Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 1 views

    Chemical Equilibrium

    Uploaded by

    kwanelemaseko101
    Hhhthnhtghvgggggggggggggggggggggvgvgvhb

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chemical Equilibrium

    Uploaded by

    kwanelemaseko101
    1 views57 pages
    Hhhthnhtghvgggggggggggggggggggggvgvgvhb

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Hhhthnhtghvgggggggggggggggggggggvgvgvhb

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    1 views57 pages

    Chemical Equilibrium

    Uploaded by

    kwanelemaseko101
    Hhhthnhtghvgggggggggggggggggggggvgvgvhb

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 57

    Rate and Extent

    of Reaction
    Presented by

    Mr Ian C Sibanda
    Reversible Reactions

    Most reactions DO
    NOT go to
    completion.
    Reactions that do not go
    to completion are
    REVERSIBLE.
    Reaction Reaching Completion

    Time

    N2 + 3H2 2NH3
    0 min 10 35 0 Moles
    10 min 6 23 8 Moles
    20 min 4 17 12 Moles
    30 min 2 11 16 Moles
    40 min 1 8 18 Moles
    50 min 0 5 20 Moles
    60 min 0 5 20 Moles
    Reversible Reaction In a
    Closed System
    Time

    N2 + 3H2 2NH3
    0 min 10 35 0 Moles
    10 min 8 29 4 Moles
    20 min 6 23 8 Moles
    30 min 4 17 12 Moles
    40 min 3 14 14 Moles
    50 min 3 14 14 Moles
    60 min 3 14 14 Moles
    EXPLAINING CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM:
    CHANGES IN REACTION RATE

    Consider the theoretical reversible reaction,


    taking place in a closed container:
    A + B ↔ C + D
    Initially the concentration of the two reactants
    is high and the rate of the forward reaction is
    high.
    With time [A] and [B] decrease and so the rate
    of the forward reaction decreases.
    Initially [C] and [D] are low and the rate of the
    reverse reaction is low.

    With time [C] and [D] increase and the rate of


    the reverse reaction increases.

    Equilibrium will be established when the rates


    of the two reactions are equal.
    Chemical Equilibrium

    A + B A + B C + D A + B C + D

    Reactants DYNAMIC CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM


    Concentration
    Products
    time
    Forward
    Reaction Rate
    Reverse
    Graphical interpretation of equilibrium
    CHEMICAL
    EQUILIBRIUM
    The equilibrium reaction does
    not mean the amounts
    of products and reactants are
    equal.
    CHEMICAL
    EQUILIBRIUM
    Chemical Equilibrium is
    reached when the rate of
    the forward reaction equals
    the rate of the reverse
    reaction.
    Conditions of an
    equilibrium
    1
    At equilibrium both
    reactions continue to
    occur - the system is
    DYNAMIC.
    Conditions of an
    equilibrium
    2

    The system is
    CLOSED!!
    Nothing added or
    removed.
    .
    Conditions of an
    equilibrium
    3
    The concentrations of
    Both reactants and of
    products remain
    constant.
    But Not Necessarily Equal!!
    Conditions of an
    equilibrium
    4
    RATE of the Forward
    reaction EQUALS
    rate of the Reverse
    reaction.
    Conditions of an
    equilibrium
    5

    Equilibrium can be
    obtained from
    either side.
    Conditions of an
    equilibrium
    6
    Both Products and
    Reactants MUST BE
    PRESENT at
    equilibrium.
    THE EQUILIBRIUM
    CONSTANT: Kc
    Kc and Extent of Reaction

    A + B C + D

    Concentration
    Reactants
    Concentration
    Concentration

    Products
    Reactants
    Products
    Products Reactants
    time time time

    Medium Kc Value High Kc Value


    Low Kc Value
    At equilibrium the concentration of all sub-
    stances are constant at a fixed temperature.
    Each equilibrium has a constant e.g. for
    H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
    2
    [HI] [H2] means
    Kc = conc. of H
    N.B [H2 ][I2 ]
    Kc is only determined by the concentrations of solutions(aq) and
    gases(g). Pure liquids & solids are not included in the Kc
    expression – their concentrations are equal to 1
    Calculations
    1. The balanced equation must be known.
    2. The concentration of a solid or liquid remains
    constant - these are not included in the
    equation.

    3. The concentration of the solvent is constant and


    not included in the equation.

    4. The value of Kc is given without units.


    Kc Calculation Examples
    Write expressions for Kc for each of the following reactions:
    A. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

    B. Ca(s) + 2H2O(ℓ) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

    C. AgNO3(aq) + NaCℓ(s) → AgCℓ(s)+ NaNO3(aq)

    D. Na2CO3(s) + 2HCℓ (aq)→ 2NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)


    Kc Expression Examples
    Write expressions for Kc for each of the following reactions:
    A. C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
    [CO2]3[H2O]4
    Kc =[C H ] [O ]5
    3 8 2

    B. Ca(s) + 2H2O(ℓ) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)


    Kc =[Ca(OH)2][H2]

    C. AgNO3(aq) + NaCℓ(s) → AgCℓ(s)+ NaNO3(aq) [NaNO3]


    Kc =[AgNO ]
    3

    D. Na2CO3(s) + 2HCℓ (aq)→ 2NaCℓ(aq) + H2O(ℓ) + CO2(g)

    [NaCl]2[CO2]
    Kc = [HCl]2
    2dm-3 Chemical Equilibrium
    container
    Low Kc value
    Time

    N2 + 3H2 2NH3
    0 min 10 35 0 Moles
    10 min 9 32 2 Moles
    20 min 8 29 4 Moles
    30 min 8 29 4 Moles
    40 min 8 29 4 Moles
    50 min 8 29 4 Moles
    60 min 8 29 4 Moles
    2dm-3 Chemical Equilibrium
    container
    High Kc value
    Time

    N2 + 3H2 2NH3
    0 min 10 35 0 Moles
    10 min 8 29 4 Moles
    20 min 6 23 Moles
    30 min 4 Moles
    40 min 2 Moles
    50 min 1 Moles
    60 min 1 Moles
    Steps Involved
    in Calculating
    Kc
    A learner places 0,4 mol hydrogen gas and 0,2 mol
    nitrogen gas in a 250 cm3 container. After the
    gases are allowed to react, 0,02 mol ammonia gas
    is present in the equilibrium mixture at 25°C.

    Calculate the value of Kc at 25°C (8)

    www.docscientia.co.za
    A learner places 0,4 mol hydrogen gas and 0,2 mol
    nitrogen gas in a 250 cm3 container. After the
    gases are allowed to react, 0,02 mol ammonia gas
    is present in the equilibrium mixture at 25°C.

    Calculate the value of Kc at 25°C (8)


    1
    Write Balanced Equation with State
    Symbols
    3H2 (g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)

    www.docscientia.co.za
    A learner places 0,4 mol hydrogen gas and 0,2 mol
    nitrogen gas in a 250 cm3 container. After the
    gases are allowed to react, 0,02 mol ammonia gas
    is present in the equilibrium mixture at 25°C.

    Calculate the value of Kc at 25°C (8)

    2
    Convert volume to Cubic Decimetres

    www.docscientia.co.za
    A learner places 0,4 mol hydrogen gas and 0,2 mol
    nitrogen gas in a 250 cm3 container. After the
    gases are allowed to react, 0,02 mol ammonia gas
    is present in the equilibrium mixture at 25°C.

    Calculate the value of Kc at 25°C (8)

    3
    Create a table as shown in next slide

    www.docscientia.co.za
    Steps Involved in Calculating Kc

    N2 + 3H2 2NH3
    Ratio
    ni
    nc
    neq
    [ ]eq
    Steps Involved in Calculating Kc

    Abbr Meaning
    Ratio Molar Ratio
    ni Initial Number of Moles
    nc Change in Number of Moles
    neq Moles at Equilibrium
    [ ]eq Concentration at Equilibrium
    Steps Involved in Calculating Kc

    Relationships
    Ratio:

    n + n
    i c = neq
    nc is Related to Ratio
    neq
    [ ] = n/V (SI units)
    eq
    Steps Involved in Calculating Kc

    N2 + 3H2 2NH3
    Ratio
    ni
    nc
    neq
    [ ]eq
    A learner places 0,4 mol hydrogen gas and 0,2 mol
    nitrogen gas in a 250 cm3 container. After the
    gases are allowed to react, 0,02 mol ammonia gas
    is present in the equilibrium mixture at 25°C.

    Calculate the value of Kc at 25°C (8)

    www.docscientia.co.za
    Steps Involved in Calculating Kc

    N2 + 3H2 2NH3
    Ratio
    ni
    nc
    neq
    [ ]eq
    Example 1
    Example 2
    Example 2
    Example 3
    Example 3
    Example 3
    Nov 2018
    Nov 2018
    Nov 2018
    Nov 2018
    Nov 2018
    Feb/Mar 2017
    Feb/Mar 2017
    Feb/Mar 2017
    Feb/Mar 2017
    Feb/Mar 2017
    Feb/Mar 2017
    Feb/Mar 2017
    Feb/Mar 2017
    THE END

    You might also like