gpur;rpidfis tiuaWf;Fk;NghJ gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fSk;

Kf;fpakhditahFk;.

 Ma;tpd; kPjhd Mu;tj;ijj; njhlu;e;Jk; jf;fitj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tz;zk;>

fbdkhd <LghLfis mq;fPfupf;Fk; tz;zk;> fhyr;nrytPdj;ij

epahag;gLj;Jk; tifapy; Ma;Tg;gpur;rpid mikaNtz;Lk;.

 Ma;thsuJ Neuk;> mtUf;Fs;s tsq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; vy;iyf;Fs;

mlq;Fk; tifapy; Ma;Tg;gpur;rpid Nju;thf Ntz;Lk;.

 Ma;tpd; gug;G vg;NghJk; FWf;fg;gl;Lk;> Mokhf;fg;gl;Lk; miktJk;>

Ma;Tg;gpur;rpid Fwpg;ghfTk; njspthfTk; ,Ug;gJk; Kf;fpakhdit.

 Ma;Tg;gpur;rpid mstPL nra;af;$bajhf mikaNtz;Lk;.

  Ma;thsu; Fwpj;j Jiwapy; Mokhd mwpTk; rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rpAk;

nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

 Ma;Tg; gpur;rpid jw;NghJs;s Ma;Tf;fUj;Jf;fSf;F cgup tYitr;

Nru;g;gjhf mika Ntz;Lk;.

 Ma;Tf;Fs; nry;tjw;F Kd;du;> Fwpj;j Ma;Tf;fhd juTfs; / jfty;fs;

jpul;lg;glf;$ba epiy cs;sjh vd;gJ tha;g;Gg; ghu;f;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

 Ma;tpy; mw newp> xOf;ftpay; rhu;e;j gpur;rpidfs; vo tha;g;Gs;sjh

vd;gJ cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl Ntz;Lk;.

Nkw;F $wg;gl;l mbg;gilapNyNa Ma;T gpur;rpid njupT nra;ag;gl Ntz;Lk;.

me;j tifapy;; ,f;fhy fl;lj;ij nghUj;jtiuapy; ntFrid Clfq;fs;

kf;fSila tho;f;ifia fl;Lg;gLj;jf; $bajhfTk;> fl;likf;f $bajhfTk;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpYk; Fwpg;ghf jpiug;glq;fs; ,jpy; Kd;dzpahf

jpfo;fpd;wJ. mjhtJ Fwpj;j xU r%fj;ij> xU epfo;it vt;thW ghu;f;f

Ntz;Lk; vd;gij jPu;khdpf;ff; $ba xU fUtpahf jpiug;glq;fs;

fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. mjhtJ kf;fSila fUj;J epiyapy; nry;thf;F nrYj;jf;

$ba> mtu;fspd; fUj;J epiyia khw;wp mikf;ff;$ba rf;jp

jpiug;glq;fSf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

r%fj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpd;w gy;NtWgl;l jug;gpdu;fSk; jq;fSila fUj;Jf;fs;>

vz;zq;fs;> epiyg;ghLfis kf;fsplk; vj;jp itg;gjw;F mjhtJ nfhz;L

Nru;g;gjw;F jpiug;glq;fis Kf;fpa Clfkhf gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;fs;. me;j

tupirapy; ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[; Kf;fpakhd xUtuhf fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.

,tu; jd;Dila jpiug;glq;fspd; %yk; jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fspd; tho;tpay;>

mtu;fs; r%fj;jpy; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iw ntspf;nfhz;L

tUfpwhu;. ntspf;nfhz;L tUfpwhu; Mdhy; vt;thwhd El;gq;fis gad;gLj;jp

Fwpj;j gpur;rpidfis jpiug;glq;fspy; ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;whu; vd;gNj ,t;tha;T

gpur;ridapd; mbj;jskhf fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[; jd;Dila jpiug;glq;fspy; r%fr; rhu;

gpur;rpidfis ntspf;nfhz;L tUtjw;F FwpaPl;Lfis gad;gLj;jp cs;shu;.

FwpaPLfisg; nghWj;jtiuapy; mjw;F xU mu;j;jk; vd;gJ fpilahJ. mij

Efuf;$batu;fspd; mwpT epiy> r%f R+oy; gpd;dzp vd;gtw;wpw;F Vw;g mjd;

mu;j;jq;fs; NtWgLk;. vdNt ,e;j Ma;thdJ ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd;

jpiug;glq;fshd gupNaWk; ngUkhs; kw;Wk; fu;zd; Mfpatw;wpy;

gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s FwpaPLfs; gw;wpAk; mit kiwKfkhf ntspg;gLj;Jk;

mu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;w gpur;rpidfisg; gFg;gha;T

nra;tjhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

3.2. Ma;T jiyg;G

Ma;T xd;wpid Nkw;nfhs;Sk; NghJ Fwpj;j Ma;Tf;fhd nghUj;jkhd

jiyg;ig njupT nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. Fwpj;j jiyg;ghdJ tplaj;jpd; ngaiu

Fwpg;gij tpl NtW vijAk; Rl;lf;$lhJ.

,jd; mbg;gilapy; jpiug;glq;fs; r%fj;jpy; gy;NtWgl;l jhf;fq;fis

NeubahfTk; kiwKfkhfTk; Vw;gLj;jpa tz;zNk fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jpiug;gl

,af;Fdu;fs; jq;fSila fUj;Jf;fis nfhs;iffis gy;NtW tifahd

cj;jpfis gad;gLj;jp jpiug;glq;fspd; %yk; ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;fs;.

me;j tifapy; ,t;tha;thdJ ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fshd

gupNaWk; ngUkhs; kw;Wk; fu;zd; Mfpatw;wpy; FwpaPLfis gad;gLj;jp vt;thW

jd;Dila epiyg;ghl;il fUj;Jf;fis Kd; itj;Js;shu; Ma;T nra;tjhf

mike;Js;sJ. vdNt ,jid ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjkhf ;

,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfs; : fu;zd;> gupNaWk;

ngUkhs; jpiug;glq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Xu; ghu;it
3.3 Ma;T tpdh?

Ma;Tf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis milAk; tifapy;> Fwpf;Nfhs;fis mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fs;> Ma;T tpdhf;fs; vdg;gLk;. ,it

xt;nthU Ma;Tf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; milAk; tifapy; gpujhd tpdhf;fshfNth>

rpW rpW tpdhf;fshfNth vOjg;gLk;. Ma;T tpdhf;fspYk;> Ma;Tf;fhd

khwpfis (jdpj;j khwp> ,Ukhwpfs;> gykhwpfs; nfhz;ljhf) nghUj;jkhd

Kiwapy; njhlu;GgLj;jp tpdhf;fis cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.

 ,af;Fdu; khwp nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspd; Nghf;Ffs; vt;thW

fhzg;gLfpwJ?

 jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfs; ve;j tifahd jhf;fq;fis Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ?

 ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[; jd;Dila jpiug;glq;fshd fu;zd; gupNaWk;

ngUkhs; Mfpatw;wpy; FwpaPLfis gad;gLj;jp vt;thW r%fg;

gpur;rpidfis ntspf;nfhz;L tUfpwhu;?

 Fwpj;j FwpaPLfis vt;thW mtu; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jfpwhu;?

 FwpaPLfis vt;thW ,af;Fdu; ghu;itahsu;fSf;F Kd; itf;fpwhu;?

 FwpaPLfis Kd; itg;gjw;F vt;thwhd cj;jpfis gad;gLj;Jfpd;whu;?

 ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs;

vit?

 ,e;j FwpaPLfs; vt;thW nghUs;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd?

 ,e;j FwpaPLfs; ,af;Fdupd; jpiug;glq;fspd; fUj;JUthf;fj;ij vt;thW

ghjpf;fpd;wd?

 ,e;j FwpaPLfs; r%ff; fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; murpaYld; vt;thW

njhlu;Gilait?

vd;gNj ,t;tha;tpd; tpdhthFk;.

3.4. Ma;T Nehf;fk;

Ma;T Nehf;fk; vd;gJ Ma;thsd; jhd; Ma;tpd; %yk; milag;NghFk; ,yf;if

Fwpf;Fk;. Fwpj;j ,yf;fhdJ njspthdjhfTk;> Fwpg;ghdjhfTk; mika

Ntz;Lk;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; Nehf;fq;fis ,uz;L tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;

mitahdit;

 nghJNehf;fk;

 rpwg;G Nehf;fk;

,e;j Ma;tpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk;

 ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; ( gupNaWk; ngUkhs;> fu;zd; ) Mfpa

jpiug;glq;fspy; vt;thW FwpaPLfisg; gad;gLj;jp r%fj;jpd; epiyapid

Muha;jy;.

 kw;Wk; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfspd;

tiffisj; jPu;khdpf;fTk;> mtw;wpd; gad;ghl;il Ma;T nra;jy;.

 FwpaPLfs; %yk; ,af;Fdu; jdJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; fUj;JfisAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij Ma;T nra;jy;.

 FwpaPLfs; %yk; ,af;Fdu; jdJ jpiug;glq;fspy; cUthf;f tpUk;Gk;

jhf;fj;ij Ma;T nra;aTk;.

 kw;Wk; Fwpj;j FwpaPLfs; mtUila jpiug;glq;fspy; vt;thW

fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd vd;gij Muha;jy;.

Mfpatw;iw Nehf;fkhf nfhz;Ls;sJ.

3.5. Ma;T fUJNfhs;

Neu;tpaq;fis (Facts) my;yJ Njhw;wg;ghLfis mwptpay; mbg;gilapy;

tpsf;Ftjw;Fupa Kd;Ndw;ghlhf fUJNfhs; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. fUJNfhs;>

Kw;Nfhs; vd;Wk; Fwpg;gplg;gLk;. Xu; cz;ik fl;likg;ig epWTtjw;F my;yJ

epuhfupg;gjw;F cjTk; Xu; Kd;Ndw;wg;ghlhd gbepiyahf fUJNfhs; mikAk;>

fUJNfhs; rupahdjhf ,Uf;Fnkd;W cWjpahf $wKbahJ Ma;tpd;

ek;gpf;iff;Fupa rhd;whjhuq;fisg; ngw;w gpd;dNu fUJNfhs; rupahdjh?

my;yJ jtwhdjh vd;w KbTf;F tuKbAk;"

Ma;it GwtakhfTk;> tpQ;Qhd G+u;tkhfTk; Kd;ndLg;gjw;F fUJNfhs;

Jiz nra;Ak;. Ma;tpNy njspit Vw;gLj;j mJ cjTk;. Ma;it

newpg;gLj;Jk; fUtpahf mJ mikAk; Ma;Tr; rpe;jidia tsg;gLj;jTk;

fUJNfhshf;fk; ifnfhLf;Fk;.

fUJNfhshf;fk; xU jw;fhypf nray;Kiw> mJ xU jw;fhypf vjpu;ghu;g;G

Ma;tpd; topahf fUJNfhs; epWtg;glyhk; my;yJ epuhfupf;fg;glyhk;. Ma;tpd;

topahf jpUgzkhf Ntz;batw;iw fUJNfhs; Gyg;gLj;jp epw;Fk;. Ma;tpNy

guPl;rpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba Vw;ghl;bid fUJNfhs; nfhz;bUf;Fk; Ma;tpd;

nry;newpfs; rpjtp tplhky; ,Ug;gjw;F fUJNfhs; Jiz nra;Ak;>

Ma;thsu;fspd; Gyik gapw;rpia newpg;gLj;jp jpl;ltl;lkhd ,yf;Ffis

Nehf;fp efu;tjw;F fUJNfhs; typikahd fUtp MFk;. Ma;tpw;Fupa

fl;likg;ig vspjhf;fTk; typjhf;fTk; ,J Jiz nra;Ak;> Ma;Tf;Fupa

Cf;fiy toq;Fk; fUJNfhs; Ma;it Mw;Wg;gLj;Jk; jpirfhl;bahf mikAk;>

fUJNfhs; xU fUtpahFNkad;wp KbTg; nghUshfsJ. vjpu;ghu;g;ig

mbg;gilahf nfhz;Lk; mDkhdpj;jiy mg;gilahf nfhz;Lk;

fUJNfhshf;fk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;. tskhd gpd;dzp mwpT

fUJNfhshf;fj;jpw;F Jiz nra;Ak;>

me;j tifapy; gpd; tUk; fUJNfhs;fs; Ma;thsuhy; Kd;itf;fg;gLfpwJ.

khup nry;tuh[;> jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; xU Kf;fpakhd ,af;Fduhf jpfo;fpwhu;.

mtuJ jpiug;glq;fs;> r%f kw;Wk; murpay; gpur;ridfs; Fwpj;j Jy;ypakhd

gilg;Gfs; vd;W Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wd. khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy;>

FwpaPLfs; xU Kf;fpakhd fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
 1. khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfs;> jpiug;glj;jpd; fij>

fUg;nghUs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F

tfpf;fpd;wd.

2. fu;zd; kw;Wk; gupNaWk; ngUkhs; jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

FwpaPLfs;> r%f kw;Wk; murpay; gpur;ridfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;

Kf;fpa gq;F tfpf;fpd;wd.

3. khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs;> jkpo;

fyhr;rhuk; kw;Wk; ghuk;gupaj;jpd; $Wfis gpujpgypf;fpd;wd.

,e;j Ma;T> khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;il Ma;T

nra;Ak; Kaw;rpahFk;. ,e;j Ma;T KbTfs;> jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; FwpaPLfspd;

gad;ghl;ilg; gw;wpa Gjpa Gupjiy toq;Fk; vd;W vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.

3.6. Ma;T Kiwapay;

Ma;T xd;wpid ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLj;J nry;tjw;F Ma;T KiwapayhdJ

mtrpakhFk;. Ma;T gpur;rpid kw;Wk; jd;ikfSf;F mika Ma;T Kiwapy;

NtWgLk;. Ma;T Kiwapaiy mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Nl Fwpj;j Ma;Tf;fhd

juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L mit gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLk;.

,t; Ma;tpy; cs;slf;f Ma;T Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. cs;slf;f Ma;T

vd;gJ Clfj;jpd; nra;jp jfty;> gz;Gfs; vd;W mjd; cs;slf;fq;fis

nfhz;L Ma;T nra;tJ cs;slf;R gFg;gha;thFk;> ehlfk; rpdpkh nra;jp

gj;jpupif> xyp - xsp vJthf ,Ue;jhYk; cs;slf;fj;jpid mbg;gilahff;

nfhz;L Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLtJ cs;slf;f Ma;thFk;.

3.7.Ma;T Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fs; r%f> murpay; gpur;rpidfis

ikakhff; nfhz;lit. ,jpy;> FwpaPLfs; xU Kf;fpa fUtpahfg;

gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; %yk;> ,af;Fdu; jdJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;>

ghu;itfisAk; ghu;itahsu;fSf;F vspikahfTk;> njspthfTk;
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhu;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk;> ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; FwpaPLfspd;
gad;ghl;il Mokhfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

fu;zd; kw;Wk; gupNaWk; ngUkhs; Mfpa ,uz;L jpiug;glq;fSk; r%f>

murpay; gpur;rpidfis ikakhff; nfhz;lit. ,jpy;> FwpaPLfs; xU Kf;fpa

fUtpahfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,Ug;gpDk;> ,e;j ,uz;L jpiug;glq;fspYk;

FwpaPLfs; ntt;NtW tpjkhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. ,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk;>

,uz;L jpiug;glq;fspYk; FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;il xg;gpl;L Ma;T nra;a

KbAk;.

,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk;> jkpo; jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;bd;

gy;NtW mk;rq;fis Ma;T nra;a KbAk;. ,jd; %yk;> jkpo;

jpiug;glj;Jiwapy; FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;ilg; gw;wpa Gjpa Gupjy;fisg; ngw

KbAk;.

,e;j Ma;tpd; KbTfs; jkpo; jpiug;glj;Jiwf;F gpd;tUk; ed;ikfis

toq;Fk;:

 ,af;Fdu;fSf;F FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;ilg; gw;wpa Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis

toq;Fk;. ,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk;> ,af;Fdu;fs; jq;fs; jpiug;glq;fspy;

FwpaPLfis kpfTk; jpwk;gl gad;gLj;j KbAk;.

 ghu;itahsu;fSf;F jkpo; jpiug;glq;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;tjw;F cjTk;.

,e;j Ma;tpd; KbTfs;> ghu;itahsu;fs; jkpo; jpiug;glq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfis vspikahfTk;> njspthfTk; Gupe;Jnfhs;s

cjTk;.

 ,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk;> jkpo; jpiug;glj;Jiw FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;ilg;

gw;wpa Gjpa ghu;itfisg; ngw KbAk;. ,J jkpo; jpiug;glj;Jiwf;F

xU Kf;fpakhd Ma;thff; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; mikaf;$Lk;.
3.8. Ma;T gug;G

r%fk; rhu; gpur;ridfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk;> FwpaPLfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;Lk; gy;NtWgl;l jpiug;glq;fs; md;W njhl;L ,d;W tiu

ntspahfp tUfpwJ. me;j tifapy; vd;Dila Ma;thdJ ,af;Fdu; khup

nry;tuh[pd; ,af;fj;jpy; ntspte;j gupNaWk; ngUkhs; kw;Wk; fu;zd; Mfpa

jpiug;glq;fis Ma;T vy;iyahf nfhz;Ls;sJ.

,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfs; : fu;zd;> gupNaWk;

ngUkhs; jpiug;glq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Xu; ghu;it vd;w Ma;tpd;

gug;ig gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplyhk;:

,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfspd;

tiffs; kw;Wk; mit gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij Ma;T nra;tJ.

FwpaPLfs; %yk; ,af;Fdu; jdJ fUj;Jf;fisAk; fUj;JfisAk;

ntspg;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ij Ma;T nra;tJ.

FwpaPLfs; %yk; ,af;Fdu; jdJ jpiug;glq;fspy; cUthf;f tpUk;Gk;

jhf;fj;ij Ma;T nra;tJ.

,e;j Ma;tpd; gug;ig gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspd; fPo; gpupf;fyhk;:

 FwpaPLfspd; tiffs;

 FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghL

 FwpaPLfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; fUj;Jf;fs;

 FwpaPLfs; %yk; cUthf;fg;gLk; jhf;fk;

,e;j jiyg;Gfspd; fPo;> fu;zd; kw;Wk; gupNaWk; ngUkhs; jpiug;glq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfis Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk;> ,af;Fdu; khup

nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;il tpupthd mstpy; Gupe;J

nfhs;s KbAk;.
,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk;> ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspd; fiyeak;

kw;Wk; cUthf;fk; Fwpj;j Gjpa Gupjy;fisg; ngw KbAk;. NkYk;> jkpo;j;

jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;ilg; gw;wpa Gjpa ghu;itfis cUthf;f

KbAk;.

3.9. Ma;T Kiw

,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfs; : fu;zd;> gupNaWk;

ngUkhs; jpiug;glq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Xu; ghu;it vd;w jiyg;gpy;

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Ma;T gpd;tUk; Kiwfspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;:

 juT Nrfupg;G:- ,jw;fhf> fu;zd; kw;Wk; gupNaWk; ngUkhs; Mfpa

,uz;L jpiug;glq;fSk; KOikahfg; ghu;itaplg;gLk;. jpiug;glq;fspy;

fhl;lg;gLk; fhl;rpfs;> xypfs;> ciuahly;fs; Mfpait FwpaPLfs; vdf;

fUjg;gLk;.

 juT gFg;gha;T :- Nrfupf;fg;gl;l juTfs; gpd;tUk; mbg;gilapy;

gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gLk;:

 FwpaPLfspd; tiffs; :- FwpaPLfs; tbtk;> mu;j;jk;> gad;ghL Mfpa

mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;jg;gLk;.

 FwpaPLfspd; nray;ghLfs; :- FwpaPLfs; jpiug;glj;jpd; fij>

fjhghj;jpuq;fs;> cUtfq;fs; Mfpatw;iw vt;thW ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd

vd;gij Muhag;gLk;.

 FwpaPLfspd; jhf;fq;fs; :- FwpaPLfs; ghu;itahsu;fspd; ftdj;ij

vt;thW <u;j;J mtu;fspd; Gupjiy vt;thW cUthf;Ffpd;wd vd;gij

Muhag;gLk;.

,e;j Ma;tpd; KbTfs;> ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfs;

vt;thW gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd vd;gijg; gw;wpa Gjpa Gupjiy toq;Fk;.
,e;j Ma;tpd; %yk;> ,af;Fdupd; fiyEl;gk; kw;Wk; jpiug;glj; jahupg;G
Kiwfs; gw;wpa Gjpa fz;Nzhl;lj;ijg; ngw KbAk;.

3.10. juT Nrfupg;G

,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfs;: fu;zd;> gupNaWk;

ngUkhs; jpiug;glq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Xu; ghu;it vd;w Ma;Tf;F

juTfs; gpd;tUk; topfspy; Nrfupf;fg;gLk;:

 jpiug;glq;fisg; ghu;j;J FwpaPLfis milahsk; fhZjy; :- ,af;Fdu;

khup nry;tuh[pd; fu;zd; kw;Wk; gupNaWk; ngUkhs; Mfpa ,uz;L

jpiug;glq;fisAk; KOtJkhfg; ghu;j;J> mjpy; cs;s FwpaPLfis

milahsk; fhzg;gLk;. FwpaPLfs; vd;gJ xU fij my;yJ gilg;gpy;

cs;s kiwKfkhd nra;jpfs; my;yJ mu;j;jq;fs; MFk;. ,it> xU

fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; nray;fs;> thu;j;ijfs;> cUtq;fs;> ,ir> xsp> epwk;

Nghd;w gy;NtW $Wfs; %yk; ntspg;gLj;jg;glyhk;.

 jpiug;gl tpku;rdq;fs; kw;Wk; fl;Liufis Ma;T nra;jy; :- ,af;Fdu;

khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fisg; gw;wp vOjg;gl;l tpku;rdq;fs; kw;Wk;

fl;Liufis Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk;> mtw;wpy; cs;s FwpaPLfis

NkYk; Gupe;J nfhs;s KbAk;. tpku;rfu;fs; kw;Wk; fl;Liuahsu;fs;

ngUk;ghYk; jpiug;glq;fspy; cs;s FwpaPLfis milahsk; fz;L

mtw;wpd; nghUs; Fwpj;J tpthjpg;ghu;fs;.

 ,af;Fdu; kw;Wk; jpiuf;fij vOj;jhsupd; Ngl;bfis Ma;T nra;jy; :-

,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[; kw;Wk; jpiuf;fij vOj;jhsu; [p.gp.v];.

fpU\;zdpd; Ngl;bfis Ma;T nra;tjd; %yk;> mtu;fs; jq;fs;

glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jpa FwpaPLfs; Fwpj;J NkYk; jfty;fisg; ngw

KbAk;. ,af;Fdu;fs; kw;Wk; jpiuf;fij vOj;jhsu;fs; ngUk;ghYk;

jq;fs; glq;fspy; cs;s FwpaPLfspd; nghUis ntspg;gilahff;

 $WtJ ,y;iy. vdNt> mtu;fspd; Ngl;bfis Ma;T nra;tJ ,Wjpahf
FwpaPLfspd; nghUisg; Gupe;J nfhs;s cjTk;.

,e;j %d;W topfspy; Nrfupf;fg;gl;l juTfs; gFg;gha;T nra;ag;gl;L> ,af;Fdu;

khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfspd; tiffs;>

mu;j;jq;fs; kw;Wk; Nehf;fq;fs; Mfpait tpsf;fg;gLk;.

,e;j Ma;tpy; gpd;tUk; juTfs; Nrfupf;fg;gLk;:

1. jpiug;glq;fspy; cs;s FwpaPLfspd; tiffs; :- FwpaPLfs; vd;gJ xU

fij my;yJ gilg;gpy; cs;s kiwKfkhd nra;jpfs; my;yJ

mu;j;jq;fs; MFk;. ,it> xU fjhghj;jpuj;jpd; nray;fs;> thu;j;ijfs;>

cUtq;fs;> ,ir> xsp> epwk; Nghd;w gy;NtW $Wfs; %yk;

ntspg;gLj;jg;glyhk;. ,e;j Ma;tpy;> ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd;

jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfspd; tiffs; milahsk;

fhzg;gLk;.

2. jpiug;glq;fspy; cs;s FwpaPLfspd; mu;j;jq;fs; ;- FwpaPLfs; vd;gJ xU

fij my;yJ gilg;gpd; nghUis Mokhfg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s cjTk;. ,e;j

Ma;tpy;> ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;

FwpaPLfspd; mu;j;jq;fs; tpsf;fg;gLk;.

3. jpiug;glq;fspy; cs;s FwpaPLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs; :- FwpaPLfs; vd;gJ xU

fij my;yJ gilg;gpd; Mrpupaupd; Nehf;fq;fis ntspg;gLj;j cjTk;.

,e;j Ma;tpy;> ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfspd; Nehf;fq;fs; tpsf;fg;gLk;.

,e;j Ma;tpd; KbTfs;> ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijg; Gupe;Jnfhs;s cjTk;. NkYk;>

jkpo; rpdpkhtpy; FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;ilg; gw;wpa Gjpa ghu;itia toq;Fk;.
3.11. khjpupfs; njupT

,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfs; : fu;zd;> gupNaWk;

ngUkhs; jpiug;glq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Xu; ghu;it vd;w Ma;Tf;F

gpd;tUk; khjpupfs; njupT nra;ag;glyhk;:

 $W khjpup (Componential Analysis) :- ,e;j khjpupapy;> xU FwpaPL gy

$Wfshy; MdJ vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> “jiytd;" vd;w

FwpaPL “Mz;"> “fjhehafu;"> “gyk;" Nghd;w $Wfshy; MdJ. ,e;j

khjpup %yk;> xU FwpaPlb

; d; mbg;gil nghUs; kw;Wk; mjd; gy;NtW

mk;rq;fis Ma;T nra;ayhk;.

 nray;ghl;L khjpup (Functional Analysis) :- ,e;j khjpupapy;> xU FwpaPL

xU Fwpg;gpl;l nray;ghl;il epiwNtw;WfpwJ vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ.

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf> "jiytd;" vd;w FwpaPL fijapd; ikaj;jpy;

,Ug;gjw;Fk;> fijapd; efu;it Kd;Ndhf;fp nrYj;Jtjw;Fk;

gad;gLfpwJ. ,e;j khjpup %yk;> xU FwpaPl;bd; fijNahl;lj;jpy; cs;s

gq;F kw;Wk; mjd; cstpay; jhf;fj;ij Ma;T nra;ayhk;.

 mikg;G khjpup (Structural Analysis) :-,e;j khjpupapy;> xU FwpaPL xU

Fwpg;gpl;l mikg;gpy; ,lk;ngWfpwJ vd;W fUjg;gLfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf>

"jiytd;" vd;w FwpaPL "fij"> "fjhg;ghj;jpuq;fs;"> ",lk;" Nghd;w gpw

FwpaPLfSld; ,ize;J xU fijia cUthf;FfpwJ. ,e;j khjpup

%yk;> xU FwpaPl;bd; fijaikg;gpy; cs;s gq;F kw;Wk; mjd; cUtfg;

nghUis Ma;T nra;ayhk;.

,e;j Ma;tpd; Nehf;fj;ijg; nghWj;J> Nkw;$wpa khjpupfspy; VNjDk;

xd;iwNah my;yJ mtw;wpd; fyitiaNah gad;gLj;jyhk;.
,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfspd; gad;ghl;ilg; gw;wpa

Ma;Tf;F gupNaWk; ngUkhs;> fu;zd; Mfpa ,U jpiug;glq;fisAk;

khjpupfshf gad;gLj;jg;gl cs;sJ.

3.12. Nfhl;ghl;L rl;lfk;

,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; FwpaPLfs; : fu;zd;> gupNaWk;

ngUkhs; jpiug;glq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Xu; ghu;it vd;w Ma;Tf;fhd

ehd;F Nfhl;ghl;L rl;lfq;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

3.12.1 FwpaPl;bay; kw;Wk; tpsf;ff; Nfhl;ghL (Semiotics and

Interpretation)

FwpaPL kw;Wk; tpsf;ff; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ r%ff; fyhr;rhuj;jpy; FwpaPLfspd;

gad;ghl;il Ma;T nra;Ak; xU Nfhl;ghl;L rl;lfk; MFk;. ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb>

FwpaPLfs; vd;gJ xU Fwpg;gpl;l nghUs; my;yJ fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jg;

gad;gLk; mwpFwpfs; MFk;. ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfis ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapy; Ma;T nra;ayhk;.

3.12.2. gilg;ghspf; Nfhl;ghL

gilg;ghspf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ xU vOj;jhsupd; jdpg;gl;l Fuy; mtu;fspd;

gilg;gpy; tUk; fUj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; xU nrhy; ,jd; nghUs;> mtu;fs;

NtnwhUtupd; fij my;yJ nghUisj; jOtpdhYk;> mry; fijapy; Mrpupaupd;

my;yJ ,af;Fdupd; ghu;itfs;> mYgtq;fs; Fwpg;gpl;l gilg;gpy;

,Uf;Fnkd;gij ,f;Nfhl;ghL tpsf;Ffpd;wJ.

mjdbg;gilapy; xU jpiug;glj;jpid cUthf;Fk; NghJ fij> fijf;fsk;>

fjhg;ghj;jpu tbtikg;G. fjhg;ghj;jpu Nju;T Mil tbtikg;G Nghd;w
vy;yhtw;wpYk; ,af;FduJ mDgtq;fSk;> ,af;Fdupd; fw;gpjq;fs; ,Uf;Fk;
vd;gNjhL ,f;Nfhl;ghL njhlu;GgLfpd;wJ.

,e;j Ma;T> khup nry;tuh[pd; ,uz;L jpiug;glq;fshd fu;zd; kw;Wk; gupNaWk;

ngUkhs; Mfpatw;wpy; fhzg;gLk; FwpaPLfis Ma;T nra;fpwJ. ,e;j Ma;tpd;

%yk;> khup nry;tuh[pd; gilg;Gfs; %yk; mtu; ntspg;gLj;j tpUk;Gk;

fUj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nra;jpfs; vd;d vd;gij mwpayhk;.

gilg;ghspf; Nfhl;ghL (Authorial Theory) vd;gJ> xU gilg;gpd; nghUs; kw;Wk;

mu;j;jk; vd;gJ gilg;ghspapd; Nehf;fj;jhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLfpwJ vd;w

Nfhl;ghlhFk;. ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> xU gilg;gpd; FwpaPLfs; vd;gJ

gilg;ghspapd; Nehf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; topKiwfshFk;.

khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; FwpaPLfs;> mtuJ gilg;ghspf;

Nehf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; topKiwfshFk;. ,e;j FwpaPLfs; %yk;> mtu; jkpo;

r%fj;jpy; cs;s r%f> murpay;> nghUshjhu gpur;ridfis ntspg;gLj;j

Kaw;rp nra;fpwhu;.

gilg;ghspf; Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> xU gilg;gpd; FwpaPLfs; vd;gJ gilg;ghspapd;

Nehf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk; topKiwfshFk;. khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy;

fhzg;gLk; FwpaPLfs;> mtuJ gilg;ghspf; Nehf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jk;

topKiwfshFk;. ,e;j FwpaPLfs; %yk;> mtu; jkpo; r%fj;jpy; cs;s r%f>

murpay;> nghUshjhu gpur;ridfis ntspg;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;fpwhu;.

3.12.3. fyhr;rhuf; Nfhl;ghL (Cultural Theory)

fyhr;rhuf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ r%ff; fyhr;rhuj;jpd; tsu;r;rp> mikg;G kw;Wk;

nray;ghl;il Ma;T nra;Ak; xU Nfhl;ghl;L rl;lfk; MFk;. ,e;j

Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> fyhr;rhuk; vd;gJ xU r%fj;jpd; ek;gpf;iffs;> kjpg;Gfs;

kw;Wk; gof;ftof;fq;fspd; njhFg;ghFk;. ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd;

jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs; r%ff; fyhr;rhuj;jpd;
ntspg;ghLfshff; fUjg;glyhk;.

3.12.4. rKjhaf; Nfhl;ghL (Sociological Theory)

rKjhaf; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ r%fj;jpd; mikg;G kw;Wk; nray;ghl;il Ma;T

nra;Ak; xU Nfhl;ghl;L rl;lfk; MFk;. ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> r%fk; vd;gJ

jdpegu;fs; kw;Wk; FOf;fspd; njhlu;G kw;Wk; gu];gur; nray;ghl;bd; %yk;

cUthFk; xU mikg;ghFk;. ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs; r%f mikg;gpd; gpujpgypg;Gfshff; fUjg;glyhk;.

3.12.5. murpay; Nfhl;ghL (Political Theory)

murpay; Nfhl;ghL vd;gJ murhq;fj;jpd; mikg;G> nray;ghL kw;Wk; Nehf;fj;ij

Ma;T nra;Ak; xU Nfhl;ghl;L rl;lfk; MFk;. ,e;j Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb> murhq;fk;

vd;gJ xU r%fj;jpd; rl;lk; kw;Wk; xOq;if guhkupf;fTk;> kf;fspd;

eyd;fisg; ghJfhf;fTk; cUthf;fg;gl;l xU mikg;ghFk;. ,af;Fdu; khup

nry;tuh[pd; jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfs; murpay; mikg;gpd;

gpujpgypg;Gfshff; fUjg;glyhk;.

,e;j Ie;J Nfhl;ghl;L rl;lfq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp> ,af;Fdu; khup nry;tuh[pd;

jpiug;glq;fspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpaPLfis Mokhf Ma;T nra;ayhk;. ,e;j

Ma;T %yk;> ,af;Fdupd; jpiug;glq;fspd; fUj;JUthf;fk;> r%ff; fyhr;rhug;
gpd;dzp kw;Wk; murpay; fUj;Jfs; Mfpatw;iw Gupe;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.

3.13 fsUj;J epiy rl;lfk;